Intern closed-vocabulary strings in the component catalog loader

[marcelveldt]

What does this implement/fix?

The component catalog parses ~13k ConfigEntry and ~900 ComponentCatalogEntry instances at startup, each carrying duplicate copies of a handful of closed-vocabulary strings. Measured against the live catalog: 12 unique platform_type values, 32 unique references_component values, 9 unique supported_platforms values — repeated across thousands of entries.

sys.intern collapses every occurrence onto a single PyUnicode object, trimming several MB off the loaded catalog's resident size for free. No wire-shape change, no API change.

Related issue or feature (if applicable):

• part of cut static memory footprint via lazy-loading catalogs + firmware logs #934 (PR 2 on the checklist)

Changes

• new _intern_optional / _intern_str_list helpers in controllers/components.py
• _load_config_entry interns platform_type, references_component, and supported_platforms members
• _load_component interns supported_platforms members
• category is already a ComponentCategory enum (singleton), so no interning needed there

Types of changes

• Bugfix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue) — bugfix
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality) — new-feature
• Enhancement to an existing feature — enhancement
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected) — breaking-change
• Refactor (no behaviour change) — refactor
• Documentation only — docs
• Maintenance / chore — maintenance
• CI / workflow change — ci
• Dependencies bump — dependencies

Frontend coordination

• No frontend change needed

Checklist

• The code change is tested and works locally.
• Pre-commit hooks pass (ruff, codespell, yaml/json/python checks).
• Tests have been added or updated under tests/ where applicable.
• components.json has not been hand-edited (regenerate via script/sync_components.py if a sync is needed).
• Architecture-level changes are reflected in docs/ARCHITECTURE.md and/or docs/API.md.

[codspeed-hq]

Merging this PR will not alter performance

✅ 25 untouched benchmarks

---

_{Comparing intern-component-catalog-strings (17c47b8) with main (dd49cd3)}

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 99.24%. Comparing base (dd49cd3) to head (17c47b8).

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main     #938   +/-   ##
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  Coverage   99.24%   99.24%           
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  Files         191      191           
  Lines       14243    14252    +9     
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+ Hits        14136    14145    +9     
  Misses        107      107           

Flag	Coverage Δ
py3.12	99.19% <100.00%> (-0.01%)	⬇️
py3.14	99.24% <100.00%> (+<0.01%)	⬆️

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
esphome_device_builder/controllers/components.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)

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Pull request overview

This PR reduces the in-memory footprint of the components catalog at startup by interning a small set of closed-vocabulary strings while parsing definitions/components.json, avoiding thousands of duplicate str objects without changing the API/wire shape.

Changes:

• Added _intern_optional and _intern_str_list helpers for safe sys.intern() usage during JSON → model loading.
• Interned platform_type, references_component, and supported_platforms when loading ConfigEntry.
• Interned supported_platforms when loading ComponentCatalogEntry.