feat: limit execution cycles for network transactions

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 - Fixed `TransactionHeader` serialization for row insertion on database & fixed transaction cursor on retrievals ([#1701](https://github.com/0xMiden/node/issues/1701)).
 - Added KMS signing support in validator ([#1677](https://github.com/0xMiden/node/pull/1677)).
 - Added per-IP gRPC rate limiting across services as well as global concurrent connection limit ([#1746](https://github.com/0xMiden/node/issues/1746)).
-- Network transaction actors now share the same gRPC clients, limiting the number of file descriptors being used ([#1806](https://github.com/0xMiden/node/issues/1806)).
+- Added limit to execution cycles for a transaction network, configurable through CLI args (`--ntx-builder.max-tx-cycles`) ([#1801](https://github.com/0xMiden/node/issues/1801)).
 
 ### Changes
 
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
 - Fixed `bundled bootstrap` requiring `--validator.key.hex` or `--validator.key.kms-id` despite a default key being configured ([#1732](https://github.com/0xMiden/node/pull/1732)).
 - Fixed incorrectly classifying private notes with the network attachment as network notes ([#1378](https://github.com/0xMiden/node/pull/1738)).
 - Fixed accept header version negotiation rejecting all pre-release versions; pre-release label matching is now lenient, accepting any numeric suffix within the same label (e.g. `alpha.3` accepts `alpha.1`) ([#1755](https://github.com/0xMiden/node/pull/1755)).
+- Network transaction actors now share the same gRPC clients, limiting the number of file descriptors being used ([#1806](https://github.com/0xMiden/node/issues/1806)).
 
 ## v0.13.7 (2026-02-25)
 

bin/node/src/commands/mod.rs

@@ -48,10 +48,12 @@ const ENV_VALIDATOR_KEY: &str = "MIDEN_NODE_VALIDATOR_KEY";
 const ENV_VALIDATOR_KMS_KEY_ID: &str = "MIDEN_NODE_VALIDATOR_KMS_KEY_ID";
 const ENV_NTX_DATA_DIRECTORY: &str = "MIDEN_NODE_NTX_DATA_DIRECTORY";
 const ENV_NTX_BUILDER_URL: &str = "MIDEN_NODE_NTX_BUILDER_URL";
+const ENV_NTX_MAX_CYCLES: &str = "MIDEN_NTX_MAX_CYCLES";
 
 const DEFAULT_NTX_TICKER_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_millis(200);
 const DEFAULT_NTX_IDLE_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(5 * 60);
 const DEFAULT_NTX_SCRIPT_CACHE_SIZE: NonZeroUsize = NonZeroUsize::new(1000).unwrap();
+const DEFAULT_NTX_MAX_CYCLES: u32 = 1 << 16;
 
 /// Configuration for the Validator key used to sign blocks.
 ///
@@ -195,6 +197,17 @@ pub struct NtxBuilderConfig {
     )]
     pub max_account_crashes: usize,
 
+    /// Maximum number of VM execution cycles allowed for a single network transaction.
+    ///
+    /// Network transactions that exceed this limit will fail. Defaults to 2^16 (65536) cycles.
+    #[arg(
+        long = "ntx-builder.max-cycles",
+        env = ENV_NTX_MAX_CYCLES,
+        default_value_t = DEFAULT_NTX_MAX_CYCLES,
+        value_name = "NUM",
+    )]
+    pub max_tx_cycles: u32,
+
     /// Directory for the ntx-builder's persistent database.
     ///
     /// If not set, defaults to the node's data directory.
@@ -227,6 +240,7 @@ impl NtxBuilderConfig {
         .with_script_cache_size(self.script_cache_size)
         .with_idle_timeout(self.idle_timeout)
         .with_max_account_crashes(self.max_account_crashes)
+        .with_max_cycles(self.max_tx_cycles)
     }
 }
 

bin/node/src/tests.rs

@@ -35,3 +35,8 @@ fn bundled_bootstrap_parses() {
 fn bundled_start_parses() {
     let _ = parse(&["bundled", "start"]);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn bundled_start_with_max_cycles_parses() {
+    let _ = parse(&["bundled", "start", "--ntx-builder.max-cycles", "131072"]);
+}

crates/ntx-builder/src/actor/execute.rs

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ use miden_tx::auth::UnreachableAuth;
 use miden_tx::{
     DataStore,
     DataStoreError,
+    ExecutionOptions,
     FailedNote,
     LocalTransactionProver,
     MastForestStore,
@@ -108,6 +109,9 @@ pub struct NtxContext {
 
     /// Local database for persistent note script caching.
     db: Db,
+
+    /// Maximum number of VM execution cycles for network transactions.
+    max_cycles: u32,
 }
 
 impl NtxContext {
@@ -119,6 +123,7 @@ impl NtxContext {
         store: StoreClient,
         script_cache: LruCache<Word, NoteScript>,
         db: Db,
+        max_cycles: u32,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             block_producer,
@@ -127,9 +132,24 @@ impl NtxContext {
             store,
             script_cache,
             db,
+            max_cycles,
         }
     }
 
+    /// Creates a [`TransactionExecutor`] configured with the network transaction cycle limit.
+    fn create_executor<'a, 'b>(
+        &self,
+        data_store: &'a NtxDataStore,
+    ) -> TransactionExecutor<'a, 'b, NtxDataStore, UnreachableAuth> {
+        let exec_options =
+            ExecutionOptions::new(Some(self.max_cycles), self.max_cycles, false, false)
+                .expect("max_cycles should be within valid range");
+
+        TransactionExecutor::new(data_store)
+            .with_options(exec_options)
+            .expect("execution options should be valid for transaction executor")
+    }
+
     /// Executes a transaction end-to-end: filtering, executing, proving, and submitted to the block
     /// producer.
     ///
@@ -235,8 +255,7 @@ impl NtxContext {
         data_store: &NtxDataStore,
         notes: Vec<Note>,
     ) -> NtxResult<(InputNotes<InputNote>, Vec<FailedNote>)> {
-        let executor: TransactionExecutor<'_, '_, _, UnreachableAuth> =
-            TransactionExecutor::new(data_store);
+        let executor = self.create_executor(data_store);
         let checker = NoteConsumptionChecker::new(&executor);
 
         match Box::pin(checker.check_notes_consumability(
@@ -279,8 +298,7 @@ impl NtxContext {
         data_store: &NtxDataStore,
         notes: InputNotes<InputNote>,
     ) -> NtxResult<ExecutedTransaction> {
-        let executor: TransactionExecutor<'_, '_, _, UnreachableAuth> =
-            TransactionExecutor::new(data_store);
+        let executor = self.create_executor(data_store);
 
         Box::pin(executor.execute_transaction(
             data_store.account.id(),

crates/ntx-builder/src/actor/mod.rs

@@ -75,6 +75,8 @@ pub struct AccountActorContext {
     pub db: Db,
     /// Channel for sending requests to the coordinator (via the builder event loop).
     pub request_tx: mpsc::Sender<ActorRequest>,
+    /// Maximum number of VM execution cycles for network transactions.
+    pub max_cycles: u32,
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -110,6 +112,7 @@ impl AccountActorContext {
             idle_timeout: Duration::from_secs(60),
             db: db.clone(),
             request_tx,
+            max_cycles: 1 << 16,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -217,6 +220,8 @@ pub struct AccountActor {
     idle_timeout: Duration,
     /// Channel for sending requests to the coordinator.
     request_tx: mpsc::Sender<ActorRequest>,
+    /// Maximum number of VM execution cycles for network transactions.
+    max_cycles: u32,
 }
 
 impl AccountActor {
@@ -243,6 +248,7 @@ impl AccountActor {
             max_note_attempts: actor_context.max_note_attempts,
             idle_timeout: actor_context.idle_timeout,
             request_tx: actor_context.request_tx.clone(),
+            max_cycles: actor_context.max_cycles,
         }
     }
 
@@ -390,6 +396,7 @@ impl AccountActor {
             self.store.clone(),
             self.script_cache.clone(),
             self.db.clone(),
+            self.max_cycles,
         );
 
         let notes = tx_candidate.notes.clone();

crates/ntx-builder/src/lib.rs

@@ -67,6 +67,12 @@ const DEFAULT_IDLE_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(5 * 60);
 /// Default maximum number of crashes an account actor is allowed before being deactivated.
 const DEFAULT_MAX_ACCOUNT_CRASHES: usize = 10;
 
+/// Default maximum number of VM execution cycles allowed for a network transaction.
+///
+/// This limits the computational cost of network transactions. The protocol maximum is
+/// `1 << 29` but network transactions should be much cheaper.
+const DEFAULT_MAX_TX_CYCLES: u32 = 1 << 16;
+
 // CONFIGURATION
 // =================================================================================================
 
@@ -119,6 +125,12 @@ pub struct NtxBuilderConfig {
     /// Once this limit is reached, no new transactions will be created for this account.
     pub max_account_crashes: usize,
 
+    /// Maximum number of VM execution cycles allowed for a single network transaction.
+    ///
+    /// Network transactions that exceed this limit will fail with an execution error.
+    /// Defaults to 64k cycles.
+    pub max_cycles: u32,
+
     /// Path to the SQLite database file used for persistent state.
     pub database_filepath: PathBuf,
 }
@@ -143,6 +155,7 @@ impl NtxBuilderConfig {
             account_channel_capacity: DEFAULT_ACCOUNT_CHANNEL_CAPACITY,
             idle_timeout: DEFAULT_IDLE_TIMEOUT,
             max_account_crashes: DEFAULT_MAX_ACCOUNT_CRASHES,
+            max_cycles: DEFAULT_MAX_TX_CYCLES,
             database_filepath,
         }
     }
@@ -224,6 +237,13 @@ impl NtxBuilderConfig {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Sets the maximum number of VM execution cycles for network transactions.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn with_max_cycles(mut self, max: u32) -> Self {
+        self.max_cycles = max;
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Builds and initializes the network transaction builder.
     ///
     /// This method connects to the store and block producer services, fetches the current
@@ -286,6 +306,7 @@ impl NtxBuilderConfig {
             idle_timeout: self.idle_timeout,
             db: db.clone(),
             request_tx,
+            max_cycles: self.max_cycles,
         };
 
         Ok(NetworkTransactionBuilder::new(