HomeX

An IOT based project used to control home appliances (Bulb & Fan) - using ESP32, Motion and Light sensors with Cloud ML Integration and Mobile control with Google voice control (Voice control is not done since it was under Paid subscription of Blynk working on alternate method)

Components

Component	Price
ESP32	₹290
USB Cable	₹40
PIR motion sensor	₹70
Light sensor (LDR)	₹40
Relay module	₹90
Bulb	₹60
Breadboard & Jumper wire	₹200

Online Simulation tools

Web Simulation Tools for ESP32
Wokwi	Tinkercad Circuits	Multisim	EasyEDA	EveryCircuit	Cirkit Designer

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Pin diagrams

ESP32

Left Pins	VIN	GND	D13	D12	D14	D27	D26	D25	D33	D32	D35	D34	VN	VP	EN
Right Pins	3V3	GND	D15	D2	D4	TX2	RX2	D5	D18	D19	D21	RX0	TX0	D22	D23

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LDR

Pins	AO	DO	GND	VCC

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PIR

Pins	GND	High [or] Low (OUT)	Power (VCC)	BL - Sensitivity Adjust	BR - Time Delay	LT(H) - Repeat trigger	BR(L) - Single trigger

Three Pins facing up

BL - Bottom Left knob
BR - Bottom Right knob

LT - Left top - High - Repeat trigger
RT - Right top - Low - Single trigger

HomeX - Smart Bulb

ESP32 - LDR & PIR - LED

Component	Pin	Connects to ESP32	Notes
LDR Module	AO	D34	Analog light input
	VCC	3V3	Power
	GND	GND	Ground
PIR Sensor	OUT	D32	Digital motion signal
	VCC	5V (or VIN)	Power
	GND	GND	Common ground
LED	Anode (+)	D25	Control pin
	Cathode (–)	GND (via 220Ω resistor)

Step 1 - Initial Setup (Make sure the )

Install all the Arduino IDE

Install all the necessary Board manager packages
1. esp32 (by Espressif Systems - version 3.3.2) 
   Add this url in File -> Preferences -> Additional board managers

https://espressif.github.io/arduino-esp32/package_esp32_index.json

Install all the necessary Library manager packages
1. Blynk (by Volodymyr Shymanskyy - version 1.3.2)

Step 2 - Setup the Blynk app

1. Create a new Template (ESP32 hardware and connection type WiFi)

2. Copy the Auth codes of Blynk and paste in the HomeX.ino file

3. Setup the Datastreams
   To toggle between Auto (0) and Manual (1) - Virtual pin V3
   To toggle LED OFF(0) and ON(1) when in Manual mode - Virtual pin V4
   To control the brightness of LED when in manual mode - Virtual pin V5

4. Map the datastreams pin to the Switch and Slider
   Switch 1 - Virtual pin V3
   Switch 2 - Virtual pin V4
   Slider - Virtual pin V5

5. Save the Dashboards

Step 3 - Make a Google Spread sheet to collect the data of ESP32 for ML training purpose

1. Create a new google sheet online

2. Add this code in Extensions -> App Scripts

function doPost(e) {
  var sheet = SpreadsheetApp.getActiveSpreadsheet().getActiveSheet();
  var data = JSON.parse(e.postData.contents);
  // Columns: Time | Mode | LDR | PIR | LED
  sheet.appendRow([new Date(), data.mode, data.ldr, data.pir, data.led]);
  return ContentService.createTextOutput("OK");
}

3. Click new deployment 
   Select Execute as - your mail ID
   Who has access - Anyone
  
4. Authorise the access so ESP32 can send the data to spreadsheet

Step 4 - Run the HomeX.ino

Set this variable to true if you want Neural Network to control the LED
bool deep_learning_mode = true; 
(1st collect the data to train the Neural Network)

if not set it to false it will work on Conditonal based

Step 5 - ML training and Working

Creating the virtual environment

python -m venv .venv

Activating the virtual environment

.\.venv\Scripts\activate

Install the required packages

pip install -r requirements.txt

1. Collect the data then download that sheet as csv and store inside data folder
   [OR]
   Run the synthetic_data.py to create synthetic data to train

2. Run the model_train.py it will train a simple Neural Network

3. The weights are saved in HomeX folder inside src folder so those can be used for Inference

HomeX - Wokwi

Baud: 115200
Serial monitor input:

5 -> Switch between Auto and Manual mode

(Manual model)
0 -> Switch off LED
1 -> Switch on LED

Relay working:

LDR
Case 1: If LDR sensor doesnt detects Light then Relay will be OFF
Case 2: If LDR sensor detects the light then
├── Subcase 1: If PIR module detects motion (Infra red) then the Relay will be ON
├── Subcase 2: If PIR module detects no motion then the Relay will be OFF

Serial monitor output:

AUTO: No Motion or Light present → Relay OFF
Relay -> OFF
AUTO: No Motion or Light present → Relay OFF
Relay -> ON
AUTO: No Motion or Light present → Relay OFF
Relay -> OFF

Switched to MANUAL Mode (use 0=OFF, 1=ON)
Relay -> ON
Manual: Relay ON
Relay -> ON
Manual: Relay ON

🔌 Wiring Guide

Connect the components as follows:

ESP32 Pin	Component Pin	Component	Notes
5V	VCC	Relay Module Power	Relay requires 5V supply.
GND	GND	Relay Ground	Common ground with ESP32.
GPIO4	IN	Relay Control	Drives relay (HIGH = ON).
NIL	COM	Relay Common	Connect external +5V supply.
NIL	NO	Relay Normally Open	Goes to LED Anode via resistor.
NIL	GND	LED Cathode	Connect to ESP32 GND.
3V3	+	PIR Power	PIR runs fine at 3.3V in Wokwi.
GND	-	PIR Ground	Common ground.
GPIO14	D	PIR Output	Goes HIGH when motion detected.
3V3	VCC/+	LDR Module Power	Power for LDR sensor.
GND	GND/-	LDR Module Ground	Common ground.
GPIO34	DO	LDR Digital Output	LOW = Dark, HIGH = Light.

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Wokwi for individual components

Individual Components working for Online Simluation (Wokwi)

For HomeX project Hardware check out the Testing folder (Testing.md) for connections

Controlling external LED using Relay module [Folder: Relay_LED]

Note - Simulated via Serial Monitor due to WiFi limitations in simulation.

USE SERIAL MONITOR
Baud: 115200
Commands:
  0 → LED OFF
  1 → LED ON

🔌 Wiring Guide

Connect the components as follows:

ESP32 Pin	Relay Pin	Component	Notes
5V	VCC	Relay Power	Must match relay voltage (5V).
GND	GND	Relay Ground	Common ground for stability.
GPIO4	IN	Relay Control	Active HIGH (HIGH = ON).
NIL	COM	Power Source (+5V)	Load power (e.g., external 5V).
NIL	NO	Resistor → LED (+)	Connects to LED anode when triggered.
NIL	NIL	LED (-) → GND	Cathode to ground.

Controlling external LED using PIR motion sensor [Folder: PIR_LED]

Baud: 115200
Serial monitor output:

PIR Motion Sensor Test
2s: Motion Detected!
20s: No Motion
22s: Motion Detected!
30s: No Motion

Simulating the motion in Wokwi using the PIR module simulate button

🔌 Wiring Guide

Connect the components as follows:

ESP32 Pin	PIR Pin	Component	Notes
3V3	+	PIR Power	Use 3.3V (stable for PIR in Wokwi).
GND	-	PIR Ground	Common ground (ESP32 + PIR + LED).
GPIO14	D	PIR Output	Gives HIGH on motion, LOW when idle.
GPIO2	NIL	Resistor → LED (+)	220Ω resistor between GPIO2 & LED (+).
GND	NIL	LED (-)	Direct to ESP32 ground.

Controlling external LED using LDR motion sensor [Folder: LDR_LED]

Baud: 115200
Serial monitor output:

LDR Light Sensor Test
Darkness detected → LED ON
Light detected → LED OF

Simulating the light in Wokwi using the LDR module slider 
(There is an issue in wokwi so had to put the NOT gate to invert the behaviour of LED)

🔌 Wiring Guide

Connect the components as follows:

ESP32 Pin	LDR Module Pin	Component	Notes
3V3	VCC	LDR Module Power	Power the LDR module at 3.3V.
GND	GND	LDR Module Ground	Common ground with ESP32 & LED.
GPIO34	DO	LDR Digital Output	HIGH/LOW based on light vs dark.
GPIO2	NIL	Resistor → LED (+)	220Ω resistor between GPIO2 & LED (+).
GND	NIL	LED (-)	Connect directly to ESP32 GND.

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Testing codes for the components

Testing codes on Hardware

Using Web based control for BuiltIn LED through WiFi connection Folder: ESP32_WiFi_testing_HomeX

Server running on Port 80
Link - Displayed in serial monitor open that on other device (make sure they are connected to same WiFi)

ledPin = 2 (Controlling BuiltIn LED)
Baud: 115200

Serial monitor output:
12:08:27.566 -> WiFi connected.
12:08:27.566 -> IP address: 
12:08:27.614 -> 10.222.94.154
12:08:46.061 -> New Client.
12:08:46.061 -> GET / HTTP/1.1
12:08:46.061 -> Host: 10.222.94.154
12:08:46.093 -> Connection: keep-alive
12:08:46.093 -> Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
12:08:46.093 -> User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 10; K) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/141.0.0.0 Mobile Safari/537.36
12:08:46.093 -> Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8
12:08:46.093 -> Sec-GPC: 1
12:08:46.093 -> Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
12:08:46.093 -> Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate

LDR hardware component code (ESP32 - LDR - LED) Folder: ESP32_LDR_LED_testing_HomeX

LDR Sensor (Module)
LDR Pin	Connects to ESP32	Description
VCC	3V3	Power for the sensor
GND	GND	Common ground
AO	D34	Analog output (reads light intensity)
DO	(optional, not needed)	Digital output (threshold-based)
Note: ESP32 analog pins: 32–39. Here, we use D34 (input-only pin, perfect for sensors).
External LED
LED Pin	Connects to ESP32	Description
Anode (+)	D25	GPIO for LED control
Cathode (-)	GND (via 220Ω resistor)	Limits current

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PIR hardware component code (ESP32 - PIR - LED) Folder: ESP32_PIR_LED_testing_HomeX

PIR Sensor (Module)
PIR Pin	Connects to ESP32	Description
VCC	VIN	Power for the sensor (5V from ESP32 VIN pin)
GND	GND	Common ground connection
OUT	D32	Digital output (HIGH when motion detected)
Note: Allow the PIR sensor to stabilize for about 30–60 seconds after powering up.
External LED
LED Pin	Connects to ESP32	Description
Anode (+)	D25	GPIO for LED control
Cathode (-)	GND (via 220Ω resistor)	Limits current to protect LED