Fix migration generation for non-nullable SqlVector columns

src/EFCore.Relational/EFCore.Relational.baseline.json

@@ -17582,6 +17582,9 @@
         {
           "Member": "virtual void ConfigureParameter(System.Data.Common.DbParameter parameter);"
         },
+        {
+          "Member": "virtual object? GetDefaultProviderValue();"
+        },
         {
           "Member": "virtual System.Data.Common.DbParameter CreateParameter(System.Data.Common.DbCommand command, string name, object? value, bool? nullable = null, System.Data.ParameterDirection direction = System.Data.ParameterDirection.Input);"
         },

src/EFCore.Relational/Migrations/Internal/MigrationsModelDiffer.cs

@@ -1230,24 +1230,11 @@ private void Initialize(
             = (valueConverter?.ProviderClrType
                 ?? typeMapping.ClrType).UnwrapNullableType();
 
-        if (!column.TryGetDefaultValue(out var defaultValue))
-        {
-            // for non-nullable collections of primitives that are mapped to JSON we set a default value corresponding to empty JSON collection
-            defaultValue = !inline
-                && column is
-                {
-                    IsNullable: false, StoreTypeMapping: { ElementTypeMapping: not null, Converter: { } columnValueConverter }
-                }
-                && columnValueConverter.GetType() is { IsGenericType: true } columnValueConverterType
-                && columnValueConverterType.GetGenericTypeDefinition() == typeof(CollectionToJsonStringConverter<>)
-                    ? "[]"
-                    : null;
-        }
-
+        column.TryGetDefaultValue(out var defaultValue);
         columnOperation.DefaultValue = defaultValue
             ?? (inline || isNullable
                 ? null
-                : GetDefaultValue(columnOperation.ClrType));
+                : typeMapping.GetDefaultProviderValue());
         columnOperation.DefaultValueSql = column.DefaultValueSql;
         columnOperation.ColumnType = column.StoreType;
         columnOperation.MaxLength = column.MaxLength;
@@ -2555,19 +2542,6 @@ protected virtual IEnumerable<string> GetSchemas(IRelationalModel model)
             .Cast<string>()
             .Distinct();
 
-    /// <summary>
-    ///     This is an internal API that supports the Entity Framework Core infrastructure and not subject to
-    ///     the same compatibility standards as public APIs. It may be changed or removed without notice in
-    ///     any release. You should only use it directly in your code with extreme caution and knowing that
-    ///     doing so can result in application failures when updating to a new Entity Framework Core release.
-    /// </summary>
-    protected virtual object? GetDefaultValue(Type type)
-        => type == typeof(string)
-            ? string.Empty
-            : type.IsArray
-                ? Array.CreateInstance(type.GetElementType()!, 0)
-                : type.UnwrapNullableType().GetDefaultValue();
-
     private static ValueConverter? GetValueConverter(IProperty property, RelationalTypeMapping? typeMapping = null)
         => (property.FindRelationalTypeMapping() ?? typeMapping)?.Converter;
 

src/EFCore.Relational/Storage/RelationalTypeMapping.cs

@@ -656,6 +656,32 @@ public virtual string GenerateProviderValueSqlLiteral(object? value)
     protected virtual string GenerateNonNullSqlLiteral(object value)
         => string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, SqlLiteralFormatString, value);
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Creates the provider value used to populate a newly added, required column for existing rows when generating a migration.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    ///     Type mappings whose facets (such as size) are required to produce a usable value should override this to supply
+    ///     a provider value built from the configured mapping.
+    /// </remarks>
+    /// <returns>The default provider value.</returns>
+    public virtual object? GetDefaultProviderValue()
+    {
+        if (ElementTypeMapping is not null
+            && Converter?.GetType() is { IsGenericType: true } converterType
+            && converterType.GetGenericTypeDefinition() == typeof(CollectionToJsonStringConverter<>))
+        {
+            return "[]";
+        }
+
+        var providerType = (Converter?.ProviderClrType ?? ClrType).UnwrapNullableType();
+
+        return providerType == typeof(string)
+            ? string.Empty
+            : providerType.IsArray
+                ? Array.CreateInstance(providerType.GetElementType()!, 0)
+                : providerType.GetDefaultValue();
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     ///     The method to use when reading values of the given type. The method must be defined
     ///     on <see cref="DbDataReader" /> or one of its subclasses.

src/EFCore.SqlServer/Storage/Internal/SqlServerVectorTypeMapping.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
 // The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
 
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using System.Reflection;
 using System.Text;
 using Microsoft.Data.SqlTypes;
 using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.SqlServer.Internal;
@@ -25,6 +27,15 @@ public class SqlServerVectorTypeMapping : RelationalTypeMapping
 
     private static readonly VectorComparer _comparerInstance = new();
 
+    private static readonly MethodInfo _createNullMethod
+        = typeof(SqlVector<float>).GetMethod(nameof(SqlVector<float>.CreateNull), [typeof(int)])!;
+
+    private static readonly ConstructorInfo _constructor
+        = typeof(SqlVector<float>).GetConstructor([typeof(ReadOnlyMemory<float>)])!;
+
+    private static readonly MethodInfo _memoryImplicitOperator
+        = typeof(ReadOnlyMemory<float>).GetMethod("op_Implicit", [typeof(float[])])!;
+
     // Note that dimensions is mandatory with SQL Server vector.
     // However, our scaffolder looks up each type mapping without the facets, to find out whether the scaffolded
     // facet happens to be the default (and therefore can be omitted). So we allow constructing a SqlServerVectorTypeMapping
@@ -116,6 +127,38 @@ protected override string GenerateNonNullSqlLiteral(object value)
         return builder.ToString();
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     This is an internal API that supports the Entity Framework Core infrastructure and not subject to
+    ///     the same compatibility standards as public APIs. It may be changed or removed without notice in
+    ///     any release. You should only use it directly in your code with extreme caution and knowing that
+    ///     doing so can result in application failures when updating to a new Entity Framework Core release.
+    /// </summary>
+    public override Expression GenerateCodeLiteral(object value)
+    {
+        var vector = (SqlVector<float>)value;
+
+        if (vector.IsNull)
+        {
+            return Expression.Call(_createNullMethod, Expression.Constant(vector.Length));
+        }
+
+        return Expression.New(
+            _constructor,
+            Expression.Convert(
+                Expression.Constant(vector.Memory.ToArray(), typeof(float[])),
+                typeof(ReadOnlyMemory<float>),
+                _memoryImplicitOperator));
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     This is an internal API that supports the Entity Framework Core infrastructure and not subject to
+    ///     the same compatibility standards as public APIs. It may be changed or removed without notice in
+    ///     any release. You should only use it directly in your code with extreme caution and knowing that
+    ///     doing so can result in application failures when updating to a new Entity Framework Core release.
+    /// </summary>
+    public override object? GetDefaultProviderValue()
+        => Size is int dimensions ? new SqlVector<float>(new float[dimensions]) : null;
+
     private sealed class VectorComparer() : ValueComparer<SqlVector<float>>(
         (x, y) => CalculateEquality(x, y),
         v => CalculateHashCode(v),

test/EFCore.SqlServer.Tests/Migrations/SqlServerModelDifferTest.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
 // The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
 
+using Microsoft.Data.SqlTypes;
 using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Migrations.Internal;
 using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.SqlServer.Metadata.Internal;
 
@@ -174,6 +175,37 @@ public void Add_column_with_dependencies()
                 Assert.Equal("[FirstName] + [LastName]", columnOperation.ComputedColumnSql);
             });
 
+    [Fact]
+    public void Add_required_vector_column_uses_zero_vector_default_value()
+        => Execute(
+            source => source.Entity(
+                "Cat",
+                x =>
+                {
+                    x.Property<int>("Id");
+                    x.ToTable("Cats");
+                }),
+            target => target.Entity(
+                "Cat",
+                x =>
+                {
+                    x.Property<int>("Id");
+                    x.ToTable("Cats");
+                    x.Property<SqlVector<float>>("Embedding").HasColumnType("vector(3)");
+                }),
+            operations =>
+            {
+                Assert.Equal(1, operations.Count);
+
+                var operation = Assert.IsType<AddColumnOperation>(operations[0]);
+                Assert.Equal("Embedding", operation.Name);
+
+                var defaultValue = Assert.IsType<SqlVector<float>>(operation.DefaultValue);
+                Assert.False(defaultValue.IsNull);
+                Assert.Equal(3, defaultValue.Length);
+                Assert.True(defaultValue.Memory.Span.TrimStart(0f).IsEmpty);
+            });
+
     [Fact]
     public void Alter_column_identity()
         => Execute(

test/EFCore.SqlServer.Tests/Storage/SqlServerTypeMappingTest.cs

@@ -420,6 +420,34 @@ public virtual void Vector_comparer_compares_Memory()
         Assert.False(typeMapping.Comparer.Equals(vector1, vector3));
     }
 
+    [Fact]
+    public virtual void GenerateCodeLiteral_generates_vector_literal()
+        => Test_GenerateCodeLiteral_helper(
+            new SqlServerVectorTypeMapping(3),
+            new SqlVector<float>(new float[] { 1, 2, 3 }),
+            "new Microsoft.Data.SqlTypes.SqlVector<float>(new[] { 1f, 2f, 3f })");
+
+    [Fact]
+    public virtual void GenerateCodeLiteral_generates_null_vector_literal()
+        => Test_GenerateCodeLiteral_helper(
+            new SqlServerVectorTypeMapping(3),
+            SqlVector<float>.CreateNull(3),
+            "Microsoft.Data.SqlTypes.SqlVector<float>.CreateNull(3)");
+
+    [Fact]
+    public virtual void Vector_default_provider_value_is_zero_vector_of_configured_dimensions()
+    {
+        var value = Assert.IsType<SqlVector<float>>(new SqlServerVectorTypeMapping(3).GetDefaultProviderValue());
+
+        Assert.False(value.IsNull);
+        Assert.Equal(3, value.Length);
+        Assert.True(value.Memory.Span.TrimStart(0f).IsEmpty);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public virtual void Vector_default_provider_value_is_null_without_dimensions()
+        => Assert.Null(SqlServerVectorTypeMapping.Default.GetDefaultProviderValue());
+
     #endregion Vector
 
     public static RelationalTypeMapping GetMapping(string type)