update to the latest data61 courses

package.yaml

@@ -46,11 +46,13 @@ library:
 
   exposed-modules:
   - Course
+  - Course.Alternative
   - Course.Anagrams
   - Course.Applicative
   - Course.Cheque
   - Course.Comonad
   - Course.Compose
+  - Course.Contravariant
   - Course.Core
   - Course.ExactlyOne
   - Course.Extend

src/Course.hs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 module Course (module X) where
 
+import Course.Alternative as X
 import Course.Anagrams as X
 import Course.Applicative as X
 import Course.Cheque as X

src/Course/Alternative.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE InstanceSigs #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE RebindableSyntax #-}
+
+module Course.Alternative where
+
+import Course.Applicative
+import Course.Core
+import Course.Functor
+import Course.List
+import Course.Optional
+import Course.Parser
+import qualified Prelude as P(fmap, return, (>>=))
+
+-- | All instances of the `Alternative` type-class must satisfy three laws.
+-- These laws are not checked by the compiler. These laws are given as:
+--
+-- * The law of left identity
+--   `∀x. empty <|> x = x`
+--
+-- * The law of right identity
+--   `∀x. x <|> empty = x`
+--
+-- * The law of associativity
+--   `∀u v w. u <|> (v <|> w) = (u <|> v) <|> w`
+--
+-- You may notice that these are the same laws as Monoid. An alternative
+-- can be considered a "monoid on applicative functors". The key difference
+-- between the two classes is that Alternative is higher-kinded, meaning that
+-- the type variable @k@ itself takes a type parameter.
+-- The Alternative instance for @k@ is often distinct from any Monoid instance
+-- for @k a@.
+-- An Alternative instance should relate to the Applicative instance in some
+-- way, although the exact relation required is an open question in the community.
+-- Informally, it should be some kind of choice or alternation. Attempts to give
+-- laws relating the Applicative and Alternative are discussed here:
+-- https://wiki.haskell.org/Typeclassopedia#Laws_6
+class Applicative k => Alternative k where
+  zero ::
+    k a
+  (<|>) ::
+    k a
+    -> k a
+    -> k a
+
+infixl 3 <|>
+
+-- | Return the first full Optional.
+--
+-- >>> Full 3 <|> zero
+-- Full 3
+--
+-- >>> zero <|> Full 4
+-- Full 4
+--
+-- >>> Full 3 <|> Full 4
+-- Full 3
+instance Alternative Optional where
+  zero ::
+    Optional a
+  zero =
+    error "todo: Course.Alternative zero#instance Optional"
+  (<|>) ::
+    Optional a
+    -> Optional a
+    -> Optional a
+  (<|>) =
+    error "todo: Course.Alternative (<|>)#instance Optional"
+
+-- | Append the lists.
+-- This instance views lists as a non-deterministic choice between elements,
+-- so the way we "alternate" them is to append the lists.
+--
+-- >>> 3 :. 4 :. 5 :. Nil <|> Nil
+-- [3,4,5]
+--
+-- >>> Nil <|> 6 :. 7 :. 8 :. Nil
+-- [6,7,8]
+--
+-- >>> 3 :. 4 :. 5 :. Nil <|> 6 :. 7 :. 8 :. Nil
+-- [3,4,5,6,7,8]
+instance Alternative List where
+  zero ::
+    List a
+  zero =
+    error "todo: Course.Alternative zero#instance List"
+  (<|>) ::
+    List a
+    -> List a
+    -> List a
+  (<|>) =
+    error "todo: Course.Alternative (<|>)#instance List"
+
+-- | Choose the first succeeding parser
+--
+-- /Tip:/ Check Parser.hs
+--
+-- >>> parse (character <|> valueParser 'v') ""
+-- Result >< 'v'
+--
+-- >>> parse (constantParser UnexpectedEof <|> valueParser 'v') ""
+-- Result >< 'v'
+--
+-- >>> parse (character <|> valueParser 'v') "abc"
+-- Result >bc< 'a'
+--
+-- >>> parse (constantParser UnexpectedEof <|> valueParser 'v') "abc"
+-- Result >abc< 'v'
+instance Alternative Parser where
+  zero ::
+    Parser a
+  zero =
+    error "todo: Course.Alternative zero#instance Parser"
+  (<|>) ::
+    Parser a
+    -> Parser a
+    -> Parser a
+  (<|>) =
+    error "todo: Course.Alternative (<|>)#instance Parser"
+
+-- | Run the provided Alternative action zero or more times, collecting
+-- a list of the results.
+--
+-- /Tip:/ Use @some@, @pure@ and @(<|>)@.
+--
+-- >>> parse (many character) ""
+-- Result >< ""
+--
+-- >>> parse (many digit) "123abc"
+-- Result >abc< "123"
+--
+-- >>> parse (many digit) "abc"
+-- Result >abc< ""
+--
+-- >>> parse (many character) "abc"
+-- Result >< "abc"
+--
+-- >>> parse (many (character *> valueParser 'v')) "abc"
+-- Result >< "vvv"
+--
+-- >>> parse (many (character *> valueParser 'v')) ""
+-- Result >< ""
+many :: Alternative k => k a -> k (List a)
+many =
+  error "todo: Course.Alternative many"
+
+-- | Run the provided Alternative action one or more times, collecting
+-- a list of the results.
+--
+-- /Tip:/ Use @(:.)@ and @many@.
+--
+-- >>> parse (some (character)) "abc"
+-- Result >< "abc"
+--
+-- >>> parse (some (character *> valueParser 'v')) "abc"
+-- Result >< "vvv"
+--
+-- >>> isErrorResult (parse (some (character *> valueParser 'v')) "")
+-- True
+some :: Alternative k => k a -> k (List a)
+some =
+  error "todo: Course.Alternative some"
+
+-- | Combine a list of alternatives
+--
+-- >>> aconcat (Nil :: List (List Int))
+-- []
+--
+-- >>> aconcat ((3:.4:.Nil) :. Nil :. (5:.6:.Nil) :. Nil
+-- [3,4,5,6]
+
+-- >>> aconcat (Empty :. Empty :. Full 7 :. Empty :. Full 8 :. Empty :. Nil)
+-- Full 7
+--
+-- /Note:/ In the standard library, this function is called @asum@
+aconcat :: Alternative k => List (k a) -> k a
+aconcat =
+  error "todo: Course.Alternative aconcat"