Expose original file descriptor in CliRunner

CHANGES.rst

@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@ Unreleased
     with a dedicated CI job. :pr:`3139`
 -   Fix callable ``flag_value`` being instantiated when used as a default via
     ``default=True``. :issue:`3121` :pr:`3201` :pr:`3213` :pr:`3225`
+-   ``CliRunner``'s redirected streams now expose the original file descriptor
+    via ``fileno()``, so that ``faulthandler``, ``subprocess``, and other
+    C-level consumers no longer crash with ``io.UnsupportedOperation``.
+    :issue:`2865`
 
 Version 8.3.1
 --------------

docs/testing.md

@@ -196,3 +196,26 @@ def test_prompts():
 Prompts will be emulated so they write the input data to
 the output stream as well. If hidden input is expected then this
 does not happen.
+
+## File Descriptors and Low-Level I/O
+
+{class}`CliRunner` captures output by replacing `sys.stdout` and `sys.stderr` with in-memory {class}`~io.BytesIO`-backed wrappers. This is Python-level redirection: calls to {func}`~click.echo`, {func}`print`, or `sys.stdout.write()` are captured, but the wrappers have no OS-level file descriptor.
+
+Code that calls `fileno()` on `sys.stdout` or `sys.stderr`, like {mod}`faulthandler`, {mod}`subprocess`, or C extensions, would normally crash with {exc}`io.UnsupportedOperation` inside {class}`CliRunner`.
+
+To avoid this, {class}`CliRunner` preserves the original stream's file descriptor and exposes it via `fileno()` on the replacement wrapper.
+
+This means:
+- **Python-level writes** (`print()`, `click.echo()`, ...) are captured as usual.
+- **fd-level writes** (C code writing directly to the file descriptor) go to the original terminal and are **not** captured.
+
+This is the same trade-off that [pytest](https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/how-to/capture-stdout-stderr.html) makes with its two capture modes:
+
+- `capsys`, which captures Python-level output, where `fileno()` raises `UnsupportedOperation` and fd-level writes are not captured.
+- `capfd`, which captures fd-level output via `os.dup2()`, where `fileno()` works and fd-level writes *are* captured.
+
+Rather than implementing a full `capfd`-style mechanism, {class}`CliRunner` takes the simpler path: expose the original `fd` so that standard library helpers keep working, while accepting that their output is not captured.
+
+```{versionchanged} 8.3.2
+`fileno()` on the redirected streams now returns the original stream's file descriptor instead of raising.
+```

src/click/testing.py

@@ -100,21 +100,55 @@ def __init__(self) -> None:
 
 
 class _NamedTextIOWrapper(io.TextIOWrapper):
+    """A :class:`~io.TextIOWrapper` with custom ``name`` and ``mode``
+    that does not close its underlying buffer.
+
+    An optional ``original_fd`` preserves the file descriptor of the
+    stream being replaced, so that C-level consumers that call
+    :meth:`fileno` (``faulthandler``, ``subprocess``, ...) still work.
+    Inspired by pytest's ``capsys``/``capfd`` split: see :doc:`/testing`
+    for details.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.3.2
+        Added ``original_fd`` parameter and :meth:`fileno` override.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
-        self, buffer: t.BinaryIO, name: str, mode: str, **kwargs: t.Any
+        self,
+        buffer: t.BinaryIO,
+        name: str,
+        mode: str,
+        *,
+        original_fd: int = -1,
+        **kwargs: t.Any,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(buffer, **kwargs)
         self._name = name
         self._mode = mode
+        self._original_fd = original_fd
 
     def close(self) -> None:
+        """The buffer this object contains belongs to some other object,
+        so prevent the default ``__del__`` implementation from closing
+        that buffer.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 8.3.2
         """
-        The buffer this object contains belongs to some other object, so
-        prevent the default __del__ implementation from closing that buffer.
+
+    def fileno(self) -> int:
+        """Return the file descriptor of the original stream, if one was
+        provided at construction time.
+
+        This allows C-level consumers (``faulthandler``, ``subprocess``,
+        signal handlers, ...) to obtain a valid fd without crashing, even
+        though the Python-level writes are redirected to an in-memory
+        buffer.
 
         .. versionadded:: 8.3.2
         """
-        ...
+        if self._original_fd >= 0:
+            return self._original_fd
+        return super().fileno()
 
     @property
     def name(self) -> str:
@@ -320,6 +354,20 @@ def isolation(
 
         stream_mixer = StreamMixer()
 
+        # Preserve the original file descriptors so that C-level
+        # consumers (faulthandler, subprocess, etc.) can still obtain a
+        # valid fd from the redirected streams. The original streams
+        # may themselves lack a fileno() (e.g. when CliRunner is used
+        # inside pytest's capsys), so we fall back to -1.
+        def _safe_fileno(stream: t.IO[t.Any]) -> int:
+            try:
+                return stream.fileno()
+            except (AttributeError, io.UnsupportedOperation):
+                return -1
+
+        old_stdout_fd = _safe_fileno(old_stdout)
+        old_stderr_fd = _safe_fileno(old_stderr)
+
         if self.echo_stdin:
             bytes_input = echo_input = t.cast(
                 t.BinaryIO, EchoingStdin(bytes_input, stream_mixer.stdout)
@@ -335,7 +383,11 @@ def isolation(
             text_input._CHUNK_SIZE = 1  # type: ignore
 
         sys.stdout = _NamedTextIOWrapper(
-            stream_mixer.stdout, encoding=self.charset, name="<stdout>", mode="w"
+            stream_mixer.stdout,
+            encoding=self.charset,
+            name="<stdout>",
+            mode="w",
+            original_fd=old_stdout_fd,
         )
 
         sys.stderr = _NamedTextIOWrapper(
@@ -344,6 +396,7 @@ def isolation(
             name="<stderr>",
             mode="w",
             errors="backslashreplace",
+            original_fd=old_stderr_fd,
         )
 
         @_pause_echo(echo_input)  # type: ignore

tests/test_testing.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import faulthandler
 import os
 import sys
 from io import BytesIO
@@ -469,3 +470,28 @@ def cli():
 
     result = runner.invoke(cli)
     assert result.stderr == "gyarados gyarados gyarados"
+
+
+def test_faulthandler_enable(runner):
+    """``faulthandler.enable()`` inside ``CliRunner`` should not crash with
+    ``io.UnsupportedOperation: fileno``.
+
+    ``faulthandler.enable()`` needs a real OS file descriptor to register
+    its signal handler. ``CliRunner`` replaces ``sys.stderr`` with a
+    ``BytesIO`` wrapper that has no ``fileno()``, causing the call to fail.
+
+    Reproduce:https://github.com/pallets/click/issues/2865
+    """
+
+    @click.command()
+    @click.option("--flag", type=bool, default=True)
+    def cli(flag):
+        click.echo("Executing main function...")
+        if flag:
+            click.echo("Registering faulthandler")
+            faulthandler.enable()
+        click.echo("Finished executing main function.")
+
+    result = runner.invoke(cli, ["--flag", True])
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    assert "Finished executing main function." in result.output