bugbook/index.html at release · tklammsteiner/bugbook · GitHub

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  <li><a href="#what-to-expect" id="toc-what-to-expect" class="nav-link active" data-scroll-target="#what-to-expect">What to expect</a></li>
  <li><a href="#bugbook-chapters" id="toc-bugbook-chapters" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#bugbook-chapters">BugBook chapters</a></li>
  <li><a href="#international-network" id="toc-international-network" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#international-network">International network</a></li>
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<div class="quarto-title">
<h1 class="title">BugBook: Setting the gold standard for research on farmed insects</h1>
</div>


<div class="quarto-title-meta-author">
  <div class="quarto-title-meta-heading">Author</div>
  <div class="quarto-title-meta-heading">Affiliation</div>

    <div class="quarto-title-meta-contents">
    <p class="author"><a href="https://tklammsteiner.github.io">T. Klammsteiner</a> <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1280-5159" class="quarto-title-author-orcid"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></a></p>
  </div>
    <div class="quarto-title-meta-contents">
        <p class="affiliation">
            Department of Ecology, Universität Innsbruck
          </p>
      </div>
    </div>

<div class="quarto-title-meta">


    <div>
    <div class="quarto-title-meta-heading">Published</div>
    <div class="quarto-title-meta-contents">
      <p class="date">November 10, 2025</p>
    </div>
  </div>


    <div>
    <div class="quarto-title-meta-heading">Doi</div>
    <div class="quarto-title-meta-contents">
      <p class="doi">
        <a href="https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17571652">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17571652</a>
      </p>
    </div>
  </div>
  </div>


</header>


<p><br></p>
<section id="what-to-expect" class="level1">
<h1>What to expect</h1>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<p>The BugBook project was initiated and coordinated by David Deruytter (Inagro, Belgium), and brings together expertise from across Europe and beyond to address the growing need for standardized research in the field of industrial insect rearing. It was published in November 2025 in <a href="https://brill.com/view/journals/jiff/11/18/jiff.11.issue-18.xml">Volume 11, Issue 18</a> of the Journal of Insects as Food and Feed. Comprising 13 chapters (<strong>Table 1</strong>), the BugBook project provides a comprehensive and open access manual for researchers and professionals working on the production of insects for food and feed, with a particular focus on harmonizing methodologies and experimental design. The most frequently used words (<strong>Figure 1</strong>) illustrate the scope and thematic focus of the project.</p>
</div>
<p><br></p>
<iframe src="assets/wordcloud.html" width="100%" height="400" style="border:none;">
</iframe>
<figcaption>
<b>Figure 1. Word cloud constructed from the 100 most frequently used words used across all chapters of the BugBook.</b>
</figcaption>
<p><br></p>
</section>
<section id="bugbook-chapters" class="level1">
<h1>BugBook chapters</h1>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<figure style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 150px; text-align: justify; font-size: 9pt;" class="figure">
<img src="assets/jiff.jpg" alt="JIFF logo" style="width: 100%;" class="figure-img">
<figcaption style="margin-top: 0.5em; font-style: italic;" class="figure-caption">
The BugBook was published in the <i><a href="https://brill.com/view/journals/jiff/jiff-overview.xml">Journal of Insects as Food and Feed.</a></i>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>As research on insect farming has rapidly expanded, driven by advances in genetics, processing, and sustainability, the lack of standardized data analysis and experimental protocols has become a significant barrier to progress and comparability across studies. The BugBook project directly addresses this gap by providing guidance on standardizing processing methods, refining feeding trial protocols, and outlining best practices for chemical analysis of insect biomass. It also introduces conceptual approaches to genetic research, diversity management, and selective breeding, all of which are crucial for the sustainable development of insects as food and feed. By integrating these diverse yet interconnected topics, the BugBook serves as a comprehensive resource that fosters harmonization and innovation in insect research, ultimately accelerating the responsible utilization of insects in food, feed, and waste valorization systems.</p>
<p>Building on a foundation of good practices, the BugBook provides detailed guidelines for maintaining laboratory populations of key species such as <i>Tenebrio molitor</i> and <i>Hermetia illucens</i>, ensuring reproducibility and integrity in research (<strong>Table 1</strong>). It covers critical aspects of experimental design for insect production, including nutritional requirements, hazard and ecotoxicological safety, and the assessment of insect behavior under mass-rearing conditions. The project also addresses the evaluation and application of insect frass in agricultural and waste systems, emphasizing the importance of microbiome analysis and the interactions between multiple environmental stressors.</p>
</div>
<figcaption>
<b>Table 1. Overview of the 13 BugBook chapters.</b> Click on the arrows to expand the abstract and further information.
</figcaption>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output-display">

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<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-f30d7598595affc4f25a">{"x":{"tag":{"name":"Reactable","attribs":{"data":{"Chapter":[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13],"First_Author":["Deruytter & Veldkamp","Coudron et al.","Deruytter et al.","Cardoso et al.","Tomberlin et al.","Dearlove et al.","Lopes et al.","Auger et al.","Bruno et al.","Oonincx et al.","Bellezza Oddon et al.","Sandrock et al.","Smets et al.","Smetana et al."],"Title":["Editorial: Why guidelines and standardization in insect research?","Basic information and good practices on how to maintain stock populations for <i>Tenebrio molitor<\/i> and <i>Hermetia illucens<\/i> for research","Considerations for designing and performing insect larvae production experiments","Ecotoxicology, hazard and safety in insects","Assessing behaviour of insects mass produced as food and feed, using black soldier fly as a model","Determining multiple stressor interactions in mass-reared insects based on principles of ecotoxicology","Critical considerations for evaluating and applying insect frass in agricultural and waste systems","How to explore and exploit the insect-associated microbiome","Life cycle, reproduction, and morphofunctional characterisation of the gut, fat body, and haemocytes in the black soldier fly","Nutritional requirements for edible insect rearing","Advancing insect utilization for food and feed: standardizing processing methods, enhancing techno-functional properties, and refining feeding trial protocols","Genetics of insects as food and feed","Common pitfalls and practical recommendations for chemical analysis of insect biomass","Data analysis methods in studies of insects for food and feed"],"Received":["2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","2024-12-13T00:00:00Z","2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","2024-11-30T00:00:00Z","2024-12-04T00:00:00Z","2024-12-16T00:00:00Z","2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","2024-11-30T00:00:00Z"],"Accepted":["2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","2025-05-12T00:00:00Z","2025-06-05T00:00:00Z","2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","2025-06-05T00:00:00Z","2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","2025-05-10T00:00:00Z","2025-03-25T00:00:00Z"],"Published_online":["2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","2025-06-24T00:00:00Z","2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","2025-07-09T00:00:00Z","2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","2025-05-21T00:00:00Z"],"DOI":["https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10151","https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10240","https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10252","https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10322","https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10225","https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10203","https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10254","https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10256","https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20250002","https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10226","https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10224","https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10260","https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10238","https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10209"],"Authors":["D. Deruytter, T. Veldkamp","C.L. Coudron, C. Adamaki-Sotiraki, W. Yakti, J.J. Pascual, V. Wiklicky, C. Sandrock, M. Van Peer, C. Athanassiou, D.A. Peguero, C. Rumbos, S. Naser El Deen, T. Veldkamp, D. Deruytter, M. Cambra-López","D. Deruytter, C. Coudron, V. Wiklicky, S. Naser El Deen, M. Van Peer, C. Rumbos, D.A. Peguero, C. Adamaki-Sotiraki, C. Athanassiou, T. Veldkamp, C. Sandrock, W. Yakti","D.N. Cardoso, M. Prodana, A.R.R. Silva, R.G. Morgado, J.N. Pinto, S. Loureiro","J.K. Tomberlin, T. Klammsteiner, N. Lemke, P. Yadav, C. Sandrock","E. Dearlove, C.A.M. Van Gestel, S. Loureiro, C. Svendsen, M. Lloyd, L. Mugo-Kamiri, J.M. Petersen, E. Bessette, S. Edwards, F.S. Lim, P. Herren, L. Hernández Pelegrı́n, R.D. Pienaar, H. Huditz, A. Mostafaie, J. Pinto, A. Roman, C. Savio, A.R. Slowik, J. Takacs, J.K. Upfold, H. Hesketh\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n","I.G. Lopes, M. Gómez-Brandón, N. Praeg, J. Claeys, W. Yakti, M. Bitterlich, J.J. Jones, C.-M. Geilfus, T. Klammsteiner","L. Auger, D. Tegtmeier, S. Caccia, T. Klammsteiner, J. De Smet","D. Bruno, F. Manas, M. Bonelli, M. Gold, M. Marzari, D. Roma, M.C. Valoroso, A. Montali, J.B. Guillaume, M. Rebora, C. Bressac, N. Herman, S. Caccia, M. Casartelli, G. Tettamanti","D.G.A.B. Oonincx, M. Gold, G. Bosch, J.B. Guillaume, C.I. Rumbos, S. Naser El Deen, C. Sandrock, S. Bellezza Oddon, C.G. Athanassiou, M. Cambra-López, J.J. Pascual, A.P. Parodi, T. Spranghers, W. Yakti","S. Bellezza Oddon, G. Rossi, V. Bongiorno, L. Gasco, S. Ojha, L. Rastello, M. Renna, L. Rossi Ribeiro, C. Sandrock, O.K. Schlüter, I. Biasato\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n","C. Sandrock, T.N. Generalovic, K. Paul, G.E.L. Petersen, E. Sellem, M.B. Smith, M. Tapio, W. Yakti, L.W. Beukeboom, D. Deruytter, C.D. Jiggins, T. Lefebvre, P. Librado, B.A. Pannebakker, C.J. Picard, C. Rhode, J.G. Sørensen, A.C. Bouwman, L.S. Hansen, J. Obšteter","R. Smets, N.A. Sibinga, G. Verheyen, G. Rossi, M. Van Der Borght","S. Smetana, C. Coudron, D. Deruytter, A. Francis, J.J. Pascual, T. Klammsteiner, N. Lemke, C. Sandrock, R. Zanoli"],"Abstract":["Research on the use of insects as a source of food and feed is experiencing significant growth, as it may contribute to the transition from linear agricultural practices to a more sustainable circular system (van Huis and Oonincx, 2017). For instance, a search in Google Scholar for articles containing “Tenebrio molitor” or “Hermetia illucens” in the title reveals an increase in publications from 115 in 2014 to 961 in 2023 (Figure 1), compared to a total of only 534 publications from 2004 to 2013. This growth rate surpasses the overall increase in scientific publications over a similar period (47% from 2016 to 2022; Hanson et al., 2024), indicating a rising interest and engagement in this emerging field.","The information on the production and reproduction of Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens is essential for researchers pursuing a career in insect farming for food, feed and non-food applications. Rather than requiring researchers to sift through numerous studies to develop effective rearing protocols to maintain a stock population for experimental purposes, the authors summarized insights from peer-reviewed research, while expanding it with their collective experience in rearing these species in both laboratory and pilot-scale settings. A similar approach was applied to both species, beginning with a detailed overview of their life cycle, which is used as a framework for various maintenance procedures. Followed by a description of the environmental conditions in which each species should be held and the minimal infrastructure needed to rear them. Feed recommendations are provided, along with good practices for each stage of the lifecycle, including egg production, instar rearing, and adult handling. The final section addresses potential risks and hazards associated with insect rearing. This includes concerns about the allergenicity of particles produced during rearing, as well as the possibility of contamination, disease outbreaks, or pest infestations. The risks associated with maintaining different insect strains, including cross-contamination and the potential for genetic drift or inbreeding depression, are also discussed.","This chapter of the BugBook provides guidance and addresses challenges towards conducting experiments that aim to optimize the production of insects for food and feed, focusing exclusively on Tenebrio molitor (yellow mealworm) and Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly). The goal is to improve the reliability, reproducibility, and efficiency of insect production experiments. This reduces the human and financial resources needed, improves quality, and ensure the broader implementation of the results. Importantly, these guidelines are based on both data from literature and from unpublished experiences of the authors. Most aspects of the experimental systems are discussed, starting with methods to ensure that the laboratory conditions correct, followed by the experimental design and setup, including a focus on the control group, scale, and number of replicates. Thereafter, information is provided on the different aspects that need to be monitored during the experiment and how to conclude or harvest an experiment. The latter includes a discussion on the various criteria for determining the optimal harvest time. Finally, common challenges in working on insect larvae are identified and guidelines towards relevant publication information are provided.","This BugBook article provides an overview of edible insect toxicological concerns, focusing on exposure routes, mechanisms of toxicity, and assessment endpoints relevant to human and environmental health. Insects are exposed to contaminants through dermal, oral, injection, and inhalation routes. This article explores key toxicity mechanisms, including neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, oxidative stress, and immune suppression, emphasising their implications for toxicity in insects. Methodological approaches to assess the toxicity of contaminants, such as topical application, dietary exposures, bioaccumulation assays, and advanced modelling techniques, are discussed, highlighting their adaptability for edible insect species. Standardised protocols, such as those from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), are presented whenever possible (excluding bees). Data analyses, interpretation, and modelling are briefly summarised, along with examples and case studies that highlight the relevance of toxicity testing for ensuring food safety, regulatory compliance, and sustainable insect farming practices. Bioaccumulation studies using toxicokinetics modelling reveal insights into contaminant uptake and elimination in relevant edible insect species, supporting practical applications like depuration periods in rearing facilities. By addressing current gaps in methodologies and providing a roadmap for ecotoxicological research, this article aims to guide policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders in promoting safe and sustainable practices for the insect-based food and feed sector. The findings underscore the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in harmonising global standards, safeguarding public health, and advancing circular bioeconomy goals.","Behavioural research and its applications has a rich history in science with direct applications continuing to expand global understanding of ecosystem function, structure, and evolution. The same can be said for such research as related to the applied sciences including entomology. The purpose of this chapter is to provide context to various approaches for assessing behaviour of insects that are mass produced for food and feed. By using the black soldier fly as a model, various approaches for conducting such research are explored along with providing some perspective on the value of such data for optimising insect production. However, it should be noted that this chapter is not exhaustive with regards to variables that can be examined, or the methods employed.","Insect mass-rearing is a rapidly expanding industry for the production of protein for food and feed. These highly productive artificial rearing environments can expose insects to a range of biotic and abiotic stressors, including insect pathogens, which may result in population crashes. Interactions between insect pathogens with multiple stressors can exacerbate the effects of individual pathogens on host insects. However, reliable predictions on the combined effects of individual stressors based on mechanisms of action are lacking within the field of insect pathology. We review how ecotoxicological modelling of multiple stressors can be applied to mass-reared insect systems and discuss the importance of standardization across research fields investigating multiple stressors. Important considerations in multiple stressor terminology, experimental design, endpoints and analysis of results are discussed to improve understanding of multiple stressors and their impact on insects for food and feed. This is essential for ensuring optimal rearing conditions for mass-reared insect populations.","Insect frass is one of the most abundant products in the insect industry, regardless of the farmed species. Rich inorganic matter and plant nutrients, frass isapromising organicamendment that can be used inagriculture. While many benefits and challenges have been reported, several knowledge gapsremain unanswered, regarding the specific characteristics and mechanismsof its effects on soils and plants,particularlyintermsof the processes driving these effects and interactions.This article aimstodiscuss recent research on frass and identify existing knowledge gaps, and propose strategies to improve research methodologies,increase comparability across studies, and generate more robust results.The topics covered include the evaluation offrass effects on soil physical properties,microbiological dynamics and fertility, as well as its effects on plant growth, development, and metabolism. The article also explores the potential offrass as an antimicrobial agent and highlights the need for stabilising and improvingits quality and safety before it is used inagricultural activities.Looking forward,insect frass holds great promise as a sustainable input for agriculture, food production, and feed systems.","Large scale insect farming is exploring routes to enhance the efficiency, stability, and safety of the bioconversion of low-value substrates into insect-derived building blocks for food, feed, and fertiliser. Along with optimising insect rearing conditions and genetics, the insect microbiome is fundamental for the physiology, development, and adaptation of its host to various environmental conditions. To efficiently explore and exploit this ecosystem, a thorough understanding of its composition, function, and dynamics is required. This article aspires to provide a synopsis of the methodologies used to probe the insect-associated microbiome, primarily focusing on industrially relevant insect species. Key considerations for sample timing, selection, storage, and processing are discussed, emphasising the importance of standardised approaches to facilitate cross-study comparisons and enhance reproducibility. Marker gene and shotgun metagenomic sequencing are contrasted as means to investigate microbiome features, touching upon their respective (dis)advantages and potential use cases. Cultivation-based methods are essential for functional characterisation and translating the potential of insect-derived microorganisms for industrial applications. Direct isolation and enrichment cultures, along with anaerobic and aerobic cultivation techniques, are discussed as well. Methods to engineer microbiomes, such as axenic rearing and synthetic community assembly, have developed as powerful tools for exploring the role of specific microbes in host physiology. Beyond these approaches, metabolomics and metaproteomics are emerging as insightful techniques to dig deeper into microbiome functionality and host-microbe interactions. This article provides a multifaceted outline for researchers investigating the insect-associated microbiome and emphasises the importance of standardised methodologies and reporting for advancing the field.","Insects are attracting significant attention due to their effectiveness as bioconversion agents for various organic waste and by-products, as well as for their use as raw material in the food and feed sector. Consequently, their potential in creating novel, circular, and sustainable supply chains has been extensively documented, leading to a rapid increase in research on the biology of these animals. In this scenario, the black soldier fly (BSF) has gained considerable popularity. Despite the extraordinary bioconversion capabilities of BSF larvae, several challenges must be addressed to develop and optimise the bioconversion process of a wide range of organic substrates. This effort is accompanied by the need to standardise research protocols. To this end, in this article we present information on the morphological features of developmental stages of BSF, the isolation of larval organs, and methods for studying digestion, immune response, and the reproductive system.","The rapid expansion of insect farming as a sustainable approach for protein production has led to an accumulation of published research on the use of low-value substrates as insect feed. However, compared to conventional livestock, there is a lack of fundamental knowledge about the nutritional physiology and requirements of insects. Such knowledge can lead to the development of optimised feeding substrates that boost insect performance and nutrient composition. In this chapter, the current knowledge on the nutritional requirements of the most relevant insects produced for food and feed is reviewed, and the methods and assays used to investigate the specific requirements are presented. This description of current knowledge on nutritional requirements of edible insects can be used to design suitable rearing diets and as a foundation to further our understanding of insect nutrition.","This study presents specific baseline protocols and actionable recommendations for processing and evaluating insect-derived products for food and feed applications, addressing current gaps in standardization and market integration. Processing methods and the utilization of insect-derived products are two critical aspects intrinsically linked to their market applicability for both food and feed purposes. Therefore, it is imperative to direct research efforts towards these domains, aiming to standardise procedures and products to support broader market adoption. Currently, thermal processing, mechanical fractionation, and enzymatic hydrolysis are among the most common technologies, but differences in temperature, process duration, and input material result in variable products, which might be more suitable for specific applications rather than other. These inconsistencies hamper process standardization as well as stakeholder and market confidence. To address this, the study proposes a set of core variables – including moisture content, processing temperature, and duration – that should be consistently reported in scientific publications to enhance reproducibility and facilitate quality benchmarking. Conversely, the evaluation of insect-derived products as feed ingredients parallels the inclusion of other raw materials into animal diets. Similarities include assessing their nutritional value, digestibility, and compatibility with existing feed formulations. However, the integration of insect-based feed ingredients also necessitates addressing several unique recommendations and considerations that are specific to insects and their derivatives. Notably, the study identifies the need for refined protein quantification techniques (e.g. adjusted N conversion factors) that account for chitin and other non-protein nitrogen sources. Furthermore, insect-derived products are inherently diverse, encompassing a wide range of forms, including dried powders, liquid extracts, whole (live) insects, and processed meals. Each of these product types presents distinct challenges and opportunities in terms of their handling, storage, and integration into feed systems. To guide future application, we outline tailored strategies for each product type, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary research spanning animal physiology, behavior, and nutrition. Overall, this work provides a structured framework to advance the standardization, comparability, and integration of insect-derived products across the food and feed sectors.","Just like traditional livestock, farmed insects harbour genetic variation and can be selectively bred to optimise traits of interest. This BugBook article presents a comprehensive overview of how genetics can contribute to improving insect production for food and feed. Molecular genetics and genomics approaches for generating the data essential for understanding species biology are presented, as well as their implementation in dedicated selective breeding programmes, and options for health and quality control of mass rearing operations. To harness the breeding potential of farmed insects, methods to investigate population genetic diversity and structure through population and evolutionary genetic principles are provided as well as tools for monitoring genetic variation and assessing genetic consequences of captive breeding to adequately manage populations. An overview is given on quantitative genetics of farmed insects, how to record phenotypes and pedigrees, estimate genetic parameters, and design optimal breeding programmes. Lastly, the role of functional genetics in insect production is discussed, the biological link between DNA and phenotypic variation, and key to effectively apply genetic improvement strategies through selective breeding. This article identifies knowledge gaps in insect breeding and provides recommendations for application and future research. Major challenges in the field of genetics of farmed insects include how to phenotype large numbers of individual insects over generations; how environmental factors affect trait expression, including interaction with genetics; and how to translate results from laboratory settings to mass rearing environments. This article will contribute to further develop the area of genetics of insects for food and feed.","The rapid growth of the insect industry as a sustainable solution for feed, food, and biomaterials highlights the urgent need for standardised chemical analyses of insect biomass. Currently, the lack of standardised protocols has led to researchers employing diverse methodologies they perceive as most appropriate. This variability introduces the risk of inconsistency when comparing results, like comparing apples with oranges, and hampers progress in the field. Standardised methods of analysis for insect matrices are essential to ensure uniformity, reliability, and comparability of data, fostering trust and efficiency within the scientific and industrial communities. Establishing standard methods is the responsibility of specialized institutions like the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists or the International Organization for Standardization. Thus, rather than prescribing standard methods, the focus of this chapter is on identifying challenges with the current state-of-the-art, emphasizing the need for consensus-based approaches, and helping researchers interpret differences between the various methods reported in the literature.\r\n\r\nIn the absence of standardised methods much can already be gained through provisional uniformization efforts. This chapter therefore outlines specific recommendations for sampling and key proximate analyses, including fat and fatty acid profiling, protein and amino acid quantification, ash determination, and the assessment of chitin, and nitrogen-free extract. Emphasis is also placed on the importance of accurate reporting, as documentation of methods will enhance data transparency, facilitate reproducibility, and strengthen cross-study comparisons. These efforts aim to streamline future research but also reduce inconsistencies in published data, ensuring the scientific community is no longer bugged by methodological uncertainties.","In recent decades, research on insect production for food and feed has expanded significantly, driven by advances in farming, processing, genetics, and sustainability. Various data analysis methods, from traditional statistics to advanced machine learning, are used to optimise aspects of insect-based systems. In production, methods like analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis help improve breeding conditions and growth rates, while multivariate analyses support processing studies by evaluating nutritional and microbial safety. Genetic research leverages bioinformatics, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and quantitative genetics to enhance traits like yield and disease resistance. Sustainability assessments use life cycle analysis (LCA) with Monte Carlo simulations to measure environmental impacts. Emerging tools, such as neural networks and support vector machines, are gaining traction for predicting feed conversion ratios and disease detection. Despite progress, a comprehensive guide that bridges classic and novel data analysis methods in insect research is still lacking. This study aims to address this gap by offering an accessible manual for researchers and professionals. It will consolidate methodologies across disciplines, highlighting foundational tools for beginners while showcasing advanced techniques for experts. Topics include the application of tailored methods like chitin and protein accounting, sensory analysis, consumer preference modelling, and data visualisation to improve stakeholder communication. By enhancing methodological rigor and fostering transparency, this guide will promote innovation, facilitate data interchange, and ensure the replicability of findings. Ultimately, it aims to drive sustainable advancements in the mass production of insects for food and feed."],"Keywords":[null,"black soldier fly, breeding, BSF rearing, mealworm","Hermetia illucens, insect production experiments, reproducibility, standardisation, Tenebrio molitor","bioaccumulation, edible insects, food safety, risk assessment, toxicity mechanisms","choice test, electrophysiology, ethology, experimental design, reproduction","additivity, antagonism, entomopathogens, mixtures, synergism","fertiliser, soil amendment, protocol, experimental design, hygienisation","Hermetia illucens, Tenebrio molitor, microbiome, sequencing, methodology","Hermetia illucens, insect morphology, insect physiology, gut in vitro models, insect immunity","coleoptera, diptera, edible insects, nutrient requirements, orthoptera","alternative protein, edible insect, insect meal, livestock, reproducibility","demographic inference, insect breeding, population management, review, selection scheme","chemical analysis, chitin, insects, moisture, protein","data analysis methods, genetic research, insect production, machine learning, sustainability assessment"]},"columns":[{"id":".details","name":"","type":null,"sortable":false,"resizable":false,"filterable":false,"searchable":false,"width":45,"align":"center","details":[{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"margin":"16px 24px"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Author info: "]},"D. Deruytter, T. Veldkamp",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Keywords: "]},"NA",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"text-align":"justify"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Abstract: "]},"Research on the use of insects as a source of food and feed is experiencing significant growth, as it may contribute to the transition from linear agricultural practices to a more sustainable circular system (van Huis and Oonincx, 2017). For instance, a search in Google Scholar for articles containing “Tenebrio molitor” or “Hermetia illucens” in the title reveals an increase in publications from 115 in 2014 to 961 in 2023 (Figure 1), compared to a total of only 534 publications from 2004 to 2013. This growth rate surpasses the overall increase in scientific publications over a similar period (47% from 2016 to 2022; Hanson et al., 2024), indicating a rising interest and engagement in this emerging field."]}]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"margin":"16px 24px"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Author info: "]},"C.L. Coudron, C. Adamaki-Sotiraki, W. Yakti, J.J. Pascual, V. Wiklicky, C. Sandrock, M. Van Peer, C. Athanassiou, D.A. Peguero, C. Rumbos, S. Naser El Deen, T. Veldkamp, D. Deruytter, M. Cambra-López",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Keywords: "]},"black soldier fly, breeding, BSF rearing, mealworm",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"text-align":"justify"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Abstract: "]},"The information on the production and reproduction of Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens is essential for researchers pursuing a career in insect farming for food, feed and non-food applications. Rather than requiring researchers to sift through numerous studies to develop effective rearing protocols to maintain a stock population for experimental purposes, the authors summarized insights from peer-reviewed research, while expanding it with their collective experience in rearing these species in both laboratory and pilot-scale settings. A similar approach was applied to both species, beginning with a detailed overview of their life cycle, which is used as a framework for various maintenance procedures. Followed by a description of the environmental conditions in which each species should be held and the minimal infrastructure needed to rear them. Feed recommendations are provided, along with good practices for each stage of the lifecycle, including egg production, instar rearing, and adult handling. The final section addresses potential risks and hazards associated with insect rearing. This includes concerns about the allergenicity of particles produced during rearing, as well as the possibility of contamination, disease outbreaks, or pest infestations. The risks associated with maintaining different insect strains, including cross-contamination and the potential for genetic drift or inbreeding depression, are also discussed."]}]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"margin":"16px 24px"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Author info: "]},"D. Deruytter, C. Coudron, V. Wiklicky, S. Naser El Deen, M. Van Peer, C. Rumbos, D.A. Peguero, C. Adamaki-Sotiraki, C. Athanassiou, T. Veldkamp, C. Sandrock, W. Yakti",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Keywords: "]},"Hermetia illucens, insect production experiments, reproducibility, standardisation, Tenebrio molitor",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"text-align":"justify"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Abstract: "]},"This chapter of the BugBook provides guidance and addresses challenges towards conducting experiments that aim to optimize the production of insects for food and feed, focusing exclusively on Tenebrio molitor (yellow mealworm) and Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly). The goal is to improve the reliability, reproducibility, and efficiency of insect production experiments. This reduces the human and financial resources needed, improves quality, and ensure the broader implementation of the results. Importantly, these guidelines are based on both data from literature and from unpublished experiences of the authors. Most aspects of the experimental systems are discussed, starting with methods to ensure that the laboratory conditions correct, followed by the experimental design and setup, including a focus on the control group, scale, and number of replicates. Thereafter, information is provided on the different aspects that need to be monitored during the experiment and how to conclude or harvest an experiment. The latter includes a discussion on the various criteria for determining the optimal harvest time. Finally, common challenges in working on insect larvae are identified and guidelines towards relevant publication information are provided."]}]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"margin":"16px 24px"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Author info: "]},"D.N. Cardoso, M. Prodana, A.R.R. Silva, R.G. Morgado, J.N. Pinto, S. Loureiro",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Keywords: "]},"bioaccumulation, edible insects, food safety, risk assessment, toxicity mechanisms",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"text-align":"justify"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Abstract: "]},"This BugBook article provides an overview of edible insect toxicological concerns, focusing on exposure routes, mechanisms of toxicity, and assessment endpoints relevant to human and environmental health. Insects are exposed to contaminants through dermal, oral, injection, and inhalation routes. This article explores key toxicity mechanisms, including neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, oxidative stress, and immune suppression, emphasising their implications for toxicity in insects. Methodological approaches to assess the toxicity of contaminants, such as topical application, dietary exposures, bioaccumulation assays, and advanced modelling techniques, are discussed, highlighting their adaptability for edible insect species. Standardised protocols, such as those from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), are presented whenever possible (excluding bees). Data analyses, interpretation, and modelling are briefly summarised, along with examples and case studies that highlight the relevance of toxicity testing for ensuring food safety, regulatory compliance, and sustainable insect farming practices. Bioaccumulation studies using toxicokinetics modelling reveal insights into contaminant uptake and elimination in relevant edible insect species, supporting practical applications like depuration periods in rearing facilities. By addressing current gaps in methodologies and providing a roadmap for ecotoxicological research, this article aims to guide policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders in promoting safe and sustainable practices for the insect-based food and feed sector. The findings underscore the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in harmonising global standards, safeguarding public health, and advancing circular bioeconomy goals."]}]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"margin":"16px 24px"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Author info: "]},"J.K. Tomberlin, T. Klammsteiner, N. Lemke, P. Yadav, C. Sandrock",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Keywords: "]},"choice test, electrophysiology, ethology, experimental design, reproduction",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"text-align":"justify"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Abstract: "]},"Behavioural research and its applications has a rich history in science with direct applications continuing to expand global understanding of ecosystem function, structure, and evolution. The same can be said for such research as related to the applied sciences including entomology. The purpose of this chapter is to provide context to various approaches for assessing behaviour of insects that are mass produced for food and feed. By using the black soldier fly as a model, various approaches for conducting such research are explored along with providing some perspective on the value of such data for optimising insect production. However, it should be noted that this chapter is not exhaustive with regards to variables that can be examined, or the methods employed."]}]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"margin":"16px 24px"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Author info: "]},"E. Dearlove, C.A.M. Van Gestel, S. Loureiro, C. Svendsen, M. Lloyd, L. Mugo-Kamiri, J.M. Petersen, E. Bessette, S. Edwards, F.S. Lim, P. Herren, L. Hernández Pelegrı́n, R.D. Pienaar, H. Huditz, A. Mostafaie, J. Pinto, A. Roman, C. Savio, A.R. Slowik, J. Takacs, J.K. Upfold, H. Hesketh\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Keywords: "]},"additivity, antagonism, entomopathogens, mixtures, synergism",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"text-align":"justify"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Abstract: "]},"Insect mass-rearing is a rapidly expanding industry for the production of protein for food and feed. These highly productive artificial rearing environments can expose insects to a range of biotic and abiotic stressors, including insect pathogens, which may result in population crashes. Interactions between insect pathogens with multiple stressors can exacerbate the effects of individual pathogens on host insects. However, reliable predictions on the combined effects of individual stressors based on mechanisms of action are lacking within the field of insect pathology. We review how ecotoxicological modelling of multiple stressors can be applied to mass-reared insect systems and discuss the importance of standardization across research fields investigating multiple stressors. Important considerations in multiple stressor terminology, experimental design, endpoints and analysis of results are discussed to improve understanding of multiple stressors and their impact on insects for food and feed. This is essential for ensuring optimal rearing conditions for mass-reared insect populations."]}]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"margin":"16px 24px"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Author info: "]},"I.G. Lopes, M. Gómez-Brandón, N. Praeg, J. Claeys, W. Yakti, M. Bitterlich, J.J. Jones, C.-M. Geilfus, T. Klammsteiner",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Keywords: "]},"fertiliser, soil amendment, protocol, experimental design, hygienisation",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"text-align":"justify"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Abstract: "]},"Insect frass is one of the most abundant products in the insect industry, regardless of the farmed species. Rich inorganic matter and plant nutrients, frass isapromising organicamendment that can be used inagriculture. While many benefits and challenges have been reported, several knowledge gapsremain unanswered, regarding the specific characteristics and mechanismsof its effects on soils and plants,particularlyintermsof the processes driving these effects and interactions.This article aimstodiscuss recent research on frass and identify existing knowledge gaps, and propose strategies to improve research methodologies,increase comparability across studies, and generate more robust results.The topics covered include the evaluation offrass effects on soil physical properties,microbiological dynamics and fertility, as well as its effects on plant growth, development, and metabolism. The article also explores the potential offrass as an antimicrobial agent and highlights the need for stabilising and improvingits quality and safety before it is used inagricultural activities.Looking forward,insect frass holds great promise as a sustainable input for agriculture, food production, and feed systems."]}]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"margin":"16px 24px"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Author info: "]},"L. Auger, D. Tegtmeier, S. Caccia, T. Klammsteiner, J. De Smet",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Keywords: "]},"Hermetia illucens, Tenebrio molitor, microbiome, sequencing, methodology",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"text-align":"justify"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Abstract: "]},"Large scale insect farming is exploring routes to enhance the efficiency, stability, and safety of the bioconversion of low-value substrates into insect-derived building blocks for food, feed, and fertiliser. Along with optimising insect rearing conditions and genetics, the insect microbiome is fundamental for the physiology, development, and adaptation of its host to various environmental conditions. To efficiently explore and exploit this ecosystem, a thorough understanding of its composition, function, and dynamics is required. This article aspires to provide a synopsis of the methodologies used to probe the insect-associated microbiome, primarily focusing on industrially relevant insect species. Key considerations for sample timing, selection, storage, and processing are discussed, emphasising the importance of standardised approaches to facilitate cross-study comparisons and enhance reproducibility. Marker gene and shotgun metagenomic sequencing are contrasted as means to investigate microbiome features, touching upon their respective (dis)advantages and potential use cases. Cultivation-based methods are essential for functional characterisation and translating the potential of insect-derived microorganisms for industrial applications. Direct isolation and enrichment cultures, along with anaerobic and aerobic cultivation techniques, are discussed as well. Methods to engineer microbiomes, such as axenic rearing and synthetic community assembly, have developed as powerful tools for exploring the role of specific microbes in host physiology. Beyond these approaches, metabolomics and metaproteomics are emerging as insightful techniques to dig deeper into microbiome functionality and host-microbe interactions. This article provides a multifaceted outline for researchers investigating the insect-associated microbiome and emphasises the importance of standardised methodologies and reporting for advancing the field."]}]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"margin":"16px 24px"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Author info: "]},"D. Bruno, F. Manas, M. Bonelli, M. Gold, M. Marzari, D. Roma, M.C. Valoroso, A. Montali, J.B. Guillaume, M. Rebora, C. Bressac, N. Herman, S. Caccia, M. Casartelli, G. Tettamanti",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Keywords: "]},"Hermetia illucens, insect morphology, insect physiology, gut in vitro models, insect immunity",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"text-align":"justify"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Abstract: "]},"Insects are attracting significant attention due to their effectiveness as bioconversion agents for various organic waste and by-products, as well as for their use as raw material in the food and feed sector. Consequently, their potential in creating novel, circular, and sustainable supply chains has been extensively documented, leading to a rapid increase in research on the biology of these animals. In this scenario, the black soldier fly (BSF) has gained considerable popularity. Despite the extraordinary bioconversion capabilities of BSF larvae, several challenges must be addressed to develop and optimise the bioconversion process of a wide range of organic substrates. This effort is accompanied by the need to standardise research protocols. To this end, in this article we present information on the morphological features of developmental stages of BSF, the isolation of larval organs, and methods for studying digestion, immune response, and the reproductive system."]}]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"margin":"16px 24px"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Author info: "]},"D.G.A.B. Oonincx, M. Gold, G. Bosch, J.B. Guillaume, C.I. Rumbos, S. Naser El Deen, C. Sandrock, S. Bellezza Oddon, C.G. Athanassiou, M. Cambra-López, J.J. Pascual, A.P. Parodi, T. Spranghers, W. Yakti",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Keywords: "]},"coleoptera, diptera, edible insects, nutrient requirements, orthoptera",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"text-align":"justify"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Abstract: "]},"The rapid expansion of insect farming as a sustainable approach for protein production has led to an accumulation of published research on the use of low-value substrates as insect feed. However, compared to conventional livestock, there is a lack of fundamental knowledge about the nutritional physiology and requirements of insects. Such knowledge can lead to the development of optimised feeding substrates that boost insect performance and nutrient composition. In this chapter, the current knowledge on the nutritional requirements of the most relevant insects produced for food and feed is reviewed, and the methods and assays used to investigate the specific requirements are presented. This description of current knowledge on nutritional requirements of edible insects can be used to design suitable rearing diets and as a foundation to further our understanding of insect nutrition."]}]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"margin":"16px 24px"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Author info: "]},"S. Bellezza Oddon, G. Rossi, V. Bongiorno, L. Gasco, S. Ojha, L. Rastello, M. Renna, L. Rossi Ribeiro, C. Sandrock, O.K. Schlüter, I. Biasato\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Keywords: "]},"alternative protein, edible insect, insect meal, livestock, reproducibility",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"text-align":"justify"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Abstract: "]},"This study presents specific baseline protocols and actionable recommendations for processing and evaluating insect-derived products for food and feed applications, addressing current gaps in standardization and market integration. Processing methods and the utilization of insect-derived products are two critical aspects intrinsically linked to their market applicability for both food and feed purposes. Therefore, it is imperative to direct research efforts towards these domains, aiming to standardise procedures and products to support broader market adoption. Currently, thermal processing, mechanical fractionation, and enzymatic hydrolysis are among the most common technologies, but differences in temperature, process duration, and input material result in variable products, which might be more suitable for specific applications rather than other. These inconsistencies hamper process standardization as well as stakeholder and market confidence. To address this, the study proposes a set of core variables – including moisture content, processing temperature, and duration – that should be consistently reported in scientific publications to enhance reproducibility and facilitate quality benchmarking. Conversely, the evaluation of insect-derived products as feed ingredients parallels the inclusion of other raw materials into animal diets. Similarities include assessing their nutritional value, digestibility, and compatibility with existing feed formulations. However, the integration of insect-based feed ingredients also necessitates addressing several unique recommendations and considerations that are specific to insects and their derivatives. Notably, the study identifies the need for refined protein quantification techniques (e.g. adjusted N conversion factors) that account for chitin and other non-protein nitrogen sources. Furthermore, insect-derived products are inherently diverse, encompassing a wide range of forms, including dried powders, liquid extracts, whole (live) insects, and processed meals. Each of these product types presents distinct challenges and opportunities in terms of their handling, storage, and integration into feed systems. To guide future application, we outline tailored strategies for each product type, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary research spanning animal physiology, behavior, and nutrition. Overall, this work provides a structured framework to advance the standardization, comparability, and integration of insect-derived products across the food and feed sectors."]}]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"margin":"16px 24px"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Author info: "]},"C. Sandrock, T.N. Generalovic, K. Paul, G.E.L. Petersen, E. Sellem, M.B. Smith, M. Tapio, W. Yakti, L.W. Beukeboom, D. Deruytter, C.D. Jiggins, T. Lefebvre, P. Librado, B.A. Pannebakker, C.J. Picard, C. Rhode, J.G. Sørensen, A.C. Bouwman, L.S. Hansen, J. Obšteter",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Keywords: "]},"demographic inference, insect breeding, population management, review, selection scheme",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"text-align":"justify"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Abstract: "]},"Just like traditional livestock, farmed insects harbour genetic variation and can be selectively bred to optimise traits of interest. This BugBook article presents a comprehensive overview of how genetics can contribute to improving insect production for food and feed. Molecular genetics and genomics approaches for generating the data essential for understanding species biology are presented, as well as their implementation in dedicated selective breeding programmes, and options for health and quality control of mass rearing operations. To harness the breeding potential of farmed insects, methods to investigate population genetic diversity and structure through population and evolutionary genetic principles are provided as well as tools for monitoring genetic variation and assessing genetic consequences of captive breeding to adequately manage populations. An overview is given on quantitative genetics of farmed insects, how to record phenotypes and pedigrees, estimate genetic parameters, and design optimal breeding programmes. Lastly, the role of functional genetics in insect production is discussed, the biological link between DNA and phenotypic variation, and key to effectively apply genetic improvement strategies through selective breeding. This article identifies knowledge gaps in insect breeding and provides recommendations for application and future research. Major challenges in the field of genetics of farmed insects include how to phenotype large numbers of individual insects over generations; how environmental factors affect trait expression, including interaction with genetics; and how to translate results from laboratory settings to mass rearing environments. This article will contribute to further develop the area of genetics of insects for food and feed."]}]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"margin":"16px 24px"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Author info: "]},"R. Smets, N.A. Sibinga, G. Verheyen, G. Rossi, M. Van Der Borght",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Keywords: "]},"chemical analysis, chitin, insects, moisture, protein",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"text-align":"justify"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Abstract: "]},"The rapid growth of the insect industry as a sustainable solution for feed, food, and biomaterials highlights the urgent need for standardised chemical analyses of insect biomass. Currently, the lack of standardised protocols has led to researchers employing diverse methodologies they perceive as most appropriate. This variability introduces the risk of inconsistency when comparing results, like comparing apples with oranges, and hampers progress in the field. Standardised methods of analysis for insect matrices are essential to ensure uniformity, reliability, and comparability of data, fostering trust and efficiency within the scientific and industrial communities. Establishing standard methods is the responsibility of specialized institutions like the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists or the International Organization for Standardization. Thus, rather than prescribing standard methods, the focus of this chapter is on identifying challenges with the current state-of-the-art, emphasizing the need for consensus-based approaches, and helping researchers interpret differences between the various methods reported in the literature.\r\n\r\nIn the absence of standardised methods much can already be gained through provisional uniformization efforts. This chapter therefore outlines specific recommendations for sampling and key proximate analyses, including fat and fatty acid profiling, protein and amino acid quantification, ash determination, and the assessment of chitin, and nitrogen-free extract. Emphasis is also placed on the importance of accurate reporting, as documentation of methods will enhance data transparency, facilitate reproducibility, and strengthen cross-study comparisons. These efforts aim to streamline future research but also reduce inconsistencies in published data, ensuring the scientific community is no longer bugged by methodological uncertainties."]}]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"margin":"16px 24px"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Author info: "]},"S. Smetana, C. Coudron, D. Deruytter, A. Francis, J.J. Pascual, T. Klammsteiner, N. Lemke, C. Sandrock, R. Zanoli",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Keywords: "]},"data analysis methods, genetic research, insect production, machine learning, sustainability assessment",{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"br","attribs":{},"children":[]},{"name":"div","attribs":{"style":{"text-align":"justify"}},"children":[{"name":"b","attribs":{},"children":["Abstract: "]},"In recent decades, research on insect production for food and feed has expanded significantly, driven by advances in farming, processing, genetics, and sustainability. Various data analysis methods, from traditional statistics to advanced machine learning, are used to optimise aspects of insect-based systems. In production, methods like analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis help improve breeding conditions and growth rates, while multivariate analyses support processing studies by evaluating nutritional and microbial safety. Genetic research leverages bioinformatics, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and quantitative genetics to enhance traits like yield and disease resistance. Sustainability assessments use life cycle analysis (LCA) with Monte Carlo simulations to measure environmental impacts. Emerging tools, such as neural networks and support vector machines, are gaining traction for predicting feed conversion ratios and disease detection. Despite progress, a comprehensive guide that bridges classic and novel data analysis methods in insect research is still lacking. This study aims to address this gap by offering an accessible manual for researchers and professionals. It will consolidate methodologies across disciplines, highlighting foundational tools for beginners while showcasing advanced techniques for experts. Topics include the application of tailored methods like chitin and protein accounting, sensory analysis, consumer preference modelling, and data visualisation to improve stakeholder communication. By enhancing methodological rigor and fostering transparency, this guide will promote innovation, facilitate data interchange, and ensure the replicability of findings. Ultimately, it aims to drive sustainable advancements in the mass production of insects for food and feed."]}]}]},{"id":"Chapter","name":"#","type":"numeric","maxWidth":40,"align":"center"},{"id":"First_Author","name":"First author","type":"character","minWidth":150},{"id":"Title","name":"Title","type":"character","html":true,"minWidth":500},{"id":"Received","name":"Received","type":"Date","show":false},{"id":"Accepted","name":"Accepted","type":"Date","show":false},{"id":"Published_online","name":"Published_online","type":"Date","show":false},{"id":"DOI","name":"DOI","type":"character","cell":["<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10151\" target=\"_blank\">Link<\/a>","<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10240\" target=\"_blank\">Link<\/a>","<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10252\" target=\"_blank\">Link<\/a>","<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10322\" target=\"_blank\">Link<\/a>","<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10225\" target=\"_blank\">Link<\/a>","<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10203\" target=\"_blank\">Link<\/a>","<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10254\" target=\"_blank\">Link<\/a>","<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10256\" target=\"_blank\">Link<\/a>","<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-20250002\" target=\"_blank\">Link<\/a>","<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10226\" target=\"_blank\">Link<\/a>","<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10224\" target=\"_blank\">Link<\/a>","<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10260\" target=\"_blank\">Link<\/a>","<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10238\" target=\"_blank\">Link<\/a>","<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10209\" target=\"_blank\">Link<\/a>"],"html":true,"minWidth":50},{"id":"Authors","name":"Authors","type":"character","show":false},{"id":"Abstract","name":"Abstract","type":"character","show":false},{"id":"Keywords","name":"Keywords","type":"character","show":false}],"defaultPageSize":15,"highlight":true,"striped":true,"compact":true,"dataKey":"b59c0dc89ce7f24a5c641ff4427c6755"},"children":[]},"class":"reactR_markup"},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
</div>
<p><br></p>
</section>
<section id="international-network" class="level1">
<h1>International network</h1>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<p>In total, 109 authors from 49 institutions located in 20 countries have contributed to the BugBook. Authors collaborating on a specific chapter clearly cluster together spatially (<b>Figure 2</b>), while some authors contributing to two or more chapters (<span style="color:#D5E03C;"><b>light green</b></span>) become visible as “hubs” connecting clusters of authors in between chapters (<span style="color:#006225;"><b>dark green</b></span>).</p>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="visNetwork html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-b85bf888dc62471906a9" style="width:100%;height:480px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-b85bf888dc62471906a9">{"x":{"nodes":{"id":["D. Deruytter","C.L. Coudron","C. Adamaki-Sotiraki","W. Yakti","J.J. Pascual","V. Wiklicky","C. Sandrock","M. Van Peer","C.G. Athanassiou","D.A. Peguero","C.I. Rumbos","S. Naser El Deen","T. Veldkamp","C. Rumbos","D.N. Cardoso","M. Prodana","A.R.R. Silva","R.G. Morgado","J.N. Pinto","J.K. Tomberlin","T. Klammsteiner","N. Lemke","P. Yadav","E. Dearlove","C.A.M. Van Gestel","S. Loureiro","C. Svendsen","M. Lloyd","L. Mugo-Kamiri","J.M. Petersen","E. Bessette","S. Edwards","F.S. Lim","P. Herren","L. Hernández Pelegrı́n","R.D. Pienaar","H. Huditz","A. Mostafaie","J. Pinto","A. Roman","C. Savio","A.R. Slowik","J. Takacs","J.K. Upfold","I.G. Lopes","M. Gómez-Brandón","N. Praeg","J. Claeys","M. Bitterlich","J.J. Jones","C.-M. Geilfus","L. Auger","D. Tegtmeier","S. Caccia","D. Bruno","F. Manas","M. Bonelli","M. Gold","M. Marzari","D. Roma","M.C. Valoroso","A. Montali","J.B. Guillaume","M. 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</div>
</div>
<figcaption>
<b>Figure 2. Interactive network of collaboration patterns.</b> Use scroll to zoom in and out, and click and drag a node to explore and expand the network.
</figcaption>
<p><br></p>
</section>
<section id="find-an-expert-near-you" class="level1">
<h1>Find an expert near you</h1>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<p>The geographical distribution (<b>Figure 3</b>) of people that have contributed to the BugBook project (<strong>Table 2</strong>) clearly shows a Europe-centered focus. The majority of authors are located in The Netherlands, Italy, and Belgium. The institution with the highest number of contributions was Wageningen University.</p>
</div>
<div class="cell">
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Francis <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2813-9277 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> DIL e.V. <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 13","<b>Author: <\/b> A. Montali <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8144-9624 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Insubria <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 8","<b>Author: <\/b> A. Mostafaie <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4268-4052 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Aveiro <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 5","<b>Author: <\/b> A. Roman <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8581-4737 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Exeter <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 5","<b>Author: <\/b> A.C. Bouwman <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5079-7108 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Wageningen University <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 11","<b>Author: <\/b> A.P. Parodi <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1351-138X '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Wageningen University <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 9","<b>Author: <\/b> A.R. Slowik <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3079-3868 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 5","<b>Author: <\/b> A.R.R. Silva <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0689-639X '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Aveiro <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 3","<b>Author: <\/b> B.A. Pannebakker <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8503-3896 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Wageningen University <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 11","<b>Author: <\/b> C. Adamaki-Sotiraki <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0777-3634 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Thessaly <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 1, 2","<b>Author: <\/b> C. Bressac <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7609-8970 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Tours <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 8","<b>Author: <\/b> C. Rhode <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7969-7282 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Stellenbosch University <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 11","<b>Author: <\/b> C. Rumbos <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3169-352X '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Patras <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 2","<b>Author: <\/b> C. Sandrock <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2054-2216 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> FiBL <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 1, 2, 4, 9, 10, 11, 13","<b>Author: <\/b> C. Savio <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6600-8126 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Wageningen University <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 5","<b>Author: <\/b> C. Svendsen <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7281-647X '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 5","<b>Author: <\/b> C.-M. Geilfus <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9820-8111 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Hochschule Geisenheim <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 6","<b>Author: <\/b> C.A.M. Van Gestel <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5651-0208 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 5","<b>Author: <\/b> C.D. Jiggins <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7809-062X '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Cambridge <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 11","<b>Author: <\/b> C.G. Athanassiou <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6578-4019 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Thessaly <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 1, 2, 9","<b>Author: <\/b> C.I. Rumbos <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3169-352X '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Patras <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 1, 9","<b>Author: <\/b> C.J. Picard <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8589-8283 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Indiana University-Indianapolis <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 11","<b>Author: <\/b> C.L. Coudron <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0620-6187 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Inagro <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 1, 2, 13","<b>Author: <\/b> D. Bruno <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2550-3267 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Insubria <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 8","<b>Author: <\/b> D. Deruytter <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8565-2240 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Inagro <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 0, 1, 2, 11, 13","<b>Author: <\/b> D. Roma <a href=' https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0149-0087 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Milan <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 8","<b>Author: <\/b> D. Tegtmeier <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1814-9041 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 7","<b>Author: <\/b> D.A. Peguero <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9851-0882 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 1, 2","<b>Author: <\/b> D.G.A.B. Oonincx <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6728-4859 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Wageningen University <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 9","<b>Author: <\/b> D.N. Cardoso <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5754-0743 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Aveiro <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 3","<b>Author: <\/b> E. Bessette <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7005-7182 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Exeter <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 5","<b>Author: <\/b> E. Dearlove <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5268-9554 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 5","<b>Author: <\/b> E. Sellem <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9251-9077 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Ÿnsect <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 11","<b>Author: <\/b> F. Manas <a href=' https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8321-9141 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Tours <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 8","<b>Author: <\/b> F.S. Lim <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2650-7518 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Universitat de València <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 5","<b>Author: <\/b> G. Bosch <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-9506 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Wageningen University <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 9","<b>Author: <\/b> G. Rossi <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2994-1325 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Leibnitz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB) <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 10, 12","<b>Author: <\/b> G. Tettamanti <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0665-828X '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Napoli Federico II <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 8","<b>Author: <\/b> G. Verheyen <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9268-9228 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Thomas More University of Applied Sciences <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 12","<b>Author: <\/b> G.E.L. Petersen <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2956-0426 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Laves Institute for Apiculture <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 11","<b>Author: <\/b> H. Hesketh <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1794-7658 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 5","<b>Author: <\/b> H. Huditz <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4278-1197 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Wageningen University <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 5","<b>Author: <\/b> I. Biasato <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8855-4248 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Turin <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 10","<b>Author: <\/b> I.G. Lopes <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0381-7537 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Agricultural Sciences <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 6","<b>Author: <\/b> J. Claeys <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2167-7865 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Inagro <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 6","<b>Author: <\/b> J. De Smet <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7200-089X '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> KU Leuven <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 7","<b>Author: <\/b> J. Obšteter <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1511-3916 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Agricultural Institute of Slovenia <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 11","<b>Author: <\/b> J. Pinto <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4901-5399 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Aveiro <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 5","<b>Author: <\/b> J. Takacs <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7564-7023 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Wageningen University <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 5","<b>Author: <\/b> J.B. Guillaume <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3678-3855 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Agronutris <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 8","<b>Author: <\/b> J.B. Guillaume <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3678-3855 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Agronutris <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 9","<b>Author: <\/b> J.G. Sørensen <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9149-3626 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Aarhus University <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 11","<b>Author: <\/b> J.J. Jones <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-408X '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 6","<b>Author: <\/b> J.J. Pascual <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7224-9978 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Universitat Politècnica de València <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 13","<b>Author: <\/b> J.J. Pascual <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0737-5510 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Universitat Politècnica de València <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 1, 9","<b>Author: <\/b> J.K. Tomberlin <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0560-4466 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Texas A&M <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 4","<b>Author: <\/b> J.K. Upfold <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8325-4262 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Copenhagen <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 5","<b>Author: <\/b> J.M. Petersen <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2190-1401 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Wageningen University <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 5","<b>Author: <\/b> J.N. Pinto <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4901-5399 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Aveiro <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 3","<b>Author: <\/b> K. Paul <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3228-3063 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Ÿnsect <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 11","<b>Author: <\/b> L. Auger <a href=' https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7212-5964 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Université Laval <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 7","<b>Author: <\/b> L. Gasco <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1829-7936 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Turin <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 10","<b>Author: <\/b> L. Hernández Pelegrı́n <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4910-4583 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Wageningen University <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 5","<b>Author: <\/b> L. Mugo-Kamiri <a href=' https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6553-8457 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Tours <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 5","<b>Author: <\/b> L. Rastello <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-2797 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Turin <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 10","<b>Author: <\/b> L. Rossi Ribeiro <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6305-9654 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Leibnitz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB) <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 10","<b>Author: <\/b> L.S. Hansen <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4270-6365 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Aarhus University <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 11","<b>Author: <\/b> L.W. Beukeboom <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9838-9314 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Groningen <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 11","<b>Author: <\/b> M. Bitterlich <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3562-7327 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 6","<b>Author: <\/b> M. Bonelli <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2853-6598 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Milan <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 8","<b>Author: <\/b> M. Cambra-López <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6130-9392 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Universitat Politècnica de València <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 1, 9","<b>Author: <\/b> M. Casartelli <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1413-7660 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Napoli Federico II <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 8","<b>Author: <\/b> M. Gold <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7285-6164 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> ETH Zurich <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 8","<b>Author: <\/b> M. Gold <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7285-6164 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> ETH Zurich <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 9","<b>Author: <\/b> M. Gómez-Brandón <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4744-535X '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Vigo University <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 6","<b>Author: <\/b> M. Lloyd <a href=' https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8153-8029 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Wageningen University <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 5","<b>Author: <\/b> M. Marzari <a href=' https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6148-8765 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Insubria <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 8","<b>Author: <\/b> M. Prodana <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7747-4699 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Aveiro <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 3","<b>Author: <\/b> M. Rebora <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4271-6336 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Perugia <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 8","<b>Author: <\/b> M. Renna <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4296-7589 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Turin <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 10","<b>Author: <\/b> M. Tapio <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1859-8376 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE) <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 11","<b>Author: <\/b> M. Van Der Borght <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9091-2983 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> KU Leuven <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 12","<b>Author: <\/b> M. Van Peer <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0256-928X '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Thomas More University of Applied Sciences <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 1, 2","<b>Author: <\/b> M.B. Smith <a href=' https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6853-9224 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Indiana University-Indianapolis <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 11","<b>Author: <\/b> M.C. Valoroso <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4210-7098 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Milan <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 8","<b>Author: <\/b> N. Herman <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3990-5731 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Tel-Hai Academic College <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 8","<b>Author: <\/b> N. Lemke <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2248-7609 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Texas A&M <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 4, 13","<b>Author: <\/b> N. Praeg <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1531-8543 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Universität Innsbruck <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 6","<b>Author: <\/b> N.A. Sibinga <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0701-5526 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> KU Leuven <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 12","<b>Author: <\/b> O.K. Schlüter <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6806-9886 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Leibnitz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB) <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 10","<b>Author: <\/b> P. Herren <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8358-9636 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 5","<b>Author: <\/b> P. Librado <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5974-2189 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Universitat Pompeu Fabra <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 11","<b>Author: <\/b> P. Yadav <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1884-8627 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> - <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 4","<b>Author: <\/b> R. Smets <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-4514 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> KU Leuven <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 12","<b>Author: <\/b> R. Zanoli <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7108-397X '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Polytechnic University of Marche <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 13","<b>Author: <\/b> R.D. Pienaar <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8797-9420 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Universitat de València <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 5","<b>Author: <\/b> R.G. Morgado <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6772-3762 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Aveiro <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 3","<b>Author: <\/b> S. Bellezza Oddon <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8942-0682 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Turin <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 9, 10","<b>Author: <\/b> S. Caccia <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1954-7180 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Milan <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 7, 8","<b>Author: <\/b> S. Edwards <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2796-8527 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Exeter <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 5","<b>Author: <\/b> S. Loureiro <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5393-9623 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Aveiro <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 3, 5","<b>Author: <\/b> S. Naser El Deen <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5892-7699 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Wageningen University <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 1, 2, 9","<b>Author: <\/b> S. Ojha <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2057-2287 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> South East Technological University <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 10","<b>Author: <\/b> S. Smetana <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5471-0521 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> DIL e.V. <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 13","<b>Author: <\/b> T. Klammsteiner <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1280-5159 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Universität Innsbruck <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 4, 6, 7, 13","<b>Author: <\/b> T. Lefebvre <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-1536 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Ÿnsect <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 11","<b>Author: <\/b> T. Spranghers <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6789-3531 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> VIVES University of Applied Sciences <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 9","<b>Author: <\/b> T. Veldkamp <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6880-9680 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Wageningen University <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 0, 1, 2","<b>Author: <\/b> T.N. Generalovic <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8983-1024 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Cambridge <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 11","<b>Author: <\/b> V. Bongiorno <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1308-3979 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Michigan State University <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 10","<b>Author: <\/b> V. Wiklicky <a href=' https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3982-9544 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> University of Agricultural Sciences <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 1, 2","<b>Author: <\/b> W. Yakti <a href=' https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2579-5586 '>[ORCID]<\/a> <br><b>Institute: <\/b> Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin <br><b>Chapter(s): <\/b> 1, 2, 6, 9, 11"],null,null,{"interactive":false,"permanent":false,"direction":"auto","opacity":1,"offset":[0,0],"textsize":"10px","textOnly":false,"className":"","sticky":true},null]}],"limits":{"lat":[-33.9306617676211,60.8111123941135],"lng":[-96.3476482874335,35.575710739213]}},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
</div>
<figcaption>
<b>Figure 3. Interactive map showing the geographical distribution of the people that contributed to the BugBook.</b> Scroll or click on nodes to zoom in. Click on dark green nodes to show the respective author information.
</figcaption>
<p><br></p>
<section id="searchable-list-of-authors" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="searchable-list-of-authors">Searchable list of authors</h2>
<figcaption>
<b>Table 2. Overview of all contributing authors</b>. It includes their primary affiliations, ORCID identifiers, and keywords extracted from the chapters to which they contributed to help find relevant experts for a specific topic.
</figcaption>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output-display">

<div class="reactable html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-8e1fe96c0688a849169a" style="width:auto;height:auto;"></div>
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Tettamanti","G. Verheyen","G.E.L. Petersen","H. Hesketh","H. Huditz","I. Biasato","I.G. Lopes","J. Claeys","J. De Smet","J. Obšteter","J. Pinto","J. Takacs","J.B. Guillaume","J.G. Sørensen","J.J. Jones","J.J. Pascual","J.K. Tomberlin","J.K. Upfold","J.M. Petersen","J.N. Pinto","K. Paul","L. Auger","L. Gasco","L. Hernández Pelegrı́n","L. Mugo-Kamiri","L. Rastello","L. Rossi Ribeiro","L.S. Hansen","L.W. Beukeboom","M. Bitterlich","M. Bonelli","M. Cambra-López","M. Casartelli","M. Gold","M. Gómez-Brandón","M. Lloyd","M. Marzari","M. Prodana","M. Rebora","M. Renna","M. Tapio","M. Van Der Borght","M. Van Peer","M.B. Smith","M.C. Valoroso","N. Herman","N. Lemke","N. Praeg","N.A. Sibinga","O.K. Schlüter","P. Herren","P. Librado","P. Yadav","R. Smets","R. Zanoli","R.D. Pienaar","R.G. Morgado","S. Bellezza Oddon","S. Caccia","S. Edwards","S. Loureiro","S. Naser El Deen","S. Ojha","S. Smetana","T. Klammsteiner","T. Lefebvre","T. Spranghers","T. Veldkamp","T.N. Generalovic","V. Bongiorno","V. 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Insubria","University of Aveiro","University of Perugia","University of Turin","Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE)","KU Leuven","Thomas More University of Applied Sciences","Indiana University-Indianapolis","University of Milan","Tel-Hai Academic College","Texas A&M","Universität Innsbruck","KU Leuven","Leibnitz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB)","UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology","Universitat Pompeu Fabra","-","KU Leuven","Polytechnic University of Marche","Universitat de València","University of Aveiro","University of Turin","University of Milan","University of Exeter","University of Aveiro","Wageningen University","South East Technological University","DIL e.V.","Universität Innsbruck","Ÿnsect","VIVES University of Applied Sciences","Wageningen University","University of Cambridge","Michigan State University","University of Agricultural Sciences","Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin"],"ORCID":["<a href='https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2813-9277'>0000-0003-2813-9277<\/a>","<a href='https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8144-9624'>0000-0001-8144-9624<\/a>","<a href='https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4268-4052'>0000-0003-4268-4052<\/a>","<a href='https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8581-4737'>0000-0002-8581-4737<\/a>","<a href='https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5079-7108'>0000-0001-5079-7108<\/a>","<a href='https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1351-138X'>0000-0003-1351-138X<\/a>","<a href='https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3079-3868'>0000-0003-3079-3868<\/a>","<a href='https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0689-639X'>0000-0003-0689-639X<\/a>","<a href='https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8503-3896'>0000-0001-8503-3896<\/a>","<a href='https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0777-3634'>0000-0002-0777-3634<\/a>","<a href='https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7609-8970'>0000-0001-7609-8970<\/a>","<a href='https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7969-7282'>0000-0001-7969-7282<\/a>","<a href='https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3169-352X'>0000-0002-3169-352X<\/a>","<a 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</div>
</div>
<p><br></p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="further-information" class="level1">
<h1>Further information</h1>
<section id="timeline-and-stats" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="timeline-and-stats">Timeline and stats</h2>
<p>All manuscripts were submitted within December 2024 and were published online latest 11 months after initial submission.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output-display">
<p><img src="index_files/figure-html/timeline-1.png" class="img-fluid" width="1152"></p>
</div>
</div>
<figcaption>
<b>Figure 4. Overview of selected statistics.</b> <b>A.</b> Timeline of chapter submissions, acceptances, and online publications. <b>B.</b> Institutional rankings based on the number of contributions to BugBook chapters (Top 10). <b>C.</b> Number of authors per chapter.
</figcaption>
<p><br></p>
</section>
<section id="data-used-for-this-post" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="data-used-for-this-post">Data used for this post</h2>
<p>The raw data used in this post can be downloaded <a href="data/bugbook_data.xlsx">here</a>. Feel free to use, adapt, and share this work in any way you like.</p>
</section>
<section id="links-to-other-projects" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="links-to-other-projects">Links to other projects</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.eawag.ch/fileadmin/Domain1/Abteilungen/sandec/schwerpunkte/swm/Practical_knowhow_on_BSF/BSF_Biowaste_Processing_2nd_Edition_HR.pdf">Black Soldier Fly Biowaste processing: A Step-by-Step Guide (2nd Edition)</a> by Dortmans et al.&nbsp;(2021)</li>
<li><a href="https://www.cost.eu/actions/CA23127/">COST Action CA23127</a> - Group on Insect Nutrition: To Open Nutritional Innovative Challenges (GIN-TONIC)</li>
<li><a href="https://www.cost.eu/actions/CA22140/">COST Action CA22140</a> - Improved Knowledge Transfer for Sustainable Insect Breeding (Insect-IMP)</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>

<div id="quarto-appendix" class="default"><section class="quarto-appendix-contents"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Reuse</h2><div id="quarto-reuse" class="quarto-appendix-contents"><div><a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a></div></div></section><section class="quarto-appendix-contents"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Citation</h2><div><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">BibTeX citation:</div><pre class="sourceCode code-with-copy quarto-appendix-bibtex"><code class="sourceCode bibtex">@misc{klammsteiner2025,
  author = {Klammsteiner, T.},
  title = {BugBook: {Setting} the Gold Standard for Research on Farmed
    Insects},
  date = {2025-11-10},
  url = {https://tklammsteiner.github.io/bugbook},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.17571652},
  langid = {en}
}
</code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">For attribution, please cite this work as:</div><div id="ref-klammsteiner2025" class="csl-entry quarto-appendix-citeas" role="listitem">
Klammsteiner, T. 2025. <span>“BugBook: Setting the Gold Standard for
Research on Farmed Insects.”</span> <em>Zenodo</em> (blog). November 10,
2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17571652">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17571652</a>.
</div></div></section></div></main>
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