feat(rest): vend storage credentials into per-table FileIO

[huan233usc]

What & why

The REST catalog already declared the .../namespaces/{ns}/tables/{tbl}/credentials
endpoint path, but LoadTableResult discarded the storage-credentials the server
returns. As a result, catalogs that vend per-table storage credentials could not be
used end to end — the client had no credentials to read/write the table's data files.

This wires up vended storage credentials and, in doing so, resolves the existing
FIXME: support per-table FileIO creation in RestCatalog::LoadTable.

What changed

• StorageCredential type (prefix + config) and a parsed
  LoadTableResult.storage_credentials list, with JSON round-trip support in
  catalog/rest/json_serde.cc.
• MakeTableFileIO (catalog/rest/rest_file_io.cc): builds a table-scoped FileIO by
  layering, in increasing precedence, the catalog configuration → the table's config →
  the most-specific (longest-prefix) vended credential, following the REST spec guidance
  to "choose the most specific prefix". When the table supplies no overrides, the shared
  catalog FileIO instance is reused. The existing MakeCatalogFileIO is untouched, so
  there is no behavior change for non-vending servers.
• MatchStorageCredential: longest-prefix selection helper.
• Wired through LoadTable, CreateTable, RegisterTable, and StageCreateTable.
  (UpdateTable is intentionally left alone — its CommitTableResponse does not carry
  storage credentials in the spec.)

Known limitations / follow-ups

Surfaced during self-review; all are pre-existing structural gaps that this PR narrows
but does not fully close:

1. Commit path: UpdateTable still returns a Table bound to the shared catalog
   FileIO (the spec's CommitTableResponse carries no credentials), so a table obtained
   from a commit loses vended credentials that the equivalent LoadTable would have.
2. Multi-prefix tables: one credential is selected against the table's base location
   and baked into a single FileIO. Tables whose data/metadata span multiple credential
   prefixes (e.g. split write.data.path / write.metadata.path) would need per-path
   credential routing (Java routes per-prefix inside S3FileIO).
3. Credential expiry/refresh: vended credentials are typically short-lived STS
   tokens; there is no refresh hook yet. The .../credentials endpoint
   (Endpoint::TableCredentials()) exists and is the natural follow-up for refresh.
4. No FileIO caching: a new FileIO is constructed per load when the response carries
   table config or credentials; a cache keyed by merged properties would avoid repeated
   S3 client construction.
5. The client does not yet send X-Iceberg-Access-Delegation: vended-credentials by
   default (Java does); servers that gate vending on that header require it to be set
   via the header. catalog property for now.

Testing

Built with CMake + Ninja (RelWithDebInfo, Clang) against Arrow 24.0.0.

• Full REST unit suite: 284/284 passing.
• New cases:
  • serde round-trip and deserialize of storage-credentials (incl. multiple
    credentials);
  • MatchStorageCredential longest-prefix / no-match;
  • MakeTableFileIO reuses the catalog FileIO when there are no overrides, and applies
    the most-specific vended credential over both the catalog and table config.
• Manually verified against a credential-vending REST catalog: LoadTable parses the
  vended credentials and MakeTableFileIO selects and applies them when constructing
  the per-table FileIO.

This pull request and its description were written by Isaac.

[huan233usc]

Superseded by the upstream PR: apache#729