Annotation Scheme

Incivility

Rude, disrespectful or dismissive tone towards others as well as opinions expressed with antinormative intensity.

Nr.	Form of Incivility	Text	Visual
0	Civil	Absence of incivility.	Absence of offensive, hostile, or degrading imagery.
1	Profane or vulgar	Use of explicit profanities or vulgarities, regardless of whether they are directed at a person or entity.	Images containing profanity, obscene gestures, or crude/vulgar symbolism. Sexual or violent images aimed at intimidating, shocking, or degrading public discourse
2	Attacks	Derogatory or pejorative language directed at specific individuals or groups. These can focus on personal characteristics (e.g. appearance) or traits, character, choices, etc.	Images targeting identifiable individuals or demographic groups with pejorative, mocking, or dehumanising intent.
3	Aspersions	Attacks targeting groups, organizations, or institutions aiming to undermine credibility, legitimacy, or moral standing.	Images delegitimising institutions, policies, or parties through ridicule, slurs, or hostile visual metaphors.

Intolerance

Content that is threatening to democracy and pluralism—such as prejudice, segregation, hateful or violent speech, and the use of stereotyping in order to disqualify others and groups.

Nr.	Form of Intolerance	Text
0	Tolerant / Neutral	Absence of expressions of intolerance
1	Threats to Individual Rights	Claims or images where certain groups do not have equal civil, political, or human rights.
2	Intolerance Toward Political Positions	Delegitimizing opposing political views or calling for elimination of political actors.
3	Racism	Discriminatory/stereotypical/hateful/prejudicial speech towards racial minorities
4	Social/Economic Intolerance	Discriminatory/stereotypical/hateful/prejudicial speech towards others based on education level, social status, income.
5	Gender and Sexual Intolerance	Discriminatory/stereotypical/hateful/prejudicial speech towards women and/or LGBTQ+ based on gender status or sexual choices
6	Religious Intolerance	Discriminatory/stereotypical/hateful/prejudicial speech towards people or groups based on religious preferences
7	Offensive Stereotyping	Cultural, regional, physical or professional stereotyping with derogatory framing.
8	Violent Threats	Calls to harm people or institutions, or support for violence.
9	Ableism	Prejudice, stereotypes, mockery, exclusion, or hostility toward people with physical, intellectual, sensory, or mental disabilities.