feat: Support PipelineTrainer with dedicated LocalBackend

docs/features/checkpoint-forking.mdx

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import art
 from art.local import LocalBackend
 
 async def train():
-    with LocalBackend() as backend:
+    async with LocalBackend() as backend:
         # Create a new model that will fork from an existing checkpoint
         model = art.TrainableModel(
             name="my-model-v2",
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ low_lr_model = art.TrainableModel(
 )
 
 async def experiment():
-    with LocalBackend() as backend:
+    async with LocalBackend() as backend:
         # Fork the model from the base model
         await backend._experimental_fork_checkpoint(
             low_lr_model,

docs/fundamentals/art-backend.mdx

@@ -73,6 +73,30 @@ backend = LocalBackend(
 )
 ```
 
+If you're using `PipelineTrainer`, `LocalBackend` is currently supported only in dedicated mode, where training and inference run on separate GPUs.
+
+```python
+from art import TrainableModel
+from art.dev import InternalModelConfig
+from art.local import LocalBackend
+
+backend = LocalBackend(path="./.art")
+model = TrainableModel(
+    name="pipeline-localbackend",
+    project="my-project",
+    base_model="Qwen/Qwen3-0.6B",
+    _internal_config=InternalModelConfig(
+        trainer_gpu_ids=[0],
+        inference_gpu_ids=[1],
+    ),
+)
+```
+
+Shared `LocalBackend` still pauses inference during training, so ART rejects that configuration for `PipelineTrainer`.
+
+In dedicated mode, a new checkpoint becomes the default inference target only after its LoRA has been reloaded into vLLM. That checkpoint publication flow is backend-specific, so `save_checkpoint` does not have identical semantics across every ART backend.
+Requests that are already in flight keep using the adapter they started with; the reload only affects subsequent routing to the latest served step.
+
 ## Using a backend
 
 Once initialized, a backend can be used in the same way regardless of whether it runs locally or remotely.

docs/fundamentals/training-loop.mdx

@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ ART's functionality is divided into a [**client**](/fundamentals/art-client) and
 
 This training loop runs until a specified number of inference and training iterations have completed.
 
+This describes the default shared-resource loop. `PipelineTrainer` can also run with `LocalBackend` in dedicated mode, where training and inference stay on separate GPUs and the latest served step advances only after vLLM reloads the new LoRA.
+
 Training and inference use both the ART **client** and **backend**. Learn more by following the links below!
 
 <div className="cards-container">

src/art/local/backend.py

@@ -159,6 +159,9 @@ def _allocated_gpu_count(self, model: Model) -> int:
     def __enter__(self) -> Self:
         return self
 
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> Self:
+        return self
+
     def __exit__(
         self,
         exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
@@ -167,14 +170,30 @@ def __exit__(
     ) -> None:
         self._close()
 
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc: BaseException | None,
+        tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        await self.close()
+
     async def close(self) -> None:
         """
         If running vLLM in a separate process, this will kill that process and close the communication threads.
         """
-        self._close()
+        for service in self._services.values():
+            aclose = getattr(service, "aclose", None)
+            if aclose is None:
+                close = getattr(service, "close", None)
+                if close is not None:
+                    close()
+            else:
+                await aclose()
+            close_proxy(service)
 
     def _close(self) -> None:
-        for _, service in self._services.items():
+        for service in self._services.values():
             close = getattr(service, "close", None)
             if close is not None:
                 close()
@@ -219,25 +238,27 @@ def _model_inference_name(self, model: Model, step: int | None = None) -> str:
                   If None, returns name for latest checkpoint (step 0 initially).
         """
 
-        # For LocalBackend, vLLM always serves LoRA adapters with @step suffix
-        # Default to step 0 when not specified (the initial checkpoint created at registration)
-        if step is not None:
-            actual_step = step
-        elif model.name in self._services and self._in_process:
-            # In dedicated mode the service tracks which adapter vLLM has
-            # actually loaded.  Reading the filesystem would race: the
-            # checkpoint directory appears before the HTTP reload completes.
-            svc = self._services[model.name]
-            loaded_step = getattr(svc, "_latest_step", None)
-            actual_step = (
-                loaded_step if loaded_step is not None else self.__get_step(model)
-            )
-        else:
-            actual_step = self.__get_step(model)
-        name = f"{model.name}@{actual_step}"
+        requested_step = step
+
+        if step is None and isinstance(model, TrainableModel):
+            from ..dev.validate import is_dedicated_mode
+
+            service = self._services.get(model.name)
+            if service is not None and is_dedicated_mode(
+                model._internal_config or dev.InternalModelConfig()
+            ):
+                loaded_step = getattr(service, "_latest_step", None)
+                if isinstance(loaded_step, int):
+                    step = loaded_step
+
+        if step is None:
+            # The checkpoint directory is written before dedicated-mode
+            # vLLM finishes reloading the new adapter.
+            step = self.__get_step(model)
+        name = f"{model.name}@{step}"
         logger.debug(
-            f"[BACKEND] _model_inference_name: step_arg={step} "
-            f"actual_step={actual_step} -> {name}"
+            f"[BACKEND] _model_inference_name: step_arg={requested_step} "
+            f"actual_step={step} -> {name}"
         )
         return name
 
@@ -502,12 +523,14 @@ async def train(  # type: ignore[override]
         *,
         # Core training parameters
         learning_rate: float = 5e-6,
+        loss_fn: Literal["cispo", "ppo"] = "cispo",
+        loss_fn_config: dict | None = None,
+        normalize_advantages: bool = True,
+        adam_params: object | None = None,
         # KL-penalized advantage adjustment
         kl_penalty_coef: float = 0.0,
         kl_penalty_reference_step: int | None = None,
         kl_ref_adapter_path: str | None = None,
-        # RL algorithm settings
-        ppo: bool = False,
         epsilon: float | None = None,
         epsilon_high: float | None = None,
         # Advantage computation
@@ -544,6 +567,14 @@ async def train(  # type: ignore[override]
             model: The trainable model to train.
             trajectory_groups: Batches of trajectories to train on.
             learning_rate: Learning rate for training. Defaults to 5e-6.
+            loss_fn: RL loss function. LocalBackend currently supports
+                "cispo" and "ppo".
+            loss_fn_config: Additional loss-function config. Not supported by
+                LocalBackend.
+            normalize_advantages: Whether to normalize advantages. LocalBackend
+                currently requires True.
+            adam_params: Custom optimizer params. Not supported by
+                LocalBackend.
             kl_penalty_coef: Coefficient for KL-penalized advantage adjustment.
                 Tokens diverging more from the reference get reduced advantages.
                 Defaults to 0.0 (disabled).
@@ -553,8 +584,7 @@ async def train(  # type: ignore[override]
             kl_ref_adapter_path: Direct filesystem path to a LoRA adapter
                 checkpoint to use as the KL reference. Alternative to
                 kl_penalty_reference_step.
-            ppo: Whether to use PPO clipping. Defaults to False.
-            epsilon: Clip epsilon for importance sampling. Defaults based on ppo.
+            epsilon: Clip epsilon for importance sampling. Defaults based on loss_fn.
             epsilon_high: Asymmetric upper clip bound. Defaults to epsilon.
             advantage_balance: Balance between negative and positive advantages
                 in range [-1.0, 1.0]. Defaults to 0.0 (balanced).
@@ -597,6 +627,14 @@ async def train(  # type: ignore[override]
             # await model.log(metrics=result.metrics, step=result.step)
         """
         groups_list = list(trajectory_groups)
+        if loss_fn not in {"cispo", "ppo"}:
+            raise ValueError("LocalBackend only supports loss_fn='cispo' or 'ppo'.")
+        if loss_fn_config is not None:
+            raise ValueError("LocalBackend requires loss_fn_config=None.")
+        if not normalize_advantages:
+            raise ValueError("LocalBackend requires normalize_advantages=True.")
+        if adam_params is not None:
+            raise ValueError("LocalBackend requires adam_params=None.")
 
         # Build config objects from explicit kwargs
         config = TrainConfig(
@@ -609,7 +647,7 @@ async def train(  # type: ignore[override]
             "kl_penalty_coef": kl_penalty_coef,
             "mask_prob_ratio": mask_prob_ratio,
             "plot_tensors": plot_tensors,
-            "ppo": ppo,
+            "ppo": loss_fn == "ppo",
             "precalculate_logprobs": precalculate_logprobs,
             "scale_learning_rate_by_reward_std_dev": scale_learning_rate_by_reward_std_dev,
             "scale_rewards": scale_rewards,

src/art/pipeline_trainer/trainer.py

@@ -154,6 +154,7 @@ def __init__(
             total_scenarios=total_scenarios,
             num_workers=num_rollout_workers,
         )
+        self._validate_backend_support()
 
     async def train(self, *, handle_signals: bool = True) -> None:
         """Run the training pipeline over the configured scenario iterator."""
@@ -277,6 +278,42 @@ async def _notify_policy() -> None:
             except asyncio.QueueFull:
                 loop.create_task(self._output_queue.put(None))
 
+    def _validate_backend_support(self) -> None:
+        from art.dev.validate import is_dedicated_mode
+        from art.local.backend import LocalBackend
+
+        if not isinstance(self.backend, LocalBackend):
+            return
+
+        model_config = self.model._internal_config or art.dev.InternalModelConfig()
+        if not is_dedicated_mode(model_config):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "PipelineTrainer only supports LocalBackend in dedicated mode. "
+                "Shared LocalBackend pauses inference during training and is not "
+                "a supported async PipelineTrainer path. Set both "
+                "trainer_gpu_ids and inference_gpu_ids on the TrainableModel "
+                "_internal_config to use LocalBackend with PipelineTrainer."
+            )
+        if self.loss_fn not in {"cispo", "ppo"}:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "PipelineTrainer + LocalBackend(dedicated) only supports "
+                "loss_fn='cispo' or loss_fn='ppo'."
+            )
+        if self.loss_fn_config is not None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "PipelineTrainer + LocalBackend(dedicated) requires "
+                "loss_fn_config=None."
+            )
+        if not self.normalize_advantages:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "PipelineTrainer + LocalBackend(dedicated) requires "
+                "normalize_advantages=True."
+            )
+        if self.adam_params is not None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "PipelineTrainer + LocalBackend(dedicated) requires adam_params=None."
+            )
+
     async def _skip_scenarios(
         self, scenarios: AsyncIterator[ScenarioT], count: int
     ) -> int:

src/art/test/test_step_skipping.py

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ async def test_step_skipping():
         # Set up backend with custom art path
         art_path = os.path.join(tmpdir, ".art")
 
-        with LocalBackend(path=art_path) as backend:
+        async with LocalBackend(path=art_path) as backend:
             # Create a test model
             model = TrainableModel(
                 name=f"test-step-skip-{uuid.uuid4()}",

src/art/unsloth/service.py

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 from ..utils.get_model_step import get_step_from_dir
 from ..utils.output_dirs import get_step_checkpoint_dir
 from ..vllm import get_llm, get_worker, openai_server_task, run_on_workers
-from .train import gc_and_empty_cuda_cache, train
+from .train import StopTrainingLoop, gc_and_empty_cuda_cache, train
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -55,6 +55,15 @@ class SupportsLoadLora(Protocol):
     def load_lora(self, lora_path: str, load_tensors: bool = True) -> LoRARequest: ...
 
 
+class _StopTrainInputs:
+    """Dedicated sentinel for stopping the background trainer loop."""
+
+
+_STOP_TRAIN_INPUT = _StopTrainInputs()
+_TRAIN_TASK_SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT_S = 5.0
+_TrainLoopInput = TrainInputs | _StopTrainInputs
+
+
 def precalculate_new_logprobs(
     trainer: "GRPOTrainer",
     peft_model: "PeftModelForCausalLM",
@@ -91,7 +100,7 @@ async def process_train_batch(
     packed_tensors: PackedTensors,
     config: types.TrainConfig,
     _config: dev.TrainConfig,
-    inputs_queue: asyncio.Queue[TrainInputs],
+    inputs_queue: asyncio.Queue[_TrainLoopInput],
     results_queue: asyncio.Queue[dict[str, float]],
     train_task: asyncio.Task[None],
     trainer: "GRPOTrainer",
@@ -215,7 +224,7 @@ class UnslothState:
     tokenizer: PreTrainedTokenizerBase
     peft_model: peft.peft_model.PeftModelForCausalLM
     trainer: GRPOTrainer
-    inputs_queue: asyncio.Queue[TrainInputs]
+    inputs_queue: asyncio.Queue[_TrainLoopInput]
     results_queue: asyncio.Queue[dict[str, float]]
     _is_offloaded: bool = False
     _pinned_buffers: dict[str, torch.Tensor] | None = None
@@ -316,6 +325,7 @@ class UnslothService:
     _vllm_log_file: Any = field(default=None, repr=False)
     _vllm_host: str = "127.0.0.1"
     _vllm_port: int = 0
+    _train_task: asyncio.Task[None] | None = field(default=None, init=False, repr=False)
 
     @property
     def is_dedicated(self) -> bool:
@@ -326,6 +336,24 @@ def _next_lora_id(self) -> int:
         self._lora_id_counter += 1
         return self._lora_id_counter
 
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        train_task = self._train_task
+        self._train_task = None
+        if train_task is None or train_task.done():
+            self.close()
+            return
+
+        # `_state` is a cached_property. Read from __dict__ directly so
+        # closing does not instantiate trainer state only to stop a task.
+        state = self.__dict__.get("_state")
+        assert isinstance(state, UnslothState)
+        state.inputs_queue.put_nowait(_STOP_TRAIN_INPUT)
+        try:
+            await asyncio.wait_for(train_task, timeout=_TRAIN_TASK_SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT_S)
+        except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+            train_task.cancel()
+        self.close()
+
     # =========================================================================
     # Dedicated mode: vLLM subprocess lifecycle
     # =========================================================================
@@ -595,7 +623,7 @@ async def _train_dedicated(
 
         await self._state.results_queue.join()
 
-        if not hasattr(self, "_train_task") or self._train_task is None:
+        if self._train_task is None:
             self._train_task = asyncio.create_task(
                 train(
                     trainer=self._state.trainer,
@@ -685,7 +713,7 @@ async def _train_shared(
         await self._state.results_queue.join()
 
         # If we haven't already, start the training task
-        if not hasattr(self, "_train_task") or self._train_task is None:
+        if self._train_task is None:
             self._train_task = asyncio.create_task(
                 train(
                     trainer=self._state.trainer,
@@ -981,17 +1009,19 @@ def _state(self) -> UnslothState:
             trainer.create_optimizer()
 
         # Initialize queues
-        inputs_queue: asyncio.Queue[TrainInputs] = asyncio.Queue()
+        inputs_queue: asyncio.Queue[_TrainLoopInput] = asyncio.Queue()
         results_queue: asyncio.Queue[dict[str, float]] = asyncio.Queue()
 
         # Patch trainer _prepare_inputs() to pull from queue
         def _async_prepare_inputs(*_: Any, **__: Any) -> dict[str, torch.Tensor]:
-            async def get_inputs() -> TrainInputs:
+            async def get_inputs() -> _TrainLoopInput:
                 return await inputs_queue.get()
 
             # Force otherwise synchronous _prepare_inputs() to yield
             # with nested asyncio.run() call
             inputs = asyncio.run(get_inputs())
+            if isinstance(inputs, _StopTrainInputs):
+                raise StopTrainingLoop()
 
             return cast(dict[str, torch.Tensor], inputs)