feat: implement Fibonacci, Primality Test, and Newton's Square Root algorithms

[raza-khan0108]

Description of new feature, or changes

This PR implements three additional mathematical algorithms from the math checklist in issue #110. The following functions have been added to src/algorithms/math/:

1. Fibonacci Sequence: An iterative implementation to generate the first n numbers.
2. Primality Test: An optimized trial division algorithm (checking up to $\sqrt{n}$) to determine if a number is prime.
3. Newton's Square Root: A calculation using Newton's method (Babylonian method) for high-precision square roots.

Checklist

• Your branch is up-to-date with the base branch
• You've included at least one test if this is a new feature
• All tests are passing

Related Issues and Discussions

Fixes #110

People to notify

@manrajgrover