python-dbusmock

Purpose

With this program/Python library you can easily create mock objects on D-Bus. This is useful for writing tests for software which talks to D-Bus services such as upower, systemd, logind, gnome-session or others, and it is hard (or impossible without root privileges) to set the state of the real services to what you expect in your tests.

Suppose you want to write tests for a desktop environment's power management: You want to verify that after the configured idle time the program suspends the machine. So your program calls org.freedesktop.login1.Manager.Suspend() on the system D-Bus.

Now, your test suite should not really talk to the actual system D-Bus and the real systemd; a make check that suspends your machine will not be considered very friendly by most people, and if you want to run this in continuous integration test servers or package build environments, chances are that your process does not have the privilege to suspend, or there is no system bus or running systemd to begin with. Likewise, there is no way for an user process to forcefully set the system/seat idle flag in logind, so your tests cannot set up the expected test environment on the real daemon.

That's where mock objects come into play: They look like the real API (or at least the parts that you actually need), but they do not actually do anything (or only some action that you specify yourself). You can configure their state, behaviour and responses as you like in your test, without making any assumptions about the real system status.

When using a local system/session bus, you can do unit or integration testing without needing root privileges or disturbing a running system. The Python API offers some convenience functions like start_session_bus() and start_system_bus() for this, in a DBusTestCase class (subclass of the standard unittest.TestCase) or alternatively as a @pytest.fixture.

You can use this with any programming language, as you can run the mocker as a normal program. The actual setup of the mock (adding objects, methods, properties, and signals) all happen via D-Bus methods on the org.freedesktop.DBus.Mock interface. You just don't have the convenience D-Bus launch API that way.

Simple example using Python's unittest

Picking up the above example about mocking systemd-logind's Suspend() method, this is how you would set up a mock logind in your test case:

import subprocess
import unittest

import dbus

import dbusmock


class TestMyProgram(dbusmock.DBusTestCase):
    @classmethod
    def setUpClass(cls):
        cls.start_system_bus()
        cls.dbus_con = cls.get_dbus(system_bus=True)

    def setUp(self):
        self.p_mock = self.spawn_server('org.freedesktop.login1',
                                        '/org/freedesktop/login1',
                                        'org.freedesktop.login1.Manager',
                                        system_bus=True,
                                        stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
        self.addCleanup(self.p_mock.wait)
        self.addCleanup(self.p_mock.terminate)
        self.addCleanup(self.p_mock.stdout.close)

        # Get a proxy for the logind object's Mock interface
        self.dbus_logind_mock = dbus.Interface(self.dbus_con.get_object(
            'org.freedesktop.login1', '/org/freedesktop/login1'),
            dbusmock.MOCK_IFACE)

        self.dbus_logind_mock.AddMethod('', 'Suspend', 'b', '', '')

    def test_suspend_on_idle(self):
        # run your program in a way that should trigger one suspend call
        # represented here as direct D-Bus call
        subprocess.check_call(
            ["busctl", "call", "org.freedesktop.login1",
            "/org/freedesktop/login1", "org.freedesktop.login1.Manager",
            "Suspend", "b", "false"])

        # now check the log that we got one Suspend() call
        self.assertRegex(self.p_mock.stdout.readline(), b'^[0-9.]+ Suspend False$')

Let's walk through:

• We derive our tests from dbusmock.DBusTestCase instead of unittest.TestCase directly, to make use of the convenience API to start a local system bus.

• setUpClass() starts a local system bus, and makes a connection to it available to all methods as dbus_con. True means that we connect to the system bus, not the session bus. We can use the same bus for all tests, so doing this once in setUpClass() instead of setUp() is enough.

• setUp() spawns the mock D-Bus server process for an initial /org/freedesktop/login1 object with an org.freedesktop.login1 D-Bus interface on the system bus. We capture its stdout to be able to verify that methods were called.

  We then call org.freedesktop.DBus.Mock.AddMethod() to add a Suspend() method to our new object to the default D-Bus interface. This will not do anything (except log its call to stdout). It takes no input arguments, returns nothing, and does not run any custom code.

  We use addCleanup() to register cleanup handlers that will stop our mock D-Bus server after each test. This ensures each test case has a fresh and clean logind mock instance. Of course you can also set up everything in setUpClass() if tests do not interfere with each other on setting up the mock.

• test_suspend_on_idle() is the actual test case. It needs to run your program in a way that should trigger one suspend call. For this example this is represented by doing just a direct D-Bus call using busctl.

  That Suspend() call is now being served by our mock instead of the real logind, there will not be any actual machine suspend. Our mock process will log the method call together with a time stamp; you can use the latter for doing timing related tests, but we just ignore it here.

Simple example using pytest

The same functionality as above but instead using the pytest fixture provided by this package.

# Enable dbusmock's pytest fixtures (can also go in conftest.py)
pytest_plugins = "dbusmock.pytest_fixtures"

import subprocess

import dbus

import dbusmock


def test_suspend_on_idle(dbusmock_system):
    # Spawn the mock D-Bus server for logind on the system bus
    with dbusmock.SpawnedMock.spawn_for_name(
        'org.freedesktop.login1',
        '/org/freedesktop/login1',
        'org.freedesktop.login1.Manager',
        dbusmock.BusType.SYSTEM,
        stdout=subprocess.PIPE) as p_mock:

        # Get a proxy for the logind object's Mock interface
        obj_logind = p_mock.obj
        obj_logind.AddMethod('', 'Suspend', 'b', '', '', interface_name=dbusmock.MOCK_IFACE)

        # Run your program in a way that should trigger one suspend call
        # represented here as direct D-Bus call
        subprocess.check_call(
            ["busctl", "call", "org.freedesktop.login1",
            "/org/freedesktop/login1", "org.freedesktop.login1.Manager",
            "Suspend", "b", "false"])

        # Check the log that we got one Suspend() call
        assert b'Suspend False\n' in p_mock.stdout.readline()

Let's walk through:

• We enable dbusmock's pytest fixtures with pytest_plugins = "dbusmock.pytest_fixtures". This makes fixtures like dbusmock_system and dbusmock_session available to your tests. In a real project, you would typically put this line in your conftest.py instead of in each test file.

• We import the dbusmock_system fixture from dbusmock which provides us with a system bus started for our test case. Even though we don't use it directly in this simple example, it ensures the test environment is set up.

• test_suspend_on_idle() is the actual test. It uses SpawnedMock.spawn_for_name() to spawn the mock D-Bus server process for /org/freedesktop/login1 object with org.freedesktop.login1.Manager interface. We capture its stdout to verify that methods were called.

  We then call org.freedesktop.DBus.Mock.AddMethod() to add a Suspend() method to our new logind mock object to the default D-Bus interface. This will not do anything (except log its call to stdout). It takes one boolean input argument, returns nothing, and does not run any custom code.

  Exactly like in the unittest example above, we then run our program in a way that should trigger one suspend call. For this example this is again represented by doing just a direct D-Bus call using busctl. The log of the call gets asserted.

  The context manager automatically terminates the mock server process after the test completes.

Simple example from shell

We use the actual session bus for this example. You can use dbus-run-session to start a private one as well if you want, but that is not part of the actual mocking.

So let's start a mock at the D-Bus name com.example.Foo with an initial "main" object on path /, with the main D-Bus interface com.example.Foo.Manager:

python3 -m dbusmock com.example.Foo / com.example.Foo.Manager

On another terminal, let's first see what it does:

gdbus introspect --session -d com.example.Foo -o /

You'll see that it supports the standard D-Bus Introspectable and Properties interfaces, as well as the org.freedesktop.DBus.Mock interface for controlling the mock, but no "real" functionality yet. So let's add a method:

gdbus call --session -d com.example.Foo -o / -m org.freedesktop.DBus.Mock.AddMethod '' Ping '' '' ''

Now you can see the new method in introspect, and call it:

gdbus call --session -d com.example.Foo -o / -m com.example.Foo.Manager.Ping

The mock process in the other terminal will log the method call with a time stamp, and you'll see something like 1348832614.970 Ping.

Now add another method with two int arguments and a return value and call it:

gdbus call --session -d com.example.Foo -o / -m org.freedesktop.DBus.Mock.AddMethod \
    '' Add 'ii' 'i' 'ret = args[0] + args[1]'
gdbus call --session -d com.example.Foo -o / -m com.example.Foo.Manager.Add 2 3

This will print (5,) as expected (remember that the return value is always a tuple), and again the mock process will log the Add method call.

You can do the same operations in e. g. d-feet or any other D-Bus language binding.

Interactive debugging

It's possible to use dbus-mock to run interactive sessions using something like:

python3 -m dbusmock com.example.Foo / com.example.Foo.Manager -e $SHELL

Where a shell session with the defined mocks is set and others can be added.

Or more complex ones such as:

python3 -m dbusmock --session -t upower -e \
  python3 -m dbusmock com.example.Foo / com.example.Foo.Manager -e \
    gdbus introspect --session -d com.example.Foo -o /

Logging

Usually you want to verify which methods have been called on the mock with which arguments. There are three ways to do that:

• By default, the mock process writes the call log to stdout.
• You can call the mock process with the -l/--logfile argument, or specify a log file object in the spawn_server() method if you are using Python.
• You can use the GetCalls(), GetMethodCalls() and ClearCalls() methods on the org.freedesktop.DBus.Mock D-Bus interface to get an array of tuples describing the calls.

Templates

Some D-Bus services are commonly used in test suites, such as UPower or NetworkManager. python-dbusmock provides "templates" which set up the common structure of these services (their main objects, properties, and methods) so that you do not need to carry around this common code, and only need to set up the particular properties and specific D-Bus objects that you need. These templates can be parameterized for common customizations, and they can provide additional convenience methods on the org.freedesktop.DBus.Mock interface to provide more abstract functionality like "add a battery".

For example, for starting a server with the upower template in Python you can run

(self.p_mock, self.obj_upower) = self.spawn_server_template(
    'upower', {'OnBattery': True}, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)

or load a template into an already running server with the AddTemplate() method; this is particularly useful if you are not using Python:

python3 -m dbusmock --system org.freedesktop.UPower /org/freedesktop/UPower org.freedesktop.UPower

gdbus call --system -d org.freedesktop.UPower -o /org/freedesktop/UPower -m org.freedesktop.DBus.Mock.AddTemplate 'upower' '{"OnBattery": <true>}'

This creates all expected properties such as DaemonVersion, and changes the default for one of them (OnBattery) through the (optional) parameters dict.

If you do not need to specify parameters, you can do this in a simpler way with

python3 -m dbusmock --template upower

The template does not create any devices by default. You can add some with the template's convenience methods like

ac_path = self.dbusmock.AddAC('mock_AC', 'Mock AC')
bt_path = self.dbusmock.AddChargingBattery('mock_BAT', 'Mock Battery', 30.0, 1200)

or calling AddObject() yourself with the desired properties, of course.

Templates commonly implement some non-trivial functionality with actual Python methods and the standard dbus-python @dbus.service.method decorator.

To build your own template, you can copy dbusmock/templates/SKELETON to your new template file name and replace CHANGEME with the actual code/values. Look at dbusmock/templates/upower.py for a real-life implementation.

A template can be loaded from these locations:

• Provide a path to its .py file. This is intended for running tests out of git/build trees with very project specific or unstable templates.

• From $XDG_DATA_DIRS/python-dbusmock/templates/name.py. This is intended for shipping reusable templates in distribution development packages. Load them by module name.

• python-dbusmock ships a set of widely applicable templates which are collaboratively maintained, like the upower one in the example above. Load them by module name.

More Examples

Have a look at the test suite for two real-live use cases:

• tests/test_upower.py simulates upowerd, in a more complete way than in above example and using the upower template. It verifies that upower --dump is convinced that it's talking to upower.
• tests/test_api.py runs a mock on the session bus and exercises all available functionality, such as adding additional objects, properties, multiple methods, input arguments, return values, code in methods, sending signals, raising exceptions, and introspection.

Documentation

The dbusmock module has extensive documentation built in, which you can read with e. g. pydoc3 dbusmock or online at https://martinpitt.github.io/python-dbusmock/

pydoc3 dbusmock.DBusMockObject shows the D-Bus API of the mock object, i. e. methods like AddObject(), AddMethod() etc. which are used to set up your mock object.

pydoc3 dbusmock.DBusTestCase shows the convenience Python API for writing test cases with local private session/system buses and launching the server.

pydoc3 dbusmock.templates shows all available templates.

pydoc3 dbusmock.templates.NAME shows the documentation and available parameters for the NAME template.

python3 -m dbusmock --help shows the arguments and options for running the mock server as a program.

Development

python-dbusmock is hosted on https://github.com/martinpitt/python-dbusmock

Run the unit tests with python3 -m unittest or pytest.

In CI, the unit tests run in containers. You can run them locally with e.g.

tests/run registry.fedoraproject.org/fedora:latest

Check the unit-tests GitHub workflow for the operating systems/container images on which python-dbusmock is tested and supported.

To debug failures interactively, run

DEBUG=1 tests/run [image]

which will sleep on failures. You can then attach to the running container image with e.g. podman exec -itl bash. The /source directory is mounted from the host, i.e. edit files in your normal git checkout outside of the container, and re-run all tests in the container shell like above. You can also run a specific test:

python3 -m unittest tests.test_api.TestAPI.test_onearg_ret