🟦 Backend Developer Roadmap — TypeScript Edition

This roadmap is based on roadmap.sh/backend but fully tailored for TypeScript + Node.js.

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1. 🌐 Web & Internet Fundamentals

• How the web works: DNS, HTTP/HTTPS, domain, hosting, CDNs
• Client–server model: requests, responses, headers, status codes
• Learn about REST vs GraphQL vs gRPC
• WebSockets, SSE, long polling for real-time apps

Mini-projects:

• Build a raw Node.js HTTP server (in TS using ts-node)
• Implement a JSON API without frameworks

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2. 🟦 TypeScript Fundamentals

• TypeScript basics: types, interfaces, enums, generics
• Advanced types: unions, intersections, utility types
• Config: tsconfig.json, strict mode, module resolution
• Tooling: ts-node, tsc, ESLint + Prettier

Mini-projects:

• Convert a small JS project to TS
• Create a CLI calculator using TypeScript

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3. 🏗️ Node.js + Frameworks (with TypeScript)

• Core Node.js modules: fs, http, events, streams
• Express.js (with TS types & middlewares)
• NestJS (structured, enterprise-level backend)
• Fastify (for performance-focused APIs)

Mini-projects:

• REST API with Express + TS
• GraphQL API with Apollo Server + TS
• NestJS task manager API

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4. 🗄️ Databases & ORMs

• Relational: PostgreSQL, MySQL

• NoSQL: MongoDB, Redis

• Querying: SQL joins, indexing, transactions

• ORMs/ODMs (TypeScript-friendly):

  • Prisma (recommended)
  • TypeORM
  • Mongoose (MongoDB)

Mini-projects:

• Todo API with PostgreSQL + Prisma
• Blog API with MongoDB + Mongoose

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5. 🔒 Authentication & Security

• Sessions + cookies (express-session)
• JWT authentication (stateless)
• OAuth2 / Google Login (Passport.js or Auth0 SDK)
• Password hashing (bcrypt, argon2)
• Security headers with helmet
• Input validation with zod or class-validator

Mini-projects:

• JWT auth system in Express + TS
• Google OAuth login with Passport.js

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6. 🚀 Deployment & DevOps

• Environment configs: dotenv, cross-env
• Hosting: Railway, Render, Vercel, AWS EC2
• Reverse proxy: Nginx basics
• Docker: Dockerfile + docker-compose for Node.js + Postgres
• CI/CD: GitHub Actions, GitLab CI

Mini-projects:

• Dockerize a NestJS API + Postgres
• Deploy an Express API on Railway/Render

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7. 📊 Observability & Performance

• Logging: Winston, Pino
• Monitoring: Prometheus + Grafana (optional)
• API metrics: response times, error tracking (Sentry)
• Caching: Redis for sessions & queries
• Performance optimization: clustering, PM2

Mini-projects:

• Add Winston logging middleware
• Add Redis caching to an API

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8. 🏛️ System Design & Architecture

• Monolith vs Microservices in TypeScript
• Event-driven architecture (RabbitMQ, Kafka, NATS)
• CQRS and Domain-driven design (DDD) with NestJS
• API Gateway, rate limiting, throttling
• CAP theorem, ACID vs BASE

Mini-projects:

• Event-driven order + notification microservices
• Microservice with gRPC (TS with grpc-js)

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9. 🧪 Testing & Code Quality

• Unit testing: Jest + ts-jest
• Integration testing: Supertest + Jest
• End-to-end (E2E) tests with Playwright or Cypress
• Code quality: ESLint, Prettier, Husky (pre-commit hooks)

Mini-projects:

• Write Jest unit tests for blog API
• Integration tests for auth system

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10. 📂 Final Projects (Portfolio-Ready)

• Beginner: URL shortener, Weather API wrapper

• Intermediate:

  • E-commerce API (products, cart, orders, auth)
  • Chat backend with WebSockets + Redis

• Advanced:

  • SaaS backend (subscriptions, billing, roles)
  • Job queue system (BullMQ + Redis)

📁 Repo Folder Structure (TypeScript Focused)

backend-roadmap-ts/
├── README.md                # This roadmap
├── notes/                   # Notes & resources
│   ├── typescript.md
│   ├── nodejs.md
│   ├── databases.md
│   ├── auth.md
│   └── devops.md
├── fundamentals/
│   ├── raw-http-server-ts/
│   └── cli-calculator-ts/
├── express-nest/
│   ├── express-api-ts/
│   ├── graphql-apollo-ts/
│   └── nest-task-manager/
├── databases/
│   ├── prisma-postgres-todo/
│   └── mongoose-blog-api/
├── auth-security/
│   ├── jwt-auth-api/
│   ├── session-auth-api/
│   └── oauth-google/
├── deployment/
│   ├── dockerized-nestjs/
│   ├── nginx-config/
│   └── ci-cd-github-actions/
├── observability/
│   ├── winston-logger/
│   └── redis-caching/
├── system-design/
│   ├── microservices-orders/
│   └── event-driven-notifications/
├── testing/
│   ├── jest-unit-tests/
│   └── supertest-integration/
└── projects/
    ├── beginner/
    │   ├── url-shortener-ts/
    │   └── weather-api-ts/
    ├── intermediate/
    │   ├── ecommerce-api-ts/
    │   └── chat-backend-ts/
    └── advanced/
        ├── saas-backend-ts/
        └── job-queue-bullmq-ts/

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✅ Checklist for Completion

1 - Master TypeScript type system and advanced features

1 - Build a RESTful API with Express and TypeScript

2 - Implement authentication and authorization

3 - Integrate with SQL and NoSQL databases

4 - Write comprehensive tests for all components

5 - Containerize application with Docker

6 - Set up CI/CD pipeline

8 - Implement monitoring and logging

9 - Optimize application performance

10 - Deploy to a cloud platform