Technician2018.json

{
  "Element": 2,
  "OperationPrivileges": "Technician Class",
  "NumberOfExamQuestions": 35,
  "MinimumPassingScore": 26,
  "StartDate": "2018-07-01",
  "EndDate": "2022-06-30",
  "SubElements": [
    {
      "label": "T1",
      "description": "FCC Rules, descriptions, and definitions for the Amateur Radio Service, operator and station license responsibilities",
      "examQuestions": 6,
      "subTopics": [
        {
          "label": "T1A",
          "description": "Amateur Radio Service: purpose and permissible use of the Amateur Radio Service, operator/primary station license grant; Meanings of basic terms used in FCC rules; Interference; RACES rules; Phonetics; Frequency Coordinator",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T1A01",
              "text": "Which of the following is a purpose of the Amateur Radio Service as stated in the FCC rules and regulations?",
              "rulesReference": "97.1",
              "distractors": [
                "Providing personal radio communications for as many citizens as possible",
                "Providing communications for international non-profit organizations",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "Advancing skills in the technical and communication phases of the radio art"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1A02",
              "text": "Which agency regulates and enforces the rules for the Amateur Radio Service in the United States?",
              "rulesReference": "97.1",
              "distractors": [
                "FEMA",
                "Homeland Security",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "The FCC"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1A03",
              "text": "What are the FCC rules regarding the use of a phonetic alphabet for station identification in the Amateur Radio Service?",
              "rulesReference": "97.119(b)(2)",
              "distractors": [
                "It is required when transmitting emergency messages",
                "It is prohibited",
                "It is required when in contact with foreign stations"
              ],
              "answer": "It is encouraged"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1A04",
              "text": "How many operator/primary station license grants may be held by any one person?",
              "rulesReference": "97.5(b)(1)",
              "distractors": [
                "No more than two",
                "One for each band on which the person plans to operate",
                "One for each permanent station location from which the person plans to operate"
              ],
              "answer": "One"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1A05",
              "text": "What is proof of possession of an FCC-issued operator/primary license grant?",
              "rulesReference": "97.7",
              "distractors": [
                "A printed operator/primary station license issued by the FCC must be displayed at the transmitter site",
                "The control operator must have an operator/primary station license in his or her possession when in control of a transmitter",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "The control operator's operator/primary station license must appear in the FCC ULS consolidated licensee database"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1A06",
              "text": "What is the FCC Part 97 definition of a beacon?",
              "rulesReference": "97.3(a)(9)",
              "distractors": [
                "A government transmitter marking the amateur radio band edges",
                "A bulletin sent by the FCC to announce a national emergency",
                "A continuous transmission of weather information authorized in the amateur bands by the National Weather Service"
              ],
              "answer": "An amateur station transmitting communications for the purposes of observing propagation or related experimental activities"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1A07",
              "text": "What is the FCC Part 97 definition of a space station?",
              "rulesReference": "97.3(a)(41)",
              "distractors": [
                "Any satellite orbiting the earth",
                "A manned satellite orbiting the earth",
                "An amateur station using amateur radio satellites for relay of signals"
              ],
              "answer": "An amateur station located more than 50 km above the Earth's surface"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1A08",
              "text": "Which of the following entities recommends transmit/receive channels and other parameters for auxiliary and repeater stations?",
              "rulesReference": "97.3(a)(22)",
              "distractors": [
                "Frequency Spectrum Manager appointed by the FCC",
                "FCC Regional Field Office",
                "International Telecommunications Union"
              ],
              "answer": "Volunteer Frequency Coordinator recognized by local amateurs"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1A09",
              "text": "Who selects a Frequency Coordinator?",
              "rulesReference": "97.3(a)(22)",
              "distractors": [
                "The FCC Office of Spectrum Management and Coordination Policy",
                "The local chapter of the Office of National Council of Independent Frequency Coordinators",
                "FCC Regional Field Office"
              ],
              "answer": "Amateur operators in a local or regional area whose stations are eligible to be repeater or auxiliary stations"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1A10",
              "text": "Which of the following describes the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES)?",
              "rulesReference": "97.3(a)(38), 97.407",
              "distractors": [
                "A radio service using amateur frequencies for emergency management or civil defense communications",
                "A radio service using amateur stations for emergency management or civil defense communications",
                "An emergency service using amateur operators certified by a civil defense organization as being enrolled in that organization"
              ],
              "answer": "All of these choices are correct"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1A11",
              "text": "When is willful interference to other amateur radio stations permitted?",
              "rulesReference": "97.101 (d)",
              "distractors": [
                "To stop another amateur station which is breaking the FCC rules",
                "When making short test transmissions",
                "At any time, stations in the Amateur Radio Service are not protected from willful interference"
              ],
              "answer": "At no time"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": "T1B",
          "description": "Authorized frequencies: frequency allocations; ITU; emission modes; restricted sub-bands; spectrum sharing; transmissions near band edges; contacting the International Space Station; power output",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T1B01",
              "text": "What is the International Telecommunications Union (ITU)?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "An agency of the United States Department of Telecommunications Management",
                "An independent frequency coordination agency",
                "A department of the FCC"
              ],
              "answer": "A United Nations agency for information and communication technology issues"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1B02",
              "text": "Which amateur radio stations may make contact with an amateur radio station on the International Space Station (ISS) using 2 meter and 70 cm band frequencies?",
              "rulesReference": "97.301, 97.207(c)",
              "distractors": [
                "Only members of amateur radio clubs at NASA facilities",
                "Only the astronaut's family members who are hams",
                "Contacts with the ISS are not permitted on amateur radio frequencies"
              ],
              "answer": "Any amateur holding a Technician or higher-class license"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1B03",
              "text": "Which frequency is within the 6 meter amateur band?",
              "rulesReference": "97.301(a)",
              "distractors": [
                "49.00 MHz",
                "28.50 MHz",
                "222.15 MHz"
              ],
              "answer": "52.525 MHz"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1B04",
              "text": "Which amateur band are you using when your station is transmitting on 146.52 MHz?",
              "rulesReference": "97.301(a)",
              "distractors": [
                "20 meter band",
                "14 meter band",
                "6 meter band"
              ],
              "answer": "2 meter band"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1B05",
              "text": "What is the limitation for emissions on the frequencies between 219 and 220 MHz?",
              "rulesReference": "97.305(c)",
              "distractors": [
                "Spread spectrum only",
                "Emergency traffic only",
                "Fast-scan television only"
              ],
              "answer": "Fixed digital message forwarding systems only"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1B06",
              "text": "On which HF bands does a Technician class operator have phone privileges?",
              "rulesReference": "97.301(e), 97.305",
              "distractors": [
                "None",
                "80 meter, 40 meter, 15 meter and 10 meter bands",
                "30 meter band only"
              ],
              "answer": "10 meter band only"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1B07",
              "text": "Which of the following VHF/UHF frequency ranges are limited to CW only?",
              "rulesReference": "97.305(a), (c)",
              "distractors": [
                "219 MHz to 220 MHz and 420.0 MHz to 420.1 MHz",
                "902.0 MHz to 902.1 MHZ",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "50.0 MHz to 50.1 MHz and 144.0 MHz to 144.1 MHz"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1B08",
              "text": "Which of the following is a result of the fact that the Amateur Radio Service is secondary in all or portions of some amateur bands (such as portions of the 70 cm band)?",
              "rulesReference": "97.303",
              "distractors": [
                "U.S. amateurs must give foreign amateur stations priority in those portions",
                "International communications are not permitted in those portions",
                "Digital transmissions are not permitted in those portions"
              ],
              "answer": "U.S. amateurs may find non-amateur stations in those portions, and must avoid interfering with them"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1B09",
              "text": "Why should you not set your transmit frequency to be exactly at the edge of an amateur band or sub-band?",
              "rulesReference": "97.101(a), 97.301(a-e)",
              "distractors": [
                "To allow for calibration error in the transmitter frequency display",
                "So that modulation sidebands do not extend beyond the band edge",
                "To allow for transmitter frequency drift"
              ],
              "answer": "All of these choices are correct"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1B10",
              "text": "Which of the following HF bands have frequencies available to the Technician class operator for RTTY and data transmissions?",
              "rulesReference": "97.301(e), 97.305(c)",
              "distractors": [
                "10 meter, 12 meter, 17 meter, and 40 meter bands",
                "10 meter, 15 meter, 40 meter, and 80 meter bands",
                "30 meter band only"
              ],
              "answer": "10 meter band only"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1B11",
              "text": "What is the maximum peak envelope power output for Technician class operators using their assigned portions of the HF bands?",
              "rulesReference": "97.313",
              "distractors": [
                "100 watts",
                "50 watts",
                "10 watts"
              ],
              "answer": "200 watts"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1B12",
              "text": "Except for some specific restrictions, what is the maximum peak envelope power output for Technician class operators using frequencies above 30 MHz?",
              "rulesReference": "97.313(b)",
              "distractors": [
                "50 watts",
                "100 watts",
                "500 watts"
              ],
              "answer": "1500 watts"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": "T1C",
          "description": "Operator licensing: operator classes; sequential and vanity call sign systems; international communications; reciprocal operation; places where the Amateur Radio Service is regulated by the FCC; name and address on FCC license database; license term; renewal; grace period",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T1C01",
              "text": "For which license classes are new licenses currently available from the FCC?",
              "rulesReference": "97.9(a), 97.17(a)",
              "distractors": [
                "Novice, Technician, General, Advanced",
                "Technician, Technician Plus, General, Advanced",
                "Novice, Technician Plus, General, Advanced"
              ],
              "answer": "Technician, General, Amateur Extra"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1C02",
              "text": "Who may select a desired call sign under the vanity call sign rules?",
              "rulesReference": "97.19",
              "distractors": [
                "Only a licensed amateur with a General or Amateur Extra class license",
                "Only a licensed amateur with an Amateur Extra class license",
                "Only a licensed amateur who has been licensed continuously for more than 10 years"
              ],
              "answer": "Any licensed amateur"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1C03",
              "text": "What types of international communications is an FCC-licensed amateur radio station permitted to make?",
              "rulesReference": "97.117",
              "distractors": [
                "Communications incidental to conducting business or remarks of a personal nature",
                "Only communications incidental to contest exchanges, all other communications are prohibited",
                "Any communications that would be permitted by an international broadcast station"
              ],
              "answer": "Communications incidental to the purposes of the Amateur Radio Service and remarks of a personal character"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1C04",
              "text": "When are you allowed to operate your amateur station in a foreign country?",
              "rulesReference": "97.107",
              "distractors": [
                "When there is a mutual agreement allowing third party communications",
                "When authorization permits amateur communications in a foreign language",
                "When you are communicating with non-licensed individuals in another country"
              ],
              "answer": "When the foreign country authorizes it"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1C05",
              "text": "Which of the following is a valid call sign for a Technician class amateur radio station?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "KA1X",
                "W1XX",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "K1XXX"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1C06",
              "text": "From which of the following locations may an FCC-licensed amateur station transmit?",
              "rulesReference": "97.5(a)(2)",
              "distractors": [
                "From within any country that belongs to the International Telecommunications Union",
                "From within any country that is a member of the United Nations",
                "From anywhere within International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Regions 2 and 3"
              ],
              "answer": "From any vessel or craft located in international waters and documented or registered in the United States"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1C07",
              "text": "What may result when correspondence from the FCC is returned as undeliverable because the grantee failed to provide and maintain a correct mailing address with the FCC?",
              "rulesReference": "97.23",
              "distractors": [
                "Fine or imprisonment",
                "Require the licensee to be re-examined",
                "A reduction of one rank in operator class"
              ],
              "answer": "Revocation of the station license or suspension of the operator license"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1C08",
              "text": "What is the normal term for an FCC-issued primary station/operator amateur radio license grant?",
              "rulesReference": "97.25",
              "distractors": [
                "Five years",
                "Life",
                "Twenty years"
              ],
              "answer": "Ten years"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1C09",
              "text": "What is the grace period following the expiration of an amateur license within which the license may be renewed?",
              "rulesReference": "97.21(a)(b)",
              "distractors": [
                "Three years",
                "Five years",
                "Ten years"
              ],
              "answer": "Two years"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1C10",
              "text": "How soon after passing the examination for your first amateur radio license may you operate a transmitter on an Amateur Radio Service frequency?",
              "rulesReference": "97.5a",
              "distractors": [
                "Immediately",
                "30 days after the test date",
                "You must wait until you receive your license in the mail from the FCC"
              ],
              "answer": "As soon as your operator/station license grant appears in the FCC’s license database"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1C11",
              "text": "If your license has expired and is still within the allowable grace period, may you continue to operate a transmitter on Amateur Radio Service frequencies?",
              "rulesReference": "97.21(b)",
              "distractors": [
                "Yes, but only if you identify using the suffix GP",
                "Yes, but only during authorized nets",
                "Yes, for up to two years"
              ],
              "answer": "No, transmitting is not allowed until the FCC license database shows that the license has been renewed"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": "T1D",
          "description": "Authorized and prohibited transmission: communications with other countries; music; exchange of information with other services; indecent language; compensation for use of station; retransmission of other amateur signals; codes and ciphers; sale of equipment; unidentified transmissions; one-way transmission",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T1D01",
              "text": "With which countries are FCC-licensed amateur radio stations prohibited from exchanging communications?",
              "rulesReference": "97.111(a)(1)",
              "distractors": [
                "Any country whose administration has notified the American Radio Relay League (ARRL) that it objects to such communications",
                "Any country engaged in hostilities with another country",
                "Any country in violation of the War Powers Act of 1934"
              ],
              "answer": "Any country whose administration has notified the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) that it objects to such communications"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1D02",
              "text": "Under which of the following circumstances may an amateur radio station make one-way transmissions?",
              "rulesReference": "97.113(b),97.111(b)",
              "distractors": [
                "Under no circumstances",
                "At any time, as long as no music is transmitted",
                "At any time, as long as the material being transmitted did not originate from a commercial broadcast station"
              ],
              "answer": "When transmitting code practice, information bulletins, or transmissions necessary to provide emergency communications"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1D03",
              "text": "When is it permissible to transmit messages encoded to hide their meaning?",
              "rulesReference": "97.211(b), 97.215(b), 97.114(a)(4)",
              "distractors": [
                "Only during contests",
                "Only when operating mobile",
                "Only when frequencies above 1280 MHz are used"
              ],
              "answer": "Only when transmitting control commands to space stations or radio control craft"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1D04",
              "text": "Under what conditions is an amateur station authorized to transmit music using a phone emission?",
              "rulesReference": "97.113(a)(4), 97.113(c)",
              "distractors": [
                "When the music produces no spurious emissions",
                "When the purpose is to interfere with an illegal transmission",
                "When the music is transmitted above 1280 MHz"
              ],
              "answer": "When incidental to an authorized retransmission of manned spacecraft communications"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1D05",
              "text": "When may amateur radio operators use their stations to notify other amateurs of the availability of equipment for sale or trade?",
              "rulesReference": "97.113(a)(3)(ii)",
              "distractors": [
                "When the asking price is $100.00 or less",
                "When the asking price is less than its appraised value",
                "When the equipment is not the personal property of either the station licensee or the control operator or their close relatives"
              ],
              "answer": "When the equipment is normally used in an amateur station and such activity is not conducted on a regular basis"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1D06",
              "text": "What, if any, are the restrictions concerning transmission of language that may be considered indecent or obscene?",
              "rulesReference": "97.113(a)(4)",
              "distractors": [
                "The FCC maintains a list of words that are not permitted to be used on amateur frequencies",
                "The ITU maintains a list of words that are not permitted to be used on amateur frequencies",
                "There is no such prohibition"
              ],
              "answer": "Any such language is prohibited"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1D07",
              "text": "What types of amateur stations can automatically retransmit the signals of other amateur stations?",
              "rulesReference": "97.113(d)",
              "distractors": [
                "Auxiliary, beacon, or Earth stations",
                "Beacon, repeater, or space stations",
                "Earth, repeater, or space stations"
              ],
              "answer": "Repeater, auxiliary, or space stations"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1D08",
              "text": "In which of the following circumstances may the control operator of an amateur station receive compensation for operating that station?",
              "rulesReference": "97.113(a)(3)(iii)",
              "distractors": [
                "When the communication is related to the sale of amateur equipment by the control operator's employer",
                "When the communication is made to obtain emergency information for a local broadcast station",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "When the communication is incidental to classroom instruction at an educational institution"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1D09",
              "text": "Under which of the following circumstances are amateur stations authorized to transmit signals related to broadcasting, program production, or news gathering, assuming no other means is available?",
              "rulesReference": "97.113(5)(b)",
              "distractors": [
                "Only when broadcasting communications to or from the space shuttle",
                "Only where noncommercial programming is gathered and supplied exclusively to the National Public Radio network",
                "Only when using amateur repeaters linked to the internet"
              ],
              "answer": "Only where such communications directly relate to the immediate safety of human life or protection of property"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1D10",
              "text": "What is the meaning of the term broadcasting in the FCC rules for the Amateur Radio Service?",
              "rulesReference": "97.3(a)(10)",
              "distractors": [
                "Two-way transmissions by amateur stations",
                "Transmission of music",
                "Transmission of messages directed only to amateur operators"
              ],
              "answer": "Transmissions intended for reception by the general public"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1D11",
              "text": "When may an amateur station transmit without on-the-air identification?",
              "rulesReference": "97.119(a)",
              "distractors": [
                "When the transmissions are of a brief nature to make station adjustments",
                "When the transmissions are unmodulated",
                "When the transmitted power level is below 1 watt"
              ],
              "answer": "When transmitting signals to control model craft"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": "T1E",
          "description": "Control operator and control types: control operator required; eligibility; designation of control operator; privileges and duties; control point; local, automatic and remote control; location of control operator",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T1E01",
              "text": "When is an amateur station permitted to transmit without a control operator?",
              "rulesReference": "97.7(a)",
              "distractors": [
                "When using automatic control, such as in the case of a repeater",
                "When the station licensee is away and another licensed amateur is using the station",
                "When the transmitting station is an auxiliary station"
              ],
              "answer": "Never"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1E02",
              "text": "Who may be the control operator of a station communicating through an amateur satellite or space station?",
              "rulesReference": "97.301, 97.207(c)",
              "distractors": [
                "Only an Amateur Extra Class operator",
                "A General class or higher licensee who has a satellite operator certification",
                "Only an Amateur Extra Class operator who is also an AMSAT member"
              ],
              "answer": "Any amateur whose license privileges allow them to transmit on the satellite uplink frequency"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1E03",
              "text": "Who must designate the station control operator?",
              "rulesReference": "97.103(b)",
              "distractors": [
                "The FCC",
                "The frequency coordinator",
                "The ITU"
              ],
              "answer": "The station licensee"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1E04",
              "text": "What determines the transmitting privileges of an amateur station?",
              "rulesReference": "97.103(b)",
              "distractors": [
                "The frequency authorized by the frequency coordinator",
                "The frequencies printed on the license grant",
                "The highest class of operator license held by anyone on the premises"
              ],
              "answer": "The class of operator license held by the control operator"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1E05",
              "text": "What is an amateur station control point?",
              "rulesReference": "97.3(a)(14)",
              "distractors": [
                "The location of the station’s transmitting antenna",
                "The location of the station transmitting apparatus",
                "The mailing address of the station licensee"
              ],
              "answer": "The location at which the control operator function is performed"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1E06",
              "text": "When, under normal circumstances, may a Technician class licensee be the control operator of a station operating in an exclusive Amateur Extra class operator segment of the amateur bands?",
              "rulesReference": "97.301",
              "distractors": [
                "When operating a special event station",
                "As part of a multi-operator contest team",
                "When using a club station whose trustee is an Amateur Extra class operator licensee"
              ],
              "answer": "At no time"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1E07",
              "text": "When the control operator is not the station licensee, who is responsible for the proper operation of the station?",
              "rulesReference": "97.103(a)",
              "distractors": [
                "All licensed amateurs who are present at the operation",
                "Only the station licensee",
                "Only the control operator"
              ],
              "answer": "The control operator and the station licensee are equally responsible"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1E08",
              "text": "Which of the following is an example of automatic control?",
              "rulesReference": "97.3(a)(6), 97.205(d)",
              "distractors": [
                "Controlling the station over the internet",
                "Using a computer or other device to send CW automatically",
                "Using a computer or other device to identify automatically"
              ],
              "answer": "Repeater operation"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1E09",
              "text": "Which of the following is true of remote control operation?",
              "rulesReference": "97.109(c)",
              "distractors": [
                "The control operator must be at the control point",
                "A control operator is required at all times",
                "The control operator indirectly manipulates the controls"
              ],
              "answer": "All of these choices are correct"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1E10",
              "text": "Which of the following is an example of remote control as defined in Part 97?",
              "rulesReference": "97.3(a)(39)",
              "distractors": [
                "Repeater operation",
                "Controlling a model aircraft, boat, or car by amateur radio",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "Operating the station over the internet"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1E11",
              "text": "Who does the FCC presume to be the control operator of an amateur station, unless documentation to the contrary is in the station records?",
              "rulesReference": "97.103(a)",
              "distractors": [
                "The station custodian",
                "The third-party participant",
                "The person operating the station equipment"
              ],
              "answer": "The station licensee"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": "T1F",
          "description": "Station identification; repeaters; third-party communications; club stations; FCC inspection",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T1F01",
              "text": "When must the station licensee make the station and its records available for FCC inspection?",
              "rulesReference": "97.103(c)",
              "distractors": [
                "At any time ten days after notification by the FCC of such an inspection",
                "Only after failing to comply with an FCC notice of violation",
                "Only when presented with a valid warrant by an FCC official or government agent"
              ],
              "answer": "At any time upon request by an FCC representative"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1F02",
              "text": "When using tactical identifiers such as “Race Headquarters” during a community service net operation, how often must your station transmit the station’s FCC-assigned call sign?",
              "rulesReference": "97.119 (a)",
              "distractors": [
                "Never, the tactical call is sufficient",
                "Once during every hour",
                "At the end of every transmission"
              ],
              "answer": "At the end of each communication and every ten minutes during a communication"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1F03",
              "text": "When is an amateur station required to transmit its assigned call sign?",
              "rulesReference": "97.119(a)",
              "distractors": [
                "At the beginning of each contact, and every 10 minutes thereafter",
                "At least once during each transmission",
                "At least every 15 minutes during and at the end of a communication"
              ],
              "answer": "At least every 10 minutes during and at the end of a communication"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1F04",
              "text": "Which of the following is an acceptable language to use for station identification when operating in a phone sub-band?",
              "rulesReference": "97.119(b)(2)",
              "distractors": [
                "Any language recognized by the United Nations",
                "Any language recognized by the ITU",
                "English, French, or Spanish"
              ],
              "answer": "The English language"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1F05",
              "text": "What method of call sign identification is required for a station transmitting phone signals?",
              "rulesReference": "97.119(b)(2)",
              "distractors": [
                "Send the call sign followed by the indicator RPT",
                "Send the call sign followed by the indicator R",
                "Send the call sign using only a phone emission"
              ],
              "answer": "Send the call sign using a CW or phone emission"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1F06",
              "text": "Which of the following formats of a self-assigned indicator is acceptable when identifying using a phone transmission?",
              "rulesReference": "97.119(c)",
              "distractors": [
                "KL7CC stroke W3",
                "KL7CC slant W3",
                "KL7CC slash W3"
              ],
              "answer": "All of these choices are correct"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1F07",
              "text": "Which of the following restrictions apply when a non-licensed person is allowed to speak to a foreign station using a station under the control of a Technician class control operator?",
              "rulesReference": "97.115(a)(2)",
              "distractors": [
                "The person must be a U.S. citizen",
                "The licensed control operator must do the station identification",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "The foreign station must be one with which the U.S. has a third-party agreement"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1F08",
              "text": "What is meant by the term Third Party Communications?",
              "rulesReference": "97.3(a)(47)",
              "distractors": [
                "Amateur radio communications where three stations are in communications with one another",
                "Operation when the transmitting equipment is licensed to a person other than the control operator",
                "Temporary authorization for an unlicensed person to transmit on the amateur bands for technical experiments"
              ],
              "answer": "A message from a control operator to another amateur station control operator on behalf of another person"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1F09",
              "text": "What type of amateur station simultaneously retransmits the signal of another amateur station on a different channel or channels?",
              "rulesReference": "97.3(a)(40)",
              "distractors": [
                "Beacon station",
                "Earth station",
                "Message forwarding station"
              ],
              "answer": "Repeater station"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1F10",
              "text": "Who is accountable should a repeater inadvertently retransmit communications that violate the FCC rules?",
              "rulesReference": "97.205(g)",
              "distractors": [
                "The control operator of the repeater",
                "The owner of the repeater",
                "Both the originating station and the repeater owner"
              ],
              "answer": "The control operator of the originating station"
            },
            {
              "label": "T1F11",
              "text": "Which of the following is a requirement for the issuance of a club station license grant?",
              "rulesReference": "97.5(b)(2)",
              "distractors": [
                "The trustee must have an Amateur Extra class operator license grant",
                "The club must be registered with the American Radio Relay League",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "The club must have at least four members"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "label": "T2",
      "description": "Operating Procedures",
      "examQuestions": 3,
      "subTopics": [
        {
          "label": "T2A",
          "description": "Station operation: choosing an operating frequency; calling another station; test transmissions; procedural signs; use of minimum power; choosing an operating frequency; band plans; calling frequencies; repeater offsets",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T2A01",
              "text": "Which of the following is a common repeater frequency offset in the 2 meter band?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Plus or minus 5 MHz",
                "Plus or minus 500 kHz",
                "Plus or minus 1 MHz"
              ],
              "answer": "Plus or minus 600 kHz"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2A02",
              "text": "What is the national calling frequency for FM simplex operations in the 2 meter band?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "145.000 MHz",
                "432.100 MHz",
                "446.000 MHz"
              ],
              "answer": "146.520 MHz"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2A03",
              "text": "What is a common repeater frequency offset in the 70 cm band?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Plus or minus 600 kHz",
                "Plus or minus 500 kHz",
                "Plus or minus 1 MHz"
              ],
              "answer": "Plus or minus 5 MHz"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2A04",
              "text": "What is an appropriate way to call another station on a repeater if you know the other station's call sign?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Say \"break, break,\" then say the station's call sign",
                "Say \"CQ\" three times, then the other station's call sign",
                "Wait for the station to call CQ, then answer it"
              ],
              "answer": "Say the station's call sign, then identify with your call sign"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2A05",
              "text": "How should you respond to a station calling CQ?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Transmit \"CQ\" followed by the other station’s call sign",
                "Transmit your call sign followed by the other station’s call sign",
                "Transmit a signal report followed by your call sign"
              ],
              "answer": "Transmit the other station’s call sign followed by your call sign"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2A06",
              "text": "Which of the following is required when making on-the-air test transmissions?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Conduct tests only between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. local time",
                "Notify the FCC of the transmissions",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "Identify the transmitting station"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2A07",
              "text": "What is meant by \"repeater offset?\"",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The repeater has a time delay to prevent interference",
                "The repeater station identification is done on a separate frequency",
                "The number of simultaneous transmit frequencies used by a repeater"
              ],
              "answer": "The difference between a repeater’s transmit frequency and its receive frequency"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2A08",
              "text": "What is the meaning of the procedural signal “CQ”?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Call on the quarter hour",
                "A new antenna is being tested (no station should answer)",
                "Only the called station should transmit"
              ],
              "answer": "Calling any station"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2A09",
              "text": "What brief statement indicates that you are listening on a repeater and looking for a contact?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The words “Hello test” followed by your call sign",
                "The repeater call sign followed by your call sign",
                "The letters “QSY” followed by your call sign"
              ],
              "answer": "Your call sign"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2A10",
              "text": "What is a band plan, beyond the privileges established by the FCC?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "A mandated list of operating schedules",
                "A list of scheduled net frequencies",
                "A plan devised by a club to indicate frequency band usage"
              ],
              "answer": "A voluntary guideline for using different modes or activities within an amateur band"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2A11",
              "text": "What term describes an amateur station that is transmitting and receiving on the same frequency?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Full duplex",
                "Diplex",
                "Multiplex"
              ],
              "answer": "Simplex"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2A12",
              "text": "Which of the following is a guideline when choosing an operating frequency for calling CQ?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Listen first to be sure that no one else is using the frequency",
                "Ask if the frequency is in use",
                "Make sure you are in your assigned band"
              ],
              "answer": "All of these choices are correct"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": "T2B",
          "description": "VHF/UHF operating practices: SSB phone; FM repeater; simplex; splits and shifts; CTCSS; DTMF; tone squelch; carrier squelch; phonetics; operational problem resolution; Q signals",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T2B01",
              "text": "What is the most common use of the “reverse split” function of a VHF/UHF transceiver?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Reduce power output",
                "Increase power output",
                "Listen on a repeater’s output frequency"
              ],
              "answer": "Listen on a repeater’s input frequency"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2B02",
              "text": "What term describes the use of a sub-audible tone transmitted along with normal voice audio to open the squelch of a receiver?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Carrier squelch",
                "Tone burst",
                "DTMF"
              ],
              "answer": "CTCSS"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2B03",
              "text": "If a station is not strong enough to keep a repeater’s receiver squelch open, which of the following might allow you to receive the station’s signal?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Open the squelch on your radio",
                "Listen on the repeater output frequency",
                "Increase your transmit power"
              ],
              "answer": "Listen on the repeater input frequency"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2B04",
              "text": "Which of the following could be the reason you are unable to access a repeater whose output you can hear?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Improper transceiver offset",
                "The repeater may require a proper CTCSS tone from your transceiver",
                "The repeater may require a proper DCS tone from your transceiver"
              ],
              "answer": "All of these choices are correct"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2B05",
              "text": "What might be the problem if a repeater user says your transmissions are breaking up on voice peaks?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "You have the incorrect offset",
                "You need to talk louder",
                "Your transmit power is too high"
              ],
              "answer": "You are talking too loudly"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2B06",
              "text": "What type of tones are used to control repeaters linked by the Internet Relay Linking Project (IRLP) protocol?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "CTCSS",
                "EchoLink",
                "Sub-audible"
              ],
              "answer": "DTMF"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2B07",
              "text": "How can you join a digital repeater’s “talk group”?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Register your radio with the local FCC office",
                "Join the repeater owner’s club",
                "Sign your call after the courtesy tone"
              ],
              "answer": "Program your radio with the group’s ID or code"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2B08",
              "text": "Which of the following applies when two stations transmitting on the same frequency interfere with each other?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Whoever has the strongest signal has priority on the frequency",
                "Whoever has been on the frequency the longest has priority on the frequency",
                "The station that has the weakest signal has priority on the frequency"
              ],
              "answer": "Common courtesy should prevail, but no one has absolute right to an amateur frequency"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2B09",
              "text": "What is a “talk group” on a DMR digital repeater?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "A group of operators sharing common interests",
                "A protocol that increases the signal-to-noise ratio when multiple repeaters are linked together",
                "A net that meets at a particular time"
              ],
              "answer": "A way for groups of users to share a channel at different times without being heard by other users on the channel"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2B10",
              "text": "Which Q signal indicates that you are receiving interference from other stations?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "QRN",
                "QTH",
                "QSB"
              ],
              "answer": "QRM"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2B11",
              "text": "Which Q signal indicates that you are changing frequency?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "QRU",
                "QSL",
                "QRZ"
              ],
              "answer": "QSY"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2B12",
              "text": "Why are simplex channels designated in the VHF/UHF band plans?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "For contest operation",
                "For working DX only",
                "So that stations with simple transmitters can access the repeater without automated offset"
              ],
              "answer": "So that stations within mutual communications range can communicate without tying up a repeater"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2B13",
              "text": "Where may SSB phone be used in amateur bands above 50 MHz?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Only in sub-bands allocated to General class or higher licensees",
                "Only on repeaters",
                "On any band as long as power is limited to 25 watts"
              ],
              "answer": "In at least some portion of all these bands"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2B14",
              "text": "Which of the following describes a linked repeater network?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "A repeater with more than one receiver",
                "Multiple repeaters with the same owner",
                "A system of repeaters linked by APRS"
              ],
              "answer": "A network of repeaters where signals received by one repeater are repeated by all the repeaters"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": "T2C",
          "description": "Public service: emergency and non-emergency operations; applicability of FCC rules; RACES and ARES; net and traffic procedures; operating restrictions during emergencies",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T2C01",
              "text": "When do the FCC rules NOT apply to the operation of an amateur station?",
              "rulesReference": "97.103(a)",
              "distractors": [
                "When operating a RACES station",
                "When operating under special FEMA rules",
                "When operating under special ARES rules"
              ],
              "answer": "Never, FCC rules always apply"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2C02",
              "text": "What is meant by the term \"NCS\" used in net operation?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Nominal Control System",
                "National Communications Standard",
                "Normal Communications Syntax"
              ],
              "answer": "Net Control Station"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2C03",
              "text": "What should be done when using voice modes to ensure that voice messages containing unusual words are received correctly?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Send the words by voice and Morse code",
                "Speak very loudly into the microphone",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "Spell the words using a standard phonetic alphabet"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2C04",
              "text": "What do RACES and ARES have in common?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "They represent the two largest ham clubs in the United States",
                "Both organizations broadcast road and weather information",
                "Neither may handle emergency traffic supporting public service agencies"
              ],
              "answer": "Both organizations may provide communications during emergencies"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2C05",
              "text": "What does the term “traffic” refer to in net operation?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The number of stations checking in and out of a net",
                "Operation by mobile or portable stations",
                "Requests to activate the net by a served agency"
              ],
              "answer": "Formal messages exchanged by net stations"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2C06",
              "text": "Which of the following is an accepted practice to get the immediate attention of a net control station when reporting an emergency?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Repeat \"SOS\" three times followed by the call sign of the reporting station",
                "Press the push-to-talk button three times",
                "Play a pre-recorded emergency alert tone followed by your call sign"
              ],
              "answer": "Begin your transmission by saying \"Priority\" or \"Emergency\" followed by your call sign"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2C07",
              "text": "Which of the following is an accepted practice for an amateur operator who has checked into a net?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Provided that the frequency is quiet, announce the station call sign and location every 5 minutes",
                "Move 5 kHz away from the net's frequency and use high power to ask other hams to keep clear of the net frequency",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "Remain on frequency without transmitting until asked to do so by the net control station"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2C08",
              "text": "Which of the following is a characteristic of good traffic handling?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Making decisions as to whether messages are worthy of relay or delivery",
                "Ensuring that any newsworthy messages are relayed to the news media",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "Passing messages exactly as received"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2C09",
              "text": "Are amateur station control operators ever permitted to operate outside the frequency privileges of their license class?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "No",
                "Yes, but only when part of a FEMA emergency plan",
                "Yes, but only when part of a RACES emergency plan"
              ],
              "answer": "Yes, but only if necessary in situations involving the immediate safety of human life or protection of property"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2C10",
              "text": "What information is contained in the preamble of a formal traffic message?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The email address of the originating station",
                "The address of the intended recipient",
                "The telephone number of the addressee"
              ],
              "answer": "The information needed to track the message"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2C11",
              "text": "What is meant by the term “check,” in reference to a formal traffic message?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The value of a money order attached to the message",
                "A list of stations that have relayed the message",
                "A box on the message form that indicates that the message was received and/or relayed"
              ],
              "answer": "The number of words or word equivalents in the text portion of the message"
            },
            {
              "label": "T2C12",
              "text": "What is the Amateur Radio Emergency Service (ARES)?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Licensed amateurs who are members of the military and who voluntarily agreed to provide message handling services in the case of an emergency",
                "A training program that provides licensing courses for those interested in obtaining an amateur license to use during emergencies",
                "A training program that certifies amateur operators for membership in the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service"
              ],
              "answer": "Licensed amateurs who have voluntarily registered their qualifications and equipment for communications duty in the public service"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "label": "T3",
      "description": "Radio wave characteristics: properties of radio waves; propagation modes",
      "examQuestions": 3,
      "subTopics": [
        {
          "label": "T3A",
          "description": "Radio wave characteristics: how a radio signal travels; fading; multipath; polarization; wavelength vs absorption; antenna orientation",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T3A01",
              "text": "What should you do if another operator reports that your station’s 2 meter signals were strong just a moment ago, but now they are weak or distorted?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Change the batteries in your radio to a different type",
                "Turn on the CTCSS tone",
                "Ask the other operator to adjust his squelch control"
              ],
              "answer": "Try moving a few feet or changing the direction of your antenna if possible, as reflections may be causing multi-path distortion"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3A02",
              "text": "Why might the range of VHF and UHF signals be greater in the winter?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Less ionospheric absorption",
                "Less solar activity",
                "Less tropospheric absorption"
              ],
              "answer": "Less absorption by vegetation"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3A03",
              "text": "What antenna polarization is normally used for long-distance weak-signal CW and SSB contacts using the VHF and UHF bands?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Right-hand circular",
                "Left-hand circular",
                "Vertical"
              ],
              "answer": "Horizontal"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3A04",
              "text": "What can happen if the antennas at opposite ends of a VHF or UHF line of sight radio link are not using the same polarization?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The modulation sidebands might become inverted",
                "Signals have an echo effect on voices",
                "Nothing significant will happen"
              ],
              "answer": "Signals could be significantly weaker"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3A05",
              "text": "When using a directional antenna, how might your station be able to access a distant repeater if buildings or obstructions are blocking the direct line of sight path?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Change from vertical to horizontal polarization",
                "Try the long path",
                "Increase the antenna SWR"
              ],
              "answer": "Try to find a path that reflects signals to the repeater"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3A06",
              "text": "What term is commonly used to describe the rapid fluttering sound sometimes heard from mobile stations that are moving while transmitting?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Flip-flopping",
                "Frequency shifting",
                "Pulsing"
              ],
              "answer": "Picket fencing"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3A07",
              "text": "What type of wave carries radio signals between transmitting and receiving stations?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Electrostatic",
                "Surface acoustic",
                "Ferromagnetic"
              ],
              "answer": "Electromagnetic"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3A08",
              "text": "Which of the following is a likely cause of irregular fading of signals received by ionospheric reflection?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Frequency shift due to Faraday rotation",
                "Interference from thunderstorms",
                "Intermodulation distortion"
              ],
              "answer": "Random combining of signals arriving via different paths"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3A09",
              "text": "Which of the following results from the fact that skip signals refracted from the ionosphere are elliptically polarized?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Digital modes are unusable",
                "FM voice is unusable",
                "Both the transmitting and receiving antennas must be of the same polarization"
              ],
              "answer": "Either vertically or horizontally polarized antennas may be used for transmission or reception"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3A10",
              "text": "What may occur if data signals arrive via multiple paths?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Transmission rates can be increased by a factor equal to the number of separate paths observed",
                "Transmission rates must be decreased by a factor equal to the number of separate paths observed",
                "No significant changes will occur if the signals are transmitted using FM"
              ],
              "answer": "Error rates are likely to increase"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3A11",
              "text": "Which part of the atmosphere enables the propagation of radio signals around the world?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The stratosphere",
                "The troposphere",
                "The magnetosphere"
              ],
              "answer": "The ionosphere"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3A12",
              "text": "How might fog and light rain affect radio range on the 10 meter and 6 meter bands?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Fog and rain absorb these wavelength bands",
                "Fog and rain will deflect these signals",
                "Fog and rain will increase radio range"
              ],
              "answer": "Fog and light rain will have little effect on these bands"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3A13",
              "text": "What weather condition would decrease range at microwave frequencies?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "High winds",
                "Low barometric pressure",
                "Colder temperatures"
              ],
              "answer": "Precipitation"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": "T3B",
          "description": "Radio and electromagnetic wave properties: the electromagnetic spectrum; wavelength vs frequency; nature and velocity of electromagnetic waves; definition of UHF, VHF, HF bands; calculating wavelength",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T3B01",
              "text": "What is the name for the distance a radio wave travels during one complete cycle?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Wave speed",
                "Waveform",
                "Wave spread"
              ],
              "answer": "Wavelength"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3B02",
              "text": "What property of a radio wave is used to describe its polarization?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The orientation of the magnetic field",
                "The ratio of the energy in the magnetic field to the energy in the electric field",
                "The ratio of the velocity to the wavelength"
              ],
              "answer": "The orientation of the electric field"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3B03",
              "text": "What are the two components of a radio wave?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "AC and DC",
                "Voltage and current",
                "Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation"
              ],
              "answer": "Electric and magnetic fields"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3B04",
              "text": "How fast does a radio wave travel through free space?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "At the speed of sound",
                "Its speed is inversely proportional to its wavelength",
                "Its speed increases as the frequency increases"
              ],
              "answer": "At the speed of light"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3B05",
              "text": "How does the wavelength of a radio wave relate to its frequency?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The wavelength gets longer as the frequency increases",
                "There is no relationship between wavelength and frequency",
                "The wavelength depends on the bandwidth of the signal"
              ],
              "answer": "The wavelength gets shorter as the frequency increases"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3B06",
              "text": "What is the formula for converting frequency to approximate wavelength in meters?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Wavelength in meters equals frequency in hertz multiplied by 300",
                "Wavelength in meters equals frequency in hertz divided by 300",
                "Wavelength in meters equals frequency in megahertz divided by 300"
              ],
              "answer": "Wavelength in meters equals 300 divided by frequency in megahertz"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3B07",
              "text": "What property of radio waves is often used to identify the different frequency bands?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The magnetic intensity of waves",
                "The time it takes for waves to travel one mile",
                "The voltage standing wave ratio of waves"
              ],
              "answer": "The approximate wavelength"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3B08",
              "text": "What are the frequency limits of the VHF spectrum?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "30 to 300 kHz",
                "300 to 3000 kHz",
                "300 to 3000 MHz"
              ],
              "answer": "30 to 300 MHz"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3B09",
              "text": "What are the frequency limits of the UHF spectrum?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "30 to 300 kHz",
                "30 to 300 MHz",
                "300 to 3000 kHz"
              ],
              "answer": "300 to 3000 MHz"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3B10",
              "text": "What frequency range is referred to as HF?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "300 to 3000 MHz",
                "30 to 300 MHz",
                "300 to 3000 kHz"
              ],
              "answer": "3 to 30 MHz"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3B11",
              "text": "What is the approximate velocity of a radio wave as it travels through free space?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "150,000 kilometers per second",
                "300,000,000 miles per hour",
                "150,000 miles per hour"
              ],
              "answer": "300,000,000 meters per second"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": "T3C",
          "description": "Propagation modes: line of sight; sporadic E; meteor and auroral scatter and reflections; tropospheric ducting; F layer skip; radio horizon",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T3C01",
              "text": "Why are direct (not via a repeater) UHF signals rarely heard from stations outside your local coverage area?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "They are too weak to go very far",
                "FCC regulations prohibit them from going more than 50 miles",
                "UHF signals are absorbed by the ionospheric D layer"
              ],
              "answer": "UHF signals are usually not reflected by the ionosphere"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3C02",
              "text": "Which of the following is an advantage of HF vs VHF and higher frequencies?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "HF antennas are generally smaller",
                "HF accommodates wider bandwidth signals",
                "There is less atmospheric interference (static) on HF"
              ],
              "answer": "Long distance ionospheric propagation is far more common on HF"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3C03",
              "text": "What is a characteristic of VHF signals received via auroral reflection?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Signals from distances of 10,000 or more miles are common",
                "These types of signals occur only during winter nighttime hours",
                "These types of signals are generally strongest when your antenna is aimed west"
              ],
              "answer": "The signals exhibit rapid fluctuations of strength and often sound distorted"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3C04",
              "text": "Which of the following propagation types is most commonly associated with occasional strong over-the-horizon signals on the 10, 6, and 2 meter bands?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Backscatter",
                "D layer absorption",
                "Gray-line propagation"
              ],
              "answer": "Sporadic E"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3C05",
              "text": "Which of the following effects might cause radio signals to be heard despite obstructions between the transmitting and receiving stations?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Faraday rotation",
                "Quantum tunneling",
                "Doppler shift"
              ],
              "answer": "Knife-edge diffraction"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3C06",
              "text": "What mode is responsible for allowing over-the-horizon VHF and UHF communications to ranges of approximately 300 miles on a regular basis?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "D layer refraction",
                "F2 layer refraction",
                "Faraday rotation"
              ],
              "answer": "Tropospheric ducting"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3C07",
              "text": "What band is best suited for communicating via meteor scatter?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "10 meter band",
                "2 meter band",
                "70 centimeter band"
              ],
              "answer": "6 meter band"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3C08",
              "text": "What causes tropospheric ducting?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Discharges of lightning during electrical storms",
                "Sunspots and solar flares",
                "Updrafts from hurricanes and tornadoes"
              ],
              "answer": "Temperature inversions in the atmosphere"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3C09",
              "text": "What is generally the best time for long-distance 10 meter band propagation via the F layer?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "From shortly after sunset to dawn during periods of high sunspot activity",
                "From dawn to shortly after sunset during periods of low sunspot activity",
                "From shortly after sunset to dawn during periods of low sunspot activity"
              ],
              "answer": "From dawn to shortly after sunset during periods of high sunspot activity"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3C10",
              "text": "Which of the following bands may provide long distance communications during the peak of the sunspot cycle?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "23 centimeter band",
                "70 centimeter or 1.25 meter bands",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "6 or 10 meter bands"
            },
            {
              "label": "T3C11",
              "text": "Why do VHF and UHF radio signals usually travel somewhat farther than the visual line of sight distance between two stations?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Radio signals move somewhat faster than the speed of light",
                "Radio waves are not blocked by dust particles",
                "Radio waves are blocked by dust particles"
              ],
              "answer": "The Earth seems less curved to radio waves than to light"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "label": "T4",
      "description": "Amateur radio practices and station set-up",
      "examQuestions": 2,
      "subTopics": [
        {
          "label": "T4A",
          "description": "Station setup: connecting microphones; reducing unwanted emissions; power source; connecting a computer; RF grounding; connecting digital equipment; connecting an SWR meter",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T4A01",
              "text": "What must be considered to determine the minimum current capacity needed for a transceiver power supply?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Efficiency of the transmitter at full power output",
                "Receiver and control circuit power",
                "Power supply regulation and heat dissipation"
              ],
              "answer": "All of these choices are correct"
            },
            {
              "label": "T4A02",
              "text": "How might a computer be used as part of an amateur radio station?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "For logging contacts and contact information",
                "For sending and/or receiving CW",
                "For generating and decoding digital signals"
              ],
              "answer": "All of these choices are correct"
            },
            {
              "label": "T4A03",
              "text": "Why should wiring between the power source and radio be heavy-gauge wire and kept as short as possible?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "To provide a good counterpoise for the antenna",
                "To avoid RF interference",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "To avoid voltage falling below that needed for proper operation"
            },
            {
              "label": "T4A04",
              "text": "Which computer sound card port is connected to a transceiver’s headphone or speaker output for operating digital modes?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Headphone output",
                "Mute",
                "PCI or SDI"
              ],
              "answer": "Microphone or line input"
            },
            {
              "label": "T4A05",
              "text": "What is the proper location for an external SWR meter?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "In series with the station's ground",
                "In parallel with the push-to-talk line and the antenna",
                "In series with the power supply cable, as close as possible to the radio"
              ],
              "answer": "In series with the feed line, between the transmitter and antenna"
            },
            {
              "label": "T4A06",
              "text": "Which of the following connections might be used between a voice transceiver and a computer for digital operation?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Receive and transmit mode, status, and location",
                "Antenna and RF power",
                "NMEA GPS location and DC power"
              ],
              "answer": "Receive audio, transmit audio, and push-to-talk (PTT)"
            },
            {
              "label": "T4A07",
              "text": "How is a computer’s sound card used when conducting digital communications?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The sound card communicates between the computer CPU and the video display",
                "The sound card records the audio frequency for video display",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "The sound card provides audio to the radio's microphone input and converts received audio to digital form"
            },
            {
              "label": "T4A08",
              "text": "Which of the following conductors provides the lowest impedance to RF signals?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Round stranded wire",
                "Round copper-clad steel wire",
                "Twisted-pair cable"
              ],
              "answer": "Flat strap"
            },
            {
              "label": "T4A09",
              "text": "Which of the following could you use to cure distorted audio caused by RF current on the shield of a microphone cable?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Band-pass filter",
                "Low-pass filter",
                "Preamplifier"
              ],
              "answer": "Ferrite choke"
            },
            {
              "label": "T4A10",
              "text": "What is the source of a high-pitched whine that varies with engine speed in a mobile transceiver’s receive audio?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The ignition system",
                "The electric fuel pump",
                "Anti-lock braking system controllers"
              ],
              "answer": "The alternator"
            },
            {
              "label": "T4A11",
              "text": "Where should the negative return connection of a mobile transceiver's power cable be connected?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "At the antenna mount",
                "To any metal part of the vehicle",
                "Through the transceiver’s mounting bracket"
              ],
              "answer": "At the battery or engine block ground strap"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": "T4B",
          "description": "Operating controls: tuning; use of filters; squelch function; AGC; transceiver operation; memory channels",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T4B01",
              "text": "What may happen if a transmitter is operated with the microphone gain set too high?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The output power might be too high",
                "The frequency might vary",
                "The SWR might increase"
              ],
              "answer": "The output signal might become distorted"
            },
            {
              "label": "T4B02",
              "text": "Which of the following can be used to enter the operating frequency on a modern transceiver?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The CTCSS or DTMF encoder",
                "The Automatic Frequency Control",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "The keypad or VFO knob"
            },
            {
              "label": "T4B03",
              "text": "What is the purpose of the squelch control on a transceiver?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "To set the highest level of volume desired",
                "To set the transmitter power level",
                "To adjust the automatic gain control"
              ],
              "answer": "To mute receiver output noise when no signal is being received"
            },
            {
              "label": "T4B04",
              "text": "What is a way to enable quick access to a favorite frequency on your transceiver?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Enable the CTCSS tones",
                "Disable the CTCSS tones",
                "Use the scan mode to select the desired frequency"
              ],
              "answer": "Store the frequency in a memory channel"
            },
            {
              "label": "T4B05",
              "text": "Which of the following would reduce ignition interference to a receiver?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Change frequency slightly",
                "Decrease the squelch setting",
                "Use the RIT control"
              ],
              "answer": "Turn on the noise blanker"
            },
            {
              "label": "T4B06",
              "text": "Which of the following controls could be used if the voice pitch of a single-sideband signal seems too high or low?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The AGC or limiter",
                "The bandwidth selection",
                "The tone squelch"
              ],
              "answer": "The receiver RIT or clarifier"
            },
            {
              "label": "T4B07",
              "text": "What does the term “RIT” mean?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Receiver Input Tone",
                "Rectifier Inverter Test",
                "Remote Input Transmitter"
              ],
              "answer": "Receiver Incremental Tuning"
            },
            {
              "label": "T4B08",
              "text": "What is the advantage of having multiple receive bandwidth choices on a multimode transceiver?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Permits monitoring several modes at once",
                "Increases the number of frequencies that can be stored in memory",
                "Increases the amount of offset between receive and transmit frequencies"
              ],
              "answer": "Permits noise or interference reduction by selecting a bandwidth matching the mode"
            },
            {
              "label": "T4B09",
              "text": "Which of the following is an appropriate receive filter bandwidth for minimizing noise and interference for SSB reception?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "500 Hz",
                "1000 Hz",
                "5000 Hz"
              ],
              "answer": "2400 Hz"
            },
            {
              "label": "T4B10",
              "text": "Which of the following is an appropriate receive filter bandwidth for minimizing noise and interference for CW reception?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "1000 Hz",
                "2400 Hz",
                "5000 Hz"
              ],
              "answer": "500 Hz"
            },
            {
              "label": "T4B11",
              "text": "What is the function of automatic gain control, or AGC?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "To protect an antenna from lightning",
                "To eliminate RF on the station cabling",
                "An asymmetric goniometer control used for antenna matching"
              ],
              "answer": "To keep received audio relatively constant"
            },
            {
              "label": "T4B12",
              "text": "Which of the following could be used to remove power line noise or ignition noise?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Squelch",
                "Notch filter",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "Noise blanker"
            },
            {
              "label": "T4B13",
              "text": "Which of the following is a use for the scanning function of an FM transceiver?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "To check incoming signal deviation",
                "To prevent interference to nearby repeaters",
                "To check for messages left on a digital bulletin board"
              ],
              "answer": "To scan through a range of frequencies to check for activity"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "label": "T5",
      "description": "Electrical principles: math for electronics; electronic principles; Ohm’s Law",
      "examQuestions": 4,
      "subTopics": [
        {
          "label": "T5A",
          "description": "Electrical principles, units, and terms: current and voltage; conductors and insulators; alternating and direct current; series and parallel circuits",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T5A01",
              "text": "Electrical current is measured in which of the following units?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Volts",
                "Watts",
                "Ohms"
              ],
              "answer": "Amperes"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5A02",
              "text": "Electrical power is measured in which of the following units?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Volts",
                "Ohms",
                "Amperes"
              ],
              "answer": "Watts"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5A03",
              "text": "What is the name for the flow of electrons in an electric circuit?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Voltage",
                "Resistance",
                "Capacitance"
              ],
              "answer": "Current"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5A04",
              "text": "What is the name for a current that flows only in one direction?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Alternating current",
                "Normal current",
                "Smooth current"
              ],
              "answer": "Direct current"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5A05",
              "text": "What is the electrical term for the electromotive force (EMF) that causes electron flow?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Ampere-hours",
                "Capacitance",
                "Inductance"
              ],
              "answer": "Voltage"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5A06",
              "text": "How much voltage does a mobile transceiver typically require?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "About 30 volts",
                "About 120 volts",
                "About 240 volts"
              ],
              "answer": "About 12 volts"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5A07",
              "text": "Which of the following is a good electrical conductor?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Glass",
                "Wood",
                "Rubber"
              ],
              "answer": "Copper"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5A08",
              "text": "Which of the following is a good electrical insulator?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Copper",
                "Aluminum",
                "Mercury"
              ],
              "answer": "Glass"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5A09",
              "text": "What is the name for a current that reverses direction on a regular basis?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Direct current",
                "Circular current",
                "Vertical current"
              ],
              "answer": "Alternating current"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5A10",
              "text": "Which term describes the rate at which electrical energy is used?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Resistance",
                "Current",
                "Voltage"
              ],
              "answer": "Power"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5A11",
              "text": "What is the unit of electromotive force?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The watt",
                "The ampere",
                "The ohm"
              ],
              "answer": "The volt"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5A12",
              "text": "What describes the number of times per second that an alternating current makes a complete cycle?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Pulse rate",
                "Speed",
                "Wavelength"
              ],
              "answer": "Frequency"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5A13",
              "text": "In which type of circuit is current the same through all components?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Parallel",
                "Resonant",
                "Branch"
              ],
              "answer": "Series"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5A14",
              "text": "In which type of circuit is voltage the same across all components?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Series",
                "Resonant",
                "Branch"
              ],
              "answer": "Parallel"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": "T5B",
          "description": "Math for electronics: conversion of electrical units; decibels; the metric system",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T5B01",
              "text": "How many milliamperes is 1.5 amperes?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "15 milliamperes",
                "150 milliamperes",
                "15,000 milliamperes"
              ],
              "answer": "1500 milliamperes"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5B02",
              "text": "What is another way to specify a radio signal frequency of 1,500,000 hertz?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "1500 MHz",
                "15 GHz",
                "150 kHz"
              ],
              "answer": "1500 kHz"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5B03",
              "text": "How many volts are equal to one kilovolt?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "One one-thousandth of a volt",
                "One hundred volts",
                "One million volts"
              ],
              "answer": "One thousand volts"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5B04",
              "text": "How many volts are equal to one microvolt?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "One million volts",
                "One thousand kilovolts",
                "One one-thousandth of a volt"
              ],
              "answer": "One one-millionth of a volt"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5B05",
              "text": "Which of the following is equal to 500 milliwatts?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "0.02 watts",
                "5 watts",
                "50 watts"
              ],
              "answer": "0.5 watts"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5B06",
              "text": "If an ammeter calibrated in amperes is used to measure a 3000-milliampere current, what reading would it show?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "0.003 amperes",
                "0.3 amperes",
                "3,000,000 amperes"
              ],
              "answer": "3 amperes"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5B07",
              "text": "If a frequency display calibrated in megahertz shows a reading of 3.525 MHz, what would it show if it were calibrated in kilohertz?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "0.003525 kHz",
                "35.25 kHz",
                "3,525,000 kHz"
              ],
              "answer": "3525 kHz"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5B08",
              "text": "How many microfarads are equal to 1,000,000 picofarads?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "0.001 microfarads",
                "1000 microfarads",
                "1,000,000,000 microfarads"
              ],
              "answer": "1 microfarad"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5B09",
              "text": "What is the approximate amount of change, measured in decibels (dB), of a power increase from 5 watts to 10 watts?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "2 dB",
                "5 dB",
                "10 dB"
              ],
              "answer": "3 dB"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5B10",
              "text": "What is the approximate amount of change, measured in decibels (dB), of a power decrease from 12 watts to 3 watts?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "-1 dB",
                "-3 dB",
                "-9 dB"
              ],
              "answer": "-6 dB"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5B11",
              "text": "What is the amount of change, measured in decibels (dB), of a power increase from 20 watts to 200 watts?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "12 dB",
                "18 dB",
                "28 dB"
              ],
              "answer": "10 dB"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5B12",
              "text": "Which of the following frequencies is equal to 28,400 kHz?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "2.800 MHz",
                "284.00 MHz",
                "28.400 kHz"
              ],
              "answer": "28.400 MHz"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5B13",
              "text": "If a frequency display shows a reading of 2425 MHz, what frequency is that in GHz?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "0.002425 GHz",
                "24.25 GHz",
                "2425 GHz"
              ],
              "answer": "2.425 GHz"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": "T5C",
          "description": "Electronic principles: capacitance; inductance; current flow in circuits; alternating current; definition of RF; definition of polarity; DC power calculations; impedance",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T5C01",
              "text": "What is the ability to store energy in an electric field called?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Inductance",
                "Resistance",
                "Tolerance"
              ],
              "answer": "Capacitance"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5C02",
              "text": "What is the basic unit of capacitance?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The ohm",
                "The volt",
                "The henry"
              ],
              "answer": "The farad"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5C03",
              "text": "What is the ability to store energy in a magnetic field called?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Admittance",
                "Capacitance",
                "Resistance"
              ],
              "answer": "Inductance"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5C04",
              "text": "What is the basic unit of inductance?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The coulomb",
                "The farad",
                "The ohm"
              ],
              "answer": "The henry"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5C05",
              "text": "What is the unit of frequency?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Henry",
                "Farad",
                "Tesla"
              ],
              "answer": "Hertz"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5C06",
              "text": "What does the abbreviation “RF” refer to?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The resonant frequency of a tuned circuit",
                "The real frequency transmitted as opposed to the apparent frequency",
                "Reflective force in antenna transmission lines"
              ],
              "answer": "Radio frequency signals of all types"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5C07",
              "text": "A radio wave is made up of what type of energy?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Pressure",
                "Gravity",
                "Thermal"
              ],
              "answer": "Electromagnetic"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5C08",
              "text": "What is the formula used to calculate electrical power in a DC circuit?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Power (P) equals voltage (E) divided by current (I)",
                "Power (P) equals voltage (E) minus current (I)",
                "Power (P) equals voltage (E) plus current (I)"
              ],
              "answer": "Power (P) equals voltage (E) multiplied by current (I)"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5C09",
              "text": "How much power is being used in a circuit when the applied voltage is 13.8 volts DC and the current is 10 amperes?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "0.7 watts",
                "23.8 watts",
                "3.8 watts"
              ],
              "answer": "138 watts"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5C10",
              "text": "How much power is being used in a circuit when the applied voltage is 12 volts DC and the current is 2.5 amperes?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "4.8 watts",
                "14.5 watts",
                "0.208 watts"
              ],
              "answer": "30 watts"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5C11",
              "text": "How many amperes are flowing in a circuit when the applied voltage is 12 volts DC and the load is 120 watts?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "0.1 amperes",
                "12 amperes",
                "132 amperes"
              ],
              "answer": "10 amperes"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5C12",
              "text": "What is impedance?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The inverse of resistance",
                "The Q or Quality Factor of a component",
                "The power handling capability of a component"
              ],
              "answer": "A measure of the opposition to AC current flow in a circuit"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5C13",
              "text": "What is a unit of impedance?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Volts",
                "Amperes",
                "Coulombs"
              ],
              "answer": "Ohms"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5C14",
              "text": "What is the proper abbreviation for megahertz?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "mHz",
                "mhZ",
                "Mhz"
              ],
              "answer": "MHz"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": "T5D",
          "description": "Ohm’s Law: formulas and usage; components in series and parallel",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T5D01",
              "text": "What formula is used to calculate current in a circuit?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Current (I) equals voltage (E) multiplied by resistance (R)",
                "Current (I) equals voltage (E) added to resistance (R)",
                "Current (I) equals voltage (E) minus resistance (R)"
              ],
              "answer": "Current (I) equals voltage (E) divided by resistance (R)"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5D02",
              "text": "What formula is used to calculate voltage in a circuit?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Voltage (E) equals current (I) divided by resistance (R)",
                "Voltage (E) equals current (I) added to resistance (R)",
                "Voltage (E) equals current (I) minus resistance (R)"
              ],
              "answer": "Voltage (E) equals current (I) multiplied by resistance (R)"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5D03",
              "text": "What formula is used to calculate resistance in a circuit?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) multiplied by current (I)",
                "Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) added to current (I)",
                "Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) minus current (I)"
              ],
              "answer": "Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) divided by current (I)"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5D04",
              "text": "What is the resistance of a circuit in which a current of 3 amperes flows through a resistor connected to 90 volts?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "3 ohms",
                "93 ohms",
                "270 ohms"
              ],
              "answer": "30 ohms"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5D05",
              "text": "What is the resistance in a circuit for which the applied voltage is 12 volts and the current flow is 1.5 amperes?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "18 ohms",
                "0.125 ohms",
                "13.5 ohms"
              ],
              "answer": "8 ohms"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5D06",
              "text": "What is the resistance of a circuit that draws 4 amperes from a 12-volt source?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "16 ohms",
                "48 ohms",
                "8 ohms"
              ],
              "answer": "3 ohms"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5D07",
              "text": "What is the current in a circuit with an applied voltage of 120 volts and a resistance of 80 ohms?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "9600 amperes",
                "200 amperes",
                "0.667 amperes"
              ],
              "answer": "1.5 amperes"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5D08",
              "text": "What is the current through a 100-ohm resistor connected across 200 volts?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "20,000 amperes",
                "0.5 amperes",
                "100 amperes"
              ],
              "answer": "2 amperes"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5D09",
              "text": "What is the current through a 24-ohm resistor connected across 240 volts?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "24,000 amperes",
                "0.1 amperes",
                "216 amperes"
              ],
              "answer": "10 amperes"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5D10",
              "text": "What is the voltage across a 2-ohm resistor if a current of 0.5 amperes flows through it?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "0.25 volts",
                "2.5 volts",
                "1.5 volts"
              ],
              "answer": "1 volt"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5D11",
              "text": "What is the voltage across a 10-ohm resistor if a current of 1 ampere flows through it?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "1 volt",
                "11 volts",
                "9 volts"
              ],
              "answer": "10 volts"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5D12",
              "text": "What is the voltage across a 10-ohm resistor if a current of 2 amperes flows through it?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "8 volts",
                "0.2 volts",
                "12 volts"
              ],
              "answer": "20 volts"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5D13",
              "text": "What happens to current at the junction of two components in series?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "It divides equally between them",
                "It divides based on the on the value of the components",
                "The current in the second component is zero"
              ],
              "answer": "It is unchanged"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5D14",
              "text": "What happens to current at the junction of two components in parallel?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "It is the same in both components",
                "Its value doubles",
                "Its value is halved"
              ],
              "answer": "It divides between them dependent on the value of the components"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5D15",
              "text": "What is the voltage across each of two components in series with a voltage source?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The same voltage as the source",
                "Half the source voltage",
                "Twice the source voltage"
              ],
              "answer": "It is determined by the type and value of the components"
            },
            {
              "label": "T5D16",
              "text": "What is the voltage across each of two components in parallel with a voltage source?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "It is determined by the type and value of the components",
                "Half the source voltage",
                "Twice the source voltage"
              ],
              "answer": "The same voltage as the source"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "label": "T6",
      "description": "Electrical components; circuit diagrams; component functions",
      "examQuestions": 4,
      "subTopics": [
        {
          "label": "T6A",
          "description": "Electrical components: fixed and variable resistors; capacitors and inductors; fuses; switches; batteries",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T6A01",
              "text": "What electrical component opposes the flow of current in a DC circuit?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Inductor",
                "Voltmeter",
                "Transformer"
              ],
              "answer": "Resistor"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6A02",
              "text": "What type of component is often used as an adjustable volume control?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Fixed resistor",
                "Power resistor",
                "Transformer"
              ],
              "answer": "Potentiometer"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6A03",
              "text": "What electrical parameter is controlled by a potentiometer?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Inductance",
                "Capacitance",
                "Field strength"
              ],
              "answer": "Resistance"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6A04",
              "text": "What electrical component stores energy in an electric field?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Resistor",
                "Inductor",
                "Diode"
              ],
              "answer": "Capacitor"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6A05",
              "text": "What type of electrical component consists of two or more conductive surfaces separated by an insulator?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Resistor",
                "Potentiometer",
                "Oscillator"
              ],
              "answer": "Capacitor"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6A06",
              "text": "What type of electrical component stores energy in a magnetic field?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Resistor",
                "Capacitor",
                "Diode"
              ],
              "answer": "Inductor"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6A07",
              "text": "What electrical component usually is constructed as a coil of wire?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Switch",
                "Capacitor",
                "Diode"
              ],
              "answer": "Inductor"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6A08",
              "text": "What electrical component is used to connect or disconnect electrical circuits?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Magnetron",
                "Thermistor",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "Switch"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6A09",
              "text": "What electrical component is used to protect other circuit components from current overloads?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Capacitor",
                "Inductor",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "Fuse"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6A10",
              "text": "Which of the following battery types is rechargeable?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Nickel-metal hydride",
                "Lithium-ion",
                "Lead-acid gel-cell"
              ],
              "answer": "All of these choices are correct"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6A11",
              "text": "Which of the following battery types is not rechargeable?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Nickel-cadmium",
                "Lead-acid",
                "Lithium-ion"
              ],
              "answer": "Carbon-zinc"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": "T6B",
          "description": "Semiconductors: basic principles and applications of solid state devices; diodes and transistors",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T6B01",
              "text": "What class of electronic components uses a voltage or current signal to control current flow?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Capacitors",
                "Inductors",
                "Resistors"
              ],
              "answer": "Transistors"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6B02",
              "text": "What electronic component allows current to flow in only one direction?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Resistor",
                "Fuse",
                "Driven element"
              ],
              "answer": "Diode"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6B03",
              "text": "Which of these components can be used as an electronic switch or amplifier?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Oscillator",
                "Potentiometer",
                "Voltmeter"
              ],
              "answer": "Transistor"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6B04",
              "text": "Which of the following components can consist of three layers of semiconductor material?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Alternator",
                "Triode",
                "Pentagrid converter"
              ],
              "answer": "Transistor"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6B05",
              "text": "Which of the following electronic components can amplify signals?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Variable resistor",
                "Electrolytic capacitor",
                "Multi-cell battery"
              ],
              "answer": "Transistor"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6B06",
              "text": "How is the cathode lead of a semiconductor diode often marked on the package?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "With the word \"cathode\"",
                "With the letter C",
                "With the letter K"
              ],
              "answer": "With a stripe"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6B07",
              "text": "What does the abbreviation LED stand for?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Low Emission Diode",
                "Liquid Emission Detector",
                "Long Echo Delay"
              ],
              "answer": "Light Emitting Diode"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6B08",
              "text": "What does the abbreviation FET stand for?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Fast Electron Transistor",
                "Free Electron Transmitter",
                "Frequency Emission Transmitter"
              ],
              "answer": "Field Effect Transistor"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6B09",
              "text": "What are the names of the two electrodes of a diode?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Plus and minus",
                "Source and drain",
                "Gate and base"
              ],
              "answer": "Anode and cathode"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6B10",
              "text": "Which of the following could be the primary gain-producing component in an RF power amplifier?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Transformer",
                "Reactor",
                "Resistor"
              ],
              "answer": "Transistor"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6B11",
              "text": "What is the term that describes a device's ability to amplify a signal?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Forward resistance",
                "Forward voltage drop",
                "On resistance"
              ],
              "answer": "Gain"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": "T6C",
          "description": "Circuit diagrams; schematic symbols",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T6C01",
              "text": "What is the name of an electrical wiring diagram that uses standard component symbols?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Bill of materials",
                "Connector pinout",
                "Flow chart"
              ],
              "answer": "Schematic"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6C02",
              "text": "What is component 1 in figure T1?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Transistor",
                "Battery",
                "Connector"
              ],
              "answer": "Resistor"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6C03",
              "text": "What is component 2 in figure T1?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Resistor",
                "Indicator lamp",
                "Connector"
              ],
              "answer": "Transistor"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6C04",
              "text": "What is component 3 in figure T1?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Resistor",
                "Transistor",
                "Ground symbol"
              ],
              "answer": "Lamp"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6C05",
              "text": "What is component 4 in figure T1?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Resistor",
                "Transistor",
                "Ground symbol"
              ],
              "answer": "Battery"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6C06",
              "text": "What is component 6 in figure T2?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Resistor",
                "Regulator IC",
                "Transistor"
              ],
              "answer": "Capacitor"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6C07",
              "text": "What is component 8 in figure T2?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Resistor",
                "Inductor",
                "Regulator IC"
              ],
              "answer": "Light emitting diode"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6C08",
              "text": "What is component 9 in figure T2?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Variable capacitor",
                "Variable inductor",
                "Variable transformer"
              ],
              "answer": "Variable resistor"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6C09",
              "text": "What is component 4 in figure T2?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Variable inductor",
                "Double-pole switch",
                "Potentiometer"
              ],
              "answer": "Transformer"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6C10",
              "text": "What is component 3 in figure T3?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Connector",
                "Meter",
                "Variable capacitor"
              ],
              "answer": "Variable inductor"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6C11",
              "text": "What is component 4 in figure T3?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Transmitter",
                "Dummy load",
                "Ground"
              ],
              "answer": "Antenna"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6C12",
              "text": "What do the symbols on an electrical schematic represent?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Logic states",
                "Digital codes",
                "Traffic nodes"
              ],
              "answer": "Electrical components"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6C13",
              "text": "Which of the following is accurately represented in electrical schematics?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Wire lengths",
                "Physical appearance of components",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "The way components are interconnected"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": "T6D",
          "description": "Component functions: rectification; switches; indicators; power supply components; resonant circuit; shielding; power transformers; integrated circuits",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T6D01",
              "text": "Which of the following devices or circuits changes an alternating current into a varying direct current signal?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Transformer",
                "Amplifier",
                "Reflector"
              ],
              "answer": "Rectifier"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6D02",
              "text": "What is a relay?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "A current controlled amplifier",
                "An optical sensor",
                "A pass transistor"
              ],
              "answer": "An electrically-controlled switch"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6D03",
              "text": "What type of switch is represented by component 3 in figure T2?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Single-pole double-throw",
                "Double-pole single-throw",
                "Double-pole double-throw"
              ],
              "answer": "Single-pole single-throw"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6D04",
              "text": "Which of the following displays an electrical quantity as a numeric value?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Potentiometer",
                "Transistor",
                "Relay"
              ],
              "answer": "Meter"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6D05",
              "text": "What type of circuit controls the amount of voltage from a power supply?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Oscillator",
                "Filter",
                "Phase inverter"
              ],
              "answer": "Regulator"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6D06",
              "text": "What component is commonly used to change 120V AC house current to a lower AC voltage for other uses?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Variable capacitor",
                "Transistor",
                "Diode"
              ],
              "answer": "Transformer"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6D07",
              "text": "Which of the following is commonly used as a visual indicator?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "FET",
                "Zener diode",
                "Bipolar transistor"
              ],
              "answer": "LED"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6D08",
              "text": "Which of the following is combined with an inductor to make a tuned circuit?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Resistor",
                "Zener diode",
                "Potentiometer"
              ],
              "answer": "Capacitor"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6D09",
              "text": "What is the name of a device that combines several semiconductors and other components into one package?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Transducer",
                "Multi-pole relay",
                "Transformer"
              ],
              "answer": "Integrated circuit"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6D10",
              "text": "What is the function of component 2 in Figure T1?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Give off light when current flows through it",
                "Supply electrical energy",
                "Convert electrical energy into radio waves"
              ],
              "answer": "Control the flow of current"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6D11",
              "text": "Which of the following is a resonant or tuned circuit?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "A type of voltage regulator",
                "A resistor circuit used for reducing standing wave ratio",
                "A circuit designed to provide high-fidelity audio"
              ],
              "answer": "An inductor and a capacitor connected in series or parallel to form a filter"
            },
            {
              "label": "T6D12",
              "text": "Which of the following is a common reason to use shielded wire?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "To decrease the resistance of DC power connections",
                "To increase the current carrying capability of the wire",
                "To couple the wire to other signals"
              ],
              "answer": "To prevent coupling of unwanted signals to or from the wire"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "label": "T7",
      "description": "Station equipment: common transmitter and receiver problems; antenna measurements; troubleshooting; basic repair and testing",
      "examQuestions": 4,
      "subTopics": [
        {
          "label": "T7A",
          "description": "Station equipment: receivers; transmitters; transceivers; modulation; transverters; transmit and receive amplifiers",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T7A01",
              "text": "Which term describes the ability of a receiver to detect the presence of a signal?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Linearity",
                "Selectivity",
                "Total Harmonic Distortion"
              ],
              "answer": "Sensitivity"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7A02",
              "text": "What is a transceiver?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "A type of antenna switch",
                "A component in a repeater that filters out unwanted interference",
                "A type of antenna matching network"
              ],
              "answer": "A unit combining the functions of a transmitter and a receiver"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7A03",
              "text": "Which of the following is used to convert a radio signal from one frequency to another?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Phase splitter",
                "Inverter",
                "Amplifier"
              ],
              "answer": "Mixer"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7A04",
              "text": "Which term describes the ability of a receiver to discriminate between multiple signals?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Discrimination ratio",
                "Sensitivity",
                "Harmonic distortion"
              ],
              "answer": "Selectivity"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7A05",
              "text": "What is the name of a circuit that generates a signal at a specific frequency?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Reactance modulator",
                "Product detector",
                "Low-pass filter"
              ],
              "answer": "Oscillator"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7A06",
              "text": "What device converts the RF input and output of a transceiver to another band?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "High-pass filter",
                "Low-pass filter",
                "Phase converter"
              ],
              "answer": "Transverter"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7A07",
              "text": "What is meant by “PTT”?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Pre-transmission tuning to reduce transmitter harmonic emission",
                "Precise tone transmissions used to limit repeater access to only certain signals",
                "A primary transformer tuner use to match antennas"
              ],
              "answer": "The push-to-talk function that switches between receive and transmit"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7A08",
              "text": "Which of the following describes combining speech with an RF carrier signal?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Impedance matching",
                "Oscillation",
                "Low-pass filtering"
              ],
              "answer": "Modulation"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7A09",
              "text": "What is the function of the SSB/CW-FM switch on a VHF power amplifier?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Change the mode of the transmitted signal",
                "Change the frequency range of the amplifier to operate in the proper portion of the band",
                "Reduce the received signal noise"
              ],
              "answer": "Set the amplifier for proper operation in the selected mode"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7A10",
              "text": "What device increases the low-power output from a handheld transceiver?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "A voltage divider",
                "An impedance network",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "An RF power amplifier"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7A11",
              "text": "Where is an RF preamplifier installed?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "At the output of the transmitter's power amplifier",
                "Between a transmitter and antenna tuner",
                "At the receiver's audio output"
              ],
              "answer": "Between the antenna and receiver"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": "T7B",
          "description": "Common transmitter and receiver problems: symptoms of overload and overdrive; distortion; causes of interference; interference and consumer electronics; part 15 devices; over-modulation; RF feedback; off frequency signals",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T7B01",
              "text": "What can you do if you are told your FM handheld or mobile transceiver is over-deviating?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Talk louder into the microphone",
                "Let the transceiver cool off",
                "Change to a higher power level"
              ],
              "answer": "Talk farther away from the microphone"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7B02",
              "text": "What would cause a broadcast AM or FM radio to receive an amateur radio transmission unintentionally?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The microphone gain of the transmitter is turned up too high",
                "The audio amplifier of the transmitter is overloaded",
                "The deviation of an FM transmitter is set too low"
              ],
              "answer": "The receiver is unable to reject strong signals outside the AM or FM band"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7B03",
              "text": "Which of the following can cause radio frequency interference?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Fundamental overload",
                "Harmonics",
                "Spurious emissions"
              ],
              "answer": "All of these choices are correct"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7B04",
              "text": "Which of the following is a way to reduce or eliminate interference from an amateur transmitter to a nearby telephone?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Put a filter on the amateur transmitter",
                "Reduce the microphone gain",
                "Reduce the SWR on the transmitter transmission line"
              ],
              "answer": "Put an RF filter on the telephone"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7B05",
              "text": "How can overload of a non-amateur radio or TV receiver by an amateur signal be reduced or eliminated?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Block the interfering signal with a filter on the amateur transmitter",
                "Switch the transmitter from FM to SSB",
                "Switch the transmitter to a narrow-band mode"
              ],
              "answer": "Block the amateur signal with a filter at the antenna input of the affected receiver"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7B06",
              "text": "Which of the following actions should you take if a neighbor tells you that your station’s transmissions are interfering with their radio or TV reception?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Immediately turn off your transmitter and contact the nearest FCC office for assistance",
                "Tell them that your license gives you the right to transmit and nothing can be done to reduce the interference",
                "Install a harmonic doubler on the output of your transmitter and tune it until the interference is eliminated"
              ],
              "answer": "Make sure that your station is functioning properly and that it does not cause interference to your own radio or television when it is tuned to the same channel"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7B07",
              "text": "Which of the following can reduce overload to a VHF transceiver from a nearby FM broadcast station?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "RF preamplifier",
                "Double-shielded coaxial cable",
                "Using headphones instead of the speaker"
              ],
              "answer": "Band-reject filter"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7B08",
              "text": "What should you do if something in a neighbor’s home is causing harmful interference to your amateur station?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Work with your neighbor to identify the offending device",
                "Politely inform your neighbor about the rules that prohibit the use of devices that cause interference",
                "Check your station and make sure it meets the standards of good amateur practice"
              ],
              "answer": "All of these choices are correct"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7B09",
              "text": "What is a Part 15 device?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "An amplifier that has been type-certified for amateur radio",
                "A device for long-distance communications using special codes sanctioned by the International Amateur Radio Union",
                "A type of test set used to determine whether a transmitter complies with FCC regulation 91.15"
              ],
              "answer": "An unlicensed device that may emit low-powered radio signals on frequencies used by a licensed service"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7B10",
              "text": "What might be a problem if you receive a report that your audio signal through the repeater is distorted or unintelligible?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Your transmitter is slightly off frequency",
                "Your batteries are running low",
                "You are in a bad location"
              ],
              "answer": "All of these choices are correct"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7B11",
              "text": "What is a symptom of RF feedback in a transmitter or transceiver?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Excessive SWR at the antenna connection",
                "The transmitter will not stay on the desired frequency",
                "Frequent blowing of power supply fuses"
              ],
              "answer": "Reports of garbled, distorted, or unintelligible voice transmissions"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7B12",
              "text": "What should be the first step to resolve cable TV interference from your ham radio transmission?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Add a low-pass filter to the TV antenna input",
                "Add a high-pass filter to the TV antenna input",
                "Add a preamplifier to the TV antenna input"
              ],
              "answer": "Be sure all TV coaxial connectors are installed properly"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": "T7C",
          "description": "Antenna measurements and troubleshooting: measuring SWR; dummy loads; coaxial cables; causes of feed line failures",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T7C01",
              "text": "What is the primary purpose of a dummy load?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "To prevent over-modulation of a transmitter",
                "To improve the efficiency of an antenna",
                "To improve the signal-to-noise ratio of a receiver"
              ],
              "answer": "To prevent transmitting signals over the air when making tests"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7C02",
              "text": "Which of the following instruments can be used to determine if an antenna is resonant at the desired operating frequency?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "A VTVM",
                "A Q meter",
                "A frequency counter"
              ],
              "answer": "An antenna analyzer"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7C03",
              "text": "What, in general terms, is standing wave ratio (SWR)?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The ratio of high to low impedance in a feed line",
                "The transmitter efficiency ratio",
                "An indication of the quality of your station’s ground connection"
              ],
              "answer": "A measure of how well a load is matched to a transmission line"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7C04",
              "text": "What reading on an SWR meter indicates a perfect impedance match between the antenna and the feed line?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "2 to 1",
                "1 to 3",
                "10 to 1"
              ],
              "answer": "1 to 1"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7C05",
              "text": "Why do most solid-state amateur radio transmitters reduce output power as SWR increases?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "To comply with FCC rules on spectral purity",
                "Because power supplies cannot supply enough current at high SWR",
                "To improve the impedance match to the feed line"
              ],
              "answer": "To protect the output amplifier transistors"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7C06",
              "text": "What does an SWR reading of 4:1 indicate?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Loss of -4 dB",
                "Good impedance match",
                "Gain of +4 dB"
              ],
              "answer": "Impedance mismatch"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7C07",
              "text": "What happens to power lost in a feed line?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "It increases the SWR",
                "It comes back into your transmitter and could cause damage",
                "It can cause distortion of your signal"
              ],
              "answer": "It is converted into heat"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7C08",
              "text": "What instrument other than an SWR meter could you use to determine if a feed line and antenna are properly matched?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Voltmeter",
                "Ohmmeter",
                "Iambic pentameter"
              ],
              "answer": "Directional wattmeter"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7C09",
              "text": "Which of the following is the most common cause for failure of coaxial cables?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Gamma rays",
                "The velocity factor exceeds 1.0",
                "Overloading"
              ],
              "answer": "Moisture contamination"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7C10",
              "text": "Why should the outer jacket of coaxial cable be resistant to ultraviolet light?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Ultraviolet resistant jackets prevent harmonic radiation",
                "Ultraviolet light can increase losses in the cable’s jacket",
                "Ultraviolet and RF signals can mix, causing interference"
              ],
              "answer": "Ultraviolet light can damage the jacket and allow water to enter the cable"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7C11",
              "text": "What is a disadvantage of air core coaxial cable when compared to foam or solid dielectric types?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "It has more loss per foot",
                "It cannot be used for VHF or UHF antennas",
                "It cannot be used at below freezing temperatures"
              ],
              "answer": "It requires special techniques to prevent water absorption"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7C12",
              "text": "What does a dummy load consist of?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "A high-gain amplifier and a TR switch",
                "A low-voltage power supply and a DC relay",
                "A 50 ohm reactance used to terminate a transmission line"
              ],
              "answer": "A non-inductive resistor and a heat sink"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": "T7D",
          "description": "Basic repair and testing: soldering; using basic test instruments; connecting a voltmeter, ammeter, or ohmmeter",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T7D01",
              "text": "Which instrument would you use to measure electric potential or electromotive force?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "An ammeter",
                "A wavemeter",
                "An ohmmeter"
              ],
              "answer": "A voltmeter"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7D02",
              "text": "What is the correct way to connect a voltmeter to a circuit?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "In series with the circuit",
                "In quadrature with the circuit",
                "In phase with the circuit"
              ],
              "answer": "In parallel with the circuit"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7D03",
              "text": "How is a simple ammeter connected to a circuit?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "In parallel with the circuit",
                "In quadrature with the circuit",
                "In phase with the circuit"
              ],
              "answer": "In series with the circuit"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7D04",
              "text": "Which instrument is used to measure electric current?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "An ohmmeter",
                "A wavemeter",
                "A voltmeter"
              ],
              "answer": "An ammeter"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7D05",
              "text": "What instrument is used to measure resistance?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "An oscilloscope",
                "A spectrum analyzer",
                "A noise bridge"
              ],
              "answer": "An ohmmeter"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7D06",
              "text": "Which of the following might damage a multimeter?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Measuring a voltage too small for the chosen scale",
                "Leaving the meter in the milliamps position overnight",
                "Not allowing it to warm up properly"
              ],
              "answer": "Attempting to measure voltage when using the resistance setting"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7D07",
              "text": "Which of the following measurements are commonly made using a multimeter?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "SWR and RF power",
                "Signal strength and noise",
                "Impedance and reactance"
              ],
              "answer": "Voltage and resistance"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7D08",
              "text": "Which of the following types of solder is best for radio and electronic use?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Acid-core solder",
                "Silver solder",
                "Aluminum solder"
              ],
              "answer": "Rosin-core solder"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7D09",
              "text": "What is the characteristic appearance of a cold solder joint?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Dark black spots",
                "A bright or shiny surface",
                "A greenish tint"
              ],
              "answer": "A grainy or dull surface"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7D10",
              "text": "What is probably happening when an ohmmeter, connected across an unpowered circuit, initially indicates a low resistance and then shows increasing resistance with time?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The ohmmeter is defective",
                "The circuit contains a large inductor",
                "The circuit is a relaxation oscillator"
              ],
              "answer": "The circuit contains a large capacitor"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7D11",
              "text": "Which of the following precautions should be taken when measuring circuit resistance with an ohmmeter?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Ensure that the applied voltages are correct",
                "Ensure that the circuit is grounded",
                "Ensure that the circuit is operating at the correct frequency"
              ],
              "answer": "Ensure that the circuit is not powered"
            },
            {
              "label": "T7D12",
              "text": "Which of the following precautions should be taken when measuring high voltages with a voltmeter?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Ensure that the voltmeter has very low impedance",
                "Ensure that the circuit is grounded through the voltmeter",
                "Ensure that the voltmeter is set to the correct frequency"
              ],
              "answer": "Ensure that the voltmeter and leads are rated for use at the voltages to be measured"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "label": "T8",
      "description": "Modulation modes: amateur satellite operation; operating activities; non-voice and digital communications",
      "examQuestions": 4,
      "subTopics": [
        {
          "label": "T8A",
          "description": "Modulation modes: bandwidth of various signals; choice of emission type",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T8A01",
              "text": "Which of the following is a form of amplitude modulation?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Spread spectrum",
                "Packet radio",
                "Phase shift keying (PSK)"
              ],
              "answer": "Single sideband"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8A02",
              "text": "What type of modulation is most commonly used for VHF packet radio transmissions?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "SSB",
                "AM",
                "PSK"
              ],
              "answer": "FM"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8A03",
              "text": "Which type of voice mode is most often used for long-distance (weak signal) contacts on the VHF and UHF bands?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "FM",
                "DRM",
                "PM"
              ],
              "answer": "SSB"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8A04",
              "text": "Which type of modulation is most commonly used for VHF and UHF voice repeaters?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "AM",
                "SSB",
                "PSK"
              ],
              "answer": "FM"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8A05",
              "text": "Which of the following types of emission has the narrowest bandwidth?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "FM voice",
                "SSB voice",
                "Slow-scan TV"
              ],
              "answer": "CW"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8A06",
              "text": "Which sideband is normally used for 10 meter HF, VHF, and UHF single-sideband communications?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Lower sideband",
                "Suppressed sideband",
                "Inverted sideband"
              ],
              "answer": "Upper sideband"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8A07",
              "text": "What is an advantage of single sideband (SSB) over FM for voice transmissions?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "SSB signals are easier to tune",
                "SSB signals are less susceptible to interference",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "SSB signals have narrower bandwidth"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8A08",
              "text": "What is the approximate bandwidth of a single sideband (SSB) voice signal?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "1 kHz",
                "6 kHz",
                "15 kHz"
              ],
              "answer": "3 kHz"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8A09",
              "text": "What is the approximate bandwidth of a VHF repeater FM phone signal?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Less than 500 Hz",
                "About 150 kHz",
                "Between 50 and 125 kHz"
              ],
              "answer": "Between 10 and 15 kHz"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8A10",
              "text": "What is the typical bandwidth of analog fast-scan TV transmissions on the 70 centimeter band?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "More than 10 MHz",
                "About 3 MHz",
                "About 1 MHz"
              ],
              "answer": "About 6 MHz"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8A11",
              "text": "What is the approximate maximum bandwidth required to transmit a CW signal?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "2.4 kHz",
                "1000 Hz",
                "15 kHz"
              ],
              "answer": "150 Hz"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": "T8B",
          "description": "Amateur satellite operation; Doppler shift; basic orbits; operating protocols; transmitter power considerations; telemetry and telecommand; satellite tracking",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T8B01",
              "text": "What telemetry information is typically transmitted by satellite beacons?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The signal strength of received signals",
                "Time of day accurate to plus or minus 1/10 second",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "Health and status of the satellite"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8B02",
              "text": "What is the impact of using too much effective radiated power on a satellite uplink?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Possibility of commanding the satellite to an improper mode",
                "Overloading the satellite batteries",
                "Possibility of rebooting the satellite control computer"
              ],
              "answer": "Blocking access by other users"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8B03",
              "text": "Which of the following are provided by satellite tracking programs?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Maps showing the real-time position of the satellite track over the earth",
                "The time, azimuth, and elevation of the start, maximum altitude, and end of a pass",
                "The apparent frequency of the satellite transmission, including effects of Doppler shift"
              ],
              "answer": "All of these choices are correct"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8B04",
              "text": "What mode of transmission is commonly used by amateur radio satellites?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "SSB",
                "FM",
                "CW/data"
              ],
              "answer": "All of these choices are correct"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8B05",
              "text": "What is a satellite beacon?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The primary transmit antenna on the satellite",
                "An indicator light that shows where to point your antenna",
                "A reflective surface on the satellite"
              ],
              "answer": "A transmission from a satellite that contains status information"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8B06",
              "text": "Which of the following are inputs to a satellite tracking program?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The weight of the satellite",
                "The last observed time of zero Doppler shift",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "The Keplerian elements"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8B07",
              "text": "With regard to satellite communications, what is Doppler shift?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "A change in the satellite orbit",
                "A mode where the satellite receives signals on one band and transmits on another",
                "A special digital communications mode for some satellites"
              ],
              "answer": "An observed change in signal frequency caused by relative motion between the satellite and the earth station"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8B08",
              "text": "What is meant by the statement that a satellite is operating in mode U/V?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The satellite uplink is in the 15 meter band and the downlink is in the 10 meter band",
                "The satellite operates using ultraviolet frequencies",
                "The satellite frequencies are usually variable"
              ],
              "answer": "The satellite uplink is in the 70 centimeter band and the downlink is in the 2 meter band"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8B09",
              "text": "What causes spin fading of satellite signals?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Circular polarized noise interference radiated from the sun",
                "Doppler shift of the received signal",
                "Interfering signals within the satellite uplink band"
              ],
              "answer": "Rotation of the satellite and its antennas"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8B10",
              "text": "What do the initials LEO tell you about an amateur satellite?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The satellite battery is in Low Energy Operation mode",
                "The satellite is performing a Lunar Ejection Orbit maneuver",
                "The satellite uses Light Emitting Optics"
              ],
              "answer": "The satellite is in a Low Earth Orbit"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8B11",
              "text": "Who may receive telemetry from a space station?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "A licensed radio amateur with a transmitter equipped for interrogating the satellite",
                "A licensed radio amateur who has been certified by the protocol developer",
                "A licensed radio amateur who has registered for an access code from AMSAT"
              ],
              "answer": "Anyone who can receive the telemetry signal"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8B12",
              "text": "Which of the following is a good way to judge whether your uplink power is neither too low nor too high?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Check your signal strength report in the telemetry data",
                "Listen for distortion on your downlink signal",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "Your signal strength on the downlink should be about the same as the beacon"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": "T8C",
          "description": "Operating activities: radio direction finding; radio control; contests; linking over the internet; grid locators",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T8C01",
              "text": "Which of the following methods is used to locate sources of noise interference or jamming?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Echolocation",
                "Doppler radar",
                "Phase locking"
              ],
              "answer": "Radio direction finding"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8C02",
              "text": "Which of these items would be useful for a hidden transmitter hunt?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Calibrated SWR meter",
                "A calibrated noise bridge",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "A directional antenna"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8C03",
              "text": "What operating activity involves contacting as many stations as possible during a specified period?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Net operations",
                "Public service events",
                "Simulated emergency exercises"
              ],
              "answer": "Contesting"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8C04",
              "text": "Which of the following is good procedure when contacting another station in a radio contest?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Sign only the last two letters of your call if there are many other stations calling",
                "Contact the station twice to be sure that you are in his log",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "Send only the minimum information needed for proper identification and the contest exchange"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8C05",
              "text": "What is a grid locator?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "A letter-number designator assigned to an azimuth and elevation",
                "An instrument for neutralizing a final amplifier",
                "An instrument for radio direction finding"
              ],
              "answer": "A letter-number designator assigned to a geographic location"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8C06",
              "text": "How is access to some IRLP nodes accomplished?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "By obtaining a password that is sent via voice to the node",
                "By entering the proper internet password",
                "By using CTCSS tone codes"
              ],
              "answer": "By using DTMF signals"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8C07",
              "text": "What is meant by Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) as used in amateur radio?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "A set of rules specifying how to identify your station when linked over the internet to another station",
                "A set of guidelines for contacting DX stations during contests using internet access",
                "A technique for measuring the modulation quality of a transmitter using remote sites monitored via the internet"
              ],
              "answer": "A method of delivering voice communications over the internet using digital techniques"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8C08",
              "text": "What is the Internet Radio Linking Project (IRLP)?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "A system for providing access to websites via amateur radio",
                "A system for informing amateurs in real time of the frequency of active DX stations",
                "A technique for measuring signal strength of an amateur transmitter via the internet"
              ],
              "answer": "A technique to connect amateur radio systems, such as repeaters, via the internet using Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP)"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8C09",
              "text": "How might you obtain a list of active nodes that use VoIP?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "By subscribing to an on line service",
                "From on line repeater lists maintained by the local repeater frequency coordinator",
                "From a repeater directory"
              ],
              "answer": "All of these choices are correct"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8C10",
              "text": "What must be done before you may use the EchoLink system to communicate using a repeater?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "You must complete the required EchoLink training",
                "You must have purchased a license to use the EchoLink software",
                "You must be sponsored by a current EchoLink user"
              ],
              "answer": "You must register your call sign and provide proof of license"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8C11",
              "text": "What name is given to an amateur radio station that is used to connect other amateur stations to the internet?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "A repeater",
                "A digipeater",
                "A beacon"
              ],
              "answer": "A gateway"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": "T8D",
          "description": "Non-voice and digital communications: image signals; digital modes; CW; packet radio; PSK31; APRS; error detection and correction; NTSC; amateur radio networking; Digital Mobile/Migration Radio",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T8D01",
              "text": "Which of the following is a digital communications mode?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Packet radio",
                "IEEE 802.11",
                "JT65"
              ],
              "answer": "All of these choices are correct"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8D02",
              "text": "What does the term “APRS” mean?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Associated Public Radio Station",
                "Auto Planning Radio Set-up",
                "Advanced Polar Radio System"
              ],
              "answer": "Automatic Packet Reporting System"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8D03",
              "text": "Which of the following devices is used to provide data to the transmitter when sending automatic position reports from a mobile amateur radio station?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The vehicle speedometer",
                "A WWV receiver",
                "A connection to a broadcast FM sub-carrier receiver"
              ],
              "answer": "A Global Positioning System receiver"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8D04",
              "text": "What type of transmission is indicated by the term \"NTSC?\"",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "A Normal Transmission mode in Static Circuit",
                "A special mode for earth satellite uplink",
                "A frame compression scheme for TV signals"
              ],
              "answer": "An analog fast scan color TV signal"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8D05",
              "text": "Which of the following is an application of APRS (Automatic Packet Reporting System)?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Showing automatically the number of packets transmitted via PACTOR during a specific time interval",
                "Providing voice over internet connection between repeaters",
                "Providing information on the number of stations signed into a repeater"
              ],
              "answer": "Providing real-time tactical digital communications in conjunction with a map showing the locations of stations"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8D06",
              "text": "What does the abbreviation \"PSK\" mean?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Pulse Shift Keying",
                "Packet Short Keying",
                "Phased Slide Keying"
              ],
              "answer": "Phase Shift Keying"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8D07",
              "text": "Which of the following best describes DMR (Digital Mobile Radio)?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "An automatic position tracking mode for FM mobiles communicating through repeaters",
                "An automatic computer logging technique for hands-off logging when communicating while operating a vehicle",
                "A digital technique for transmitting on two repeater inputs simultaneously for automatic error correction"
              ],
              "answer": "A technique for time-multiplexing two digital voice signals on a single 12.5 kHz repeater channel"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8D08",
              "text": "Which of the following may be included in packet transmissions?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "A check sum that permits error detection",
                "A header that contains the call sign of the station to which the information is being sent",
                "Automatic repeat request in case of error"
              ],
              "answer": "All of these choices are correct"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8D09",
              "text": "What code is used when sending CW in the amateur bands?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Baudot",
                "Hamming",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "International Morse"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8D10",
              "text": "Which of the following operating activities is supported by digital mode software in the WSJT suite?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Moonbounce or Earth-Moon-Earth",
                "Weak-signal propagation beacons",
                "Meteor scatter"
              ],
              "answer": "All of these choices are correct"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8D11",
              "text": "What is an ARQ transmission system?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "A special transmission format limited to video signals",
                "A system used to encrypt command signals to an amateur radio satellite",
                "A method of compressing the data in a message so more information can be sent in a shorter time"
              ],
              "answer": "A digital scheme whereby the receiving station detects errors and sends a request to the sending station to retransmit the information"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8D12",
              "text": "Which of the following best describes Broadband-Hamnet(TM), also referred to as a high-speed multi-media network?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "A wide-bandwidth digital voice mode employing DRM protocols",
                "A satellite communications network using modified commercial satellite TV hardware",
                "An internet linking protocol used to network repeaters"
              ],
              "answer": "An amateur-radio-based data network using commercial Wi-Fi gear with modified firmware"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8D13",
              "text": "What is FT8?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "A wideband FM voice mode",
                "An eight channel multiplex mode for FM repeaters",
                "A digital slow scan TV mode with forward error correction and automatic color compensation"
              ],
              "answer": "A digital mode capable of operating in low signal-to-noise conditions that transmits on 15-second intervals"
            },
            {
              "label": "T8D14",
              "text": "What is an electronic keyer?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "A device for switching antennas from transmit to receive",
                "A device for voice activated switching from receive to transmit",
                "An interlock to prevent unauthorized use of a radio"
              ],
              "answer": "A device that assists in manual sending of Morse code"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "label": "T9",
      "description": "Antennas and feed lines",
      "examQuestions": 2,
      "subTopics": [
        {
          "label": "T9A",
          "description": "Antennas: vertical and horizontal polarization; concept of gain; common portable and mobile antennas; relationships between resonant length and frequency; concept of dipole antennas",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T9A01",
              "text": "What is a beam antenna?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "An antenna built from aluminum I-beams",
                "An omnidirectional antenna invented by Clarence Beam",
                "An antenna that reverses the phase of received signals"
              ],
              "answer": "An antenna that concentrates signals in one direction"
            },
            {
              "label": "T9A02",
              "text": "Which of the following describes a type of antenna loading?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Inserting a resistor in the radiating portion of the antenna to make it resonant",
                "Installing a spring in the base of a mobile vertical antenna to make it more flexible",
                "Strengthening the radiating elements of a beam antenna to better resist wind damage"
              ],
              "answer": "Inserting an inductor in the radiating portion of the antenna to make it electrically longer"
            },
            {
              "label": "T9A03",
              "text": "Which of the following describes a simple dipole oriented parallel to the Earth's surface?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "A ground-wave antenna",
                "A rhombic antenna",
                "A vertically polarized antenna"
              ],
              "answer": "A horizontally polarized antenna"
            },
            {
              "label": "T9A04",
              "text": "What is a disadvantage of the “rubber duck” antenna supplied with most handheld radio transceivers when compared to a full-sized quarter-wave antenna?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "It transmits only circularly polarized signals",
                "If the rubber end cap is lost, it will unravel very easily",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "It does not transmit or receive as effectively"
            },
            {
              "label": "T9A05",
              "text": "How would you change a dipole antenna to make it resonant on a higher frequency?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Lengthen it",
                "Insert coils in series with radiating wires",
                "Add capacitive loading to the ends of the radiating wires"
              ],
              "answer": "Shorten it"
            },
            {
              "label": "T9A06",
              "text": "What type of antennas are the quad, Yagi, and dish?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Non-resonant antennas",
                "Log periodic antennas",
                "Isotropic antennas"
              ],
              "answer": "Directional antennas"
            },
            {
              "label": "T9A07",
              "text": "What is a disadvantage of using a handheld VHF transceiver, with its integral antenna, inside a vehicle?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "It might cause the transceiver to overheat",
                "The SWR might decrease, decreasing the signal strength",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "Signals might not propagate well due to the shielding effect of the vehicle"
            },
            {
              "label": "T9A08",
              "text": "What is the approximate length, in inches, of a quarter-wavelength vertical antenna for 146 MHz?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "112",
                "50",
                "12"
              ],
              "answer": "19"
            },
            {
              "label": "T9A09",
              "text": "What is the approximate length, in inches, of a half-wavelength 6 meter dipole antenna?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "6",
                "50",
                "236"
              ],
              "answer": "112"
            },
            {
              "label": "T9A10",
              "text": "In which direction does a half-wave dipole antenna radiate the strongest signal?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Equally in all directions",
                "Off the ends of the antenna",
                "In the direction of the feed line"
              ],
              "answer": "Broadside to the antenna"
            },
            {
              "label": "T9A11",
              "text": "What is the gain of an antenna?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The additional power that is added to the transmitter power",
                "The additional power that is lost in the antenna when transmitting on a higher frequency",
                "The increase in impedance on receive or transmit compared to a reference antenna"
              ],
              "answer": "The increase in signal strength in a specified direction compared to a reference antenna"
            },
            {
              "label": "T9A12",
              "text": "What is an advantage of using a properly mounted 5/8 wavelength antenna for VHF or UHF mobile service?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "It has very high angle radiation for better communicating through a repeater",
                "It eliminates distortion caused by reflected signals",
                "It has 10 times the power gain of a 1/4 wavelength design"
              ],
              "answer": "It has a lower radiation angle and more gain than a 1/4 wavelength antenna"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": "T9B",
          "description": "Feed lines: types, attenuation vs frequency, selecting; SWR concepts; Antenna tuners (couplers); RF Connectors: selecting, weather protection",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T9B01",
              "text": "Why is it important to have low SWR when using coaxial cable feed line?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "To reduce television interference",
                "To prolong antenna life",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "To reduce signal loss"
            },
            {
              "label": "T9B02",
              "text": "What is the impedance of most coaxial cables used in amateur radio installations?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "8 ohms",
                "600 ohms",
                "12 ohms"
              ],
              "answer": "50 ohms"
            },
            {
              "label": "T9B03",
              "text": "Why is coaxial cable the most common feed line selected for amateur radio antenna systems?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "It has less loss than any other type of feed line",
                "It can handle more power than any other type of feed line",
                "It is less expensive than any other type of feed line"
              ],
              "answer": "It is easy to use and requires few special installation considerations"
            },
            {
              "label": "T9B04",
              "text": "What is the major function of an antenna tuner (antenna coupler)?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "It helps a receiver automatically tune in weak stations",
                "It allows an antenna to be used on both transmit and receive",
                "It automatically selects the proper antenna for the frequency band being used"
              ],
              "answer": "It matches the antenna system impedance to the transceiver's output impedance"
            },
            {
              "label": "T9B05",
              "text": "In general, what happens as the frequency of a signal passing through coaxial cable is increased?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The characteristic impedance decreases",
                "The loss decreases",
                "The characteristic impedance increases"
              ],
              "answer": "The loss increases"
            },
            {
              "label": "T9B06",
              "text": "Which of the following connectors is most suitable for frequencies above 400 MHz?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "A UHF (PL-259/SO-239) connector",
                "An RS-213 connector",
                "A DB-25 connector"
              ],
              "answer": "A Type N connector"
            },
            {
              "label": "T9B07",
              "text": "Which of the following is true of PL-259 type coax connectors?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "They are preferred for microwave operation",
                "They are watertight",
                "They are a bayonet type connector"
              ],
              "answer": "They are commonly used at HF frequencies"
            },
            {
              "label": "T9B08",
              "text": "Why should coax connectors exposed to the weather be sealed against water intrusion?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "To prevent interference to telephones",
                "To keep the jacket from becoming loose",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "To prevent an increase in feed line loss"
            },
            {
              "label": "T9B09",
              "text": "What can cause erratic changes in SWR readings?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The transmitter is being modulated",
                "The transmitter is being over-modulated",
                "Interference from other stations is distorting your signal"
              ],
              "answer": "A loose connection in an antenna or a feed line"
            },
            {
              "label": "T9B10",
              "text": "What is the electrical difference between RG-58 and RG-8 coaxial cable?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "There is no significant difference between the two types",
                "RG-58 cable has two shields",
                "RG-58 cable can handle higher power levels"
              ],
              "answer": "RG-8 cable has less loss at a given frequency"
            },
            {
              "label": "T9B11",
              "text": "Which of the following types of feed line has the lowest loss at VHF and UHF?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "50-ohm flexible coax",
                "Multi-conductor unbalanced cable",
                "75-ohm flexible coax"
              ],
              "answer": "Air-insulated hard line"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "label": "T0",
      "description": "Electrical safety: AC and DC power circuits; antenna installation; RF hazards",
      "examQuestions": 3,
      "subTopics": [
        {
          "label": "T0A",
          "description": "Power circuits and hazards: hazardous voltages; fuses and circuit breakers; grounding; lightning protection; battery safety; electrical code compliance",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T0A01",
              "text": "Which of the following is a safety hazard of a 12-volt storage battery?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Touching both terminals with the hands can cause electrical shock",
                "RF emissions from the battery",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "Shorting the terminals can cause burns, fire, or an explosion"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0A02",
              "text": "What health hazard is presented by electrical current flowing through the body?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "It may cause injury by heating tissue",
                "It may disrupt the electrical functions of cells",
                "It may cause involuntary muscle contractions"
              ],
              "answer": "All of these choices are correct"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0A03",
              "text": "In the United States, what is connected to the green wire in a three-wire electrical AC plug?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Neutral",
                "Hot",
                "The white wire"
              ],
              "answer": "Equipment ground"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0A04",
              "text": "What is the purpose of a fuse in an electrical circuit?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "To prevent power supply ripple from damaging a circuit",
                "To limit current to prevent shocks",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "To interrupt power in case of overload"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0A05",
              "text": "Why is it unwise to install a 20-ampere fuse in the place of a 5-ampere fuse?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The larger fuse would be likely to blow because it is rated for higher current",
                "The power supply ripple would greatly increase",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "Excessive current could cause a fire"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0A06",
              "text": "What is a good way to guard against electrical shock at your station?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Use three-wire cords and plugs for all AC powered equipment",
                "Connect all AC powered station equipment to a common safety ground",
                "Use a circuit protected by a ground-fault interrupter"
              ],
              "answer": "All of these choices are correct"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0A07",
              "text": "Which of these precautions should be taken when installing devices for lightning protection in a coaxial cable feed line?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Include a parallel bypass switch for each protector so that it can be switched out of the circuit when running high power",
                "Include a series switch in the ground line of each protector to prevent RF overload from inadvertently damaging the protector",
                "Keep the ground wires from each protector separate and connected to station ground"
              ],
              "answer": "Mount all of the protectors on a metal plate that is in turn connected to an external ground rod"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0A08",
              "text": "What safety equipment should always be included in home-built equipment that is powered from 120V AC power circuits?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "An AC voltmeter across the incoming power source",
                "An inductor in parallel with the AC power source",
                "A capacitor in series with the AC power source"
              ],
              "answer": "A fuse or circuit breaker in series with the AC hot conductor"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0A09",
              "text": "What should be done to all external ground rods or earth connections?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Waterproof them with silicone caulk or electrical tape",
                "Keep them as far apart as possible",
                "Tune them for resonance on the lowest frequency of operation"
              ],
              "answer": "Bond them together with heavy wire or conductive strap"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0A10",
              "text": "What can happen if a lead-acid storage battery is charged or discharged too quickly?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The voltage can become reversed",
                "The memory effect will reduce the capacity of the battery",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "The battery could overheat, give off flammable gas, or explode"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0A11",
              "text": "What kind of hazard might exist in a power supply when it is turned off and disconnected?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Static electricity could damage the grounding system",
                "Circulating currents inside the transformer might cause damage",
                "The fuse might blow if you remove the cover"
              ],
              "answer": "You might receive an electric shock from the charge stored in large capacitors"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": "T0B",
          "description": "Antenna safety: tower safety and grounding; erecting an antenna support; safely installing an antenna",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T0B01",
              "text": "When should members of a tower work team wear a hard hat and safety glasses?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "At all times except when climbing the tower",
                "At all times except when belted firmly to the tower",
                "Only when the tower exceeds 30 feet in height"
              ],
              "answer": "At all times when any work is being done on the tower"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0B02",
              "text": "What is a good precaution to observe before climbing an antenna tower?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Make sure that you wear a grounded wrist strap",
                "Remove all tower grounding connections",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "Put on a carefully inspected climbing harness(fall arrester)and safety glasses"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0B03",
              "text": "Under what circumstances is it safe to climb a tower without a helper or observer?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "When no electrical work is being performed",
                "When no mechanical work is being performed",
                "When the work being done is not more than 20 feet above the ground"
              ],
              "answer": "Never"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0B04",
              "text": "Which of the following is an important safety precaution to observe when putting up an antenna tower?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Wear a ground strap connected to your wrist at all times",
                "Insulate the base of the tower to avoid lightning strikes",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "Look for and stay clear of any overhead electrical wires"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0B05",
              "text": "What is the purpose of a gin pole?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "To temporarily replace guy wires",
                "To be used in place of a safety harness",
                "To provide a temporary ground"
              ],
              "answer": "To lift tower sections or antennas"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0B06",
              "text": "What is the minimum safe distance from a power line to allow when installing an antenna?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Half the width of your property",
                "The height of the power line above ground",
                "1/2 wavelength at the operating frequency"
              ],
              "answer": "Enough so that if the antenna falls unexpectedly, no part of it can come closer than 10 feet to the power wires"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0B07",
              "text": "Which of the following is an important safety rule to remember when using a crank-up tower?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "This type of tower must never be painted",
                "This type of tower must never be grounded",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "This type of tower must not be climbed unless retracted or mechanical safety locking devices have been installed"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0B08",
              "text": "What is considered to be a proper grounding method for a tower?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "A single four-foot ground rod, driven into the ground no more than 12 inches from the base",
                "A ferrite-core RF choke connected between the tower and ground",
                "A connection between the tower base and a cold water pipe"
              ],
              "answer": "Separate eight-foot long ground rods for each tower leg, bonded to the tower and each other"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0B09",
              "text": "Why should you avoid attaching an antenna to a utility pole?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The antenna will not work properly because of induced voltages",
                "The utility company will charge you an extra monthly fee",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "The antenna could contact high-voltage power lines"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0B10",
              "text": "Which of the following is true when installing grounding conductors used for lightning protection?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Only non-insulated wire must be used",
                "Wires must be carefully routed with precise right-angle bends",
                "Common grounds must be avoided"
              ],
              "answer": "Sharp bends must be avoided"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0B11",
              "text": "Which of the following establishes grounding requirements for an amateur radio tower or antenna?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "FCC Part 97 Rules",
                "FAA tower lighting regulations",
                "UL recommended practices"
              ],
              "answer": "Local electrical codes"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0B12",
              "text": "Which of the following is good practice when installing ground wires on a tower for lightning protection?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Put a loop in the ground connection to prevent water damage to the ground system",
                "Make sure that all bends in the ground wires are clean, right-angle bends",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "Ensure that connections are short and direct"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0B13",
              "text": "What is the purpose of a safety wire through a turnbuckle used to tension guy lines?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Secure the guy if the turnbuckle breaks",
                "Prevent theft or vandalism",
                "Deter unauthorized climbing of the tower"
              ],
              "answer": "Prevent loosening of the guy line from vibration"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": "T0C",
          "description": "RF hazards: radiation exposure; proximity to antennas; recognized safe power levels; exposure to others; radiation types; duty cycle",
          "questions": [
            {
              "label": "T0C01",
              "text": "What type of radiation are VHF and UHF radio signals?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Gamma radiation",
                "Ionizing radiation",
                "Alpha radiation"
              ],
              "answer": "Non-ionizing radiation"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0C02",
              "text": "Which of the following frequencies has the lowest value for Maximum Permissible Exposure limit?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "3.5 MHz",
                "440 MHz",
                "1296 MHz"
              ],
              "answer": "50 MHz"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0C03",
              "text": "What is the maximum power level that an amateur radio station may use at VHF frequencies before an RF exposure evaluation is required?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "1500 watts PEP transmitter output",
                "1 watt forward power",
                "50 watts PEP reflected power"
              ],
              "answer": "50 watts PEP at the antenna"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0C04",
              "text": "What factors affect the RF exposure of people near an amateur station antenna?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Frequency and power level of the RF field",
                "Distance from the antenna to a person",
                "Radiation pattern of the antenna"
              ],
              "answer": "All of these choices are correct"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0C05",
              "text": "Why do exposure limits vary with frequency?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Lower frequency RF fields have more energy than higher frequency fields",
                "Lower frequency RF fields do not penetrate the human body",
                "Higher frequency RF fields are transient in nature"
              ],
              "answer": "The human body absorbs more RF energy at some frequencies than at others"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0C06",
              "text": "Which of the following is an acceptable method to determine that your station complies with FCC RF exposure regulations?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "By calculation based on FCC OET Bulletin 65",
                "By calculation based on computer modeling",
                "By measurement of field strength using calibrated equipment"
              ],
              "answer": "All of these choices are correct"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0C07",
              "text": "What could happen if a person accidentally touched your antenna while you were transmitting?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Touching the antenna could cause television interference",
                "They might develop radiation poisoning",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "They might receive a painful RF burn"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0C08",
              "text": "Which of the following actions might amateur operators take to prevent exposure to RF radiation in excess of FCC-supplied limits?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "Relocate the transmitter",
                "Increase the duty cycle",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "Relocate antennas"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0C09",
              "text": "How can you make sure your station stays in compliance with RF safety regulations?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "By informing the FCC of any changes made in your station",
                "By making sure your antennas have low SWR",
                "All of these choices are correct"
              ],
              "answer": "By re-evaluating the station whenever an item of equipment is changed"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0C10",
              "text": "Why is duty cycle one of the factors used to determine safe RF radiation exposure levels?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "It affects the peak exposure of people to radiation",
                "It takes into account the antenna feed line loss",
                "It takes into account the thermal effects of the final amplifier"
              ],
              "answer": "It affects the average exposure of people to radiation"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0C11",
              "text": "What is the definition of duty cycle during the averaging time for RF exposure?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "The difference between the lowest power output and the highest power output of a transmitter",
                "The difference between the PEP and average power output of a transmitter",
                "The percentage of time that a transmitter is not transmitting"
              ],
              "answer": "The percentage of time that a transmitter is transmitting"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0C12",
              "text": "How does RF radiation differ from ionizing radiation (radioactivity)?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "RF radiation can only be detected with an RF dosimeter",
                "RF radiation is limited in range to a few feet",
                "RF radiation is perfectly safe"
              ],
              "answer": "RF radiation does not have sufficient energy to cause genetic damage"
            },
            {
              "label": "T0C13",
              "text": "If the averaging time for exposure is 6 minutes, how much power density is permitted if the signal is present for 3 minutes and absent for 3 minutes rather than being present for the entire 6 minutes?",
              "rulesReference": "",
              "distractors": [
                "3 times as much",
                "1/2 as much",
                "There is no adjustment allowed for shorter exposure times"
              ],
              "answer": "2 times as much"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}