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Author: localhost433

notes/courses/LING-UA-1/06-07-morphology.md

@@ -96,4 +96,18 @@ Identify **recurring forms** with **recurring meanings**.
 - Features:    
   - Binary-branching
   - Labelling each node with the grammatical category
-  - **Each level must be a well-formed word**.
+  - **Each level must be a well-formed word**.
+
+### Compounding
+**Compounding** is the process of combining two already existing words into one.
+
+### Zero Derivation
+**Zero-Derivation** when a word changes word class, with no new morphemes added.
+
+### Acronyms and initialisms
+**Acronym**: Initials pronounced as a regular word.
+**Initialism**: Initials pronounced as letters.
+
+### Clipping and blending
+**Clipping** refers to cutting off part of a word
+**Blends** (portmanteaux) are created by putting clippings together.

notes/courses/LING-UA-1/08-09-10-syntax.md

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+---
+title: Syntax
+date: 2025-06-02/03/04
+---
+
+# Syntax
+
+## Defining Syntax
+
+"Colorless green ideas sleep furiously." - Chomsky, 1957
+
+### Knowledge of sentence structure
+
+1. Difference between **grammatical** and **meaningful**.
+2. Cannot determine **grammaticality** by comparing new sentences and phrases to those we have seen before.
+
+Some knowledge of rules that allow us to construct new sentences.
+**Syntax** is the study of those rules.
+
+### What do syntaticians study?
+- How we combine words to form sentences
+- In other words, the **tacit knowledge** we have about how language is structured.
+
+### Learning vs. Acquisition
+Children don't learn to speak languages the way they learn to tie their shoes or set the table.
+- Conscious Knowledge is learned
+- Unconscious knowledge is acquired.
+
+Children must acquire certain individual properties of the language they are exposed to.
+
+### Noam Chomsky and Universal Grammar
+- Language is an **instinct**.
+- While individual languages must be acquired, much of language is **innate**.
+- **Universal Grammar** (UG)
+
+### Type of data Syntaticians use
+- Major source of data: **Grammaticality judgements**. Psychological experiment performed with a native speaker of the language you are studying.
+- Symbols
+  
+|  Meaning                           |    Symbol    |
+| :--------------------------------: | :----------: |
+| Ungrammatical                      |       *      |
+| Variablity                         |       %      |
+| Grammatical, nonsense semantically |       #      |
+
+### Generative grammar
+- sentences generated by rules
+
+### Hypothesis
+- Competence vs. Performance
+  - Focused on Competence in syntax.
+
+
+## From words to word classes
+### Grammatical categories
+Aim to make generalization about how words combine to form sentences.
+
+### Identifying grammatical categories
+- Morphological tests
+  - by affixes only attach to certain word classes
+  - if passes, it must be a member of that category, but not vice versa.
+- Distributional evidence
+  - By looking at the distributional evidence, we can therefore say something about the grammatical category.
+
+### Two main groups
+- **Lexical** categories denote concepts like objects, attributes, actions, and ideas
+- **Functional** categories specify grammatical relations
+
+## From words to phrases
+Hypothesis:
+1. A sentence is a collection of objects.
+2. A sentence is an *ordered* collection of words.
+
+### Constituents
+- Some word form units (constituents), while others not.
+
+#### Tests to identify constituents
+- Fragment/Stand alone test
+  - Constituents can stand on their own in response to a question.
+- Replacement/substitution test
+  - Some constituents can be replaced by other words, without radically changing the meaning.
+- Movement test
+  - Some constituents can move as units.
+- Clefting/psuedo-clefting
+  - Clefting: *It was ... that ...*
+  - Psuedo-Clefting: *... is/are (what/where/who) ...*
+- Coordination
+  - Two constituents of the same type can be coordinated using conjunction words like *and*, *or* and *but*.

notes/courses/LING-UA-1/index.json

@@ -3,20 +3,29 @@
         "slug": "01-intro",
         "title": "01    - What is Language",
         "date": "2025-05-19"
-    },
+    }
+    ,
     {
         "slug": "02-03-phonetics",
         "title": "02/03 - Phonetics",
         "date": "2025-05-20/21"
-    },
+    }
+    ,
     {
         "slug": "04-05-phonology",
         "title": "04/05 - Phonology",
         "date": "2025-05-22/27"
-    },
+    }
+    ,
     {
         "slug": "06-07-morphology",
         "title": "06/07 - Morphology",
         "date": "2025-05-28/29"
     }
+    ,
+    {
+        "slug": "08-09-10-syntax",
+        "title": "08/09/10 - Syntax",
+        "date": "2025-06-02/03/04"
+    }
 ]