OpenMDAO · xjjiang · Dec 24, 2025 · Dec 24, 2025 · Dec 26, 2025 · Dec 27, 2025
diff --git a/aviary/docs/_toc.yml b/aviary/docs/_toc.yml
@@ -54,7 +54,8 @@ parts:
       - file: user_guide/multi_mission
       - file: user_guide/off_design_missions
       - file: user_guide/payload_range_functionality
-      - file: user_guide/features/blended_wing_body
+      - file: user_guide/features/blended_wing_body_GASP
+      - file: user_guide/features/blended_wing_body_FLOPS
     - file: user_guide/troubleshooting
 
 - caption: Examples

diff --git a/aviary/docs/theory_guide/gasp_based_bwb.ipynb b/aviary/docs/theory_guide/gasp_based_bwb.ipynb
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
    "source": [
     "# GASP based BWB model implementation\n",
     "\n",
-    "Modeling of GASP based blended wing body (BWB) aircraft is similar to that of the conventional aircraft but with several key differences. This page is a record of the development. For users, please read [Blended Wing Body Modeling](../user_guide/features/blended_wing_body) in the user guide.\n",
+    "Modeling of GASP based blended wing body (BWB) aircraft is similar to that of the conventional aircraft but with several key differences. This page is a record of the development. For users, please read [Blended Wing Body Modeling](../user_guide/features/blended_wing_body_GASP) in the user guide.\n",
     "\n",
     "## BWB geometry subsystem\n",
     "\n",
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@
  ],
  "metadata": {
   "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+   "display_name": "base",
    "language": "python",
    "name": "python3"
   },
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@
    "name": "python",
    "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
    "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.12.3"
+   "version": "3.12.9"
   }
  },
  "nbformat": 4,

diff --git a/aviary/docs/user_guide/features/blended_wing_body_FLOPS.ipynb b/aviary/docs/user_guide/features/blended_wing_body_FLOPS.ipynb
diff --git a/...er_guide/features/blended_wing_body.ipynb → ...ide/features/blended_wing_body_GASP.ipynb b/...er_guide/features/blended_wing_body.ipynb → ...ide/features/blended_wing_body_GASP.ipynb
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
    "id": "267d6a8d",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "# Blended Wing Body Modeling\n",
+    "# GASP Based Blended Wing Body Modeling\n",
     "\n",
     "The blended wing body aircraft is modeled following GASP implementation. It is important to point out the the Aviary implementation is limited to certain assumptions. To model a special model, the user must read this document carefully to see it is within the scope of the Aviary implementation.\n",
     "\n",

diff --git a/aviary/docs/user_guide/images/BWB_FLOPS_Fuselage_Simple_Geom.png b/aviary/docs/user_guide/images/BWB_FLOPS_Fuselage_Simple_Geom.png
diff --git a/aviary/docs/user_guide/images/BWB_FLOPS_Geom_fus_wing.png b/aviary/docs/user_guide/images/BWB_FLOPS_Geom_fus_wing.png
diff --git a/aviary/docs/user_guide/images/BWB_FLOPS_fuselage_3_Bays.png b/aviary/docs/user_guide/images/BWB_FLOPS_fuselage_3_Bays.png
diff --git a/aviary/docs/user_guide/images/BWB_FLOPS_geom.png b/aviary/docs/user_guide/images/BWB_FLOPS_geom.png
diff --git a/aviary/mission/height_energy_problem_configurator.py b/aviary/mission/height_energy_problem_configurator.py
@@ -394,7 +394,11 @@ def add_post_mission_systems(self, aviary_group):
             )
 
         if aviary_group.post_mission_info['include_landing']:
-            self._add_landing_systems(aviary_group)
+            if 'aircraft:wing:area' in aviary_group.aviary_inputs:
+                self._add_landing_systems(aviary_group)
+            else:
+                print('Aircraft.Wing.AREA is not given. Set include_landing = False')
+                aviary_group.post_mission_info['include_landing'] = False
 
         aviary_group.add_subsystem(
             'range_constraint',

diff --git a/aviary/models/aircraft/blended_wing_body/bwb_detailed_FLOPS.csv b/aviary/models/aircraft/blended_wing_body/bwb_detailed_FLOPS.csv
@@ -27,13 +27,9 @@ aircraft:crew_and_payload:design:seat_pitch_tourist,32,inch
 aircraft:crew_and_payload:flight_crew_mass_scaler,1.0,unitless
 aircraft:crew_and_payload:misc_cargo,0.0,lbm
 aircraft:crew_and_payload:mass_per_passenger,165.0,lbm
-aircraft:crew_and_payload:num_business_class,100,unitless
-aircraft:crew_and_payload:num_first_class,28,unitless
 aircraft:crew_and_payload:num_flight_attendants,22,unitless
 aircraft:crew_and_payload:num_flight_crew,2,unitless
 aircraft:crew_and_payload:num_galley_crew,2,unitless
-aircraft:crew_and_payload:num_passengers,468,unitless
-aircraft:crew_and_payload:num_tourist_class,340,unitless
 aircraft:crew_and_payload:passenger_service_mass_scaler,1.0,unitless
 aircraft:crew_and_payload:wing_cargo,0.0,lbm
 aircraft:design:base_area,0.0,ft**2
@@ -98,8 +94,8 @@ aircraft:horizontal_tail:taper_ratio,0.0,unitless
 aircraft:horizontal_tail:thickness_to_chord,0.11,unitless
 aircraft:horizontal_tail:vertical_tail_fraction,0.0,unitless
 aircraft:horizontal_tail:wetted_area_scaler,1.0,unitless
-aircraft:hydraulics:system_pressure,3000.0,psi
 aircraft:hydraulics:mass_scaler,1.0,unitless
+aircraft:hydraulics:system_pressure,3000.0,psi
 aircraft:instruments:mass_scaler,1.0,unitless
 aircraft:landing_gear:main_gear_oleo_length,85.0,inch
 aircraft:landing_gear:main_gear_mass_scaler,1.0,unitless
@@ -152,18 +148,18 @@ aircraft:wing:var_sweep_mass_penalty,0.0,unitless
 aircraft:wing:wetted_area_scaler,1.0,unitless
 mission:constraints:max_mach,0.85,unitless
 mission:design:gross_mass,874099,lbm
-mission:design:lift_coefficient,-1.0,unitless
 mission:design:range,7750,NM
 mission:design:thrust_takeoff_per_eng,0.25,lbf
 mission:landing:initial_velocity,140,ft/s
-mission:landing:lift_coefficient_max,3.0,unitless
+#mission:landing:lift_coefficient_max,3.0,unitless
 mission:landing:rolling_friction_coefficient,0.025,unitless
 mission:takeoff:lift_coefficient_max,2.0,unitless
 mission:summary:cruise_mach,0.85,unitless
 mission:summary:fuel_flow_scaler,1.0,unitless
 settings:aerodynamics_method,FLOPS,unitless
 settings:equations_of_motion,height_energy,unitless
 settings:mass_method,FLOPS,unitless
+settings:verbosity,1,unitless
 
 # Unconverted Values
 AERIN.FLLDG,11000

diff --git a/aviary/models/aircraft/blended_wing_body/bwb_detailed_FLOPS.in b/aviary/models/aircraft/blended_wing_body/bwb_detailed_FLOPS.in
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+468 passenger BWB - Based on Boeing BWB450-1U, Karl Geiselhart
+
+ $OPTION
+MPRINT=1,
+IOPT=1,
+IANAL=3,
+INENG=1,
+ICOST=0,
+ITAKOF=0,
+ILAND=0,
+NOPRO=0,
+NOISE=0,
+IFITE=3,
+IXFL=1,
+IPOLP=0,
+IPLTTH=0,
+ $END
+
+ $WTIN
+DGW=874099,
+VMMO=0.85,
+DIH=3,
+FLAPR=0.333,
+GLOV=121.05,
+VARSWP=0,
+FCOMP=1,
+FAERT=0,
+FSTRT=0,
+NETAW=14,
+ETAW=0.35,0.4,0.45,0.5,0.55,0.6,0.6499,0.7,0.75,0.8,0.85,0.8999,0.95,1,
+CHD=58.03,0.4491,0.3884,0.3317,0.2886,0.2537,0.2269,0.2121,0.1983,0.1843,0.1704,0.1565,0.1426,0.1287,
+TOC=0.15,0.1132,0.0928,0.0822,0.0764,0.0742,0.0746,0.0758,0.0758,0.0756,0.0756,0.0758,0.076,0.076,
+SWL=0,0,0,0,0,0,0,42.9,42.9,42.9,42.9,42.9,42.9,42.9,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+SHT=0,
+SWPHT=0,
+ARHT=0,
+TRHT=0,
+TCHT=0,
+NVERT=0,
+NFIN=2,
+SFIN=184.89,
+ARFIN=1.952,
+TRFIN=0.464,
+SWPFIN=39.42,
+TCFIN=0.08,
+NFUSE=1,
+XL=0, ! XL=137.5 for fixed geom.
+WF=0,  ! WF=64.58
+DF=0,  ! DF=17
+XLP=0,  ! XLP=40
+XMLG=85,
+XNLG=87,
+CARBAS=0,
+NEW=0,
+NEF=3,
+THRSO=86459.2,
+WENG=22017,
+EEXP=1,
+WINL=0,
+XNAC=17.433,
+DNAC=12.608,
+NPF=28,
+NPB=100,
+NPT=340,
+NSTU=22,
+NFLCR=2,
+CARGF=0,
+FRWI=1,
+FRHT=1,
+FRVT=1,
+FRFU=1,
+FRNA=0,
+WTHR=0,
+WPMSC=0,
+WHYD=1,
+WAVONC=1,
+WFURN=1,
+ISPOWE=0,
+ $END
+
+ $FUSEIN
+ACABIN=0,
+FPITCH=61,
+NFABR=4,
+BPITCH=39,
+NBABR=4,
+TPITCH=32,
+NTABR=6,
+OSSPAN=86.75,
+ $END
+ $CONFIN
+DESRNG=7750,
+OFG=1,
+OFF=0,
+GW=874099,
+AR=7.557,0,
+THRUST=70000,1,0,0,0,0,
+SW=7621.66,1,
+TR=0.311,
+SWEEP=35.7,
+TCA=0.11,
+VCMN=0.85,
+CH=39000,
+ $END
+
+ $AERIN
+MYAERO=0,
+ITPAER=2,
+CAM=2,
+AITEK=2,
+XLLAM=0,
+E=0,
+WRATIO=0.8,
+VAPPR=140,
+FLTO=11000,
+FLLDG=11000,
+THROFF=0.25,
+ $END
+
+ $ENGDIN
+IGENEN=-1,
+EIFILE='ENGDEK',
+IDLE=1,
+MAXCR=1,
+NOX=1,
+ $END
+
+ $MISSIN
+FCDO=1,
+FCDI=1,
+ISKAL=1,
+IFLAG=2,
+MSUMPT=1,
+IRW=2,
+IATA=0,
+NPCON=1,
+TAKOTM=2,
+TAXOTM=9,
+APPRTM=4,
+TAXITM=5,
+ITTFF=1,
+NCLIMB=1,
+CLAMIN=0,
+FWF=-0.001,
+NCRUSE=3,
+IOC=1,4,4,
+CRMACH=0.85,0.6,0,
+CRALT=45000,25000,1500,
+RCIN=300,
+IVS=1,
+DEAMIN=0,
+IRS=1,
+RESTRP=0.05,
+TIMMAP=2,
+ALTRAN=200,
+NCLRES=1,
+NCRRES=2,
+HOLDTM=30,
+NCRHOL=3,
+IHOPOS=1,
+THOLD=0.1,
+NCRTH=1,
+ $END
+START
+CLIMB
+CRUISE
+DESCENT
+END
+
+ $PCONIN
+CONALT=35000,
+CONMCH=0.85,
+CONPC=1,
+ICONSG=2,
+CONLIM=300,
+ICONTP=5,
+ $END
+
+ $RERUN
+ $END
+
+ $MISSIN
+IRW=1,
+NPCON=0,
+ $END
+START
+CLIMB
+CRUISE
+DESCENT
+END
diff --git a/aviary/models/aircraft/blended_wing_body/bwb_detailed_FLOPS_data.py b/aviary/models/aircraft/blended_wing_body/bwb_detailed_FLOPS_data.py
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 inputs.set_val(Aircraft.Design.SUPERSONIC_DRAG_COEFF_FACTOR, 1.0)  # FCDSUP
 inputs.set_val(Aircraft.Design.ZERO_LIFT_DRAG_COEFF_FACTOR, 1.0)  # FCDO
 inputs.set_val(Aircraft.Design.TYPE, AircraftTypes.BLENDED_WING_BODY)
-inputs.set_val(Mission.Design.LIFT_COEFFICIENT, -1.0)  # FCLDES
 inputs.set_val(Aircraft.Fuselage.SIMPLE_LAYOUT, False)
 inputs.set_val(Aircraft.BWB.DETAILED_WING_PROVIDED, True)
 
@@ -52,10 +51,6 @@
 inputs.set_val(Aircraft.CrewPayload.Design.NUM_FIRST_CLASS, 28)  # NPF
 inputs.set_val(Aircraft.CrewPayload.Design.NUM_PASSENGERS, 468, units='unitless')  # NPB+NPF+NPT
 inputs.set_val(Aircraft.CrewPayload.Design.NUM_TOURIST_CLASS, 340)  # NPT
-inputs.set_val(Aircraft.CrewPayload.NUM_BUSINESS_CLASS, 100)  # NPB
-inputs.set_val(Aircraft.CrewPayload.NUM_FIRST_CLASS, 28)  # NPF
-inputs.set_val(Aircraft.CrewPayload.NUM_PASSENGERS, 468, units='unitless')  # sum of three classes
-inputs.set_val(Aircraft.CrewPayload.NUM_TOURIST_CLASS, 340)  # NPT
 inputs.set_val(Aircraft.CrewPayload.Design.NUM_SEATS_ABREAST_BUSINESS, 4)  # NBABR
 inputs.set_val(Aircraft.CrewPayload.Design.NUM_SEATS_ABREAST_FIRST, 4)  # NFABR
 inputs.set_val(Aircraft.CrewPayload.Design.NUM_SEATS_ABREAST_TOURIST, 6)  # NTABR
@@ -89,13 +84,13 @@
 # Fuel
 # ---------------------------
 inputs.set_val(Aircraft.Fuel.AUXILIARY_FUEL_CAPACITY, 0.0, 'lbm')  # FULAUX
-inputs.set_val(Aircraft.Fuel.DENSITY, 6.7, 'lbm/galUS')  # FULDEN
 inputs.set_val(Aircraft.Fuel.FUEL_SYSTEM_MASS_SCALER, 1.0)  # WFSYS
 inputs.set_val(Aircraft.Fuel.FUSELAGE_FUEL_CAPACITY, 0.0, 'lbm')  # FULFMX
 inputs.set_val(Aircraft.Fuel.NUM_TANKS, 7)  # NTANK
 inputs.set_val(Aircraft.Fuel.UNUSABLE_FUEL_MASS_SCALER, 1.0)  # WUF
 inputs.set_val(Aircraft.Fuel.IGNORE_FUEL_CAPACITY_CONSTRAINT, False)  # IFUFU
 inputs.set_val(Aircraft.Fuel.WING_FUEL_FRACTION, 0.68835495693, 'unitless')
+inputs.set_val(Aircraft.Fuel.DENSITY, 6.7, 'lbm/galUS')
 
 # Furnishings
 # ---------------------------
@@ -288,7 +283,7 @@
 inputs.set_val(Mission.Constraints.MAX_MACH, 0.85)  # VMMO
 # inputs.set_val(Mission.Takeoff.FUEL_SIMPLE, 577, 'lbm')  # FTKOFL
 
-inputs.set_val(Mission.Landing.LIFT_COEFFICIENT_MAX, 3.0)  # CLLDM
+# inputs.set_val(Mission.Landing.LIFT_COEFFICIENT_MAX, 3.0)  # CLLDM
 inputs.set_val(Mission.Takeoff.LIFT_COEFFICIENT_MAX, 2)  # CLTOM
 # inputs.set_val(Mission.Takeoff.LIFT_OVER_DRAG, 17.354)
 inputs.set_val(Aircraft.Design.LANDING_TO_TAKEOFF_MASS_RATIO, 0.8)  # WRATIO

diff --git a/aviary/models/aircraft/blended_wing_body/bwb_simple_FLOPS.csv b/aviary/models/aircraft/blended_wing_body/bwb_simple_FLOPS.csv
@@ -27,13 +27,9 @@ aircraft:crew_and_payload:design:seat_pitch_tourist,32,inch
 aircraft:crew_and_payload:flight_crew_mass_scaler,1.0,unitless
 aircraft:crew_and_payload:misc_cargo,0.0,lbm
 aircraft:crew_and_payload:mass_per_passenger,165.0,lbm
-aircraft:crew_and_payload:num_business_class,100,unitless
-aircraft:crew_and_payload:num_first_class,28,unitless
 aircraft:crew_and_payload:num_flight_attendants,22,unitless
 aircraft:crew_and_payload:num_flight_crew,2,unitless
 aircraft:crew_and_payload:num_galley_crew,2,unitless
-aircraft:crew_and_payload:num_passengers,468,unitless
-aircraft:crew_and_payload:num_tourist_class,340,unitless
 aircraft:crew_and_payload:passenger_service_mass_scaler,1.0,unitless
 aircraft:crew_and_payload:wing_cargo,0.0,lbm
 aircraft:design:base_area,0.0,ft**2
@@ -100,8 +96,8 @@ aircraft:horizontal_tail:taper_ratio,0.0,unitless
 aircraft:horizontal_tail:thickness_to_chord,0.11,unitless
 aircraft:horizontal_tail:vertical_tail_fraction,0.0,unitless
 aircraft:horizontal_tail:wetted_area_scaler,1.0,unitless
-aircraft:hydraulics:system_pressure,3000.0,psi
 aircraft:hydraulics:mass_scaler,1.0,unitless
+aircraft:hydraulics:system_pressure,3000.0,psi
 aircraft:instruments:mass_scaler,1.0,unitless
 aircraft:landing_gear:main_gear_oleo_length,85.0,inch
 aircraft:landing_gear:main_gear_mass_scaler,1.0,unitless
@@ -145,24 +141,23 @@ aircraft:wing:surface_control_mass_scaler,1.0,unitless
 aircraft:wing:sweep,35.7,deg
 aircraft:wing:taper_ratio,0.311,unitless
 aircraft:wing:thickness_to_chord,0.11,unitless
-aircraft:wing:thickness_to_chord_reference,0.11,unitless
 aircraft:wing:ultimate_load_factor,3.75,unitless
 aircraft:wing:var_sweep_mass_penalty,0.0,unitless
 aircraft:wing:wetted_area_scaler,1.0,unitless
 mission:constraints:max_mach,0.85,unitless
 mission:design:gross_mass,874099,lbm
-mission:design:lift_coefficient,-1.0,unitless
 mission:design:range,7750,NM
 mission:design:thrust_takeoff_per_eng,0.25,lbf
 mission:landing:initial_velocity,140,ft/s
-mission:landing:lift_coefficient_max,3.0,unitless
+#mission:landing:lift_coefficient_max,3.0,unitless
 mission:landing:rolling_friction_coefficient,0.025,unitless
 mission:takeoff:lift_coefficient_max,2.0,unitless
 mission:summary:cruise_mach,0.85,unitless
 mission:summary:fuel_flow_scaler,1.0,unitless
 settings:aerodynamics_method,FLOPS,unitless
 settings:equations_of_motion,height_energy,unitless
 settings:mass_method,FLOPS,unitless
+settings:verbosity,1,unitless
 
 # Unconverted Values
 AERIN.FLLDG,11000