id Advanced microScript

Advanced microScript

Prototypes for the core types

microScript 2.0 introduces the Object, List, String, Number and Function prototypes. Such prototypes are collections of functions that you can define and then use on values of their corresponding types.

Example: we will create a function which, when applied to a string, returns the same string with the first letter capitalized:

String.capitalized = function()
  if this.length > 0 then
    this[0].toUpperCase() + this.substring(1)
  else
    ""
  end
end

Note that in the course of the defined function, this refers to the string instance which the function is called on.

We can then use the function on any string value like this:

lastname = "doe".capitalized()
firstname = "john"
firstname = firstname.capitalized()
city = "paris"
print( firstname + " " + lastname + " " + city.capitalized() )

Note that string values are always constants. Any function that looks like transforming a string does not change the original string value, it just returns a new string value holding the transformed string.

Another example:

List.modulo = function(mod)
  local result = []
  for i=0 to this.length-1 by mod
    result += this[i]
  end
  result
end

Once this is defined, you can call the function modulo on lists, which will return a subset of the elements in the list:

[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8].modulo(2)
[1,3,5,7]

Operator overloading

For classes

When creating classes, you can define how the microScript operators + - * / % | & should be applied to object instances of your class.

Vector3 = class
  constructor = function(x,y,z)
    this.x = x
    this.y = y
    this.z = z
  end
  
  "+" = function(a,b)
    new Vector3( a.x+b.x, a.y+b.y, a.z+b.z )
  end
end

When you define such a binary operator ("binary" meaning two arguments here) like + , think that it will be used this way: a + b. a and b will be the two arguments to your overloading function.

Note: when a <op> b is encountered in the code and a is not a number, the operation to carry out is decided depending on the type or class of a. If a is a List and <op> is defined in the List prototype, then that will be the operation carried out. If a is an instance of a class Vector3 and the class defines <op> then that will be the operation carried out.

special case: when an occurence of -b is found in the code ; if the prototype or parent class of b is found to define the binary operator -, then the function ( a, b ) is called with a set to 0 and b set to the value of b. Thus you can implement the - operator for your Vector3 class this way:

Vector3."-" = function( a, b )
  if a then
    new Vector3( a.x-b.x, a.y-b.y, a.z-b.z )
  else
    new Vector3( -b.x, -b.y, -b.z )
  end
end

For core types

You can also overload operators for the core types of microStudio. Example:

String."*" = function(a,b)
  local result = a
  for i = 2 to b by 1
    result += a
  end
  result
end

Use:

"abc" * 5
"abcabcabcabcabc"

Note: Overloading binary operators + - * / % | & for the Number prototype is not supported!

Manipulating classes / prototypes