Try avoiding allocations during execution

[yihozhang]

Just trying to see if this matters. Don't merge yet.

[codspeed-hq]

CodSpeed Performance Report

Merging this PR will not alter performance

_{Comparing yihozhang-avoid-clone-in-execute (956536f) with main (363d420)}

Summary

✅ 22 untouched benchmarks
⏩ 190 skipped benchmarks¹

Footnotes

1. 190 benchmarks were skipped, so the baseline results were used instead. If they were deleted from the codebase, click here and archive them to remove them from the performance reports. ↩