dubbo-go-hessian2

---

A Go implementation of the Hessian 2.0 serialization protocol, enabling seamless cross-language communication between Go and Java applications. Primarily used by Apache Dubbo-Go for RPC serialization.

Table of Contents

• Features
• Installation
• Quick Start
• Core Concepts
  • The POJO Interface
  • Registering Types
• Type Mapping (Java <-> Go)
  • Primitive Types
  • Java Wrapper Types
  • Extended Types
• API Reference
  • Encoder
  • Decoder
  • Registration Functions
  • Configuration Functions
• Usage Examples
  • Encoding and Decoding Custom Objects
  • Customizing Field Names with Tags
  • Decoding Field Name Matching Rules
  • Using a Custom Tag Identifier
  • Specifying Java Parameter Types (Inheritance)
  • Working with Java Collections
  • Working with Java Enums
  • Custom Serializer
  • Strict Mode
  • Reusing Encoder/Decoder (Object Pool)
• Struct Inheritance
• Tools
• Reference

Features

• Full Hessian 2.0 protocol implementation (encode/decode)
• Circular reference and object graph support
• All JDK exceptions (88+ exception types)
• Java wrapper types (Integer, Long, Boolean, etc.)
• Java BigDecimal / BigInteger
• Java Date & Time (java.util.Date, java.sql.Date/Time)
• Java 8 Time API (LocalDate, LocalDateTime, ZonedDateTime, Instant, Duration, etc.)
• Java UUID
• Java collections (HashSet, HashMap, etc.)
• Java inheritance / extends
• Field alias via struct tags
• Generic invocation
• Dubbo attachments
• Skipping unregistered POJOs
• Emoji support in strings
• Custom serializer support
• Strict mode for decoding validation

Note: From v1.6.0+, the decoder skips non-existent fields (matching Java hessian behavior). Versions before v1.6.0 returned errors for non-existent fields.

Installation

go get github.com/apache/dubbo-go-hessian2

Requires Go 1.21+.

Quick Start

// Define a struct and implement the POJO interface
type User struct {
    Name string
    Age  int32
}

func (User) JavaClassName() string {
    return "com.example.User"
}

// Register the type before encoding/decoding
hessian.RegisterPOJO(&User{})

// Encode
user := &User{Name: "Alice", Age: 30}
encoder := hessian.NewEncoder()
encoder.Encode(user)
data := encoder.Buffer()

// Decode
obj, _ := hessian.NewDecoder(data).Decode()
decoded := obj.(*User)

Core Concepts

The POJO Interface

Any Go struct that needs to be serialized as a Java object must implement the POJO interface:

type POJO interface {
    JavaClassName() string  // Returns the fully qualified Java class name
}

This establishes the mapping between your Go struct and the corresponding Java class.

Registering Types

Before encoding or decoding custom types, you must register them. This is typically done in an init() function:

func init() {
    // Register a single type
    hessian.RegisterPOJO(&MyStruct{})

    // Register multiple types at once
    hessian.RegisterPOJOs(&TypeA{}, &TypeB{}, &TypeC{})

    // Register with a custom Java class name (overrides JavaClassName())
    hessian.RegisterPOJOMapping("com.example.CustomName", &MyStruct{})
}

If a type is not registered, the decoder will:

• Default mode: Decode unknown objects as map[interface{}]interface{}
• Strict mode: Return an error

Type Mapping (Java <-> Go)

Primitive Types

Hessian Type	Java Type	Go Type
null	null	nil
binary	byte[]	[]byte
boolean	boolean	bool
date	java.util.Date	time.Time
double	double	float64
int	int	int32
long	long	int64
string	java.lang.String	string
list	java.util.List	slice
map	java.util.Map	map
object	custom class	struct

Java Wrapper Types

Java Type	Go Type
java.lang.Integer	*int32
java.lang.Long	*int64
java.lang.Boolean	*bool
java.lang.Short	*int16
java.lang.Byte	*uint8
java.lang.Float	*float32
java.lang.Double	*float64
java.lang.Character	*hessian.Rune

Extended Types

Java Type	Go Type / Package
java.math.BigDecimal	github.com/dubbogo/gost/math/big Decimal
java.math.BigInteger	github.com/dubbogo/gost/math/big Integer
java.sql.Date	github.com/apache/dubbo-go-hessian2/java_sql_time Date
java.sql.Time	github.com/apache/dubbo-go-hessian2/java_sql_time Time
java.util.UUID	github.com/apache/dubbo-go-hessian2/java_util UUID
java.util.Locale	github.com/apache/dubbo-go-hessian2/java_util Locale
Java 8 time types (LocalDate, LocalTime, LocalDateTime, ZonedDateTime, Instant, Duration, Period, etc.)	github.com/apache/dubbo-go-hessian2/java8_time

Tip: Avoid defining objects that only exist in one language. Use error codes/messages instead of Java exceptions for cross-language communication.

API Reference

Encoder

// Create a new encoder
encoder := hessian.NewEncoder()

// Encode a value (primitives, slices, maps, structs, etc.)
err := encoder.Encode(value)

// Get the encoded bytes
data := encoder.Buffer()

// Reset encoder state for reuse
encoder.Clean()

// Reset encoder state but reuse the underlying buffer
encoder.ReuseBufferClean()

Special encoding methods:

// Encode a map as a typed Java object using "_class" key in the map
encoder.EncodeMapClass(map[string]interface{}{"_class": "com.example.Foo", "name": "bar"})

// Encode a map as a specific Java class
encoder.EncodeMapAsClass("com.example.Foo", map[string]interface{}{"name": "bar"})

Decoder

// Standard decoder
decoder := hessian.NewDecoder(data)

// Strict mode - returns error for unregistered types
decoder := hessian.NewStrictDecoder(data)

// Decode the next value
obj, err := decoder.Decode()

// Reset decoder with new data (for reuse with object pools)
decoder.Reset(newData)

Decoder modes:

Constructor	Behavior
NewDecoder(data)	Decodes unknown objects as maps
NewStrictDecoder(data)	Returns error for unregistered objects
NewDecoderWithSkip(data)	Skips non-existent fields
NewCheapDecoderWithSkip(data)	Poolable decoder, use with Reset()

Registration Functions

hessian.RegisterPOJO(&MyStruct{})                         // Register a POJO type
hessian.RegisterPOJOs(&A{}, &B{})                         // Register multiple POJOs
hessian.RegisterPOJOMapping("com.example.Name", &Struct{}) // Register with custom Java class name
hessian.RegisterJavaEnum(&MyEnum{})                        // Register a Java enum type
hessian.UnRegisterPOJOs(&A{}, &B{})                        // Unregister POJOs
hessian.SetCollectionSerialize(&MyHashSet{})               // Register a Java collection type
hessian.SetSerializer("com.example.Foo", &FooSerializer{}) // Register a custom serializer

Configuration Functions

// Change the struct tag used for field name mapping (default: "hessian")
hessian.SetTagIdentifier("json")

// Look up a registered custom serializer
serializer, ok := hessian.GetSerializer("com.example.Foo")

// Find class info in the decoder
classInfo := hessian.FindClassInfo("com.example.Foo")

Usage Examples

Encoding and Decoding Custom Objects

type Circular struct {
    Value
    Previous *Circular
    Next     *Circular
}

type Value struct {
    Num int
}

func (Circular) JavaClassName() string {
    return "com.company.Circular"
}

func init() {
    hessian.RegisterPOJO(&Circular{})
}

// Encode
c := &Circular{}
c.Num = 12345
c.Previous = c  // circular reference - handled automatically
c.Next = c

e := hessian.NewEncoder()
if err := e.Encode(c); err != nil {
    panic(err)
}
data := e.Buffer()

// Decode
obj, err := hessian.NewDecoder(data).Decode()
if err != nil {
    panic(err)
}
circular := obj.(*Circular)
fmt.Println(circular.Num) // 12345

Customizing Field Names with Tags

The encoder converts Go field names to lowerCamelCase by default. Use the hessian tag to override:

type MyUser struct {
    UserFullName      string `hessian:"user_full_name"` // encoded as "user_full_name"
    FamilyPhoneNumber string                            // encoded as "familyPhoneNumber" (default)
}

func (MyUser) JavaClassName() string {
    return "com.company.myuser"
}

Decoding Field Name Matching Rules

When decoding, fields are matched in the following order:

1. Tag match - matches the hessian tag value
2. lowerCamelCase - e.g., mobilePhone matches MobilePhone
3. Exact case - e.g., MobilePhone matches MobilePhone
4. Lowercase - e.g., mobilephone matches MobilePhone

type MyUser struct {
    MobilePhone string `hessian:"mobile-phone"`
}
// Incoming field "mobile-phone" -> matched via tag (rule 1)
// Incoming field "mobilePhone"  -> matched via lowerCamelCase (rule 2)
// Incoming field "MobilePhone"  -> matched via exact case (rule 3)
// Incoming field "mobilephone"  -> matched via lowercase (rule 4)

Using a Custom Tag Identifier

Use SetTagIdentifier to read field names from a different struct tag (e.g., json):

hessian.SetTagIdentifier("json")

type MyUser struct {
    UserFullName      string `json:"user_full_name"`
    FamilyPhoneNumber string
}

func (MyUser) JavaClassName() string {
    return "com.company.myuser"
}

Specifying Java Parameter Types (Inheritance)

When a Java method expects a parent class but you send a subclass, implement the Param interface:

Java side:

public abstract class User {}

public class MyUser extends User implements Serializable {
    private String userFullName;
    private String familyPhoneNumber;
}

public interface UserProvider {
    String GetUser(User user);  // accepts parent type
}

Go side:

type MyUser struct {
    UserFullName      string `hessian:"userFullName"`
    FamilyPhoneNumber string
}

func (m *MyUser) JavaClassName() string {
    return "com.company.MyUser"
}

// JavaParamName tells the encoder to use the parent class name in the method signature
func (m *MyUser) JavaParamName() string {
    return "com.company.User"
}

Working with Java Collections

Map a Java collection class (e.g., HashSet) to a Go struct:

type JavaHashSet struct {
    value []interface{}
}

func (j *JavaHashSet) Get() []interface{}       { return j.value }
func (j *JavaHashSet) Set(v []interface{})      { j.value = v }
func (j *JavaHashSet) JavaClassName() string    { return "java.util.HashSet" }

func init() {
    hessian.SetCollectionSerialize(&JavaHashSet{})
}

Without this registration, Java collections are decoded as []interface{}.

Working with Java Enums

type Color int32

const (
    RED   Color = 0
    GREEN Color = 1
    BLUE  Color = 2
)

var colorNames = map[Color]string{
    RED: "RED", GREEN: "GREEN", BLUE: "BLUE",
}
var colorValues = map[string]Color{
    "RED": RED, "GREEN": GREEN, "BLUE": BLUE,
}

func (c Color) JavaClassName() string   { return "com.example.Color" }
func (c Color) String() string          { return colorNames[c] }
func (c Color) EnumValue(s string) hessian.JavaEnum {
    return hessian.JavaEnum(colorValues[s])
}

func init() {
    hessian.RegisterJavaEnum(RED)
}

Custom Serializer

Implement the Serializer interface for full control over encoding/decoding:

type MySerializer struct{}

func (s *MySerializer) EncObject(encoder *hessian.Encoder, obj hessian.POJO) error {
    // Custom encoding logic
    return nil
}

func (s *MySerializer) DecObject(decoder *hessian.Decoder, typ reflect.Type, cls *hessian.ClassInfo) (interface{}, error) {
    // Custom decoding logic
    return nil, nil
}

func init() {
    hessian.SetSerializer("com.example.MyClass", &MySerializer{})
}

Strict Mode

By default, unregistered objects are decoded as maps. Use strict mode to get errors instead:

decoder := hessian.NewDecoder(data)
decoder.Strict = true  // returns error for unregistered types

// Or use the convenience constructor:
decoder = hessian.NewStrictDecoder(data)

Reusing Encoder/Decoder (Object Pool)

For high-performance scenarios, reuse encoder/decoder instances:

// Encoder reuse
encoder := hessian.NewEncoder()
encoder.Encode(obj1)
data1 := encoder.Buffer()

encoder.Clean()  // or encoder.ReuseBufferClean() to keep the buffer
encoder.Encode(obj2)
data2 := encoder.Buffer()

// Decoder reuse (poolable decoder)
decoder := hessian.NewCheapDecoderWithSkip(data1)
obj1, _ := decoder.Decode()

decoder.Reset(data2)  // reuse with new data
obj2, _ := decoder.Decode()

Struct Inheritance

Go struct embedding is supported for modeling Java inheritance:

type Animal struct {
    Name string
}

func (Animal) JavaClassName() string { return "com.example.Animal" }

type Dog struct {
    Animal          // embedded parent struct
    Breed  string
}

func (Dog) JavaClassName() string { return "com.example.Dog" }

Avoid these patterns:

1. Duplicate field names across parents - ambiguous field resolution:

   type A struct { Name string }
   type B struct { Name string }
   type C struct { A; B }  // which Name?

2. Pointer embedding - nil parent at initialization, not supported:

   type Dog struct {
       *Animal  // will be nil in Dog{}, not supported
   }

Tools

gen-go-enum

A code generation tool for creating Go enum types compatible with Java enums. See tools/gen-go-enum/README.md for details.

Reference

• Hessian 2.0 Serialization Protocol Spec
• Apache Dubbo-Go
• GoDoc API Reference