[bench]

[Dandandan]

Which issue does this PR close?

• Closes #.

Rationale for this change

What changes are included in this PR?

Are these changes tested?

Are there any user-facing changes?

[Dandandan]

run benchmarks

[adriangbot]

🤖 Benchmark running (GKE) | trigger
Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB) | Linux bench-c4206152578-937-cw28s 6.12.55+ #1 SMP Sun Feb 1 08:59:41 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Comparing avoid_concat (4ac9cf6) to 5ba06ac (merge-base) diff using: tpcds
Results will be posted here when complete

---

File an issue against this benchmark runner

[adriangbot]

🤖 Benchmark running (GKE) | trigger
Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB) | Linux bench-c4206152578-936-b8f88 6.12.55+ #1 SMP Sun Feb 1 08:59:41 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Comparing avoid_concat (4ac9cf6) to 5ba06ac (merge-base) diff using: clickbench_partitioned
Results will be posted here when complete

---

File an issue against this benchmark runner

[adriangbot]

🤖 Benchmark running (GKE) | trigger
Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB) | Linux bench-c4206152578-938-hbrc6 6.12.55+ #1 SMP Sun Feb 1 08:59:41 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Comparing avoid_concat (4ac9cf6) to 5ba06ac (merge-base) diff using: tpch
Results will be posted here when complete

---

File an issue against this benchmark runner

[adriangbot]

🤖 Benchmark completed (GKE) | trigger

Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB)

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Details

Comparing HEAD and avoid_concat
--------------------
Benchmark tpcds_sf1.json
--------------------
┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Query     ┃                                     HEAD ┃                          avoid_concat ┃         Change ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ QQuery 1  │              6.65 / 7.10 ±0.82 / 8.73 ms │           6.69 / 7.12 ±0.82 / 8.77 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 2  │        142.93 / 145.70 ±1.46 / 146.80 ms │     154.62 / 155.04 ±0.33 / 155.61 ms │   1.06x slower │
│ QQuery 3  │        113.67 / 114.51 ±0.49 / 115.18 ms │     115.01 / 115.67 ±0.51 / 116.48 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 4  │    1353.92 / 1376.18 ±16.03 / 1401.09 ms │  1584.15 / 1594.29 ±8.16 / 1605.57 ms │   1.16x slower │
│ QQuery 5  │        171.41 / 173.60 ±1.21 / 175.00 ms │     172.16 / 173.97 ±1.49 / 176.49 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 6  │       821.26 / 839.42 ±15.78 / 866.31 ms │     338.22 / 342.75 ±4.06 / 347.61 ms │  +2.45x faster │
│ QQuery 7  │        342.10 / 344.99 ±2.31 / 348.19 ms │     340.43 / 344.37 ±2.90 / 347.75 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 8  │        116.33 / 117.71 ±1.17 / 119.76 ms │     116.23 / 116.97 ±0.57 / 117.61 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 9  │       101.58 / 109.09 ±10.56 / 129.85 ms │     100.37 / 103.10 ±2.23 / 105.55 ms │  +1.06x faster │
│ QQuery 10 │        105.90 / 107.45 ±0.93 / 108.58 ms │     107.60 / 108.16 ±0.52 / 108.78 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 11 │       948.93 / 961.11 ±10.67 / 976.89 ms │ 1174.83 / 1195.06 ±11.47 / 1208.51 ms │   1.24x slower │
│ QQuery 12 │           45.02 / 45.96 ±1.00 / 47.73 ms │        45.47 / 47.93 ±1.45 / 49.57 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 13 │        401.72 / 403.22 ±1.33 / 405.73 ms │     401.94 / 403.73 ±0.96 / 404.50 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 14 │     1000.77 / 1011.89 ±5.95 / 1018.51 ms │ 1104.46 / 1118.20 ±11.22 / 1137.43 ms │   1.11x slower │
│ QQuery 15 │           15.21 / 15.94 ±0.60 / 16.88 ms │        15.68 / 17.81 ±2.32 / 21.50 ms │   1.12x slower │
│ QQuery 16 │             7.32 / 8.85 ±1.13 / 10.26 ms │           7.09 / 7.93 ±0.61 / 8.65 ms │  +1.12x faster │
│ QQuery 17 │        227.01 / 228.98 ±1.32 / 230.75 ms │     230.64 / 232.35 ±2.19 / 236.48 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 18 │        127.51 / 128.28 ±0.85 / 129.89 ms │     127.39 / 128.99 ±1.42 / 131.05 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 19 │        155.93 / 157.15 ±1.26 / 159.28 ms │     155.44 / 156.76 ±0.95 / 157.59 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 20 │           13.76 / 14.53 ±0.75 / 15.70 ms │        13.88 / 14.59 ±0.53 / 15.44 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 21 │           19.54 / 19.96 ±0.54 / 20.97 ms │        20.24 / 20.80 ±0.38 / 21.14 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 22 │        489.25 / 496.68 ±4.61 / 503.40 ms │     522.74 / 529.21 ±5.35 / 535.76 ms │   1.07x slower │
│ QQuery 23 │        857.61 / 873.89 ±9.92 / 888.89 ms │     908.43 / 916.86 ±7.10 / 926.71 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 24 │        383.42 / 386.58 ±2.86 / 391.36 ms │     382.95 / 385.23 ±1.70 / 386.90 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 25 │        338.57 / 342.45 ±2.66 / 345.75 ms │     339.53 / 341.20 ±2.55 / 346.23 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 26 │           81.43 / 82.82 ±1.28 / 84.47 ms │        79.55 / 82.16 ±1.45 / 83.59 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 27 │              6.92 / 7.42 ±0.26 / 7.64 ms │           7.16 / 7.35 ±0.19 / 7.61 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 28 │        149.51 / 151.06 ±0.91 / 152.27 ms │     149.02 / 150.94 ±1.53 / 153.03 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 29 │        279.47 / 283.02 ±2.65 / 286.00 ms │     282.60 / 284.87 ±1.18 / 286.07 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 30 │           43.74 / 44.15 ±0.50 / 45.11 ms │        43.87 / 45.31 ±1.06 / 47.18 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 31 │        170.29 / 172.21 ±2.09 / 175.09 ms │     171.49 / 173.50 ±1.82 / 176.28 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 32 │           56.56 / 57.16 ±0.79 / 58.71 ms │        58.05 / 58.45 ±0.39 / 59.15 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 33 │        140.97 / 142.23 ±0.89 / 143.39 ms │     140.32 / 142.84 ±1.58 / 144.40 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 34 │              6.86 / 7.14 ±0.28 / 7.65 ms │           7.16 / 7.42 ±0.18 / 7.68 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 35 │        107.53 / 108.04 ±0.29 / 108.37 ms │     107.95 / 110.45 ±1.43 / 111.99 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 36 │              6.53 / 6.84 ±0.24 / 7.22 ms │           6.91 / 7.03 ±0.14 / 7.21 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 37 │              8.78 / 9.19 ±0.29 / 9.66 ms │          8.50 / 9.55 ±0.83 / 10.91 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 38 │           83.61 / 87.48 ±3.40 / 92.76 ms │        85.22 / 89.38 ±3.18 / 94.77 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 39 │        123.24 / 128.17 ±2.74 / 131.39 ms │     135.48 / 136.76 ±1.14 / 138.60 ms │   1.07x slower │
│ QQuery 40 │        111.39 / 115.49 ±4.83 / 124.48 ms │     120.48 / 126.56 ±4.22 / 130.56 ms │   1.10x slower │
│ QQuery 41 │           15.29 / 16.41 ±0.65 / 17.06 ms │        15.05 / 16.66 ±1.18 / 18.55 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 42 │        106.11 / 108.89 ±2.18 / 111.60 ms │     108.68 / 110.86 ±1.40 / 112.55 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 43 │              5.92 / 6.09 ±0.16 / 6.37 ms │           5.92 / 6.05 ±0.17 / 6.38 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 44 │           11.38 / 11.81 ±0.26 / 12.18 ms │        11.96 / 12.55 ±0.63 / 13.40 ms │   1.06x slower │
│ QQuery 45 │           50.58 / 51.77 ±1.07 / 53.27 ms │        50.78 / 51.95 ±0.64 / 52.57 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 46 │              8.35 / 8.55 ±0.15 / 8.77 ms │           8.38 / 8.61 ±0.26 / 9.11 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 47 │        716.40 / 725.56 ±9.28 / 740.05 ms │     796.74 / 807.41 ±5.90 / 812.47 ms │   1.11x slower │
│ QQuery 48 │        291.94 / 298.45 ±4.15 / 303.00 ms │     293.50 / 298.23 ±2.75 / 301.92 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 49 │        256.64 / 259.19 ±1.76 / 261.18 ms │     250.85 / 253.04 ±1.96 / 256.72 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 50 │        225.05 / 227.92 ±2.13 / 231.48 ms │     231.47 / 235.53 ±2.54 / 239.02 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 51 │        180.28 / 184.94 ±3.53 / 191.23 ms │     182.88 / 187.03 ±2.48 / 190.31 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 52 │        108.21 / 108.84 ±0.44 / 109.55 ms │     107.22 / 110.29 ±2.03 / 113.11 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 53 │        103.60 / 105.02 ±1.20 / 107.04 ms │     103.81 / 104.71 ±1.03 / 106.66 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 54 │        146.00 / 146.85 ±0.75 / 148.16 ms │     146.11 / 147.84 ±1.23 / 149.26 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 55 │        108.31 / 109.49 ±1.52 / 112.32 ms │     107.91 / 109.06 ±1.00 / 110.66 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 56 │        141.78 / 144.37 ±1.74 / 146.76 ms │     140.27 / 143.20 ±2.17 / 146.46 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 57 │        176.56 / 178.80 ±2.01 / 181.84 ms │     186.78 / 188.59 ±1.15 / 190.36 ms │   1.05x slower │
│ QQuery 58 │        287.95 / 292.93 ±3.69 / 297.33 ms │     335.46 / 343.20 ±4.21 / 348.33 ms │   1.17x slower │
│ QQuery 59 │        197.74 / 199.47 ±1.56 / 201.92 ms │     203.49 / 205.77 ±1.84 / 208.18 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 60 │        142.48 / 144.92 ±1.34 / 146.14 ms │     143.56 / 146.11 ±1.39 / 147.45 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 61 │           12.98 / 13.58 ±0.36 / 14.04 ms │        13.02 / 13.19 ±0.15 / 13.40 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 62 │       893.54 / 917.84 ±19.35 / 951.51 ms │     189.80 / 205.59 ±9.23 / 215.22 ms │  +4.46x faster │
│ QQuery 63 │        102.73 / 105.74 ±2.39 / 109.64 ms │     103.92 / 106.90 ±2.72 / 111.66 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 64 │        682.89 / 687.67 ±4.86 / 696.00 ms │     684.13 / 689.25 ±3.24 / 693.10 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 65 │        253.36 / 257.85 ±3.66 / 262.24 ms │     263.06 / 264.41 ±0.86 / 265.66 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 66 │        240.29 / 251.67 ±8.81 / 266.87 ms │     237.93 / 252.30 ±8.28 / 262.99 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 67 │        309.29 / 313.35 ±2.24 / 315.87 ms │     317.30 / 327.89 ±9.60 / 345.48 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 68 │            8.62 / 11.16 ±1.98 / 14.40 ms │         9.45 / 11.05 ±1.27 / 12.68 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 69 │        103.78 / 105.05 ±0.97 / 106.53 ms │     103.33 / 104.66 ±1.22 / 106.77 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 70 │       331.45 / 350.28 ±13.19 / 371.53 ms │     350.04 / 362.08 ±7.60 / 369.75 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 71 │        135.13 / 136.97 ±1.83 / 140.47 ms │     135.39 / 137.58 ±2.23 / 141.48 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 72 │       610.46 / 623.29 ±10.44 / 638.96 ms │     720.79 / 728.82 ±6.82 / 737.07 ms │   1.17x slower │
│ QQuery 73 │              6.66 / 7.84 ±0.92 / 9.39 ms │           7.16 / 8.82 ±0.93 / 9.78 ms │   1.13x slower │
│ QQuery 74 │        593.74 / 601.45 ±4.57 / 607.63 ms │     711.49 / 719.48 ±7.49 / 730.56 ms │   1.20x slower │
│ QQuery 75 │        276.26 / 278.90 ±3.04 / 284.67 ms │     275.61 / 278.68 ±2.49 / 282.31 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 76 │        132.75 / 133.44 ±0.54 / 134.41 ms │     131.72 / 133.25 ±1.54 / 136.15 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 77 │        186.74 / 187.79 ±1.12 / 189.89 ms │     188.44 / 189.87 ±0.89 / 191.02 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 78 │        336.59 / 342.29 ±3.33 / 346.14 ms │     340.08 / 345.02 ±2.96 / 349.05 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 79 │        228.85 / 233.90 ±3.15 / 238.25 ms │     236.15 / 238.93 ±1.82 / 241.08 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 80 │        321.23 / 322.61 ±0.97 / 323.84 ms │     322.39 / 325.30 ±2.78 / 328.94 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 81 │           26.22 / 26.94 ±0.62 / 27.92 ms │        26.12 / 27.16 ±0.91 / 28.68 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 82 │        196.37 / 198.98 ±2.84 / 204.24 ms │     203.06 / 204.12 ±1.28 / 206.60 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 83 │           38.95 / 40.27 ±0.85 / 41.12 ms │        41.70 / 42.88 ±1.27 / 45.29 ms │   1.06x slower │
│ QQuery 84 │           48.12 / 48.96 ±1.00 / 50.84 ms │        48.45 / 49.45 ±1.10 / 51.16 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 85 │        148.47 / 150.07 ±1.48 / 152.53 ms │     147.94 / 149.88 ±2.56 / 154.93 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 86 │           38.59 / 39.90 ±0.92 / 41.13 ms │        40.24 / 41.71 ±1.17 / 43.48 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 87 │           82.19 / 88.19 ±3.73 / 93.19 ms │        87.01 / 90.58 ±3.96 / 97.67 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 88 │        100.18 / 101.41 ±0.99 / 102.92 ms │     101.52 / 102.20 ±0.61 / 102.93 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 89 │        117.41 / 118.87 ±0.89 / 119.92 ms │     119.43 / 121.29 ±1.30 / 122.56 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 90 │           23.74 / 24.31 ±0.36 / 24.65 ms │        24.11 / 24.55 ±0.30 / 25.05 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 91 │           61.37 / 64.69 ±1.83 / 66.78 ms │        64.21 / 64.39 ±0.21 / 64.72 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 92 │           58.14 / 58.73 ±0.38 / 59.27 ms │        56.92 / 58.59 ±1.30 / 60.81 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 93 │        187.49 / 189.89 ±1.60 / 192.13 ms │     186.34 / 189.04 ±1.50 / 190.33 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 94 │           61.61 / 62.40 ±0.84 / 63.91 ms │        62.07 / 63.42 ±1.12 / 65.22 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 95 │        127.58 / 129.45 ±1.45 / 130.84 ms │     139.91 / 140.54 ±0.45 / 140.99 ms │   1.09x slower │
│ QQuery 96 │           70.69 / 73.56 ±1.77 / 76.19 ms │        75.63 / 76.16 ±0.46 / 76.82 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 97 │        124.53 / 126.18 ±1.03 / 127.74 ms │     129.07 / 131.78 ±2.06 / 134.66 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 98 │        152.47 / 155.33 ±2.16 / 157.67 ms │     156.07 / 157.31 ±1.31 / 159.78 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 99 │ 10786.35 / 10807.55 ±15.57 / 10826.64 ms │    336.69 / 349.12 ±10.08 / 362.43 ms │ +30.96x faster │
└───────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┴────────────────┘
┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Benchmark Summary           ┃            ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ Total Time (HEAD)           │ 31552.26ms │
│ Total Time (avoid_concat)   │ 21024.55ms │
│ Average Time (HEAD)         │   318.71ms │
│ Average Time (avoid_concat) │   212.37ms │
│ Queries Faster              │          5 │
│ Queries Slower              │         17 │
│ Queries with No Change      │         77 │
│ Queries with Failure        │          0 │
└─────────────────────────────┴────────────┘

Resource Usage

tpcds — base (merge-base)

Metric	Value
Wall time	158.1s
Peak memory	5.4 GiB
Avg memory	4.5 GiB
CPU user	261.1s
CPU sys	16.6s
Peak spill	0 B

tpcds — branch

Metric	Value
Wall time	105.4s
Peak memory	5.3 GiB
Avg memory	4.3 GiB
CPU user	216.8s
CPU sys	16.4s
Peak spill	0 B

---

File an issue against this benchmark runner

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🤖 Benchmark completed (GKE) | trigger

Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB)

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Details

Comparing HEAD and avoid_concat
--------------------
Benchmark clickbench_partitioned.json
--------------------
┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Query     ┃                                  HEAD ┃                          avoid_concat ┃        Change ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ QQuery 0  │          1.21 / 4.41 ±6.31 / 17.04 ms │          1.19 / 4.37 ±6.28 / 16.93 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 1  │        14.26 / 14.58 ±0.17 / 14.70 ms │        14.15 / 14.41 ±0.26 / 14.85 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 2  │        43.31 / 43.57 ±0.19 / 43.91 ms │        43.76 / 44.15 ±0.34 / 44.62 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 3  │        40.07 / 41.02 ±1.04 / 42.90 ms │        43.30 / 45.55 ±1.53 / 47.51 ms │  1.11x slower │
│ QQuery 4  │     278.17 / 281.94 ±2.41 / 284.75 ms │     294.27 / 295.81 ±1.56 / 298.62 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 5  │     335.19 / 337.97 ±2.59 / 341.24 ms │     334.61 / 342.06 ±4.83 / 349.61 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 6  │           5.81 / 6.95 ±1.08 / 8.92 ms │           5.50 / 6.48 ±0.75 / 7.62 ms │ +1.07x faster │
│ QQuery 7  │        16.41 / 16.56 ±0.12 / 16.75 ms │        16.44 / 17.13 ±0.84 / 18.79 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 8  │     399.97 / 408.11 ±5.45 / 416.26 ms │    412.63 / 429.49 ±19.17 / 466.38 ms │  1.05x slower │
│ QQuery 9  │    609.66 / 622.69 ±10.36 / 634.64 ms │     631.48 / 637.06 ±5.80 / 644.64 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 10 │        88.00 / 90.41 ±2.05 / 94.19 ms │        89.47 / 91.53 ±2.49 / 96.44 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 11 │     102.07 / 102.38 ±0.38 / 103.13 ms │     103.42 / 104.95 ±1.31 / 107.01 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 12 │     326.37 / 335.45 ±7.62 / 349.55 ms │     334.36 / 340.78 ±3.99 / 345.76 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 13 │    450.20 / 473.16 ±14.53 / 491.03 ms │    456.28 / 468.18 ±18.41 / 504.71 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 14 │     337.92 / 342.16 ±4.58 / 350.44 ms │     337.50 / 340.87 ±2.78 / 344.85 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 15 │     342.20 / 349.76 ±9.14 / 366.64 ms │    341.00 / 355.33 ±17.44 / 389.18 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 16 │     708.75 / 715.68 ±7.82 / 730.23 ms │     706.96 / 713.08 ±7.21 / 726.77 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 17 │     697.66 / 702.54 ±3.60 / 708.74 ms │    696.94 / 733.39 ±40.02 / 783.35 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 18 │ 1377.05 / 1452.22 ±39.52 / 1484.92 ms │ 1418.26 / 1451.21 ±19.95 / 1474.37 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 19 │       35.67 / 46.22 ±18.51 / 83.21 ms │       35.41 / 45.81 ±19.73 / 85.27 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 20 │    717.01 / 735.82 ±20.95 / 766.69 ms │    714.00 / 726.13 ±16.05 / 757.10 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 21 │     759.49 / 769.46 ±8.99 / 785.08 ms │     753.25 / 762.67 ±8.41 / 777.69 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 22 │ 1126.56 / 1134.29 ±11.32 / 1156.63 ms │  1123.40 / 1128.48 ±2.75 / 1131.62 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 23 │ 3048.86 / 3070.11 ±19.29 / 3106.33 ms │ 3057.65 / 3078.24 ±18.30 / 3107.86 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 24 │     100.64 / 102.30 ±2.09 / 106.39 ms │      99.47 / 101.69 ±2.18 / 105.07 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 25 │     138.00 / 139.31 ±1.18 / 141.17 ms │     137.43 / 138.53 ±0.89 / 139.89 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 26 │      99.18 / 102.01 ±1.82 / 104.16 ms │      97.66 / 101.53 ±2.35 / 104.78 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 27 │     845.16 / 851.31 ±6.45 / 863.61 ms │     847.27 / 852.40 ±5.42 / 862.67 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 28 │ 7681.92 / 7733.79 ±28.99 / 7770.38 ms │ 7682.40 / 7770.67 ±49.06 / 7824.72 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 29 │        50.01 / 55.52 ±5.25 / 63.51 ms │        49.57 / 53.48 ±4.34 / 61.49 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 30 │     358.56 / 366.88 ±6.54 / 374.63 ms │     356.40 / 362.21 ±5.13 / 371.30 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 31 │     362.12 / 373.74 ±8.82 / 387.22 ms │    364.97 / 376.68 ±10.63 / 396.72 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 32 │ 1148.46 / 1195.47 ±46.37 / 1280.51 ms │ 1020.16 / 1080.72 ±47.68 / 1154.08 ms │ +1.11x faster │
│ QQuery 33 │ 1419.35 / 1462.26 ±40.05 / 1534.13 ms │ 1435.72 / 1452.84 ±11.03 / 1465.89 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 34 │ 1433.26 / 1468.21 ±20.10 / 1494.29 ms │  1427.72 / 1431.19 ±3.19 / 1437.09 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 35 │     376.95 / 384.07 ±9.66 / 402.86 ms │     375.97 / 384.65 ±5.80 / 392.59 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 36 │     121.95 / 125.46 ±3.95 / 132.85 ms │     110.88 / 115.17 ±5.15 / 124.67 ms │ +1.09x faster │
│ QQuery 37 │        45.78 / 49.36 ±2.04 / 51.88 ms │        49.30 / 50.72 ±1.06 / 52.42 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 38 │        74.85 / 80.27 ±4.52 / 87.60 ms │        75.30 / 77.15 ±1.09 / 78.42 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 39 │     213.61 / 222.76 ±5.45 / 228.88 ms │     199.19 / 204.98 ±3.74 / 210.00 ms │ +1.09x faster │
│ QQuery 40 │        23.70 / 24.68 ±0.53 / 25.20 ms │        24.50 / 25.62 ±0.67 / 26.54 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 41 │        20.49 / 21.57 ±1.63 / 24.80 ms │        19.42 / 20.57 ±0.60 / 21.17 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 42 │        19.34 / 19.82 ±0.36 / 20.43 ms │        18.52 / 19.30 ±0.50 / 20.05 ms │     no change │
└───────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────┘
┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Benchmark Summary           ┃            ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ Total Time (HEAD)           │ 26876.27ms │
│ Total Time (avoid_concat)   │ 26797.28ms │
│ Average Time (HEAD)         │   625.03ms │
│ Average Time (avoid_concat) │   623.19ms │
│ Queries Faster              │          4 │
│ Queries Slower              │          2 │
│ Queries with No Change      │         37 │
│ Queries with Failure        │          0 │
└─────────────────────────────┴────────────┘

Resource Usage

clickbench_partitioned — base (merge-base)

Metric	Value
Wall time	135.3s
Peak memory	37.7 GiB
Avg memory	28.2 GiB
CPU user	1277.2s
CPU sys	92.4s
Peak spill	0 B

clickbench_partitioned — branch

Metric	Value
Wall time	135.1s
Peak memory	41.2 GiB
Avg memory	29.2 GiB
CPU user	1280.9s
CPU sys	87.7s
Peak spill	0 B

---

File an issue against this benchmark runner

[Dandandan]

run benchmark tpch tpch10

[adriangbot]

🤖 Benchmark running (GKE) | trigger
Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB) | Linux bench-c4206375089-939-xdhdr 6.12.55+ #1 SMP Sun Feb 1 08:59:41 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Comparing avoid_concat (4ac9cf6) to 5ba06ac (merge-base) diff using: tpch
Results will be posted here when complete

---

File an issue against this benchmark runner

[adriangbot]

🤖 Benchmark running (GKE) | trigger
Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB) | Linux bench-c4206375089-940-n5jdl 6.12.55+ #1 SMP Sun Feb 1 08:59:41 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Comparing avoid_concat (4ac9cf6) to 5ba06ac (merge-base) diff using: tpch10
Results will be posted here when complete

---

File an issue against this benchmark runner

[adriangbot]

🤖 Benchmark completed (GKE) | trigger

Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB)

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Details

Comparing HEAD and avoid_concat
--------------------
Benchmark tpch_sf10.json
--------------------
┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Query     ┃                               HEAD ┃                       avoid_concat ┃       Change ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ QQuery 1  │  369.23 / 371.52 ±2.45 / 376.02 ms │  368.16 / 368.72 ±0.63 / 369.57 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 2  │  135.41 / 137.08 ±1.13 / 138.69 ms │  139.71 / 144.84 ±3.34 / 149.79 ms │ 1.06x slower │
│ QQuery 3  │  295.59 / 299.22 ±2.96 / 304.21 ms │  295.73 / 300.04 ±2.42 / 302.49 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 4  │  154.86 / 157.73 ±2.52 / 161.88 ms │  155.30 / 157.37 ±2.12 / 161.28 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 5  │  438.68 / 441.34 ±1.48 / 443.19 ms │  442.24 / 447.34 ±3.95 / 451.72 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 6  │  130.77 / 131.19 ±0.48 / 132.01 ms │  129.93 / 130.47 ±0.46 / 131.03 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 7  │ 552.47 / 564.28 ±14.27 / 592.02 ms │  596.11 / 607.16 ±8.55 / 619.66 ms │ 1.08x slower │
│ QQuery 8  │  466.68 / 477.08 ±5.99 / 485.37 ms │  482.82 / 486.39 ±3.71 / 492.91 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 9  │ 671.41 / 684.73 ±11.88 / 706.75 ms │  703.41 / 709.26 ±4.96 / 716.71 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 10 │  323.45 / 335.37 ±7.84 / 345.51 ms │ 343.89 / 385.00 ±34.69 / 427.65 ms │ 1.15x slower │
│ QQuery 11 │  105.02 / 108.83 ±3.55 / 115.06 ms │  118.69 / 124.64 ±4.73 / 132.88 ms │ 1.15x slower │
│ QQuery 12 │  199.49 / 201.53 ±1.65 / 203.50 ms │  208.88 / 212.79 ±3.07 / 216.37 ms │ 1.06x slower │
│ QQuery 13 │  306.43 / 315.94 ±5.77 / 322.77 ms │ 329.08 / 344.51 ±10.17 / 360.22 ms │ 1.09x slower │
│ QQuery 14 │  179.81 / 182.17 ±1.86 / 184.84 ms │  182.85 / 185.15 ±1.55 / 187.58 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 15 │  329.12 / 330.49 ±1.71 / 333.68 ms │  331.85 / 335.07 ±2.17 / 337.93 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 16 │     84.44 / 87.26 ±2.01 / 90.35 ms │     87.88 / 90.95 ±2.35 / 93.37 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 17 │  744.45 / 752.26 ±6.03 / 759.55 ms │ 760.37 / 781.98 ±16.66 / 804.95 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 18 │ 840.91 / 860.52 ±10.01 / 868.06 ms │ 920.19 / 959.15 ±24.20 / 986.18 ms │ 1.11x slower │
│ QQuery 19 │  266.86 / 270.56 ±4.70 / 279.82 ms │  261.75 / 269.89 ±6.40 / 279.70 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 20 │  320.99 / 326.46 ±2.97 / 329.41 ms │  332.12 / 338.23 ±9.74 / 357.35 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 21 │ 840.50 / 849.40 ±10.37 / 868.98 ms │  881.74 / 895.40 ±9.86 / 907.34 ms │ 1.05x slower │
│ QQuery 22 │     79.04 / 80.31 ±1.13 / 82.09 ms │     81.57 / 85.78 ±2.80 / 90.28 ms │ 1.07x slower │
└───────────┴────────────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────────┴──────────────┘
┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Benchmark Summary           ┃           ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ Total Time (HEAD)           │ 7965.26ms │
│ Total Time (avoid_concat)   │ 8360.13ms │
│ Average Time (HEAD)         │  362.06ms │
│ Average Time (avoid_concat) │  380.01ms │
│ Queries Faster              │         0 │
│ Queries Slower              │         9 │
│ Queries with No Change      │        13 │
│ Queries with Failure        │         0 │
└─────────────────────────────┴───────────┘

Resource Usage

tpch10 — base (merge-base)

Metric	Value
Wall time	40.2s
Peak memory	9.9 GiB
Avg memory	7.7 GiB
CPU user	423.6s
CPU sys	25.2s
Peak spill	0 B

tpch10 — branch

Metric	Value
Wall time	42.1s
Peak memory	10.1 GiB
Avg memory	7.7 GiB
CPU user	445.0s
CPU sys	26.0s
Peak spill	0 B

---

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run benchmarks

[Dandandan]

run benchmark tpch tpch10

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🤖 Benchmark running (GKE) | trigger
Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB) | Linux bench-c4206485271-941-gnwqs 6.12.55+ #1 SMP Sun Feb 1 08:59:41 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Comparing avoid_concat (a94ee47) to 5ba06ac (merge-base) diff using: clickbench_partitioned
Results will be posted here when complete

---

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🤖 Benchmark running (GKE) | trigger
Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB) | Linux bench-c4206485271-942-9k8tk 6.12.55+ #1 SMP Sun Feb 1 08:59:41 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Comparing avoid_concat (a94ee47) to 5ba06ac (merge-base) diff using: tpcds
Results will be posted here when complete

---

File an issue against this benchmark runner

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🤖 Benchmark running (GKE) | trigger
Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB) | Linux bench-c4206485271-943-mfbsj 6.12.55+ #1 SMP Sun Feb 1 08:59:41 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Comparing avoid_concat (a94ee47) to 5ba06ac (merge-base) diff using: tpch
Results will be posted here when complete

---

File an issue against this benchmark runner

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🤖 Benchmark running (GKE) | trigger
Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB) | Linux bench-c4206495534-945-5sgg5 6.12.55+ #1 SMP Sun Feb 1 08:59:41 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Comparing avoid_concat (a94ee47) to 5ba06ac (merge-base) diff using: tpch10
Results will be posted here when complete

---

File an issue against this benchmark runner

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🤖 Benchmark running (GKE) | trigger
Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB) | Linux bench-c4206495534-944-w2rlc 6.12.55+ #1 SMP Sun Feb 1 08:59:41 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Comparing avoid_concat (a94ee47) to 5ba06ac (merge-base) diff using: tpch
Results will be posted here when complete

---

File an issue against this benchmark runner

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🤖 Benchmark completed (GKE) | trigger

Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB)

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Details

Comparing HEAD and avoid_concat
--------------------
Benchmark tpch_sf10.json
--------------------
┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Query     ┃                               HEAD ┃                       avoid_concat ┃       Change ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ QQuery 1  │  374.24 / 375.75 ±0.98 / 376.93 ms │  372.77 / 376.01 ±1.72 / 377.68 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 2  │  140.90 / 142.46 ±1.47 / 145.13 ms │  142.48 / 147.70 ±3.31 / 151.36 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 3  │  298.54 / 300.40 ±1.66 / 302.92 ms │  296.51 / 300.77 ±2.92 / 304.65 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 4  │  158.42 / 159.68 ±0.85 / 160.84 ms │  157.72 / 160.60 ±3.67 / 167.61 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 5  │  438.88 / 441.88 ±2.08 / 445.06 ms │  446.15 / 456.28 ±6.52 / 465.23 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 6  │  131.30 / 133.63 ±2.08 / 136.91 ms │  130.30 / 131.73 ±1.58 / 134.58 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 7  │  577.08 / 582.70 ±4.33 / 587.41 ms │  603.70 / 613.69 ±5.75 / 621.52 ms │ 1.05x slower │
│ QQuery 8  │  479.09 / 486.06 ±3.96 / 490.10 ms │  481.82 / 489.99 ±7.87 / 501.96 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 9  │ 681.68 / 710.65 ±15.48 / 723.95 ms │  701.38 / 708.75 ±6.39 / 718.77 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 10 │  340.61 / 347.76 ±4.51 / 354.37 ms │  351.34 / 355.26 ±2.43 / 358.78 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 11 │  107.65 / 109.33 ±1.57 / 111.32 ms │  112.34 / 115.23 ±3.05 / 120.90 ms │ 1.05x slower │
│ QQuery 12 │  206.10 / 208.42 ±1.85 / 211.33 ms │  204.96 / 207.34 ±2.62 / 211.97 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 13 │  324.93 / 334.59 ±7.97 / 347.29 ms │  341.08 / 349.69 ±7.50 / 360.06 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 14 │  184.92 / 185.66 ±0.91 / 187.45 ms │  183.67 / 186.40 ±2.91 / 191.75 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 15 │  334.70 / 341.59 ±6.05 / 349.48 ms │  335.18 / 340.98 ±4.63 / 348.33 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 16 │     88.18 / 88.95 ±0.73 / 89.99 ms │     86.85 / 88.03 ±1.07 / 90.01 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 17 │  779.56 / 793.17 ±9.23 / 806.88 ms │  779.61 / 787.37 ±5.30 / 794.05 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 18 │ 893.95 / 923.48 ±22.04 / 957.52 ms │ 937.18 / 984.09 ±23.64 / 998.68 ms │ 1.07x slower │
│ QQuery 19 │  267.88 / 275.21 ±6.39 / 285.14 ms │  269.62 / 278.02 ±7.74 / 292.67 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 20 │  325.32 / 333.54 ±5.27 / 341.59 ms │  332.66 / 340.06 ±6.52 / 348.78 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 21 │  855.91 / 868.30 ±9.87 / 879.22 ms │ 897.94 / 913.26 ±12.03 / 933.49 ms │ 1.05x slower │
│ QQuery 22 │     82.66 / 83.72 ±1.02 / 85.39 ms │     82.57 / 89.11 ±3.89 / 93.29 ms │ 1.06x slower │
└───────────┴────────────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────────┴──────────────┘
┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Benchmark Summary           ┃           ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ Total Time (HEAD)           │ 8226.94ms │
│ Total Time (avoid_concat)   │ 8420.35ms │
│ Average Time (HEAD)         │  373.95ms │
│ Average Time (avoid_concat) │  382.74ms │
│ Queries Faster              │         0 │
│ Queries Slower              │         5 │
│ Queries with No Change      │        17 │
│ Queries with Failure        │         0 │
└─────────────────────────────┴───────────┘

Resource Usage

tpch10 — base (merge-base)

Metric	Value
Wall time	41.6s
Peak memory	8.9 GiB
Avg memory	7.2 GiB
CPU user	435.6s
CPU sys	27.8s
Peak spill	0 B

tpch10 — branch

Metric	Value
Wall time	42.5s
Peak memory	9.6 GiB
Avg memory	7.6 GiB
CPU user	447.2s
CPU sys	27.9s
Peak spill	0 B

---

File an issue against this benchmark runner

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🤖 Benchmark completed (GKE) | trigger

Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB)

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Details

Comparing HEAD and avoid_concat
--------------------
Benchmark tpcds_sf1.json
--------------------
┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Query     ┃                                     HEAD ┃                          avoid_concat ┃         Change ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ QQuery 1  │              6.96 / 7.40 ±0.72 / 8.82 ms │           6.73 / 7.18 ±0.82 / 8.82 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 2  │        145.21 / 146.14 ±0.50 / 146.71 ms │     146.12 / 148.19 ±1.22 / 149.36 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 3  │        113.54 / 114.37 ±0.72 / 115.48 ms │     114.80 / 115.83 ±0.93 / 117.28 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 4  │    1354.47 / 1441.13 ±52.56 / 1507.21 ms │ 1522.88 / 1560.53 ±27.57 / 1587.59 ms │   1.08x slower │
│ QQuery 5  │        171.19 / 173.56 ±1.86 / 175.69 ms │     168.57 / 171.00 ±1.74 / 173.38 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 6  │       833.03 / 868.03 ±21.23 / 888.04 ms │    308.01 / 328.65 ±19.30 / 354.68 ms │  +2.64x faster │
│ QQuery 7  │        341.84 / 347.30 ±2.86 / 350.08 ms │     347.24 / 350.72 ±2.44 / 353.76 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 8  │        115.92 / 117.55 ±0.96 / 118.91 ms │     116.42 / 117.72 ±0.77 / 118.48 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 9  │         97.17 / 104.32 ±5.76 / 114.16 ms │     101.08 / 106.27 ±6.27 / 118.12 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 10 │        105.29 / 106.50 ±0.98 / 108.06 ms │     106.96 / 108.12 ±1.08 / 109.52 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 11 │       931.77 / 946.37 ±13.76 / 972.19 ms │ 1187.23 / 1223.10 ±38.52 / 1276.34 ms │   1.29x slower │
│ QQuery 12 │           45.79 / 48.50 ±1.89 / 50.25 ms │        45.88 / 46.65 ±0.66 / 47.69 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 13 │        397.54 / 405.94 ±5.58 / 412.13 ms │     396.84 / 405.52 ±5.56 / 411.41 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 14 │       995.72 / 999.68 ±3.43 / 1004.94 ms │ 1057.65 / 1077.02 ±10.40 / 1086.98 ms │   1.08x slower │
│ QQuery 15 │           15.02 / 16.57 ±0.92 / 17.51 ms │        15.33 / 15.95 ±0.71 / 17.26 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 16 │              7.20 / 7.80 ±0.77 / 9.25 ms │           7.31 / 7.87 ±0.44 / 8.57 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 17 │        226.44 / 230.01 ±3.92 / 235.21 ms │     226.98 / 229.99 ±3.23 / 235.75 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 18 │        128.78 / 131.25 ±1.47 / 133.34 ms │     127.04 / 127.56 ±0.65 / 128.58 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 19 │        158.99 / 161.66 ±1.50 / 163.58 ms │     153.48 / 156.15 ±2.06 / 159.33 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 20 │           14.39 / 14.98 ±0.56 / 15.99 ms │        13.85 / 14.71 ±0.78 / 16.19 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 21 │           20.01 / 20.38 ±0.30 / 20.87 ms │        19.91 / 20.23 ±0.25 / 20.61 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 22 │        491.27 / 498.90 ±7.47 / 508.81 ms │     496.70 / 505.43 ±6.05 / 511.08 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 23 │       865.87 / 907.15 ±24.55 / 931.34 ms │    921.25 / 938.26 ±19.65 / 966.05 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 24 │        393.89 / 398.08 ±3.59 / 404.76 ms │     378.66 / 384.15 ±3.36 / 389.09 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 25 │        350.22 / 351.83 ±2.01 / 355.61 ms │     334.85 / 341.98 ±4.73 / 348.71 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 26 │           82.15 / 83.47 ±1.11 / 85.26 ms │        81.42 / 82.85 ±1.09 / 84.75 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 27 │              7.22 / 7.72 ±0.52 / 8.66 ms │           6.72 / 6.95 ±0.24 / 7.32 ms │  +1.11x faster │
│ QQuery 28 │        150.18 / 152.30 ±1.31 / 154.21 ms │     149.00 / 151.49 ±1.26 / 152.44 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 29 │        277.95 / 281.44 ±2.28 / 285.04 ms │     279.38 / 282.41 ±2.99 / 287.90 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 30 │           44.31 / 46.55 ±1.18 / 47.70 ms │        42.57 / 44.95 ±1.34 / 46.37 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 31 │        170.76 / 172.34 ±1.38 / 174.79 ms │     169.66 / 172.66 ±2.33 / 175.56 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 32 │           58.25 / 60.53 ±1.73 / 63.12 ms │        56.33 / 57.89 ±1.45 / 60.61 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 33 │        139.49 / 141.36 ±1.16 / 142.88 ms │     140.58 / 141.33 ±0.63 / 142.48 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 34 │              6.91 / 7.13 ±0.27 / 7.66 ms │           6.77 / 7.16 ±0.33 / 7.70 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 35 │        109.37 / 110.98 ±1.75 / 114.31 ms │     109.32 / 111.96 ±2.53 / 116.08 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 36 │              6.96 / 7.36 ±0.62 / 8.60 ms │           6.44 / 6.67 ±0.18 / 6.94 ms │  +1.10x faster │
│ QQuery 37 │              8.73 / 9.20 ±0.40 / 9.74 ms │           8.12 / 8.79 ±0.43 / 9.28 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 38 │          88.70 / 92.90 ±4.65 / 100.97 ms │        84.75 / 89.63 ±3.53 / 95.45 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 39 │        129.98 / 133.12 ±2.09 / 136.26 ms │     132.47 / 134.79 ±2.44 / 139.41 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 40 │        112.08 / 118.53 ±6.64 / 129.40 ms │     118.60 / 127.02 ±6.27 / 134.80 ms │   1.07x slower │
│ QQuery 41 │           14.70 / 15.36 ±0.69 / 16.35 ms │        14.53 / 15.82 ±1.26 / 18.09 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 42 │        106.55 / 109.74 ±1.90 / 111.47 ms │     106.90 / 109.59 ±2.58 / 114.48 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 43 │              6.36 / 6.58 ±0.28 / 7.14 ms │           6.01 / 6.45 ±0.63 / 7.71 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 44 │           11.36 / 12.20 ±0.64 / 13.06 ms │        12.46 / 13.15 ±0.77 / 14.52 ms │   1.08x slower │
│ QQuery 45 │           50.33 / 51.31 ±0.96 / 52.67 ms │        51.69 / 52.83 ±1.06 / 54.80 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 46 │              8.46 / 8.65 ±0.20 / 8.99 ms │           8.83 / 9.18 ±0.27 / 9.62 ms │   1.06x slower │
│ QQuery 47 │       720.33 / 739.06 ±12.09 / 754.20 ms │    724.75 / 783.76 ±42.42 / 825.31 ms │   1.06x slower │
│ QQuery 48 │        281.83 / 290.65 ±7.02 / 301.70 ms │     290.79 / 298.29 ±6.11 / 306.04 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 49 │        247.69 / 253.76 ±3.87 / 259.73 ms │     250.76 / 251.97 ±0.74 / 252.92 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 50 │        227.47 / 231.75 ±3.23 / 235.96 ms │     240.40 / 246.66 ±4.16 / 251.91 ms │   1.06x slower │
│ QQuery 51 │        180.27 / 183.33 ±2.19 / 185.89 ms │     187.47 / 189.66 ±1.90 / 192.34 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 52 │        109.05 / 109.56 ±0.52 / 110.50 ms │     107.99 / 109.86 ±1.55 / 112.68 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 53 │        102.85 / 104.19 ±1.22 / 106.29 ms │     104.12 / 105.21 ±0.80 / 106.16 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 54 │        147.22 / 150.12 ±1.96 / 153.01 ms │     148.83 / 149.86 ±1.12 / 151.89 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 55 │        108.05 / 109.24 ±1.14 / 111.05 ms │     108.85 / 111.01 ±1.53 / 112.77 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 56 │        142.37 / 143.77 ±1.37 / 146.09 ms │     143.55 / 144.47 ±0.81 / 145.97 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 57 │        173.84 / 175.54 ±1.14 / 176.98 ms │     179.51 / 181.68 ±2.24 / 185.52 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 58 │       291.83 / 308.36 ±12.82 / 325.98 ms │     315.58 / 325.85 ±5.43 / 331.49 ms │   1.06x slower │
│ QQuery 59 │        199.75 / 202.22 ±1.60 / 204.00 ms │     192.18 / 194.30 ±1.79 / 197.40 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 60 │        143.78 / 146.50 ±2.12 / 149.99 ms │     145.41 / 148.30 ±1.69 / 150.42 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 61 │           13.55 / 13.76 ±0.17 / 13.98 ms │        13.89 / 14.08 ±0.20 / 14.42 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 62 │     909.26 / 1020.34 ±71.93 / 1130.19 ms │    210.48 / 227.52 ±10.85 / 237.47 ms │  +4.48x faster │
│ QQuery 63 │        103.94 / 106.74 ±2.34 / 109.85 ms │     102.48 / 106.01 ±2.52 / 109.60 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 64 │        681.48 / 691.17 ±6.80 / 701.80 ms │     684.23 / 690.44 ±5.08 / 696.35 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 65 │        249.04 / 251.83 ±2.09 / 254.83 ms │     253.48 / 261.45 ±8.30 / 277.45 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 66 │       246.53 / 261.87 ±10.64 / 273.23 ms │     245.04 / 253.44 ±9.24 / 270.47 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 67 │        322.57 / 330.17 ±5.83 / 339.92 ms │    315.62 / 329.24 ±11.72 / 350.11 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 68 │           11.09 / 12.68 ±1.81 / 15.77 ms │         8.39 / 10.47 ±1.69 / 13.19 ms │  +1.21x faster │
│ QQuery 69 │        103.31 / 105.17 ±1.60 / 107.62 ms │     105.05 / 106.39 ±1.30 / 108.58 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 70 │       353.96 / 363.99 ±11.78 / 386.73 ms │     350.95 / 360.19 ±7.23 / 370.80 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 71 │        134.43 / 137.04 ±2.31 / 139.93 ms │     135.03 / 139.53 ±3.95 / 145.95 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 72 │        619.53 / 626.60 ±5.91 / 634.91 ms │    668.73 / 691.77 ±17.23 / 716.70 ms │   1.10x slower │
│ QQuery 73 │              6.62 / 8.20 ±0.92 / 9.45 ms │           7.02 / 7.77 ±0.90 / 8.96 ms │  +1.05x faster │
│ QQuery 74 │       569.26 / 589.48 ±17.00 / 613.57 ms │    741.89 / 780.08 ±20.18 / 802.12 ms │   1.32x slower │
│ QQuery 75 │        273.35 / 280.46 ±3.61 / 282.96 ms │     282.59 / 283.98 ±1.12 / 285.70 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 76 │        133.72 / 134.33 ±0.59 / 135.20 ms │     130.93 / 134.02 ±1.64 / 135.71 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 77 │        187.79 / 189.04 ±0.81 / 190.29 ms │     185.57 / 187.60 ±1.75 / 190.02 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 78 │        339.50 / 342.98 ±4.17 / 350.87 ms │     338.67 / 344.22 ±5.35 / 352.67 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 79 │        244.91 / 248.52 ±2.11 / 250.72 ms │     230.18 / 241.01 ±8.38 / 251.30 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 80 │        320.22 / 324.63 ±3.56 / 330.74 ms │     320.68 / 323.46 ±2.06 / 326.80 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 81 │           27.22 / 28.07 ±0.76 / 29.13 ms │        27.52 / 28.26 ±0.69 / 29.35 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 82 │        197.12 / 198.16 ±0.80 / 199.45 ms │     200.75 / 204.14 ±2.65 / 207.26 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 83 │           38.85 / 39.97 ±1.01 / 41.85 ms │        39.25 / 40.08 ±0.93 / 41.86 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 84 │           49.57 / 50.17 ±0.70 / 51.42 ms │        47.40 / 49.54 ±1.14 / 50.75 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 85 │        149.06 / 150.63 ±0.85 / 151.57 ms │     146.67 / 149.21 ±1.99 / 152.03 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 86 │           40.67 / 41.61 ±0.95 / 43.27 ms │        39.87 / 41.16 ±1.42 / 43.85 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 87 │           88.18 / 91.87 ±4.11 / 99.70 ms │        90.16 / 93.08 ±3.48 / 99.61 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 88 │        102.82 / 104.75 ±2.52 / 109.61 ms │     100.56 / 100.93 ±0.41 / 101.66 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 89 │        119.22 / 121.02 ±1.24 / 122.84 ms │     117.69 / 120.66 ±1.86 / 122.57 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 90 │           24.01 / 24.68 ±0.47 / 25.49 ms │        23.21 / 23.98 ±0.53 / 24.78 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 91 │           64.62 / 65.63 ±0.86 / 67.04 ms │        62.52 / 64.12 ±0.97 / 65.35 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 92 │           58.87 / 59.36 ±0.55 / 60.31 ms │        56.77 / 58.50 ±1.25 / 59.91 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 93 │        193.24 / 194.94 ±1.68 / 197.62 ms │     184.46 / 187.62 ±2.44 / 190.96 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 94 │           62.74 / 64.00 ±1.42 / 66.59 ms │        60.58 / 61.54 ±0.58 / 62.13 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 95 │        126.51 / 129.94 ±1.76 / 131.21 ms │     131.24 / 134.63 ±2.23 / 138.25 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 96 │           73.22 / 74.43 ±0.77 / 75.27 ms │        72.75 / 74.41 ±1.05 / 75.57 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 97 │        122.22 / 129.37 ±4.10 / 133.63 ms │     128.60 / 133.06 ±3.03 / 137.66 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 98 │        152.66 / 156.17 ±3.12 / 160.99 ms │     153.61 / 155.41 ±1.50 / 157.40 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 99 │ 10759.25 / 10871.68 ±65.06 / 10956.62 ms │    314.63 / 328.40 ±19.93 / 367.42 ms │ +33.11x faster │
└───────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┴────────────────┘
┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Benchmark Summary           ┃            ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ Total Time (HEAD)           │ 31977.65ms │
│ Total Time (avoid_concat)   │ 20924.64ms │
│ Average Time (HEAD)         │   323.01ms │
│ Average Time (avoid_concat) │   211.36ms │
│ Queries Faster              │          7 │
│ Queries Slower              │         11 │
│ Queries with No Change      │         81 │
│ Queries with Failure        │          0 │
└─────────────────────────────┴────────────┘

Resource Usage

tpcds — base (merge-base)

Metric	Value
Wall time	160.2s
Peak memory	5.5 GiB
Avg memory	4.4 GiB
CPU user	263.3s
CPU sys	18.4s
Peak spill	0 B

tpcds — branch

Metric	Value
Wall time	104.9s
Peak memory	5.0 GiB
Avg memory	4.1 GiB
CPU user	211.7s
CPU sys	17.0s
Peak spill	0 B

---

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[Dandandan]

run benchmarks

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🤖 Benchmark running (GKE) | trigger
Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB) | Linux bench-c4206605761-947-lwbmx 6.12.55+ #1 SMP Sun Feb 1 08:59:41 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Comparing avoid_concat (79d9100) to 5ba06ac (merge-base) diff using: tpcds
Results will be posted here when complete

---

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🤖 Benchmark running (GKE) | trigger
Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB) | Linux bench-c4206605761-948-ng7l4 6.12.55+ #1 SMP Sun Feb 1 08:59:41 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Comparing avoid_concat (79d9100) to 5ba06ac (merge-base) diff using: tpch
Results will be posted here when complete

---

File an issue against this benchmark runner

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🤖 Benchmark running (GKE) | trigger
Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB) | Linux bench-c4206605761-946-88599 6.12.55+ #1 SMP Sun Feb 1 08:59:41 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Comparing avoid_concat (79d9100) to 5ba06ac (merge-base) diff using: clickbench_partitioned
Results will be posted here when complete

---

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🤖 Benchmark completed (GKE) | trigger

Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB)

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Details

Comparing HEAD and avoid_concat
--------------------
Benchmark clickbench_partitioned.json
--------------------
┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Query     ┃                                  HEAD ┃                          avoid_concat ┃        Change ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ QQuery 0  │          1.19 / 4.46 ±6.38 / 17.21 ms │          1.21 / 4.39 ±6.29 / 16.96 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 1  │        14.26 / 14.64 ±0.20 / 14.79 ms │        14.12 / 14.42 ±0.20 / 14.73 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 2  │        43.89 / 44.13 ±0.26 / 44.47 ms │        43.84 / 45.13 ±1.28 / 47.17 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 3  │        40.52 / 44.98 ±3.44 / 49.43 ms │        41.25 / 45.08 ±2.86 / 48.88 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 4  │     280.89 / 292.32 ±8.36 / 304.92 ms │     284.47 / 296.70 ±9.58 / 310.52 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 5  │     336.95 / 342.21 ±3.72 / 345.55 ms │     342.27 / 348.06 ±4.49 / 355.67 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 6  │           4.94 / 6.51 ±1.21 / 8.64 ms │           5.32 / 6.23 ±0.77 / 7.24 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 7  │        16.70 / 17.16 ±0.49 / 17.89 ms │        16.66 / 17.09 ±0.30 / 17.42 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 8  │     407.26 / 414.08 ±4.51 / 419.43 ms │     421.81 / 433.87 ±7.28 / 443.49 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 9  │     639.33 / 645.13 ±4.75 / 653.31 ms │    630.44 / 646.43 ±11.49 / 666.32 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 10 │       90.01 / 95.45 ±4.20 / 100.91 ms │       91.43 / 95.16 ±3.98 / 102.35 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 11 │     103.38 / 104.88 ±1.17 / 106.24 ms │     103.18 / 106.59 ±2.85 / 111.67 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 12 │     331.53 / 335.15 ±3.61 / 341.87 ms │     338.25 / 345.00 ±5.73 / 354.15 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 13 │     463.34 / 469.43 ±6.77 / 482.44 ms │    458.69 / 475.35 ±11.21 / 492.73 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 14 │     334.43 / 346.14 ±9.23 / 361.41 ms │     340.65 / 347.45 ±6.20 / 356.60 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 15 │    341.00 / 363.68 ±18.32 / 395.93 ms │    360.28 / 376.40 ±14.90 / 400.47 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 16 │    705.33 / 716.82 ±13.72 / 741.95 ms │     715.68 / 723.23 ±7.31 / 736.48 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 17 │     690.83 / 701.16 ±5.24 / 705.50 ms │     709.29 / 713.25 ±3.78 / 719.85 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 18 │ 1426.27 / 1459.22 ±20.69 / 1478.99 ms │ 1439.78 / 1468.61 ±21.05 / 1495.11 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 19 │        35.26 / 37.30 ±2.16 / 41.34 ms │        35.16 / 36.51 ±1.42 / 38.94 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 20 │    720.60 / 741.66 ±13.16 / 756.68 ms │    713.32 / 724.32 ±15.81 / 755.44 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 21 │     754.49 / 762.87 ±6.90 / 772.01 ms │    765.47 / 776.72 ±11.93 / 797.95 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 22 │  1128.82 / 1133.54 ±5.57 / 1144.30 ms │  1133.10 / 1139.68 ±5.79 / 1146.70 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 23 │  3067.63 / 3080.89 ±7.39 / 3087.35 ms │ 3102.25 / 3125.39 ±16.31 / 3144.58 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 24 │      99.24 / 103.22 ±4.14 / 108.36 ms │      99.98 / 103.89 ±3.15 / 109.01 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 25 │     137.86 / 139.45 ±1.24 / 141.44 ms │     139.36 / 140.32 ±0.62 / 141.10 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 26 │      99.50 / 100.38 ±0.77 / 101.45 ms │     101.33 / 103.32 ±1.67 / 106.34 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 27 │     850.85 / 853.85 ±2.70 / 858.12 ms │     845.56 / 851.35 ±3.06 / 854.39 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 28 │ 7688.00 / 7734.75 ±28.38 / 7770.99 ms │ 7747.25 / 7774.48 ±16.03 / 7797.32 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 29 │        50.30 / 54.87 ±3.99 / 62.24 ms │        50.34 / 54.85 ±5.18 / 62.90 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 30 │     361.44 / 366.70 ±4.24 / 374.41 ms │     365.26 / 371.70 ±4.91 / 379.41 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 31 │     371.97 / 378.92 ±5.38 / 385.77 ms │     375.03 / 388.88 ±7.06 / 394.44 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 32 │ 1214.87 / 1273.41 ±46.06 / 1322.66 ms │ 1228.76 / 1254.99 ±43.36 / 1341.48 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 33 │ 1535.74 / 1582.77 ±23.89 / 1602.00 ms │ 1513.86 / 1548.38 ±25.07 / 1575.59 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 34 │ 1463.57 / 1555.28 ±54.91 / 1606.23 ms │ 1513.11 / 1542.75 ±25.81 / 1583.44 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 35 │    403.76 / 459.76 ±57.16 / 566.68 ms │    367.09 / 385.42 ±11.64 / 400.11 ms │ +1.19x faster │
│ QQuery 36 │     120.97 / 129.64 ±4.44 / 133.22 ms │     111.61 / 119.70 ±4.18 / 123.09 ms │ +1.08x faster │
│ QQuery 37 │        48.19 / 49.33 ±0.70 / 50.12 ms │        49.28 / 50.64 ±1.19 / 52.52 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 38 │        81.10 / 84.08 ±2.00 / 86.70 ms │        74.56 / 77.97 ±2.16 / 81.11 ms │ +1.08x faster │
│ QQuery 39 │    216.10 / 225.04 ±10.30 / 241.94 ms │     202.68 / 214.80 ±8.06 / 225.13 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 40 │        22.00 / 24.22 ±1.66 / 27.15 ms │        23.51 / 25.72 ±1.81 / 28.20 ms │  1.06x slower │
│ QQuery 41 │        19.95 / 22.82 ±1.54 / 24.53 ms │        19.16 / 19.65 ±0.52 / 20.52 ms │ +1.16x faster │
│ QQuery 42 │        19.73 / 20.56 ±0.75 / 21.74 ms │        19.73 / 19.98 ±0.29 / 20.56 ms │     no change │
└───────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────┘
┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Benchmark Summary           ┃            ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ Total Time (HEAD)           │ 27332.85ms │
│ Total Time (avoid_concat)   │ 27359.80ms │
│ Average Time (HEAD)         │   635.65ms │
│ Average Time (avoid_concat) │   636.27ms │
│ Queries Faster              │          4 │
│ Queries Slower              │          1 │
│ Queries with No Change      │         38 │
│ Queries with Failure        │          0 │
└─────────────────────────────┴────────────┘

Resource Usage

clickbench_partitioned — base (merge-base)

Metric	Value
Wall time	137.2s
Peak memory	37.3 GiB
Avg memory	28.2 GiB
CPU user	1284.8s
CPU sys	104.2s
Peak spill	0 B

clickbench_partitioned — branch

Metric	Value
Wall time	137.8s
Peak memory	37.7 GiB
Avg memory	27.5 GiB
CPU user	1289.8s
CPU sys	105.3s
Peak spill	0 B

---

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🤖 Benchmark completed (GKE) | trigger

Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB)

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Details

Comparing HEAD and avoid_concat
--------------------
Benchmark clickbench_partitioned.json
--------------------
┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Query     ┃                                  HEAD ┃                          avoid_concat ┃       Change ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ QQuery 0  │          1.21 / 4.43 ±6.35 / 17.13 ms │          1.21 / 4.44 ±6.35 / 17.13 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 1  │        14.48 / 14.76 ±0.17 / 14.95 ms │        13.96 / 14.27 ±0.17 / 14.42 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 2  │        44.21 / 44.63 ±0.37 / 45.18 ms │        43.40 / 44.24 ±0.86 / 45.76 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 3  │        43.36 / 43.96 ±0.53 / 44.93 ms │        40.05 / 46.78 ±5.08 / 53.84 ms │ 1.06x slower │
│ QQuery 4  │     282.63 / 291.59 ±6.45 / 300.51 ms │     285.59 / 289.00 ±3.75 / 296.21 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 5  │     335.65 / 343.49 ±5.56 / 350.33 ms │     335.80 / 340.03 ±2.78 / 342.30 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 6  │           5.46 / 6.42 ±0.86 / 7.49 ms │           5.53 / 6.50 ±1.09 / 8.02 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 7  │        16.62 / 16.76 ±0.12 / 16.98 ms │        16.30 / 16.85 ±0.47 / 17.45 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 8  │    399.02 / 414.03 ±12.08 / 432.19 ms │    413.84 / 424.15 ±11.71 / 442.90 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 9  │     626.21 / 639.62 ±7.57 / 647.91 ms │     626.28 / 632.75 ±4.81 / 640.34 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 10 │        88.58 / 91.64 ±3.11 / 97.20 ms │        90.59 / 93.04 ±2.27 / 97.33 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 11 │     102.36 / 103.10 ±0.78 / 104.50 ms │     102.61 / 103.35 ±0.70 / 104.56 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 12 │     338.77 / 347.61 ±6.22 / 356.40 ms │     336.33 / 340.02 ±1.88 / 341.55 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 13 │    450.80 / 462.33 ±15.85 / 492.62 ms │     462.25 / 468.35 ±4.14 / 473.75 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 14 │     338.77 / 344.27 ±4.21 / 351.24 ms │     345.41 / 348.96 ±2.37 / 351.74 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 15 │     352.20 / 364.16 ±9.37 / 377.88 ms │    339.99 / 363.58 ±26.22 / 414.37 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 16 │    706.65 / 734.50 ±22.44 / 762.41 ms │     711.20 / 724.06 ±7.73 / 734.67 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 17 │     700.38 / 712.74 ±8.15 / 725.46 ms │     706.11 / 716.33 ±6.08 / 723.75 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 18 │ 1355.59 / 1364.59 ±10.15 / 1381.28 ms │ 1336.82 / 1396.00 ±45.27 / 1450.69 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 19 │        34.38 / 36.01 ±1.64 / 38.25 ms │        34.81 / 35.34 ±0.45 / 35.92 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 20 │    706.41 / 725.23 ±16.18 / 751.32 ms │     707.63 / 714.10 ±5.98 / 724.80 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 21 │     755.71 / 758.76 ±2.89 / 763.10 ms │     756.72 / 764.77 ±7.70 / 775.48 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 22 │  1122.62 / 1131.85 ±8.90 / 1147.05 ms │  1120.23 / 1124.30 ±2.11 / 1126.19 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 23 │ 3081.83 / 3124.39 ±29.66 / 3160.45 ms │ 3052.27 / 3071.92 ±22.91 / 3115.46 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 24 │      95.66 / 100.93 ±3.34 / 105.45 ms │     101.35 / 104.14 ±1.87 / 107.20 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 25 │     140.62 / 141.01 ±0.46 / 141.69 ms │     136.40 / 138.83 ±1.87 / 141.72 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 26 │     100.57 / 102.83 ±1.62 / 105.27 ms │      99.72 / 101.48 ±1.35 / 103.30 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 27 │    848.10 / 856.59 ±12.64 / 881.77 ms │     845.20 / 852.73 ±9.75 / 870.68 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 28 │ 7663.89 / 7765.45 ±54.46 / 7827.19 ms │ 7694.58 / 7738.54 ±27.94 / 7775.32 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 29 │        51.53 / 54.71 ±3.16 / 60.71 ms │        50.17 / 55.57 ±4.50 / 61.16 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 30 │     364.72 / 370.07 ±5.03 / 379.54 ms │     360.67 / 365.58 ±3.42 / 371.16 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 31 │     366.90 / 374.84 ±9.20 / 392.84 ms │     369.32 / 379.69 ±7.61 / 388.86 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 32 │ 1039.01 / 1054.40 ±12.31 / 1073.82 ms │ 1031.59 / 1038.40 ±10.72 / 1059.63 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 33 │  1447.66 / 1462.02 ±9.33 / 1476.71 ms │  1438.20 / 1450.68 ±6.45 / 1455.84 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 34 │  1444.28 / 1450.61 ±7.11 / 1462.44 ms │ 1479.09 / 1559.21 ±83.30 / 1711.33 ms │ 1.07x slower │
│ QQuery 35 │     383.36 / 389.23 ±4.21 / 396.24 ms │     375.96 / 383.08 ±5.80 / 390.23 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 36 │     119.96 / 121.97 ±1.38 / 124.22 ms │     110.36 / 118.65 ±5.42 / 125.73 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 37 │        47.04 / 49.63 ±1.92 / 52.37 ms │        46.54 / 48.62 ±1.48 / 50.11 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 38 │        76.14 / 77.49 ±1.00 / 79.20 ms │        74.41 / 75.93 ±0.85 / 76.86 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 39 │    201.46 / 213.12 ±10.84 / 225.71 ms │     212.08 / 218.25 ±4.62 / 225.91 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 40 │        24.78 / 25.51 ±0.75 / 26.74 ms │        24.97 / 26.42 ±1.04 / 27.82 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 41 │        19.61 / 20.37 ±0.99 / 22.32 ms │        18.93 / 20.47 ±1.19 / 21.54 ms │    no change │
│ QQuery 42 │        18.60 / 19.23 ±0.50 / 19.87 ms │        19.08 / 19.69 ±0.42 / 20.28 ms │    no change │
└───────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┴──────────────┘
┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Benchmark Summary           ┃            ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ Total Time (HEAD)           │ 26770.87ms │
│ Total Time (avoid_concat)   │ 26779.08ms │
│ Average Time (HEAD)         │   622.58ms │
│ Average Time (avoid_concat) │   622.77ms │
│ Queries Faster              │          0 │
│ Queries Slower              │          2 │
│ Queries with No Change      │         41 │
│ Queries with Failure        │          0 │
└─────────────────────────────┴────────────┘

Resource Usage

clickbench_partitioned — base (merge-base)

Metric	Value
Wall time	135.0s
Peak memory	41.0 GiB
Avg memory	34.3 GiB
CPU user	1288.9s
CPU sys	80.0s
Peak spill	0 B

clickbench_partitioned — branch

Metric	Value
Wall time	135.0s
Peak memory	39.3 GiB
Avg memory	32.9 GiB
CPU user	1284.1s
CPU sys	85.5s
Peak spill	0 B

---

File an issue against this benchmark runner

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run benchmarks

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🤖 Benchmark running (GKE) | trigger
Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB) | Linux bench-c4206925278-952-pntx4 6.12.55+ #1 SMP Sun Feb 1 08:59:41 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Comparing avoid_concat (1f2c929) to 5ba06ac (merge-base) diff using: clickbench_partitioned
Results will be posted here when complete

---

File an issue against this benchmark runner

[adriangbot]

🤖 Benchmark running (GKE) | trigger
Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB) | Linux bench-c4206925278-953-6zjkl 6.12.55+ #1 SMP Sun Feb 1 08:59:41 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Comparing avoid_concat (1f2c929) to 5ba06ac (merge-base) diff using: tpcds
Results will be posted here when complete

---

File an issue against this benchmark runner

[adriangbot]

🤖 Benchmark running (GKE) | trigger
Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB) | Linux bench-c4206925278-954-r6rc4 6.12.55+ #1 SMP Sun Feb 1 08:59:41 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Comparing avoid_concat (1f2c929) to 5ba06ac (merge-base) diff using: tpch
Results will be posted here when complete

---

File an issue against this benchmark runner

[adriangbot]

🤖 Benchmark completed (GKE) | trigger

Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB)

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Details

Comparing HEAD and avoid_concat
--------------------
Benchmark tpcds_sf1.json
--------------------
┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Query     ┃                                     HEAD ┃                          avoid_concat ┃         Change ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ QQuery 1  │              6.85 / 7.27 ±0.72 / 8.70 ms │           6.74 / 7.20 ±0.73 / 8.65 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 2  │        144.50 / 146.74 ±1.51 / 148.59 ms │     139.43 / 140.63 ±1.20 / 142.79 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 3  │        114.27 / 114.92 ±0.57 / 115.62 ms │     113.71 / 114.24 ±0.44 / 114.87 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 4  │    1388.71 / 1432.82 ±32.34 / 1476.26 ms │ 1687.69 / 1710.59 ±26.78 / 1756.07 ms │   1.19x slower │
│ QQuery 5  │        174.01 / 175.71 ±1.14 / 177.55 ms │     174.27 / 175.45 ±0.92 / 176.98 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 6  │       871.40 / 896.55 ±15.98 / 916.95 ms │     366.06 / 372.30 ±6.93 / 385.03 ms │  +2.41x faster │
│ QQuery 7  │        345.39 / 349.70 ±2.27 / 352.04 ms │     345.31 / 347.32 ±2.04 / 350.94 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 8  │        115.02 / 117.72 ±1.67 / 120.07 ms │     116.85 / 117.57 ±0.42 / 118.08 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 9  │        101.62 / 103.35 ±1.80 / 106.80 ms │     101.04 / 103.73 ±2.82 / 107.95 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 10 │        107.04 / 107.85 ±0.64 / 108.90 ms │                                  FAIL │   incomparable │
│ QQuery 11 │    1004.03 / 1019.87 ±16.16 / 1050.42 ms │ 1266.45 / 1288.47 ±12.38 / 1300.53 ms │   1.26x slower │
│ QQuery 12 │           46.95 / 48.79 ±1.37 / 50.58 ms │        47.23 / 48.69 ±1.54 / 51.37 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 13 │        407.77 / 410.81 ±1.95 / 413.77 ms │     403.09 / 407.06 ±3.55 / 411.51 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 14 │     1004.94 / 1014.88 ±7.71 / 1023.87 ms │                                  FAIL │   incomparable │
│ QQuery 15 │           16.41 / 17.73 ±1.41 / 19.77 ms │        15.53 / 16.76 ±1.32 / 19.26 ms │  +1.06x faster │
│ QQuery 16 │              7.58 / 8.19 ±0.47 / 8.94 ms │           7.52 / 8.01 ±0.41 / 8.76 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 17 │        232.12 / 235.59 ±2.07 / 237.97 ms │     230.02 / 231.45 ±1.07 / 233.12 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 18 │        129.33 / 130.88 ±0.91 / 131.88 ms │     129.20 / 131.01 ±1.01 / 132.22 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 19 │        159.59 / 160.59 ±0.72 / 161.68 ms │     157.46 / 159.18 ±1.05 / 160.28 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 20 │           14.40 / 15.20 ±0.50 / 15.73 ms │        14.06 / 14.56 ±0.51 / 15.37 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 21 │           19.80 / 20.33 ±0.56 / 21.32 ms │        19.77 / 20.38 ±0.38 / 20.80 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 22 │        496.69 / 501.53 ±4.55 / 510.15 ms │     486.56 / 490.06 ±2.77 / 494.01 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 23 │        897.35 / 912.10 ±7.61 / 918.50 ms │    983.26 / 993.69 ±8.55 / 1004.19 ms │   1.09x slower │
│ QQuery 24 │        388.28 / 392.81 ±4.32 / 400.90 ms │     387.92 / 392.88 ±6.12 / 404.35 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 25 │        343.53 / 348.02 ±2.39 / 350.50 ms │     342.58 / 344.53 ±1.21 / 345.59 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 26 │           83.05 / 83.76 ±0.73 / 85.06 ms │        82.04 / 83.27 ±1.14 / 84.98 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 27 │              6.98 / 7.32 ±0.31 / 7.76 ms │           7.27 / 7.91 ±0.74 / 9.34 ms │   1.08x slower │
│ QQuery 28 │        150.57 / 152.87 ±1.89 / 155.90 ms │     150.58 / 152.51 ±1.47 / 154.28 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 29 │        283.76 / 286.26 ±2.15 / 288.97 ms │     285.75 / 288.94 ±3.33 / 295.24 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 30 │           44.34 / 45.20 ±0.76 / 46.20 ms │        45.86 / 46.78 ±0.83 / 48.28 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 31 │        170.88 / 174.91 ±3.06 / 179.90 ms │     172.97 / 174.73 ±1.30 / 176.54 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 32 │           57.87 / 60.39 ±2.53 / 64.94 ms │        57.05 / 58.95 ±1.57 / 60.89 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 33 │        141.57 / 143.74 ±1.89 / 146.23 ms │     140.58 / 142.35 ±1.01 / 143.29 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 34 │              7.36 / 7.74 ±0.30 / 8.15 ms │           7.38 / 7.70 ±0.36 / 8.39 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 35 │        107.87 / 109.62 ±1.29 / 110.84 ms │                                  FAIL │   incomparable │
│ QQuery 36 │              6.74 / 7.02 ±0.36 / 7.73 ms │           6.58 / 6.86 ±0.18 / 7.11 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 37 │             8.59 / 9.39 ±0.55 / 10.30 ms │           8.65 / 9.05 ±0.30 / 9.45 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 38 │           87.78 / 90.74 ±2.58 / 94.98 ms │       88.90 / 92.49 ±4.10 / 100.45 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 39 │        128.94 / 132.39 ±2.77 / 136.49 ms │     127.54 / 128.59 ±0.58 / 129.22 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 40 │        115.10 / 118.50 ±4.48 / 127.23 ms │     124.22 / 127.99 ±2.87 / 132.57 ms │   1.08x slower │
│ QQuery 41 │           15.36 / 16.35 ±0.73 / 17.33 ms │        14.90 / 15.74 ±0.94 / 17.44 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 42 │        109.69 / 111.08 ±0.92 / 112.50 ms │     109.16 / 111.06 ±1.69 / 113.10 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 43 │              6.19 / 6.65 ±0.50 / 7.62 ms │           5.99 / 6.22 ±0.14 / 6.42 ms │  +1.07x faster │
│ QQuery 44 │           12.18 / 13.12 ±0.91 / 14.77 ms │        11.75 / 12.59 ±0.65 / 13.31 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 45 │           51.37 / 52.51 ±0.90 / 53.57 ms │        52.00 / 52.86 ±0.65 / 53.85 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 46 │              8.80 / 9.13 ±0.19 / 9.38 ms │           8.84 / 9.04 ±0.23 / 9.49 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 47 │        773.14 / 781.13 ±6.85 / 793.55 ms │     757.95 / 767.13 ±8.46 / 777.86 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 48 │        295.13 / 298.70 ±2.93 / 302.77 ms │     299.71 / 303.19 ±3.11 / 308.64 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 49 │        253.66 / 256.18 ±1.82 / 258.82 ms │     253.34 / 254.82 ±1.37 / 256.53 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 50 │        224.93 / 228.23 ±2.51 / 232.25 ms │     234.45 / 236.55 ±1.72 / 239.02 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 51 │        181.58 / 184.89 ±2.22 / 188.50 ms │     178.75 / 181.52 ±1.58 / 183.16 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 52 │        107.40 / 108.68 ±1.17 / 110.78 ms │     107.29 / 109.36 ±1.87 / 112.45 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 53 │        102.93 / 104.04 ±0.59 / 104.67 ms │     103.40 / 103.88 ±0.40 / 104.58 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 54 │        148.71 / 149.72 ±0.87 / 151.27 ms │     147.66 / 149.61 ±1.27 / 151.40 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 55 │        107.50 / 109.17 ±1.56 / 112.09 ms │     107.22 / 109.68 ±1.96 / 112.34 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 56 │        141.18 / 142.50 ±1.11 / 144.16 ms │     141.35 / 142.27 ±0.85 / 143.87 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 57 │        171.80 / 176.55 ±2.76 / 179.82 ms │     172.55 / 174.54 ±1.25 / 175.61 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 58 │        286.16 / 298.33 ±6.37 / 304.20 ms │     316.66 / 323.12 ±6.10 / 333.53 ms │   1.08x slower │
│ QQuery 59 │        196.48 / 201.41 ±6.05 / 213.27 ms │     183.95 / 186.14 ±1.32 / 187.58 ms │  +1.08x faster │
│ QQuery 60 │        142.89 / 145.16 ±1.54 / 147.22 ms │     143.43 / 144.95 ±1.42 / 147.17 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 61 │           13.08 / 13.46 ±0.32 / 14.04 ms │        13.15 / 13.56 ±0.35 / 14.16 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 62 │       917.25 / 968.76 ±26.35 / 990.31 ms │    198.32 / 217.23 ±14.49 / 240.76 ms │  +4.46x faster │
│ QQuery 63 │        103.49 / 106.48 ±2.46 / 110.53 ms │     104.99 / 108.39 ±4.17 / 116.51 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 64 │        687.93 / 699.61 ±6.94 / 706.25 ms │    686.10 / 696.86 ±10.89 / 717.66 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 65 │        261.45 / 265.69 ±4.34 / 273.74 ms │     260.41 / 263.14 ±1.43 / 264.62 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 66 │       239.37 / 260.53 ±11.47 / 272.84 ms │    241.10 / 260.55 ±17.78 / 290.47 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 67 │        334.05 / 344.37 ±7.54 / 356.44 ms │     334.63 / 337.42 ±2.70 / 341.07 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 68 │            9.26 / 10.36 ±0.85 / 11.56 ms │         9.24 / 10.97 ±1.52 / 13.53 ms │   1.06x slower │
│ QQuery 69 │        101.23 / 104.70 ±1.92 / 106.35 ms │                                  FAIL │   incomparable │
│ QQuery 70 │       334.41 / 350.00 ±12.60 / 371.97 ms │     353.91 / 365.47 ±5.89 / 369.74 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 71 │        135.36 / 137.29 ±1.59 / 139.15 ms │     136.32 / 138.17 ±1.53 / 140.48 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 72 │        634.66 / 637.63 ±2.65 / 641.40 ms │    626.08 / 643.67 ±12.78 / 658.56 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 73 │             7.41 / 8.43 ±1.15 / 10.37 ms │           7.48 / 8.83 ±0.81 / 9.67 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 74 │        646.10 / 651.45 ±5.04 / 658.56 ms │     780.36 / 789.33 ±8.31 / 803.71 ms │   1.21x slower │
│ QQuery 75 │        279.35 / 280.65 ±1.20 / 282.66 ms │     280.13 / 281.55 ±1.29 / 283.63 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 76 │        134.68 / 135.64 ±0.71 / 136.57 ms │     133.24 / 134.62 ±0.82 / 135.36 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 77 │        189.81 / 191.77 ±1.88 / 194.90 ms │     188.53 / 189.59 ±0.71 / 190.70 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 78 │        348.66 / 351.48 ±2.24 / 355.35 ms │     345.53 / 349.59 ±3.72 / 355.10 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 79 │        240.00 / 242.97 ±1.94 / 245.66 ms │     236.39 / 241.93 ±3.68 / 246.15 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 80 │        320.95 / 324.12 ±4.09 / 332.03 ms │     322.79 / 326.43 ±2.58 / 329.64 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 81 │           26.67 / 27.53 ±1.19 / 29.87 ms │        26.45 / 27.33 ±0.90 / 29.06 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 82 │        197.51 / 200.69 ±2.47 / 204.92 ms │     201.19 / 203.57 ±2.20 / 206.51 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 83 │           39.17 / 41.22 ±1.52 / 42.75 ms │        39.42 / 40.41 ±1.23 / 42.74 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 84 │           48.17 / 50.50 ±1.62 / 53.23 ms │        48.44 / 49.79 ±1.29 / 52.25 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 85 │        150.84 / 152.80 ±1.41 / 154.47 ms │     149.78 / 151.50 ±1.45 / 153.54 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 86 │           40.14 / 41.42 ±0.95 / 42.41 ms │        39.80 / 41.01 ±1.39 / 43.71 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 87 │           86.55 / 89.46 ±3.27 / 95.83 ms │        86.87 / 91.58 ±3.25 / 97.07 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 88 │        100.75 / 105.79 ±8.93 / 123.64 ms │     100.82 / 101.45 ±0.67 / 102.58 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 89 │        118.76 / 120.93 ±1.81 / 123.51 ms │     118.21 / 120.80 ±1.58 / 122.59 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 90 │           23.51 / 24.40 ±0.67 / 25.56 ms │        24.18 / 24.36 ±0.15 / 24.56 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 91 │           63.74 / 64.61 ±0.87 / 66.10 ms │        64.12 / 65.55 ±0.93 / 66.88 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 92 │           59.31 / 59.98 ±0.47 / 60.62 ms │        57.13 / 58.82 ±1.21 / 60.61 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 93 │        191.51 / 195.17 ±4.79 / 204.54 ms │     188.33 / 190.38 ±1.20 / 191.90 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 94 │           62.27 / 62.63 ±0.31 / 63.01 ms │        61.14 / 62.16 ±0.70 / 62.88 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 95 │        128.22 / 129.14 ±0.74 / 130.49 ms │     127.19 / 128.86 ±0.92 / 129.70 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 96 │           74.17 / 75.51 ±0.97 / 77.03 ms │        73.64 / 74.63 ±0.98 / 76.22 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 97 │        127.93 / 128.66 ±0.57 / 129.59 ms │     124.94 / 129.69 ±3.13 / 132.68 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 98 │        154.43 / 157.04 ±1.89 / 160.18 ms │     153.04 / 155.34 ±1.94 / 158.06 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 99 │ 10890.51 / 10943.03 ±42.77 / 10998.26 ms │    341.77 / 371.61 ±18.20 / 394.97 ms │ +29.45x faster │
└───────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┴────────────────┘
┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Benchmark Summary           ┃            ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ Total Time (HEAD)           │ 30932.16ms │
│ Total Time (avoid_concat)   │ 19824.33ms │
│ Average Time (HEAD)         │   325.60ms │
│ Average Time (avoid_concat) │   208.68ms │
│ Queries Faster              │          6 │
│ Queries Slower              │          8 │
│ Queries with No Change      │         81 │
│ Queries with Failure        │          4 │
└─────────────────────────────┴────────────┘

Resource Usage

tpcds — base (merge-base)

Metric	Value
Wall time	161.7s
Peak memory	5.7 GiB
Avg memory	4.5 GiB
CPU user	266.2s
CPU sys	17.7s
Peak spill	0 B

tpcds — branch

Metric	Value
Wall time	100.0s
Peak memory	4.9 GiB
Avg memory	4.1 GiB
CPU user	193.3s
CPU sys	16.7s
Peak spill	0 B

---

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🤖 Benchmark completed (GKE) | trigger

Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB)

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Details

Comparing HEAD and avoid_concat
--------------------
Benchmark clickbench_partitioned.json
--------------------
┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Query     ┃                                  HEAD ┃                          avoid_concat ┃        Change ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ QQuery 0  │          1.23 / 4.56 ±6.48 / 17.52 ms │          1.20 / 4.50 ±6.44 / 17.39 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 1  │        14.25 / 14.86 ±0.32 / 15.16 ms │        14.19 / 14.58 ±0.20 / 14.74 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 2  │        44.58 / 44.80 ±0.20 / 45.05 ms │        44.14 / 44.39 ±0.14 / 44.55 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 3  │        42.95 / 45.99 ±1.87 / 47.94 ms │        45.37 / 45.90 ±0.43 / 46.58 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 4  │     296.40 / 303.68 ±6.41 / 312.98 ms │     291.50 / 300.21 ±7.54 / 311.56 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 5  │     349.19 / 354.80 ±3.57 / 360.01 ms │     346.49 / 352.10 ±4.45 / 357.63 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 6  │           5.68 / 6.50 ±0.57 / 7.48 ms │           5.91 / 6.68 ±0.93 / 8.45 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 7  │        16.82 / 17.35 ±0.78 / 18.89 ms │        17.36 / 18.07 ±0.63 / 18.91 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 8  │     415.76 / 429.96 ±8.70 / 440.20 ms │    422.71 / 449.63 ±21.44 / 487.18 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 9  │     679.91 / 687.99 ±8.93 / 703.64 ms │     675.23 / 683.70 ±6.74 / 692.63 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 10 │       95.04 / 97.95 ±2.45 / 101.89 ms │      96.94 / 100.18 ±2.62 / 104.21 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 11 │     105.52 / 106.15 ±0.54 / 107.10 ms │     107.01 / 109.04 ±2.02 / 111.77 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 12 │     346.66 / 354.88 ±5.20 / 360.36 ms │     347.13 / 353.42 ±4.42 / 360.35 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 13 │    459.84 / 474.00 ±11.14 / 489.72 ms │     467.58 / 484.47 ±9.95 / 493.43 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 14 │     355.07 / 358.05 ±2.63 / 361.20 ms │     356.24 / 362.24 ±3.17 / 365.24 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 15 │    356.46 / 381.49 ±29.38 / 431.99 ms │    369.36 / 395.33 ±24.37 / 424.92 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 16 │     735.42 / 739.97 ±5.30 / 746.74 ms │    726.62 / 740.77 ±14.39 / 766.64 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 17 │     723.51 / 729.03 ±3.62 / 733.77 ms │     722.63 / 728.40 ±4.37 / 735.03 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 18 │ 1454.42 / 1519.88 ±39.21 / 1565.38 ms │ 1459.21 / 1498.76 ±29.13 / 1538.94 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 19 │        36.26 / 37.38 ±0.71 / 38.39 ms │        35.42 / 37.50 ±2.11 / 40.20 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 20 │    727.11 / 744.79 ±19.33 / 773.39 ms │    718.84 / 736.84 ±19.06 / 773.19 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 21 │     768.27 / 774.42 ±5.73 / 784.84 ms │     765.13 / 767.86 ±2.05 / 771.13 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 22 │  1143.88 / 1149.33 ±3.76 / 1155.29 ms │  1143.88 / 1148.32 ±2.45 / 1151.42 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 23 │ 3128.19 / 3137.18 ±10.25 / 3156.94 ms │ 3137.79 / 3155.53 ±12.51 / 3172.77 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 24 │     100.12 / 104.56 ±3.27 / 109.86 ms │     104.00 / 107.02 ±2.27 / 110.53 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 25 │     139.80 / 143.11 ±3.64 / 149.95 ms │     140.94 / 142.46 ±1.23 / 144.69 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 26 │     103.15 / 105.33 ±1.56 / 107.75 ms │     103.54 / 104.58 ±0.55 / 105.04 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 27 │     853.84 / 860.27 ±3.84 / 864.32 ms │     850.26 / 857.82 ±6.12 / 867.58 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 28 │ 7741.38 / 7795.31 ±29.69 / 7825.15 ms │ 7773.19 / 7809.61 ±23.48 / 7837.37 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 29 │        51.35 / 54.53 ±2.90 / 59.46 ms │        50.58 / 54.75 ±4.07 / 61.57 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 30 │     370.23 / 373.99 ±2.58 / 376.60 ms │     362.93 / 373.78 ±7.67 / 383.85 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 31 │     388.59 / 398.80 ±7.22 / 411.03 ms │     370.63 / 382.18 ±9.37 / 398.95 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 32 │ 1240.55 / 1286.21 ±46.85 / 1367.38 ms │ 1066.32 / 1087.33 ±25.72 / 1137.77 ms │ +1.18x faster │
│ QQuery 33 │ 1558.01 / 1604.70 ±36.31 / 1644.47 ms │ 1504.86 / 1526.67 ±15.99 / 1546.32 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 34 │ 1502.19 / 1564.32 ±42.95 / 1606.90 ms │ 1495.24 / 1520.59 ±16.76 / 1544.07 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 35 │     403.77 / 408.09 ±4.47 / 416.53 ms │     410.97 / 422.80 ±9.04 / 436.18 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 36 │     114.18 / 122.75 ±4.41 / 126.50 ms │     114.66 / 122.45 ±4.05 / 125.74 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 37 │        48.93 / 50.98 ±1.75 / 54.16 ms │        49.61 / 51.23 ±1.32 / 53.64 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 38 │        75.30 / 77.18 ±1.52 / 79.19 ms │        75.04 / 77.52 ±1.82 / 79.62 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 39 │     216.40 / 223.54 ±7.19 / 236.11 ms │    204.31 / 223.67 ±10.56 / 235.33 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 40 │        24.71 / 26.36 ±1.40 / 28.51 ms │        21.88 / 27.40 ±3.20 / 31.23 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 41 │        19.68 / 21.07 ±0.81 / 21.90 ms │        19.72 / 21.85 ±1.99 / 25.11 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 42 │        20.24 / 20.63 ±0.35 / 21.09 ms │        19.79 / 20.62 ±0.54 / 21.31 ms │     no change │
└───────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────┘
┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Benchmark Summary           ┃            ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ Total Time (HEAD)           │ 27756.70ms │
│ Total Time (avoid_concat)   │ 27472.75ms │
│ Average Time (HEAD)         │   645.50ms │
│ Average Time (avoid_concat) │   638.90ms │
│ Queries Faster              │          1 │
│ Queries Slower              │          0 │
│ Queries with No Change      │         42 │
│ Queries with Failure        │          0 │
└─────────────────────────────┴────────────┘

Resource Usage

clickbench_partitioned — base (merge-base)

Metric	Value
Wall time	139.9s
Peak memory	38.8 GiB
Avg memory	30.2 GiB
CPU user	1311.2s
CPU sys	105.2s
Peak spill	0 B

clickbench_partitioned — branch

Metric	Value
Wall time	138.6s
Peak memory	41.8 GiB
Avg memory	30.1 GiB
CPU user	1312.9s
CPU sys	89.5s
Peak spill	0 B

---

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🤖 Benchmark running (GKE) | trigger
Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB) | Linux bench-c4207152563-956-2pcwl 6.12.55+ #1 SMP Sun Feb 1 08:59:41 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Comparing avoid_concat (1e87b31) to 5ba06ac (merge-base) diff using: tpcds
Results will be posted here when complete

---

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🤖 Benchmark running (GKE) | trigger
Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB) | Linux bench-c4207158916-960-h6w6g 6.12.55+ #1 SMP Sun Feb 1 08:59:41 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Comparing avoid_concat (855af4a) to 5ba06ac (merge-base) diff using: tpch
Results will be posted here when complete

---

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🤖 Benchmark running (GKE) | trigger
Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB) | Linux bench-c4207152563-955-qxvbr 6.12.55+ #1 SMP Sun Feb 1 08:59:41 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Comparing avoid_concat (855af4a) to 5ba06ac (merge-base) diff using: clickbench_partitioned
Results will be posted here when complete

---

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🤖 Benchmark running (GKE) | trigger
Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB) | Linux bench-c4207158916-958-6ztv6 6.12.55+ #1 SMP Sun Feb 1 08:59:41 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Comparing avoid_concat (855af4a) to 5ba06ac (merge-base) diff using: clickbench_partitioned
Results will be posted here when complete

---

File an issue against this benchmark runner

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🤖 Benchmark running (GKE) | trigger
Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB) | Linux bench-c4207158916-959-gpgmz 6.12.55+ #1 SMP Sun Feb 1 08:59:41 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Comparing avoid_concat (855af4a) to 5ba06ac (merge-base) diff using: tpcds
Results will be posted here when complete

---

File an issue against this benchmark runner

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🤖 Benchmark running (GKE) | trigger
Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB) | Linux bench-c4207152563-957-8g5z8 6.12.55+ #1 SMP Sun Feb 1 08:59:41 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Comparing avoid_concat (855af4a) to 5ba06ac (merge-base) diff using: tpch
Results will be posted here when complete

---

File an issue against this benchmark runner

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🤖 Benchmark completed (GKE) | trigger

Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB)

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Details

Comparing HEAD and avoid_concat
--------------------
Benchmark tpcds_sf1.json
--------------------
┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Query     ┃                                     HEAD ┃                          avoid_concat ┃         Change ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ QQuery 1  │              6.60 / 7.08 ±0.82 / 8.73 ms │           6.72 / 7.15 ±0.78 / 8.70 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 2  │        146.45 / 146.86 ±0.54 / 147.90 ms │     139.17 / 139.87 ±0.59 / 140.85 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 3  │        114.53 / 115.21 ±0.41 / 115.67 ms │     113.72 / 114.25 ±0.56 / 115.17 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 4  │    1380.02 / 1414.67 ±31.03 / 1456.70 ms │ 1589.26 / 1612.78 ±16.90 / 1629.01 ms │   1.14x slower │
│ QQuery 5  │        171.83 / 174.86 ±2.28 / 177.58 ms │     173.01 / 174.60 ±1.14 / 176.02 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 6  │       862.12 / 880.32 ±16.15 / 904.64 ms │     307.20 / 314.06 ±6.64 / 326.20 ms │  +2.80x faster │
│ QQuery 7  │        344.59 / 346.81 ±1.28 / 348.19 ms │     344.86 / 347.42 ±2.01 / 350.85 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 8  │        116.11 / 117.72 ±1.12 / 119.57 ms │     116.44 / 117.44 ±0.59 / 118.07 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 9  │        107.92 / 108.51 ±0.53 / 109.42 ms │     102.39 / 105.07 ±2.71 / 108.41 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 10 │        106.03 / 106.91 ±0.74 / 108.25 ms │     105.36 / 107.60 ±1.80 / 110.22 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 11 │       948.56 / 967.75 ±12.66 / 984.00 ms │ 1161.12 / 1185.72 ±16.08 / 1209.04 ms │   1.23x slower │
│ QQuery 12 │           46.16 / 47.27 ±1.12 / 49.36 ms │        46.02 / 47.36 ±0.88 / 48.36 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 13 │        401.09 / 407.18 ±3.73 / 411.41 ms │     405.88 / 407.12 ±0.97 / 408.55 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 14 │      998.57 / 1009.69 ±6.62 / 1016.69 ms │  1020.66 / 1031.76 ±6.59 / 1041.05 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 15 │           16.09 / 16.74 ±0.74 / 17.87 ms │        15.98 / 17.73 ±1.12 / 19.28 ms │   1.06x slower │
│ QQuery 16 │              8.03 / 8.72 ±0.63 / 9.60 ms │           7.40 / 7.91 ±0.40 / 8.64 ms │  +1.10x faster │
│ QQuery 17 │        229.32 / 232.26 ±1.68 / 234.20 ms │     232.44 / 234.11 ±1.00 / 235.26 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 18 │        128.08 / 129.98 ±1.49 / 132.56 ms │     130.61 / 131.40 ±0.80 / 132.47 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 19 │        156.05 / 157.76 ±1.10 / 159.04 ms │     157.10 / 159.47 ±1.71 / 161.73 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 20 │           13.88 / 14.37 ±0.39 / 15.06 ms │        14.77 / 15.14 ±0.29 / 15.60 ms │   1.05x slower │
│ QQuery 21 │           19.58 / 20.24 ±0.77 / 21.75 ms │        19.81 / 20.31 ±0.54 / 21.00 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 22 │        492.67 / 496.86 ±3.19 / 501.58 ms │     499.27 / 502.45 ±2.55 / 506.27 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 23 │       880.41 / 898.60 ±12.34 / 912.67 ms │    886.76 / 910.21 ±18.95 / 938.33 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 24 │        387.14 / 388.87 ±2.03 / 392.63 ms │     383.09 / 386.22 ±2.67 / 390.52 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 25 │        344.41 / 346.12 ±1.56 / 348.20 ms │     341.21 / 345.38 ±2.74 / 349.38 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 26 │           82.24 / 83.85 ±1.25 / 85.36 ms │        81.89 / 84.32 ±2.37 / 88.77 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 27 │              7.18 / 7.44 ±0.15 / 7.62 ms │           6.88 / 7.17 ±0.25 / 7.56 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 28 │        150.57 / 151.31 ±0.71 / 152.61 ms │     149.59 / 150.39 ±0.85 / 151.92 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 29 │        285.69 / 287.27 ±1.58 / 290.09 ms │     280.72 / 284.75 ±2.17 / 286.71 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 30 │           44.43 / 46.04 ±1.56 / 48.82 ms │        44.23 / 45.65 ±1.18 / 47.13 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 31 │        171.61 / 173.66 ±1.99 / 177.15 ms │     172.57 / 174.48 ±1.42 / 176.31 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 32 │          57.30 / 66.10 ±16.16 / 98.37 ms │        57.45 / 58.84 ±0.86 / 59.62 ms │  +1.12x faster │
│ QQuery 33 │        141.50 / 143.57 ±1.23 / 145.16 ms │     141.29 / 142.78 ±1.16 / 144.47 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 34 │              7.02 / 7.26 ±0.22 / 7.65 ms │           7.07 / 7.48 ±0.43 / 8.23 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 35 │        109.22 / 109.88 ±0.51 / 110.65 ms │     108.54 / 109.82 ±0.87 / 110.79 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 36 │              6.67 / 6.99 ±0.25 / 7.33 ms │           6.64 / 6.87 ±0.19 / 7.10 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 37 │              8.44 / 9.01 ±0.30 / 9.27 ms │           8.36 / 8.68 ±0.27 / 9.18 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 38 │           84.59 / 89.77 ±3.98 / 96.21 ms │        84.48 / 89.00 ±3.17 / 92.92 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 39 │        127.04 / 128.61 ±1.78 / 131.01 ms │     129.93 / 130.53 ±0.49 / 131.31 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 40 │        112.57 / 117.13 ±5.82 / 128.44 ms │     117.34 / 120.39 ±2.33 / 123.50 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 41 │           14.77 / 15.89 ±1.44 / 18.56 ms │        14.85 / 16.33 ±1.40 / 18.71 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 42 │        107.29 / 109.48 ±1.73 / 111.82 ms │     106.88 / 108.71 ±1.51 / 111.14 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 43 │              5.94 / 6.12 ±0.23 / 6.57 ms │           6.07 / 6.49 ±0.35 / 6.95 ms │   1.06x slower │
│ QQuery 44 │           11.34 / 11.95 ±0.46 / 12.78 ms │        11.92 / 12.62 ±0.47 / 13.32 ms │   1.06x slower │
│ QQuery 45 │           50.93 / 52.09 ±1.10 / 53.62 ms │        51.63 / 52.46 ±0.91 / 54.01 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 46 │              8.33 / 8.73 ±0.23 / 9.01 ms │           8.66 / 8.90 ±0.22 / 9.25 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 47 │       709.61 / 734.10 ±18.01 / 756.82 ms │    705.32 / 721.45 ±10.63 / 736.66 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 48 │        285.73 / 294.28 ±5.19 / 302.07 ms │     290.23 / 295.87 ±5.00 / 301.92 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 49 │        254.13 / 257.48 ±2.00 / 259.45 ms │     251.83 / 253.66 ±1.62 / 256.40 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 50 │        229.29 / 231.95 ±1.98 / 235.14 ms │     237.98 / 243.14 ±4.92 / 252.10 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 51 │        180.89 / 185.71 ±3.42 / 190.87 ms │     181.47 / 183.17 ±1.43 / 184.95 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 52 │        107.65 / 110.17 ±1.42 / 111.49 ms │     107.83 / 110.49 ±1.69 / 113.05 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 53 │        103.24 / 104.20 ±0.85 / 105.77 ms │     102.71 / 104.30 ±1.26 / 106.38 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 54 │        146.14 / 147.91 ±2.00 / 151.41 ms │     144.36 / 146.73 ±1.73 / 149.59 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 55 │        107.81 / 109.34 ±1.44 / 111.26 ms │     106.39 / 107.62 ±1.26 / 109.85 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 56 │        140.65 / 141.36 ±0.90 / 143.09 ms │     140.09 / 142.15 ±1.68 / 144.64 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 57 │        172.33 / 174.34 ±1.36 / 176.37 ms │     175.15 / 177.58 ±2.19 / 180.85 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 58 │        290.87 / 299.56 ±6.34 / 310.49 ms │     311.51 / 324.01 ±7.25 / 331.15 ms │   1.08x slower │
│ QQuery 59 │        201.34 / 201.98 ±0.47 / 202.75 ms │     191.14 / 192.95 ±1.72 / 196.07 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 60 │        143.70 / 145.74 ±1.51 / 147.46 ms │     145.78 / 148.33 ±2.34 / 151.84 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 61 │           13.30 / 13.66 ±0.30 / 14.18 ms │        13.75 / 14.14 ±0.29 / 14.61 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 62 │      905.28 / 978.91 ±80.56 / 1104.43 ms │    189.86 / 205.38 ±10.79 / 221.60 ms │  +4.77x faster │
│ QQuery 63 │        102.59 / 105.46 ±2.57 / 109.64 ms │     105.70 / 109.51 ±3.19 / 114.54 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 64 │        691.16 / 700.97 ±7.20 / 709.76 ms │     694.95 / 703.11 ±7.27 / 715.55 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 65 │        254.20 / 259.02 ±3.07 / 262.86 ms │     253.42 / 257.88 ±2.99 / 262.63 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 66 │        243.78 / 250.95 ±5.01 / 255.23 ms │    246.48 / 266.36 ±16.29 / 292.62 ms │   1.06x slower │
│ QQuery 67 │        306.18 / 314.74 ±8.72 / 328.76 ms │     324.05 / 329.76 ±4.29 / 335.27 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 68 │            8.75 / 11.64 ±2.61 / 15.18 ms │         9.13 / 10.51 ±1.34 / 12.91 ms │  +1.11x faster │
│ QQuery 69 │        101.88 / 104.79 ±3.37 / 110.90 ms │     101.16 / 104.04 ±2.04 / 107.17 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 70 │       328.52 / 343.65 ±10.81 / 357.70 ms │     354.36 / 361.58 ±7.40 / 374.58 ms │   1.05x slower │
│ QQuery 71 │        134.23 / 136.23 ±1.68 / 138.41 ms │     135.99 / 137.19 ±1.04 / 138.62 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 72 │       615.11 / 623.46 ±12.45 / 648.15 ms │     617.78 / 630.50 ±7.98 / 641.67 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 73 │              7.33 / 7.90 ±0.47 / 8.61 ms │           6.68 / 8.48 ±1.27 / 9.75 ms │   1.07x slower │
│ QQuery 74 │        572.46 / 585.04 ±7.54 / 594.77 ms │    662.78 / 680.24 ±17.46 / 702.70 ms │   1.16x slower │
│ QQuery 75 │        277.33 / 278.97 ±1.31 / 280.58 ms │     280.78 / 281.54 ±0.55 / 282.22 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 76 │        132.52 / 132.89 ±0.48 / 133.80 ms │     132.74 / 133.91 ±1.13 / 135.71 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 77 │        186.66 / 188.80 ±1.90 / 191.88 ms │     190.63 / 194.28 ±3.16 / 200.04 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 78 │        339.70 / 343.54 ±2.71 / 347.57 ms │     341.55 / 343.75 ±2.07 / 347.05 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 79 │        232.61 / 235.97 ±3.13 / 241.80 ms │     232.70 / 235.21 ±2.12 / 239.11 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 80 │        320.42 / 324.92 ±3.56 / 329.57 ms │     322.90 / 327.76 ±2.94 / 332.02 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 81 │           26.88 / 27.61 ±0.69 / 28.45 ms │        26.11 / 27.11 ±0.81 / 28.20 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 82 │        197.13 / 198.77 ±1.25 / 200.31 ms │     199.68 / 202.29 ±2.97 / 206.37 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 83 │           39.05 / 40.15 ±0.85 / 41.24 ms │        39.06 / 39.69 ±0.37 / 40.04 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 84 │           48.30 / 49.40 ±1.38 / 52.11 ms │        49.18 / 50.77 ±1.27 / 52.55 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 85 │        148.02 / 149.91 ±1.48 / 152.17 ms │     149.19 / 150.85 ±1.89 / 154.29 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 86 │           39.17 / 39.96 ±0.40 / 40.26 ms │        40.20 / 40.99 ±0.94 / 42.84 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 87 │           87.83 / 90.22 ±2.64 / 94.88 ms │        84.96 / 90.25 ±3.83 / 96.61 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 88 │        100.31 / 101.91 ±1.33 / 104.08 ms │     100.13 / 100.98 ±0.80 / 102.44 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 89 │        116.66 / 119.82 ±1.88 / 121.90 ms │     118.37 / 119.78 ±1.18 / 121.91 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 90 │           23.42 / 24.17 ±0.50 / 24.81 ms │        23.57 / 24.31 ±0.57 / 25.10 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 91 │           62.33 / 63.76 ±1.16 / 65.14 ms │        61.36 / 64.37 ±1.92 / 67.07 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 92 │           57.53 / 58.92 ±0.90 / 60.35 ms │        57.90 / 59.12 ±1.33 / 61.67 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 93 │        187.29 / 190.61 ±2.20 / 192.74 ms │     188.37 / 188.99 ±0.62 / 190.14 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 94 │           61.97 / 62.28 ±0.24 / 62.58 ms │        61.12 / 62.23 ±0.57 / 62.62 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 95 │        128.43 / 130.06 ±1.72 / 133.20 ms │     127.18 / 128.77 ±1.52 / 131.54 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 96 │           71.11 / 74.39 ±1.79 / 76.00 ms │        70.02 / 72.67 ±1.93 / 74.49 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 97 │        126.60 / 128.51 ±1.42 / 130.51 ms │     128.48 / 129.12 ±0.71 / 130.00 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 98 │        155.30 / 157.55 ±2.43 / 162.14 ms │     151.07 / 154.33 ±2.13 / 157.23 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 99 │ 10773.97 / 10813.04 ±25.03 / 10841.78 ms │    306.90 / 318.90 ±14.43 / 345.79 ms │ +33.91x faster │
└───────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┴────────────────┘
┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Benchmark Summary           ┃            ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ Total Time (HEAD)           │ 31794.22ms │
│ Total Time (avoid_concat)   │ 20581.34ms │
│ Average Time (HEAD)         │   321.15ms │
│ Average Time (avoid_concat) │   207.89ms │
│ Queries Faster              │          6 │
│ Queries Slower              │         11 │
│ Queries with No Change      │         82 │
│ Queries with Failure        │          0 │
└─────────────────────────────┴────────────┘

Resource Usage

tpcds — base (merge-base)

Metric	Value
Wall time	159.3s
Peak memory	4.8 GiB
Avg memory	4.0 GiB
CPU user	262.7s
CPU sys	17.7s
Peak spill	0 B

tpcds — branch

Metric	Value
Wall time	103.2s
Peak memory	4.6 GiB
Avg memory	3.8 GiB
CPU user	205.6s
CPU sys	17.6s
Peak spill	0 B

---

File an issue against this benchmark runner

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🤖 Benchmark completed (GKE) | trigger

Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB)

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Details

Comparing HEAD and avoid_concat
--------------------
Benchmark tpcds_sf1.json
--------------------
┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Query     ┃                                     HEAD ┃                          avoid_concat ┃         Change ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ QQuery 1  │              6.67 / 7.20 ±0.81 / 8.81 ms │           6.71 / 7.14 ±0.74 / 8.61 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 2  │        146.75 / 147.42 ±0.63 / 148.59 ms │     140.28 / 141.78 ±1.48 / 144.36 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 3  │        114.67 / 115.42 ±0.75 / 116.76 ms │     115.09 / 115.39 ±0.18 / 115.66 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 4  │    1342.98 / 1369.52 ±17.39 / 1388.22 ms │ 1359.67 / 1389.46 ±17.56 / 1413.13 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 5  │        172.82 / 174.86 ±1.85 / 178.01 ms │     172.21 / 173.32 ±0.95 / 174.33 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 6  │       862.43 / 880.50 ±16.75 / 902.19 ms │     280.98 / 287.89 ±4.31 / 292.88 ms │  +3.06x faster │
│ QQuery 7  │        341.10 / 343.99 ±3.00 / 349.17 ms │     342.99 / 346.56 ±3.27 / 350.44 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 8  │        116.07 / 117.13 ±0.99 / 118.73 ms │     115.28 / 116.44 ±0.98 / 117.65 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 9  │        101.78 / 106.02 ±5.00 / 114.86 ms │     102.40 / 106.27 ±2.02 / 107.84 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 10 │        105.84 / 107.14 ±0.93 / 108.27 ms │     105.77 / 106.73 ±0.69 / 107.57 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 11 │        961.94 / 967.02 ±4.56 / 973.55 ms │     962.60 / 973.74 ±7.64 / 983.21 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 12 │           45.23 / 46.13 ±0.72 / 47.04 ms │        45.39 / 47.04 ±1.53 / 49.74 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 13 │        402.71 / 404.68 ±2.71 / 409.85 ms │     401.52 / 404.72 ±2.68 / 409.09 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 14 │      993.98 / 1008.75 ±8.50 / 1019.00 ms │ 1004.96 / 1016.36 ±10.99 / 1035.92 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 15 │           15.43 / 15.88 ±0.35 / 16.34 ms │        16.34 / 17.48 ±1.66 / 20.73 ms │   1.10x slower │
│ QQuery 16 │              7.10 / 7.64 ±0.61 / 8.77 ms │           7.26 / 7.75 ±0.67 / 9.02 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 17 │        229.91 / 232.36 ±2.24 / 236.59 ms │     232.54 / 234.47 ±1.46 / 236.67 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 18 │        127.75 / 129.30 ±1.11 / 130.53 ms │     129.34 / 131.57 ±1.69 / 133.98 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 19 │        154.73 / 157.05 ±1.36 / 158.44 ms │     156.84 / 158.78 ±1.48 / 161.08 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 20 │           14.57 / 14.85 ±0.23 / 15.16 ms │        14.33 / 14.69 ±0.25 / 14.94 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 21 │           19.46 / 20.09 ±0.39 / 20.54 ms │        19.71 / 20.16 ±0.26 / 20.49 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 22 │       493.17 / 499.98 ±11.68 / 523.27 ms │     494.40 / 499.49 ±4.44 / 504.79 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 23 │        871.24 / 880.02 ±6.10 / 887.17 ms │     902.88 / 909.97 ±5.06 / 918.03 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 24 │        379.70 / 386.90 ±4.43 / 392.44 ms │     384.41 / 387.54 ±2.31 / 390.39 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 25 │        341.67 / 343.39 ±1.18 / 344.47 ms │     342.83 / 346.42 ±2.32 / 349.01 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 26 │           82.21 / 84.60 ±1.89 / 87.47 ms │        80.48 / 83.14 ±1.56 / 85.26 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 27 │              6.78 / 7.32 ±0.59 / 8.48 ms │           6.83 / 7.22 ±0.38 / 7.83 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 28 │        150.23 / 151.17 ±0.82 / 152.17 ms │     150.88 / 151.13 ±0.25 / 151.53 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 29 │        278.42 / 281.86 ±2.78 / 286.15 ms │     283.99 / 285.96 ±1.30 / 287.42 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 30 │           43.09 / 44.13 ±0.81 / 44.99 ms │        44.25 / 46.11 ±1.30 / 47.55 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 31 │        168.26 / 170.83 ±1.46 / 172.22 ms │     170.51 / 173.22 ±1.88 / 174.94 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 32 │           56.20 / 58.31 ±1.21 / 59.49 ms │        56.67 / 57.93 ±0.78 / 59.03 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 33 │        141.06 / 142.94 ±1.08 / 144.22 ms │     140.02 / 141.42 ±1.36 / 143.98 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 34 │              7.23 / 7.57 ±0.22 / 7.90 ms │           6.84 / 7.48 ±0.63 / 8.63 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 35 │        105.52 / 108.32 ±1.69 / 110.65 ms │     104.76 / 108.06 ±1.87 / 110.34 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 36 │              6.68 / 6.83 ±0.12 / 7.01 ms │           6.48 / 6.86 ±0.25 / 7.26 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 37 │             8.28 / 9.09 ±0.79 / 10.31 ms │           8.91 / 9.35 ±0.35 / 9.83 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 38 │           86.90 / 88.90 ±2.47 / 93.67 ms │        85.62 / 88.99 ±1.96 / 91.48 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 39 │        126.82 / 128.81 ±1.29 / 130.83 ms │     124.03 / 127.47 ±2.26 / 130.35 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 40 │        109.18 / 114.96 ±6.89 / 128.01 ms │     114.26 / 118.08 ±4.61 / 126.99 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 41 │           14.33 / 15.23 ±0.69 / 16.29 ms │        15.32 / 16.22 ±0.70 / 17.24 ms │   1.07x slower │
│ QQuery 42 │        107.42 / 109.37 ±1.42 / 111.28 ms │     107.85 / 109.84 ±1.59 / 112.01 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 43 │              5.85 / 6.04 ±0.22 / 6.45 ms │           5.88 / 6.13 ±0.31 / 6.74 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 44 │           11.45 / 11.76 ±0.19 / 12.01 ms │        12.07 / 12.29 ±0.21 / 12.66 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 45 │           50.12 / 51.24 ±0.86 / 52.50 ms │        51.43 / 52.21 ±0.42 / 52.54 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 46 │              8.41 / 8.84 ±0.40 / 9.55 ms │           8.61 / 9.11 ±0.49 / 9.95 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 47 │        713.80 / 720.66 ±5.10 / 726.70 ms │     706.65 / 717.66 ±6.13 / 725.35 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 48 │        286.86 / 291.18 ±4.00 / 298.70 ms │     293.71 / 295.53 ±2.84 / 301.18 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 49 │        252.95 / 256.43 ±4.21 / 264.72 ms │     251.89 / 254.05 ±1.61 / 256.82 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 50 │        224.91 / 225.99 ±0.70 / 227.02 ms │     215.92 / 221.89 ±4.30 / 229.04 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 51 │        180.15 / 185.53 ±2.82 / 188.49 ms │     180.96 / 183.73 ±2.03 / 186.93 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 52 │        107.10 / 109.88 ±1.91 / 113.07 ms │     107.48 / 109.48 ±2.27 / 113.82 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 53 │        103.23 / 104.19 ±0.64 / 105.16 ms │     101.75 / 103.03 ±1.48 / 105.89 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 54 │        144.74 / 146.88 ±1.27 / 148.23 ms │     144.51 / 145.93 ±1.59 / 148.83 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 55 │        106.94 / 108.19 ±1.21 / 110.27 ms │     107.02 / 108.10 ±0.96 / 109.85 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 56 │        141.73 / 142.67 ±0.74 / 143.54 ms │     139.56 / 141.13 ±1.53 / 143.83 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 57 │        174.42 / 177.34 ±2.01 / 180.08 ms │     171.97 / 174.47 ±2.33 / 178.73 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 58 │        290.18 / 297.78 ±6.55 / 306.89 ms │     324.75 / 332.86 ±5.88 / 341.03 ms │   1.12x slower │
│ QQuery 59 │        198.51 / 200.49 ±1.80 / 203.73 ms │     187.87 / 189.04 ±1.41 / 191.67 ms │  +1.06x faster │
│ QQuery 60 │        142.79 / 145.26 ±1.28 / 146.35 ms │     144.83 / 148.30 ±5.19 / 158.59 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 61 │           13.04 / 13.37 ±0.28 / 13.79 ms │        13.29 / 13.51 ±0.20 / 13.85 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 62 │       900.39 / 928.65 ±27.76 / 977.52 ms │    181.23 / 205.95 ±16.70 / 226.30 ms │  +4.51x faster │
│ QQuery 63 │        102.53 / 106.83 ±3.65 / 113.27 ms │     103.14 / 104.37 ±0.95 / 105.51 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 64 │        679.82 / 686.43 ±4.45 / 692.35 ms │     675.45 / 677.57 ±1.41 / 679.49 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 65 │        252.93 / 255.20 ±2.19 / 259.27 ms │     248.09 / 254.03 ±3.95 / 259.29 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 66 │        253.77 / 259.38 ±5.92 / 269.90 ms │     245.98 / 253.37 ±5.10 / 260.88 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 67 │        313.84 / 319.19 ±5.60 / 329.32 ms │     305.96 / 315.50 ±7.22 / 326.85 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 68 │            9.17 / 10.38 ±0.80 / 11.64 ms │          8.91 / 9.65 ±0.51 / 10.50 ms │  +1.08x faster │
│ QQuery 69 │        101.27 / 104.11 ±1.65 / 105.81 ms │     103.10 / 104.14 ±0.90 / 105.62 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 70 │       334.07 / 347.70 ±10.25 / 363.85 ms │     352.23 / 361.93 ±7.97 / 376.03 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 71 │        136.53 / 139.16 ±2.56 / 143.74 ms │     133.83 / 138.42 ±3.79 / 142.88 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 72 │       612.27 / 626.77 ±10.25 / 637.49 ms │     622.35 / 634.54 ±7.75 / 643.81 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 73 │             7.15 / 8.81 ±1.32 / 11.18 ms │          7.96 / 9.61 ±1.58 / 12.50 ms │   1.09x slower │
│ QQuery 74 │        593.61 / 605.90 ±6.93 / 613.91 ms │     600.80 / 607.52 ±6.10 / 617.94 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 75 │        277.94 / 279.76 ±1.48 / 281.17 ms │     278.07 / 279.87 ±1.80 / 282.95 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 76 │        132.44 / 134.14 ±1.70 / 137.13 ms │     130.80 / 134.08 ±2.25 / 137.10 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 77 │        189.33 / 190.49 ±0.69 / 191.44 ms │     187.95 / 190.11 ±1.62 / 192.43 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 78 │        342.15 / 345.88 ±3.09 / 350.37 ms │     343.74 / 346.74 ±2.32 / 350.87 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 79 │        228.87 / 236.84 ±5.37 / 243.05 ms │     235.74 / 236.60 ±0.95 / 238.34 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 80 │        323.38 / 326.02 ±2.20 / 329.51 ms │     323.74 / 326.68 ±1.66 / 328.74 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 81 │           26.64 / 28.24 ±1.27 / 30.20 ms │        26.99 / 28.09 ±0.86 / 29.49 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 82 │        198.89 / 202.12 ±3.08 / 207.36 ms │     201.03 / 202.79 ±1.34 / 204.60 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 83 │           38.77 / 39.87 ±1.21 / 42.10 ms │        39.19 / 40.47 ±1.40 / 43.04 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 84 │           48.53 / 49.00 ±0.37 / 49.66 ms │        49.25 / 49.83 ±0.62 / 50.87 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 85 │        148.49 / 150.41 ±1.24 / 152.15 ms │     148.80 / 150.21 ±1.16 / 151.83 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 86 │           39.04 / 40.29 ±1.15 / 41.68 ms │        38.96 / 40.30 ±1.64 / 43.53 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 87 │           84.51 / 87.63 ±2.49 / 92.12 ms │        87.81 / 91.68 ±2.62 / 95.85 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 88 │        100.01 / 100.57 ±0.61 / 101.75 ms │      99.25 / 100.27 ±1.19 / 102.41 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 89 │        117.81 / 120.18 ±2.02 / 122.61 ms │     118.93 / 119.62 ±0.76 / 120.98 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 90 │           23.36 / 24.09 ±0.60 / 25.10 ms │        24.12 / 25.69 ±1.36 / 27.95 ms │   1.07x slower │
│ QQuery 91 │           61.47 / 62.89 ±1.13 / 64.50 ms │        61.57 / 63.68 ±1.31 / 65.65 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 92 │           58.41 / 59.20 ±0.74 / 60.57 ms │        58.12 / 58.51 ±0.30 / 59.04 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 93 │        187.06 / 188.43 ±1.45 / 190.66 ms │     185.63 / 188.02 ±1.55 / 190.38 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 94 │           61.63 / 62.49 ±0.55 / 63.22 ms │        62.41 / 62.93 ±0.45 / 63.65 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 95 │        128.20 / 129.96 ±1.22 / 131.36 ms │     129.13 / 130.70 ±1.35 / 132.60 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 96 │           69.85 / 72.89 ±2.35 / 75.40 ms │        72.61 / 74.54 ±1.88 / 78.04 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 97 │        125.74 / 127.81 ±1.73 / 130.88 ms │     125.74 / 127.53 ±2.12 / 131.17 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 98 │        153.90 / 155.40 ±1.01 / 156.76 ms │     154.49 / 156.23 ±1.98 / 160.02 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 99 │ 10774.45 / 10800.10 ±19.13 / 10833.38 ms │    304.23 / 321.94 ±16.90 / 352.77 ms │ +33.55x faster │
└───────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┴────────────────┘
┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Benchmark Summary           ┃            ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ Total Time (HEAD)           │ 31630.39ms │
│ Total Time (avoid_concat)   │ 19941.75ms │
│ Average Time (HEAD)         │   319.50ms │
│ Average Time (avoid_concat) │   201.43ms │
│ Queries Faster              │          5 │
│ Queries Slower              │          5 │
│ Queries with No Change      │         89 │
│ Queries with Failure        │          0 │
└─────────────────────────────┴────────────┘

Resource Usage

tpcds — base (merge-base)

Metric	Value
Wall time	158.5s
Peak memory	5.8 GiB
Avg memory	4.7 GiB
CPU user	261.8s
CPU sys	17.0s
Peak spill	0 B

tpcds — branch

Metric	Value
Wall time	100.0s
Peak memory	5.2 GiB
Avg memory	4.2 GiB
CPU user	201.1s
CPU sys	17.7s
Peak spill	0 B

---

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[adriangbot]

🤖 Benchmark completed (GKE) | trigger

Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB)

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Details

Comparing HEAD and avoid_concat
--------------------
Benchmark clickbench_partitioned.json
--------------------
┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Query     ┃                                  HEAD ┃                          avoid_concat ┃        Change ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ QQuery 0  │          1.21 / 4.45 ±6.37 / 17.18 ms │          1.20 / 4.43 ±6.34 / 17.11 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 1  │        14.00 / 14.48 ±0.25 / 14.72 ms │        14.10 / 14.38 ±0.16 / 14.58 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 2  │        44.10 / 44.80 ±0.76 / 46.26 ms │        43.06 / 43.66 ±0.46 / 44.18 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 3  │        45.46 / 45.99 ±0.44 / 46.61 ms │        39.62 / 39.95 ±0.37 / 40.65 ms │ +1.15x faster │
│ QQuery 4  │     287.53 / 294.92 ±5.42 / 301.24 ms │     286.44 / 290.61 ±4.01 / 295.60 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 5  │     342.10 / 348.91 ±4.06 / 353.27 ms │     341.99 / 344.12 ±2.31 / 347.84 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 6  │           5.18 / 6.75 ±0.91 / 7.84 ms │           5.66 / 6.75 ±0.69 / 7.43 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 7  │        16.71 / 17.09 ±0.58 / 18.23 ms │        16.42 / 17.48 ±1.04 / 19.17 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 8  │    410.04 / 420.48 ±11.54 / 442.48 ms │     417.03 / 421.88 ±4.26 / 428.16 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 9  │    635.10 / 650.08 ±19.22 / 683.76 ms │    638.86 / 654.32 ±11.93 / 667.62 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 10 │        89.30 / 91.43 ±1.62 / 93.69 ms │        88.61 / 91.87 ±2.23 / 95.04 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 11 │     101.08 / 103.49 ±1.55 / 105.70 ms │     102.08 / 102.71 ±0.35 / 103.11 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 12 │     335.19 / 339.09 ±4.91 / 348.75 ms │     341.06 / 348.43 ±6.69 / 360.10 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 13 │     455.82 / 459.86 ±3.02 / 464.03 ms │    453.49 / 472.89 ±16.32 / 502.43 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 14 │     337.34 / 342.39 ±2.61 / 344.85 ms │     343.09 / 351.48 ±5.65 / 360.49 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 15 │    349.34 / 362.36 ±16.32 / 394.12 ms │    349.88 / 374.49 ±26.14 / 418.81 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 16 │     708.12 / 715.70 ±4.80 / 721.82 ms │     712.71 / 716.10 ±2.86 / 719.74 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 17 │    695.08 / 723.52 ±27.65 / 761.14 ms │     705.47 / 712.89 ±4.21 / 717.99 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 18 │ 1402.86 / 1435.12 ±23.15 / 1463.89 ms │ 1391.03 / 1442.91 ±34.76 / 1489.84 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 19 │        34.96 / 36.31 ±0.73 / 37.07 ms │        36.33 / 40.14 ±6.61 / 53.34 ms │  1.11x slower │
│ QQuery 20 │    708.30 / 719.26 ±13.00 / 739.15 ms │    721.52 / 734.39 ±18.75 / 770.34 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 21 │     759.01 / 761.23 ±1.67 / 763.72 ms │     760.57 / 765.70 ±4.15 / 771.74 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 22 │  1133.82 / 1138.22 ±4.80 / 1145.20 ms │  1129.90 / 1135.63 ±3.56 / 1140.15 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 23 │ 3071.39 / 3095.10 ±12.67 / 3109.09 ms │  3081.36 / 3093.78 ±8.84 / 3107.77 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 24 │      97.86 / 101.20 ±1.75 / 102.85 ms │     103.07 / 104.98 ±1.94 / 107.39 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 25 │     136.25 / 140.01 ±2.84 / 145.08 ms │     137.59 / 139.90 ±1.53 / 141.86 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 26 │      97.39 / 102.42 ±3.24 / 107.51 ms │     100.62 / 101.80 ±0.83 / 103.03 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 27 │     844.19 / 852.47 ±9.65 / 871.26 ms │    847.17 / 854.99 ±10.02 / 873.63 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 28 │ 7712.13 / 7767.07 ±31.40 / 7796.90 ms │ 7718.19 / 7744.82 ±24.73 / 7779.19 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 29 │        50.20 / 54.57 ±4.92 / 60.86 ms │        51.18 / 54.33 ±2.50 / 58.14 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 30 │     360.37 / 366.23 ±6.63 / 379.16 ms │     361.86 / 368.76 ±5.07 / 375.89 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 31 │     369.95 / 378.36 ±4.42 / 382.50 ms │     367.37 / 373.06 ±4.21 / 380.17 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 32 │ 1045.97 / 1071.28 ±29.59 / 1121.27 ms │ 1028.96 / 1060.01 ±34.49 / 1116.02 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 33 │ 1439.01 / 1476.77 ±19.82 / 1491.94 ms │  1450.54 / 1456.97 ±5.55 / 1465.31 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 34 │ 1435.71 / 1464.66 ±24.67 / 1505.56 ms │  1466.70 / 1476.96 ±7.71 / 1489.68 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 35 │     377.95 / 382.47 ±4.36 / 389.45 ms │     383.31 / 394.76 ±9.73 / 407.95 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 36 │     117.19 / 120.36 ±1.75 / 122.29 ms │     118.97 / 122.79 ±2.49 / 126.35 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 37 │        47.50 / 49.37 ±1.08 / 50.63 ms │        49.18 / 51.15 ±1.70 / 54.05 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 38 │        75.72 / 76.93 ±1.17 / 79.06 ms │        76.29 / 80.50 ±2.17 / 82.38 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 39 │    204.22 / 214.29 ±10.16 / 226.66 ms │    205.94 / 225.25 ±12.15 / 235.70 ms │  1.05x slower │
│ QQuery 40 │        21.49 / 25.36 ±2.99 / 28.95 ms │        24.31 / 26.52 ±2.16 / 30.02 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 41 │        20.24 / 21.02 ±0.54 / 21.64 ms │        20.54 / 23.07 ±2.53 / 27.88 ms │  1.10x slower │
│ QQuery 42 │        19.41 / 19.88 ±0.54 / 20.89 ms │        19.97 / 20.71 ±0.78 / 22.20 ms │     no change │
└───────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────┘
┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Benchmark Summary           ┃            ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ Total Time (HEAD)           │ 26855.77ms │
│ Total Time (avoid_concat)   │ 26902.34ms │
│ Average Time (HEAD)         │   624.55ms │
│ Average Time (avoid_concat) │   625.64ms │
│ Queries Faster              │          1 │
│ Queries Slower              │          3 │
│ Queries with No Change      │         39 │
│ Queries with Failure        │          0 │
└─────────────────────────────┴────────────┘

Resource Usage

clickbench_partitioned — base (merge-base)

Metric	Value
Wall time	135.4s
Peak memory	40.4 GiB
Avg memory	32.5 GiB
CPU user	1291.0s
CPU sys	84.4s
Peak spill	0 B

clickbench_partitioned — branch

Metric	Value
Wall time	135.4s
Peak memory	36.7 GiB
Avg memory	28.1 GiB
CPU user	1289.7s
CPU sys	84.4s
Peak spill	0 B

---

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🤖 Benchmark completed (GKE) | trigger

Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB)

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Details

Comparing HEAD and avoid_concat
--------------------
Benchmark clickbench_partitioned.json
--------------------
┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Query     ┃                                  HEAD ┃                          avoid_concat ┃        Change ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ QQuery 0  │          1.26 / 4.73 ±6.57 / 17.86 ms │          1.21 / 4.46 ±6.34 / 17.13 ms │ +1.06x faster │
│ QQuery 1  │        15.06 / 15.58 ±0.35 / 15.97 ms │        14.49 / 14.68 ±0.14 / 14.87 ms │ +1.06x faster │
│ QQuery 2  │        45.02 / 45.33 ±0.27 / 45.76 ms │        43.97 / 44.08 ±0.12 / 44.26 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 3  │        42.59 / 44.44 ±1.86 / 47.54 ms │        43.25 / 46.04 ±2.52 / 50.09 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 4  │     294.42 / 301.08 ±7.97 / 316.12 ms │     296.89 / 308.41 ±8.05 / 317.35 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 5  │    342.10 / 350.91 ±11.03 / 372.47 ms │    341.86 / 351.25 ±13.16 / 376.90 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 6  │           6.22 / 6.72 ±0.47 / 7.44 ms │           5.56 / 6.59 ±0.68 / 7.26 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 7  │        17.80 / 19.03 ±1.20 / 20.89 ms │        16.67 / 17.19 ±0.63 / 18.42 ms │ +1.11x faster │
│ QQuery 8  │     424.22 / 428.65 ±3.83 / 433.94 ms │    418.34 / 432.11 ±10.62 / 449.46 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 9  │     640.21 / 650.74 ±7.94 / 661.37 ms │     643.87 / 653.71 ±8.00 / 664.25 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 10 │        92.37 / 94.26 ±2.31 / 98.75 ms │        92.95 / 94.20 ±1.42 / 96.94 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 11 │     105.14 / 107.11 ±1.20 / 108.79 ms │     106.01 / 109.32 ±1.78 / 111.07 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 12 │    345.13 / 355.70 ±10.91 / 373.03 ms │     342.62 / 352.02 ±8.94 / 364.96 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 13 │    456.42 / 477.64 ±14.67 / 496.09 ms │     463.50 / 472.49 ±8.60 / 486.81 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 14 │     345.49 / 352.85 ±5.15 / 359.22 ms │     352.19 / 359.81 ±9.66 / 378.57 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 15 │    358.16 / 379.12 ±27.11 / 429.18 ms │    356.54 / 379.69 ±27.42 / 424.68 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 16 │    704.75 / 729.30 ±21.95 / 769.07 ms │    708.41 / 728.83 ±20.52 / 760.00 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 17 │     702.43 / 707.15 ±2.66 / 710.67 ms │     712.26 / 719.80 ±5.85 / 727.19 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 18 │ 1404.07 / 1451.82 ±44.91 / 1514.13 ms │ 1409.61 / 1482.33 ±53.96 / 1574.10 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 19 │        35.55 / 37.88 ±2.11 / 41.27 ms │        36.24 / 39.36 ±4.29 / 47.88 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 20 │    719.81 / 730.78 ±13.19 / 755.62 ms │    722.32 / 737.63 ±14.57 / 758.70 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 21 │     765.66 / 773.16 ±7.15 / 786.39 ms │     765.92 / 772.15 ±5.04 / 781.00 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 22 │ 1137.13 / 1150.72 ±10.47 / 1165.46 ms │  1140.02 / 1147.57 ±4.48 / 1151.55 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 23 │ 3100.69 / 3118.47 ±14.05 / 3138.31 ms │ 3152.77 / 3174.06 ±18.23 / 3205.70 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 24 │     100.87 / 103.09 ±1.53 / 104.56 ms │     102.71 / 105.94 ±3.45 / 112.31 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 25 │     138.07 / 139.74 ±1.47 / 142.34 ms │     139.96 / 142.02 ±1.54 / 144.50 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 26 │      98.91 / 101.68 ±2.20 / 105.18 ms │      97.49 / 101.12 ±2.76 / 104.92 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 27 │    847.95 / 859.54 ±17.13 / 893.24 ms │     848.53 / 861.72 ±7.84 / 871.93 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 28 │ 7707.33 / 7770.46 ±42.49 / 7829.65 ms │ 7736.71 / 7766.75 ±27.01 / 7807.85 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 29 │        51.69 / 55.84 ±5.82 / 67.20 ms │        49.79 / 56.29 ±8.19 / 72.36 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 30 │     361.32 / 365.29 ±4.42 / 373.69 ms │     364.84 / 368.62 ±2.75 / 372.06 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 31 │     366.09 / 381.57 ±9.14 / 394.49 ms │    369.68 / 392.60 ±14.39 / 415.11 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 32 │ 1037.31 / 1077.32 ±28.32 / 1115.38 ms │ 1053.42 / 1097.95 ±43.37 / 1175.44 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 33 │ 1461.89 / 1486.56 ±20.30 / 1510.70 ms │ 1472.63 / 1503.72 ±18.11 / 1519.16 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 34 │ 1494.35 / 1548.22 ±47.85 / 1627.72 ms │ 1478.78 / 1516.58 ±31.13 / 1568.28 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 35 │     394.18 / 401.19 ±6.32 / 411.68 ms │    393.37 / 414.97 ±18.38 / 447.57 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 36 │     112.66 / 120.10 ±4.83 / 127.74 ms │     122.56 / 126.58 ±4.24 / 133.77 ms │  1.05x slower │
│ QQuery 37 │        48.92 / 50.15 ±0.84 / 51.23 ms │        47.75 / 49.72 ±1.70 / 52.65 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 38 │        77.96 / 78.51 ±0.39 / 78.99 ms │        76.93 / 79.22 ±3.06 / 85.15 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 39 │    206.10 / 225.76 ±11.95 / 240.69 ms │     206.52 / 221.08 ±9.31 / 232.39 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 40 │        22.31 / 25.59 ±2.21 / 29.13 ms │        24.42 / 28.28 ±4.57 / 36.96 ms │  1.11x slower │
│ QQuery 41 │        20.22 / 21.04 ±0.54 / 21.90 ms │        20.82 / 21.57 ±0.50 / 22.14 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 42 │        19.99 / 20.37 ±0.31 / 20.81 ms │        19.80 / 20.71 ±0.65 / 21.60 ms │     no change │
└───────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────┘
┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Benchmark Summary           ┃            ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ Total Time (HEAD)           │ 27165.16ms │
│ Total Time (avoid_concat)   │ 27323.19ms │
│ Average Time (HEAD)         │   631.75ms │
│ Average Time (avoid_concat) │   635.42ms │
│ Queries Faster              │          3 │
│ Queries Slower              │          2 │
│ Queries with No Change      │         38 │
│ Queries with Failure        │          0 │
└─────────────────────────────┴────────────┘

Resource Usage

clickbench_partitioned — base (merge-base)

Metric	Value
Wall time	137.0s
Peak memory	37.4 GiB
Avg memory	31.3 GiB
CPU user	1304.5s
CPU sys	85.5s
Peak spill	0 B

clickbench_partitioned — branch

Metric	Value
Wall time	137.7s
Peak memory	41.6 GiB
Avg memory	30.7 GiB
CPU user	1305.3s
CPU sys	89.8s
Peak spill	0 B

---

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run benchmarks

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🤖 Benchmark running (GKE) | trigger
Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB) | Linux bench-c4207608190-962-cmqwj 6.12.55+ #1 SMP Sun Feb 1 08:59:41 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Comparing avoid_concat (855af4a) to 5ba06ac (merge-base) diff using: tpcds
Results will be posted here when complete

---

File an issue against this benchmark runner

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🤖 Benchmark running (GKE) | trigger
Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB) | Linux bench-c4207608190-963-dnc8j 6.12.55+ #1 SMP Sun Feb 1 08:59:41 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Comparing avoid_concat (855af4a) to 5ba06ac (merge-base) diff using: tpch
Results will be posted here when complete

---

File an issue against this benchmark runner

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🤖 Benchmark running (GKE) | trigger
Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB) | Linux bench-c4207608190-961-2hrhv 6.12.55+ #1 SMP Sun Feb 1 08:59:41 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Comparing avoid_concat (855af4a) to 5ba06ac (merge-base) diff using: clickbench_partitioned
Results will be posted here when complete

---

File an issue against this benchmark runner

[adriangbot]

🤖 Benchmark completed (GKE) | trigger

Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB)

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Details

Comparing HEAD and avoid_concat
--------------------
Benchmark tpcds_sf1.json
--------------------
┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Query     ┃                                     HEAD ┃                          avoid_concat ┃         Change ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ QQuery 1  │              6.69 / 7.14 ±0.77 / 8.67 ms │           6.60 / 7.07 ±0.76 / 8.58 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 2  │        144.58 / 145.21 ±0.58 / 146.19 ms │     139.11 / 140.33 ±0.70 / 141.21 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 3  │        114.27 / 115.44 ±0.72 / 116.33 ms │     112.94 / 114.07 ±0.70 / 114.76 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 4  │    1346.99 / 1386.50 ±32.51 / 1438.23 ms │ 1344.39 / 1365.54 ±11.32 / 1376.15 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 5  │        170.74 / 172.59 ±1.13 / 173.87 ms │     170.67 / 171.73 ±0.99 / 173.60 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 6  │        853.05 / 860.35 ±6.66 / 869.53 ms │     274.85 / 279.57 ±4.25 / 286.18 ms │  +3.08x faster │
│ QQuery 7  │        338.46 / 343.53 ±3.60 / 347.97 ms │     341.61 / 343.50 ±2.19 / 347.03 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 8  │        116.59 / 117.28 ±0.72 / 118.53 ms │     114.28 / 116.17 ±1.29 / 118.15 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 9  │        101.02 / 104.91 ±2.95 / 108.37 ms │     100.19 / 104.13 ±4.17 / 111.24 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 10 │        104.00 / 106.24 ±1.33 / 107.67 ms │     105.33 / 106.13 ±0.90 / 107.86 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 11 │       968.05 / 981.12 ±12.10 / 999.80 ms │    948.36 / 973.13 ±14.04 / 988.39 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 12 │           43.70 / 46.53 ±2.15 / 49.94 ms │        46.04 / 47.79 ±1.14 / 49.49 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 13 │        400.86 / 403.21 ±2.26 / 406.80 ms │     398.63 / 400.58 ±1.53 / 402.55 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 14 │     1005.17 / 1014.98 ±7.95 / 1025.66 ms │  1014.39 / 1019.20 ±6.06 / 1031.05 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 15 │           15.12 / 15.81 ±0.64 / 16.98 ms │        15.75 / 17.22 ±1.47 / 19.68 ms │   1.09x slower │
│ QQuery 16 │              6.99 / 7.94 ±0.65 / 8.89 ms │           7.01 / 7.34 ±0.28 / 7.66 ms │  +1.08x faster │
│ QQuery 17 │        228.20 / 230.59 ±1.42 / 232.19 ms │     228.17 / 231.03 ±2.06 / 234.32 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 18 │        128.02 / 129.33 ±1.30 / 131.80 ms │     128.36 / 130.17 ±1.46 / 131.92 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 19 │        157.16 / 158.73 ±1.11 / 159.96 ms │     153.06 / 154.89 ±1.11 / 156.54 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 20 │           14.31 / 14.97 ±0.48 / 15.64 ms │        13.06 / 14.03 ±0.53 / 14.50 ms │  +1.07x faster │
│ QQuery 21 │           19.62 / 20.31 ±0.54 / 21.22 ms │        19.35 / 19.80 ±0.47 / 20.67 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 22 │        488.14 / 492.21 ±4.04 / 499.33 ms │     489.87 / 495.28 ±4.62 / 501.65 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 23 │       870.37 / 887.69 ±11.82 / 906.31 ms │    893.15 / 906.31 ±10.10 / 920.40 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 24 │        380.70 / 383.61 ±3.94 / 391.42 ms │     380.70 / 385.16 ±3.28 / 390.71 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 25 │        338.99 / 341.85 ±1.89 / 343.79 ms │     340.12 / 342.27 ±1.58 / 345.02 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 26 │           82.27 / 83.13 ±0.76 / 84.15 ms │        81.76 / 83.88 ±1.51 / 86.16 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 27 │              6.97 / 7.25 ±0.25 / 7.62 ms │           6.96 / 8.14 ±0.93 / 9.49 ms │   1.12x slower │
│ QQuery 28 │        148.21 / 151.28 ±2.72 / 154.63 ms │     149.34 / 151.25 ±1.76 / 153.89 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 29 │        278.25 / 282.50 ±2.29 / 285.04 ms │     282.48 / 285.14 ±1.85 / 287.25 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 30 │           43.21 / 45.60 ±1.73 / 47.67 ms │        44.63 / 46.63 ±1.60 / 49.55 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 31 │        168.94 / 171.59 ±1.82 / 174.43 ms │     169.88 / 171.41 ±1.68 / 174.21 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 32 │           56.88 / 58.01 ±0.70 / 59.03 ms │        56.75 / 57.70 ±0.54 / 58.25 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 33 │        140.49 / 141.99 ±1.24 / 143.47 ms │     139.69 / 142.60 ±2.00 / 144.55 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 34 │              6.82 / 7.61 ±1.17 / 9.95 ms │           6.82 / 7.10 ±0.24 / 7.55 ms │  +1.07x faster │
│ QQuery 35 │        106.01 / 108.34 ±1.63 / 110.85 ms │     106.68 / 108.56 ±1.21 / 109.92 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 36 │              6.82 / 7.00 ±0.21 / 7.41 ms │           6.50 / 6.84 ±0.31 / 7.38 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 37 │              8.56 / 8.96 ±0.36 / 9.60 ms │           8.40 / 8.89 ±0.47 / 9.66 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 38 │           84.20 / 88.75 ±3.89 / 95.28 ms │        88.39 / 91.79 ±4.31 / 99.82 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 39 │        127.68 / 128.67 ±0.95 / 130.38 ms │     125.14 / 127.91 ±2.40 / 130.71 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 40 │        108.38 / 115.73 ±7.24 / 129.46 ms │     116.25 / 122.86 ±4.15 / 126.80 ms │   1.06x slower │
│ QQuery 41 │           14.03 / 15.05 ±0.83 / 16.36 ms │        15.18 / 16.24 ±0.93 / 17.43 ms │   1.08x slower │
│ QQuery 42 │        108.44 / 109.67 ±1.12 / 111.65 ms │     108.42 / 109.71 ±0.87 / 110.81 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 43 │              5.97 / 6.15 ±0.18 / 6.50 ms │           6.01 / 6.14 ±0.12 / 6.35 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 44 │           11.95 / 12.23 ±0.44 / 13.11 ms │        12.17 / 12.35 ±0.19 / 12.66 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 45 │           50.55 / 52.20 ±1.00 / 53.66 ms │        51.04 / 51.41 ±0.41 / 52.16 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 46 │              8.27 / 8.58 ±0.24 / 8.88 ms │          8.36 / 9.39 ±0.74 / 10.45 ms │   1.10x slower │
│ QQuery 47 │        712.97 / 718.05 ±6.14 / 729.56 ms │    707.59 / 721.76 ±14.68 / 748.97 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 48 │        287.36 / 293.61 ±4.31 / 298.40 ms │     293.60 / 296.05 ±1.42 / 297.38 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 49 │        249.00 / 251.51 ±1.46 / 252.87 ms │     251.21 / 254.94 ±1.95 / 256.92 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 50 │        221.56 / 228.81 ±5.62 / 237.51 ms │     225.40 / 228.19 ±2.76 / 233.46 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 51 │        179.53 / 182.11 ±2.67 / 187.14 ms │     181.53 / 183.89 ±2.42 / 188.45 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 52 │        106.95 / 109.45 ±1.99 / 112.49 ms │     107.19 / 108.48 ±1.08 / 110.32 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 53 │        101.13 / 102.37 ±0.84 / 103.41 ms │     101.51 / 103.43 ±1.60 / 105.81 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 54 │        144.81 / 146.61 ±1.29 / 147.78 ms │     145.35 / 147.22 ±1.54 / 149.98 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 55 │        106.27 / 108.73 ±1.90 / 111.10 ms │     107.22 / 108.18 ±1.36 / 110.87 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 56 │        139.65 / 141.35 ±1.50 / 143.95 ms │     138.96 / 141.86 ±1.81 / 143.85 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 57 │        173.53 / 176.09 ±2.18 / 180.14 ms │     172.41 / 175.81 ±1.86 / 177.90 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 58 │       298.92 / 329.81 ±21.17 / 355.62 ms │     329.82 / 335.41 ±5.41 / 345.20 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 59 │        197.15 / 198.64 ±1.00 / 200.12 ms │     187.04 / 188.33 ±0.85 / 189.62 ms │  +1.05x faster │
│ QQuery 60 │        142.53 / 144.28 ±1.37 / 145.73 ms │     141.56 / 143.47 ±1.29 / 145.37 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 61 │           13.00 / 13.35 ±0.26 / 13.61 ms │        13.12 / 13.26 ±0.14 / 13.52 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 62 │      889.17 / 957.64 ±40.45 / 1015.64 ms │    178.62 / 200.90 ±12.29 / 213.68 ms │  +4.77x faster │
│ QQuery 63 │        104.75 / 106.61 ±2.51 / 111.56 ms │     104.25 / 106.61 ±2.27 / 110.81 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 64 │        675.69 / 683.95 ±5.28 / 690.45 ms │     673.48 / 682.84 ±6.14 / 692.80 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 65 │        254.74 / 257.76 ±3.59 / 263.62 ms │     254.99 / 256.10 ±1.33 / 258.64 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 66 │       248.38 / 274.80 ±26.92 / 318.27 ms │    246.66 / 255.84 ±10.16 / 275.36 ms │  +1.07x faster │
│ QQuery 67 │        309.30 / 320.57 ±8.90 / 332.98 ms │     306.23 / 316.18 ±9.97 / 328.88 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 68 │            9.16 / 10.13 ±1.08 / 12.20 ms │          8.64 / 9.80 ±0.76 / 10.87 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 69 │        102.10 / 103.78 ±1.10 / 105.50 ms │     101.71 / 103.96 ±1.48 / 105.64 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 70 │        341.20 / 354.61 ±9.62 / 369.59 ms │     348.63 / 363.46 ±8.33 / 370.96 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 71 │        134.90 / 137.53 ±2.41 / 141.35 ms │     133.42 / 135.94 ±2.06 / 139.65 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 72 │        617.93 / 625.77 ±6.55 / 635.67 ms │     629.25 / 636.81 ±7.69 / 649.05 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 73 │              7.72 / 8.31 ±0.45 / 8.84 ms │           7.03 / 7.77 ±0.43 / 8.24 ms │  +1.07x faster │
│ QQuery 74 │        578.20 / 590.97 ±7.74 / 600.77 ms │    590.58 / 607.27 ±10.91 / 619.00 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 75 │        276.85 / 277.86 ±1.07 / 279.73 ms │     278.27 / 279.95 ±1.21 / 281.59 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 76 │        133.54 / 134.10 ±0.55 / 135.04 ms │     132.93 / 134.51 ±0.88 / 135.58 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 77 │        187.03 / 189.64 ±1.34 / 190.85 ms │     187.35 / 188.76 ±1.56 / 191.46 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 78 │        343.24 / 346.62 ±2.66 / 351.07 ms │     341.21 / 346.86 ±4.26 / 351.98 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 79 │        236.84 / 238.63 ±2.67 / 243.94 ms │     233.39 / 235.31 ±1.62 / 237.17 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 80 │        319.16 / 324.31 ±4.12 / 331.71 ms │     323.07 / 323.69 ±0.68 / 324.81 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 81 │           26.22 / 27.86 ±1.44 / 30.45 ms │        26.75 / 28.28 ±1.42 / 30.85 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 82 │        198.76 / 200.05 ±1.34 / 202.26 ms │     201.45 / 202.23 ±0.94 / 204.00 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 83 │           39.76 / 40.49 ±0.46 / 40.99 ms │        39.69 / 40.75 ±0.60 / 41.45 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 84 │           50.04 / 50.61 ±0.66 / 51.89 ms │        48.01 / 49.13 ±0.68 / 49.83 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 85 │        150.37 / 152.32 ±1.27 / 154.19 ms │     147.67 / 149.63 ±1.41 / 151.23 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 86 │           39.51 / 40.66 ±0.78 / 41.75 ms │        38.86 / 39.72 ±0.55 / 40.30 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 87 │           84.88 / 90.78 ±4.64 / 97.55 ms │        87.11 / 90.86 ±2.74 / 95.37 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 88 │        101.96 / 103.27 ±0.75 / 104.00 ms │      99.70 / 100.79 ±0.80 / 101.84 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 89 │        118.87 / 121.81 ±1.61 / 123.30 ms │     118.22 / 119.74 ±0.89 / 120.63 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 90 │           23.78 / 24.07 ±0.16 / 24.26 ms │        23.19 / 23.81 ±0.55 / 24.81 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 91 │           64.38 / 65.83 ±0.88 / 67.05 ms │        63.21 / 64.06 ±0.71 / 65.00 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 92 │           58.49 / 59.19 ±0.57 / 59.91 ms │        57.29 / 58.36 ±0.58 / 58.88 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 93 │        188.30 / 191.40 ±1.63 / 192.86 ms │     186.22 / 187.14 ±1.05 / 189.12 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 94 │           62.19 / 63.43 ±0.76 / 64.26 ms │        60.71 / 62.12 ±1.50 / 65.03 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 95 │        129.57 / 130.47 ±0.52 / 131.13 ms │     128.30 / 129.30 ±1.30 / 131.87 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 96 │           73.81 / 74.82 ±0.89 / 76.37 ms │        70.88 / 72.63 ±1.95 / 75.28 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 97 │        125.19 / 127.50 ±1.34 / 128.83 ms │     126.92 / 128.40 ±1.08 / 129.43 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 98 │        155.21 / 158.34 ±1.92 / 160.23 ms │     151.31 / 154.86 ±2.23 / 158.06 ms │      no change │
│ QQuery 99 │ 10796.97 / 10851.31 ±38.98 / 10908.48 ms │    318.18 / 334.53 ±18.51 / 366.00 ms │ +32.44x faster │
└───────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┴────────────────┘
┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Benchmark Summary           ┃            ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ Total Time (HEAD)           │ 31760.93ms │
│ Total Time (avoid_concat)   │ 19897.54ms │
│ Average Time (HEAD)         │   320.82ms │
│ Average Time (avoid_concat) │   200.99ms │
│ Queries Faster              │          9 │
│ Queries Slower              │          5 │
│ Queries with No Change      │         85 │
│ Queries with Failure        │          0 │
└─────────────────────────────┴────────────┘

Resource Usage

tpcds — base (merge-base)

Metric	Value
Wall time	159.1s
Peak memory	5.4 GiB
Avg memory	4.4 GiB
CPU user	261.1s
CPU sys	18.2s
Peak spill	0 B

tpcds — branch

Metric	Value
Wall time	99.8s
Peak memory	5.8 GiB
Avg memory	4.3 GiB
CPU user	200.6s
CPU sys	17.5s
Peak spill	0 B

---

File an issue against this benchmark runner

[adriangbot]

🤖 Benchmark completed (GKE) | trigger

Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB)

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Details

Comparing HEAD and avoid_concat
--------------------
Benchmark clickbench_partitioned.json
--------------------
┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Query     ┃                                  HEAD ┃                          avoid_concat ┃        Change ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ QQuery 0  │          1.21 / 4.40 ±6.30 / 17.01 ms │          1.22 / 4.39 ±6.27 / 16.92 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 1  │        14.12 / 14.47 ±0.20 / 14.68 ms │        14.51 / 14.81 ±0.27 / 15.20 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 2  │        43.69 / 44.18 ±0.36 / 44.70 ms │        43.44 / 43.98 ±0.32 / 44.40 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 3  │        41.10 / 44.31 ±2.69 / 47.42 ms │        43.52 / 44.38 ±0.78 / 45.55 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 4  │     286.99 / 290.65 ±3.10 / 295.65 ms │     282.68 / 293.33 ±6.62 / 300.38 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 5  │     340.13 / 343.52 ±3.17 / 348.30 ms │     338.33 / 346.08 ±7.55 / 356.11 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 6  │           5.72 / 6.47 ±0.52 / 7.23 ms │           5.69 / 6.73 ±1.12 / 8.79 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 7  │        16.60 / 17.09 ±0.39 / 17.73 ms │        16.62 / 16.87 ±0.17 / 17.08 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 8  │     403.19 / 414.17 ±7.26 / 421.87 ms │    398.77 / 417.30 ±17.55 / 446.40 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 9  │     635.87 / 643.67 ±4.91 / 650.21 ms │    625.37 / 639.40 ±12.84 / 661.53 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 10 │        89.88 / 92.99 ±2.85 / 96.92 ms │        92.46 / 94.20 ±1.51 / 96.52 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 11 │     102.88 / 104.59 ±1.04 / 106.07 ms │     104.15 / 105.86 ±1.57 / 108.42 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 12 │     336.49 / 339.94 ±2.36 / 343.91 ms │     338.73 / 343.28 ±3.80 / 350.13 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 13 │    451.30 / 468.08 ±12.18 / 484.70 ms │    449.58 / 471.75 ±17.53 / 498.45 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 14 │     340.53 / 343.43 ±2.82 / 347.99 ms │     338.96 / 344.35 ±4.17 / 350.75 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 15 │    355.56 / 367.81 ±13.73 / 387.99 ms │     352.63 / 361.32 ±4.78 / 366.79 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 16 │     697.25 / 711.56 ±9.61 / 726.76 ms │    708.50 / 726.52 ±25.03 / 775.72 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 17 │     697.84 / 702.64 ±3.13 / 706.36 ms │    702.35 / 711.72 ±11.64 / 734.13 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 18 │ 1447.80 / 1464.55 ±14.21 / 1485.14 ms │  1343.56 / 1354.11 ±9.12 / 1371.06 ms │ +1.08x faster │
│ QQuery 19 │        35.76 / 36.81 ±1.10 / 38.65 ms │        36.89 / 38.55 ±1.32 / 40.82 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 20 │    720.33 / 745.38 ±22.79 / 774.14 ms │     708.76 / 718.70 ±9.53 / 736.55 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 21 │     769.99 / 774.64 ±3.28 / 779.07 ms │     757.46 / 762.82 ±4.38 / 768.52 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 22 │  1144.97 / 1148.84 ±3.80 / 1155.38 ms │  1129.53 / 1132.38 ±3.24 / 1137.67 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 23 │ 3078.13 / 3096.90 ±15.16 / 3118.05 ms │  3092.82 / 3098.05 ±4.29 / 3103.02 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 24 │      99.08 / 102.81 ±3.41 / 109.11 ms │     103.26 / 104.14 ±0.97 / 105.92 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 25 │     137.30 / 140.13 ±1.73 / 142.16 ms │     138.13 / 140.47 ±2.72 / 145.74 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 26 │      94.28 / 101.06 ±3.97 / 106.48 ms │      98.89 / 102.49 ±3.03 / 107.32 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 27 │     846.84 / 854.91 ±6.42 / 862.17 ms │     852.55 / 854.58 ±1.98 / 858.17 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 28 │ 7673.03 / 7734.13 ±35.58 / 7767.62 ms │ 7687.23 / 7726.26 ±25.38 / 7752.47 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 29 │        49.70 / 52.84 ±2.66 / 56.57 ms │        50.19 / 56.17 ±5.88 / 66.41 ms │  1.06x slower │
│ QQuery 30 │     358.67 / 365.79 ±4.98 / 372.17 ms │     356.35 / 363.09 ±4.55 / 370.09 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 31 │    361.10 / 381.60 ±10.49 / 390.33 ms │     368.25 / 372.81 ±4.78 / 379.18 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 32 │ 1169.69 / 1255.49 ±53.17 / 1329.98 ms │ 1036.65 / 1048.11 ±12.54 / 1067.07 ms │ +1.20x faster │
│ QQuery 33 │ 1451.58 / 1489.19 ±41.24 / 1566.67 ms │  1449.85 / 1457.48 ±5.97 / 1465.17 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 34 │  1453.80 / 1466.97 ±8.96 / 1481.62 ms │ 1443.44 / 1470.51 ±27.81 / 1505.62 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 35 │     380.66 / 385.85 ±4.41 / 391.93 ms │     379.23 / 384.95 ±6.63 / 397.65 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 36 │     118.37 / 121.66 ±2.41 / 125.68 ms │     112.48 / 119.92 ±4.03 / 124.08 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 37 │        46.26 / 48.58 ±1.39 / 50.20 ms │        46.66 / 48.55 ±1.33 / 50.79 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 38 │        77.11 / 78.42 ±1.01 / 80.10 ms │        75.49 / 78.07 ±1.57 / 79.79 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 39 │     209.99 / 217.85 ±5.83 / 225.05 ms │     201.39 / 212.09 ±7.21 / 223.72 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 40 │        23.08 / 24.60 ±1.23 / 25.94 ms │        22.60 / 24.94 ±1.30 / 26.31 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 41 │        19.92 / 20.70 ±0.72 / 21.68 ms │        19.22 / 20.41 ±0.66 / 21.06 ms │     no change │
│ QQuery 42 │        19.11 / 19.51 ±0.30 / 19.93 ms │        19.00 / 19.94 ±0.63 / 20.97 ms │     no change │
└───────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────┘
┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Benchmark Summary           ┃            ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ Total Time (HEAD)           │ 27083.18ms │
│ Total Time (avoid_concat)   │ 26695.83ms │
│ Average Time (HEAD)         │   629.84ms │
│ Average Time (avoid_concat) │   620.83ms │
│ Queries Faster              │          2 │
│ Queries Slower              │          1 │
│ Queries with No Change      │         40 │
│ Queries with Failure        │          0 │
└─────────────────────────────┴────────────┘

Resource Usage

clickbench_partitioned — base (merge-base)

Metric	Value
Wall time	136.4s
Peak memory	37.1 GiB
Avg memory	29.0 GiB
CPU user	1284.1s
CPU sys	95.8s
Peak spill	0 B

clickbench_partitioned — branch

Metric	Value
Wall time	134.6s
Peak memory	42.3 GiB
Avg memory	34.2 GiB
CPU user	1283.5s
CPU sys	82.5s
Peak spill	0 B

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