Add concepts, persistance & settlement docs

[rpanic]

Closes proto-kit/framework#363

This PR starts with the first few concepts of the below structure.
Additionally, it adds docs about persistance and settlement

Concept Docs:

• Blockchain Basics

  • State Machines
  • Block structure
  • Transaction Fees

• State & Storage (State, Path, Trees, Maps, nesting)

  • Sparse Merkle Trees

• Hybrid Execution Model

• Privacy (State Proofs & Append only trees -> nullifiers & utxo -> encrypted state)

• Circuits (Runtime, ST, Transaction, Block)

• Transaction life cycle

  • Submitting & Mempool
  • Sequencing & Execution
  • Tracing
  • Proving & Aggregation

• Rollup mechanisms (Blockchain vs Rollup)

  • Settlement
  • Data availability
  • Bridging (Incoming msgs, Outgoing msgs)

• Smart Contracts (tbd)

Inspirations:
https://docs.scroll.io/en/technology/chain/accounts/
https://docs.polygon.technology/zkEVM/architecture/protocol/
https://docs.aztec.network/learn/concepts/main
https://docs.starknet.io/documentation/architecture_and_concepts/Network_Architecture/on-chain-data/

[maht0rz]

I'd like to make a few suggestions to these docs additions:

• Can we please rename Databases to Storage
• Don't merge this just yet, until settlement & bridging is available in the starter kit
• Add a section explaining generic messaging, to establish a baseline for bridging
• Add a section explaining custom token bridging / docs versions of the original spec maybe?
• Rename Running to Operation, i think its a better term that encapsulates the depth of information we want to provide in that section
• I think a bunch of the original content intended in this PR is not there yet too