fix(ast lowerer): ARK-353, load arguments in tail calls by value and not by ref

[SuperFola]

Description

(let f(fun(a b)(if a {(print a" "b) (f b (- a 1))})))
(f 9 9)

works, but replacing b with {b} or (or 0 b) breaks, as it uses a LOAD_FAST_BY_INDEX instead of a LOAD_SYMBOL. This PR fixes this behavior inside tail calls to use LOAD_SYMBOL.

Checklist

• I have read the Contributor guide
• My code follows the style guidelines of this project
• I have commented my code, particularly in hard-to-understand areas
• I have updated the documentation if needed (on https://github.com/ArkScript-lang/website, content/docs/)
• I have added tests that prove my fix/feature is working
• New and existing tests pass locally with my changes

[github-actions]

Static analysis report

Lizard report

Listing only functions with cyclomatic complexity >= 15 or NLOC >= 100 or parameters >= 6.

Filename	Start line:end line	Function name	Parameters	NLOC	CCN
src/arkreactor/Compiler/Lowerer/ASTLowerer.cpp	355:434	Ark::internal::ASTLowerer::compileListInstruction	3	64	32
src/arkreactor/Compiler/Lowerer/ASTLowerer.cpp	845:991	Ark::internal::ASTLowerer::handleFunctionCall	3	114	30
src/arkreactor/Compiler/Lowerer/ASTLowerer.cpp	212:317	Ark::internal::ASTLowerer::compileExpression	5	88	29
src/arkreactor/Compiler/Lowerer/ASTLowerer.cpp	791:843	Ark::internal::ASTLowerer::handleOperator	3	42	18
src/arkreactor/Compiler/Lowerer/ASTLowerer.cpp	107:129	Ark::internal::ASTLowerer::nodeProducesOutput	1	18	17
src/arkreactor/Compiler/Lowerer/ASTLowerer.cpp	589:637	Ark::internal::ASTLowerer::compileLetMutSet	4	40	17
src/arkreactor/Compiler/Lowerer/ASTLowerer.cpp	506:587	Ark::internal::ASTLowerer::compileFunction	3	59	16

Report about files you didn't modify in this PR

Filename	Start line:end line	Function name	Parameters	NLOC	CCN
src/arkreactor/VM/VM.cpp	407:2156	Ark::VM::safeRun	3	1471	288
src/arkreactor/Compiler/Macros/Processor.cpp	259:634	Ark::internal::MacroProcessor::evaluate	3	344	115
src/arkreactor/Compiler/BytecodeReader.cpp	297:726	Ark::BytecodeReader::display	4	380	114
src/arkreactor/Error/Diagnostics.cpp	45:192	Ark::Diagnostics::makeContext	4	109	44
src/arkscript/main.cpp	24:383	main	2	310	43
src/arkscript/JsonCompiler.cpp	27:276	JsonCompiler::_compile	1	214	38
src/arkreactor/Compiler/NameResolution/NameResolutionPass.cpp	162:267	Ark::internal::NameResolutionPass::visitKeyword	3	85	35
src/arkreactor/Builtins/Slice.cpp	21:93	Ark::internal::Builtins::slice	1	63	34
src/arkreactor/Compiler/AST/Parser.cpp	841:932	Ark::internal::Parser::string	1	88	32
src/arkreactor/Compiler/AST/Node.cpp	179:285	Ark::internal::Node::repr	0	90	30
src/arkreactor/Compiler/Macros/Processor.cpp	107:191	Ark::internal::MacroProcessor::processNode	3	63	28
src/arkreactor/Compiler/AST/Node.cpp	287:368	Ark::internal::Node::debugPrint	1	70	26
src/arkreactor/TypeChecker.cpp	149:236	Ark::types::generateError	6	75	25
src/arkreactor/TypeChecker.cpp	32:147	Ark::types::displayContract	6	102	24
src/arkreactor/Compiler/AST/Parser.cpp	289:417	Ark::internal::Parser::import_	1	98	23
src/arkreactor/Compiler/NameResolution/NameResolutionPass.cpp	56:160	Ark::internal::NameResolutionPass::visit	2	83	23
include/utf8.hpp	138:184	utf8::isValid	1	44	21
src/arkreactor/VM/Value/Value.cpp	77:145	Ark::Value::toString	2	54	21
src/arkreactor/VM/VM.cpp	2310:2404	Ark::VM::backtrace	3	81	20
src/arkreactor/Compiler/AST/Optimizer.cpp	35:85	Ark::internal::Optimizer::countAndPruneDeadCode	1	42	20
src/arkreactor/VM/Debugger.cpp	251:327	Ark::internal::Debugger::prompt	4	70	19
src/arkreactor/Compiler/NameResolution/StaticScope.cpp	68:109	Ark::internal::NamespaceScope::get	3	32	19
src/arkscript/Formatter.cpp	501:560	Formatter::formatCall	2	51	19
src/arkreactor/Compiler/AST/Optimizer.cpp	87:144	Ark::internal::Optimizer::pruneUnusedGlobalVariables	1	50	18
src/arkreactor/Builtins/String.cpp	46:112	fmt::formatter::parse	1	59	18
src/arkscript/Formatter.cpp	186:248	Formatter::format	3	59	18
src/arkreactor/Compiler/Macros/Executors/Function.cpp	16:89	Ark::internal::FunctionExecutor::applyMacro	2	56	17
include/Ark/Compiler/AST/Predicates.hpp	132:156	Ark::internal::IsSymbol::operator ( )	1	24	16
src/arkscript/Formatter.cpp	298:339	Formatter::formatFunction	2	35	16
src/arkreactor/VM/VM.cpp	2168:2225	Ark::VM::throwArityError	4	47	15
src/arkreactor/Compiler/Macros/Executors/Function.cpp	99:156	Ark::internal::FunctionExecutor::unify	5	50	15
src/arkreactor/Compiler/IntermediateRepresentation/IROptimizer.cpp	22:260	Ark::internal::IROptimizer::IROptimizer	1	219	14
src/arkreactor/Error/Diagnostics.cpp	194:211	Ark::Diagnostics::helper	7	17	2

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CppCheck report

Filename	Line	Type	Description
src/arkreactor/Compiler/Lowerer/ASTLowerer.cpp	612	style	Consider using std::count_if algorithm instead of a raw loop.

Report files about files you didn't modify in this PR

Filename	Line	Type	Description
include/Ark/VM/VM.inl	258	style	Variable 'maybe_value_ptr' can be declared as pointer to const
src/arkreactor/Builtins/Bytecode.cpp	23	style	Parameter 'vm' can be declared as pointer to const
src/arkreactor/Builtins/IO.cpp	165	style	Consider using std::transform algorithm instead of a raw loop.
src/arkreactor/Compiler/BytecodeReader.cpp	478	style	struct member 'Arg::kind' is never used.
src/arkreactor/Compiler/IntermediateRepresentation/IROptimizer.cpp	249	style	Consider using std::transform algorithm instead of a raw loop.
src/arkreactor/Compiler/IntermediateRepresentation/IROptimizer.cpp	256	style	Consider using std::transform algorithm instead of a raw loop.
src/arkreactor/Compiler/NameResolution/ScopeResolver.cpp	134	style	Consider using std::find_if algorithm instead of a raw loop.
src/arkreactor/VM/VM.cpp	281	error	Iterators of different containers 'm_execution_contexts.emplace_back(std::make_unique())' and 'm_execution_contexts.front()' are used together.
include/Ark/VM/Value/Future.hpp	50	style	Unused private function: 'Future::deleteSelfViaVM'
src/arkreactor/VM/Value/Future.cpp	23	performance	Variable 'm_value' is assigned in constructor body. Consider performing initialization in initialization list.

[github-actions]

Super Instructions report

Some Super Instructions are under the usage threshold (16).

Super Instruction	Uses in compiled code
INCREMENT_BY_INDEX	15
INCREMENT	15
STORE_FROM	14
LT_CONST_JUMP_IF_FALSE	8
NEQ_SYM_JUMP_IF_FALSE	4
SET_VAL_TAIL	4
STORE_HEAD	2
MUL_BY	2
GT_SYM_JUMP_IF_FALSE	2
CHECK_TYPE_OF	2
NEQ_CONST_JUMP_IF_TRUE	2
SET_VAL_TAIL_BY_INDEX	1
SET_VAL_HEAD_BY_INDEX	1
MUL_SET_VAL	1
SET_VAL_HEAD	1
STORE_TAIL	1

Super Instructions over the threshold

Super Instruction	Uses in compiled code
CALL_SYMBOL	4316
LOAD_CONST_LOAD_CONST	2520
LOAD_CONST_STORE	2387
LOAD_CONST_SET_VAL	658
CALL_BUILTIN	653
INCREMENT_STORE	520
AT_SYM_SYM	513
GET_FIELD_FROM_SYMBOL_INDEX	486
CALL_BUILTIN_WITHOUT_RETURN_ADDRESS	452
STORE_LIST	362
APPEND_IN_PLACE_SYM	326
LT_LEN_SYM_JUMP_IF_FALSE	296
CALL_SYMBOL_BY_INDEX	291
GET_FIELD_FROM_SYMBOL	279
LT_SYM_JUMP_IF_FALSE	148
EQ_SYM_INDEX_JUMP_IF_TRUE	140
STORE_FROM_INDEX	107
SET_VAL_FROM_INDEX	103
SET_VAL_FROM	94
FUSED_MATH	86
AT_SYM_INDEX_SYM_INDEX	82
STORE_LEN	80
LT_CONST_JUMP_IF_TRUE	75
CALL_CURRENT_PAGE	73
DECREMENT_BY_INDEX	61
EQ_CONST_JUMP_IF_TRUE	48
DECREMENT_STORE	45
GT_CONST_JUMP_IF_TRUE	45
AT_SYM_INDEX_CONST	43
GT_CONST_JUMP_IF_FALSE	39
MUL_BY_INDEX	37
STORE_HEAD_BY_INDEX	35
STORE_TAIL_BY_INDEX	34
CHECK_TYPE_OF_BY_INDEX	27
APPEND_IN_PLACE_SYM_INDEX	22
DECREMENT	18

[coveralls]

Pull Request Test Coverage Report for Build 23689880602

Details

• 33 of 33 (100.0%) changed or added relevant lines in 1 file are covered.
• No unchanged relevant lines lost coverage.
• Overall coverage increased (+0.003%) to 93.758%

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Totals
Change from base Build 23607845768:	0.003%
Covered Lines:	9704
Relevant Lines:	10350

---

💛 - Coveralls

[github-actions]

Fuzzing report

/usr/local/bin/afl-whatsup status check tool for afl-fuzz by Michal Zalewski

Summary stats

    Fuzzers alive : 0
   Dead or remote : 1 (included in stats)
   Total run time : 5 minutes, 0 seconds
      Total execs : 31 thousands
 Cumulative speed : 104 execs/sec
    Pending items : 157 faves, 1291 total
 Coverage reached : 10.01%
    Crashes saved : 0
      Hangs saved : 0

Cycles without finds : 0
Time without finds : 0

[+] Captured 43902 tuples (map size 243009, highest value 255, total values 481561544) in '/dev/null'.
[+] A coverage of 43902 edges were achieved out of 243072 existing (18.06%) with 1299 input files.