Support CodeClimate issues in check --output-format

[re-xyr]

Summary

Add a new option codeclimate for pyrefly check --output-format, which outputs a JSON array of CodeClimate issues. This is useful primarily for GitLab CI/CD to pick up a Code Quality Report artifact.

Fixes #3049

Test Plan

A scrut test for this option was added.

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[connernilsen]

Hey @re-xyr, thanks for making this. One minor change I'll make on our end is to rename OutputFormat::Codeclimate to OutputFormat::CodeClimate. Let me know if that can't be done for some reason and we can follow up to change the naming scheme.

[meta-codesync]

@connernilsen has imported this pull request. If you are a Meta employee, you can view this in D101040112.