From 715647a99ad91ebc77f3a250f6417c411116f33d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hugo van Kemenade <1324225+hugovk@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Aug 2025 14:52:09 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 1/4] gh-137288: Update 3.14 magic numbers (GH-137665)

---
 Include/internal/pycore_magic_number.h | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_magic_number.h b/Include/internal/pycore_magic_number.h
index a570ae684379a4..81bfd162c7ea80 100644
--- a/Include/internal/pycore_magic_number.h
+++ b/Include/internal/pycore_magic_number.h
@@ -277,6 +277,8 @@ Known values:
     Python 3.14a7 3622 (Store annotations in different class dict keys)
     Python 3.14a7 3623 (Add BUILD_INTERPOLATION & BUILD_TEMPLATE opcodes)
     Python 3.14b1 3624 (Don't optimize LOAD_FAST when local is killed by DELETE_FAST)
+    Python 3.14b3 3625 (Fix handling of opcodes that may leave operands on the stack when optimizing LOAD_FAST)
+    Python 3.14rc2 3626 (Fix missing exception handlers in logical expression)
     Python 3.15a0 3650 (Initial version)
     Python 3.15a1 3651 (Simplify LOAD_CONST)
     Python 3.15a1 3652 (Virtual iterators)

From 68a61b0f1d5661180fd432ff9b8ab21272468a87 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sobolevn <mail@sobolevn.me>
Date: Tue, 12 Aug 2025 18:11:18 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 2/4] gh-133403: Check `generate_stdlib_module_names` and
 `check_extension_modules` with mypy (#137546)

---
 .github/workflows/mypy.yml                  |  2 +
 Tools/build/check_extension_modules.py      | 80 ++++++++++++---------
 Tools/build/generate_stdlib_module_names.py | 23 +++---
 Tools/build/mypy.ini                        |  2 +
 4 files changed, 65 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/mypy.yml b/.github/workflows/mypy.yml
index 95133c1338b682..dc636715032969 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/mypy.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/mypy.yml
@@ -13,9 +13,11 @@ on:
       - "Lib/test/libregrtest/**"
       - "Lib/tomllib/**"
       - "Misc/mypy/**"
+      - "Tools/build/check_extension_modules.py"
       - "Tools/build/compute-changes.py"
       - "Tools/build/deepfreeze.py"
       - "Tools/build/generate_sbom.py"
+      - "Tools/build/generate_stdlib_module_names.py"
       - "Tools/build/generate-build-details.py"
       - "Tools/build/verify_ensurepip_wheels.py"
       - "Tools/build/update_file.py"
diff --git a/Tools/build/check_extension_modules.py b/Tools/build/check_extension_modules.py
index 9815bcfe27d995..668db8df0bd181 100644
--- a/Tools/build/check_extension_modules.py
+++ b/Tools/build/check_extension_modules.py
@@ -17,9 +17,11 @@
 
 See --help for more information
 """
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import _imp
 import argparse
-import collections
 import enum
 import logging
 import os
@@ -29,13 +31,16 @@
 import sysconfig
 import warnings
 from collections.abc import Iterable
-from importlib._bootstrap import _load as bootstrap_load
+from importlib._bootstrap import (  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    _load as bootstrap_load,
+)
 from importlib.machinery import (
     BuiltinImporter,
     ExtensionFileLoader,
     ModuleSpec,
 )
 from importlib.util import spec_from_file_location, spec_from_loader
+from typing import NamedTuple
 
 SRC_DIR = pathlib.Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent
 
@@ -112,6 +117,7 @@
 )
 
 
+@enum.unique
 class ModuleState(enum.Enum):
     # Makefile state "yes"
     BUILTIN = "builtin"
@@ -123,11 +129,13 @@ class ModuleState(enum.Enum):
     # disabled by Setup / makesetup rule
     DISABLED_SETUP = "disabled_setup"
 
-    def __bool__(self):
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
         return self.value in {"builtin", "shared"}
 
 
-ModuleInfo = collections.namedtuple("ModuleInfo", "name state")
+class ModuleInfo(NamedTuple):
+    name: str
+    state: ModuleState
 
 
 class ModuleChecker:
@@ -135,9 +143,9 @@ class ModuleChecker:
 
     setup_files = (
         # see end of configure.ac
-        "Modules/Setup.local",
-        "Modules/Setup.stdlib",
-        "Modules/Setup.bootstrap",
+        pathlib.Path("Modules/Setup.local"),
+        pathlib.Path("Modules/Setup.stdlib"),
+        pathlib.Path("Modules/Setup.bootstrap"),
         SRC_DIR / "Modules/Setup",
     )
 
@@ -149,15 +157,15 @@ def __init__(self, cross_compiling: bool = False, strict: bool = False):
         self.builddir = self.get_builddir()
         self.modules = self.get_modules()
 
-        self.builtin_ok = []
-        self.shared_ok = []
-        self.failed_on_import = []
-        self.missing = []
-        self.disabled_configure = []
-        self.disabled_setup = []
-        self.notavailable = []
+        self.builtin_ok: list[ModuleInfo] = []
+        self.shared_ok: list[ModuleInfo] = []
+        self.failed_on_import: list[ModuleInfo] = []
+        self.missing: list[ModuleInfo] = []
+        self.disabled_configure: list[ModuleInfo] = []
+        self.disabled_setup: list[ModuleInfo] = []
+        self.notavailable: list[ModuleInfo] = []
 
-    def check(self):
+    def check(self) -> None:
         if not hasattr(_imp, 'create_dynamic'):
             logger.warning(
                 ('Dynamic extensions not supported '
@@ -189,10 +197,10 @@ def check(self):
                         assert modinfo.state == ModuleState.SHARED
                         self.shared_ok.append(modinfo)
 
-    def summary(self, *, verbose: bool = False):
+    def summary(self, *, verbose: bool = False) -> None:
         longest = max([len(e.name) for e in self.modules], default=0)
 
-        def print_three_column(modinfos: list[ModuleInfo]):
+        def print_three_column(modinfos: list[ModuleInfo]) -> None:
             names = [modinfo.name for modinfo in modinfos]
             names.sort(key=str.lower)
             # guarantee zip() doesn't drop anything
@@ -262,12 +270,12 @@ def print_three_column(modinfos: list[ModuleInfo]):
             f"{len(self.failed_on_import)} failed on import)"
         )
 
-    def check_strict_build(self):
+    def check_strict_build(self) -> None:
         """Fail if modules are missing and it's a strict build"""
         if self.strict_extensions_build and (self.failed_on_import or self.missing):
             raise RuntimeError("Failed to build some stdlib modules")
 
-    def list_module_names(self, *, all: bool = False) -> set:
+    def list_module_names(self, *, all: bool = False) -> set[str]:
         names = {modinfo.name for modinfo in self.modules}
         if all:
             names.update(WINDOWS_MODULES)
@@ -280,9 +288,9 @@ def get_builddir(self) -> pathlib.Path:
         except FileNotFoundError:
             logger.error("%s must be run from the top build directory", __file__)
             raise
-        builddir = pathlib.Path(builddir)
-        logger.debug("%s: %s", self.pybuilddir_txt, builddir)
-        return builddir
+        builddir_path = pathlib.Path(builddir)
+        logger.debug("%s: %s", self.pybuilddir_txt, builddir_path)
+        return builddir_path
 
     def get_modules(self) -> list[ModuleInfo]:
         """Get module info from sysconfig and Modules/Setup* files"""
@@ -367,7 +375,7 @@ def parse_setup_file(self, setup_file: pathlib.Path) -> Iterable[ModuleInfo]:
                     case ["*disabled*"]:
                         state = ModuleState.DISABLED
                     case ["*noconfig*"]:
-                        state = None
+                        continue
                     case [*items]:
                         if state == ModuleState.DISABLED:
                             # *disabled* can disable multiple modules per line
@@ -384,26 +392,33 @@ def parse_setup_file(self, setup_file: pathlib.Path) -> Iterable[ModuleInfo]:
     def get_spec(self, modinfo: ModuleInfo) -> ModuleSpec:
         """Get ModuleSpec for builtin or extension module"""
         if modinfo.state == ModuleState.SHARED:
-            location = os.fspath(self.get_location(modinfo))
+            mod_location = self.get_location(modinfo)
+            assert mod_location is not None
+            location = os.fspath(mod_location)
             loader = ExtensionFileLoader(modinfo.name, location)
-            return spec_from_file_location(modinfo.name, location, loader=loader)
+            spec = spec_from_file_location(modinfo.name, location, loader=loader)
+            assert spec is not None
+            return spec
         elif modinfo.state == ModuleState.BUILTIN:
-            return spec_from_loader(modinfo.name, loader=BuiltinImporter)
+            spec = spec_from_loader(modinfo.name, loader=BuiltinImporter)
+            assert spec is not None
+            return spec
         else:
             raise ValueError(modinfo)
 
-    def get_location(self, modinfo: ModuleInfo) -> pathlib.Path:
+    def get_location(self, modinfo: ModuleInfo) -> pathlib.Path | None:
         """Get shared library location in build directory"""
         if modinfo.state == ModuleState.SHARED:
             return self.builddir / f"{modinfo.name}{self.ext_suffix}"
         else:
             return None
 
-    def _check_file(self, modinfo: ModuleInfo, spec: ModuleSpec):
+    def _check_file(self, modinfo: ModuleInfo, spec: ModuleSpec) -> None:
         """Check that the module file is present and not empty"""
-        if spec.loader is BuiltinImporter:
+        if spec.loader is BuiltinImporter:  # type: ignore[comparison-overlap]
             return
         try:
+            assert spec.origin is not None
             st = os.stat(spec.origin)
         except FileNotFoundError:
             logger.error("%s (%s) is missing", modinfo.name, spec.origin)
@@ -411,7 +426,7 @@ def _check_file(self, modinfo: ModuleInfo, spec: ModuleSpec):
         if not st.st_size:
             raise ImportError(f"{spec.origin} is an empty file")
 
-    def check_module_import(self, modinfo: ModuleInfo):
+    def check_module_import(self, modinfo: ModuleInfo) -> None:
         """Attempt to import module and report errors"""
         spec = self.get_spec(modinfo)
         self._check_file(modinfo, spec)
@@ -430,7 +445,7 @@ def check_module_import(self, modinfo: ModuleInfo):
             logger.exception("Importing extension '%s' failed!", modinfo.name)
             raise
 
-    def check_module_cross(self, modinfo: ModuleInfo):
+    def check_module_cross(self, modinfo: ModuleInfo) -> None:
         """Sanity check for cross compiling"""
         spec = self.get_spec(modinfo)
         self._check_file(modinfo, spec)
@@ -443,6 +458,7 @@ def rename_module(self, modinfo: ModuleInfo) -> None:
 
         failed_name = f"{modinfo.name}_failed{self.ext_suffix}"
         builddir_path = self.get_location(modinfo)
+        assert builddir_path is not None
         if builddir_path.is_symlink():
             symlink = builddir_path
             module_path = builddir_path.resolve().relative_to(os.getcwd())
@@ -466,7 +482,7 @@ def rename_module(self, modinfo: ModuleInfo) -> None:
             logger.debug("Rename '%s' -> '%s'", module_path, failed_path)
 
 
-def main():
+def main() -> None:
     args = parser.parse_args()
     if args.debug:
         args.verbose = True
diff --git a/Tools/build/generate_stdlib_module_names.py b/Tools/build/generate_stdlib_module_names.py
index 88414cdbb37a8d..bda72539640611 100644
--- a/Tools/build/generate_stdlib_module_names.py
+++ b/Tools/build/generate_stdlib_module_names.py
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 # This script lists the names of standard library modules
 # to update Python/stdlib_module_names.h
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import _imp
 import os.path
 import sys
 import sysconfig
+from typing import TextIO
 
 from check_extension_modules import ModuleChecker
 
@@ -48,12 +51,12 @@
 }
 
 # Built-in modules
-def list_builtin_modules(names):
+def list_builtin_modules(names: set[str]) -> None:
     names |= set(sys.builtin_module_names)
 
 
 # Pure Python modules (Lib/*.py)
-def list_python_modules(names):
+def list_python_modules(names: set[str]) -> None:
     for filename in os.listdir(STDLIB_PATH):
         if not filename.endswith(".py"):
             continue
@@ -62,7 +65,7 @@ def list_python_modules(names):
 
 
 # Packages in Lib/
-def list_packages(names):
+def list_packages(names: set[str]) -> None:
     for name in os.listdir(STDLIB_PATH):
         if name in IGNORE:
             continue
@@ -76,16 +79,16 @@ def list_packages(names):
 
 # Built-in and extension modules built by Modules/Setup*
 # includes Windows and macOS extensions.
-def list_modules_setup_extensions(names):
+def list_modules_setup_extensions(names: set[str]) -> None:
     checker = ModuleChecker()
     names.update(checker.list_module_names(all=True))
 
 
 # List frozen modules of the PyImport_FrozenModules list (Python/frozen.c).
 # Use the "./Programs/_testembed list_frozen" command.
-def list_frozen(names):
+def list_frozen(names: set[str]) -> None:
     submodules = set()
-    for name in _imp._frozen_module_names():
+    for name in _imp._frozen_module_names():  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
         # To skip __hello__, __hello_alias__ and etc.
         if name.startswith('__'):
             continue
@@ -101,8 +104,8 @@ def list_frozen(names):
         raise Exception(f'unexpected frozen submodules: {sorted(submodules)}')
 
 
-def list_modules():
-    names = set()
+def list_modules() -> set[str]:
+    names: set[str] = set()
 
     list_builtin_modules(names)
     list_modules_setup_extensions(names)
@@ -127,7 +130,7 @@ def list_modules():
     return names
 
 
-def write_modules(fp, names):
+def write_modules(fp: TextIO, names: set[str]) -> None:
     print(f"// Auto-generated by {SCRIPT_NAME}.",
           file=fp)
     print("// List used to create sys.stdlib_module_names.", file=fp)
@@ -138,7 +141,7 @@ def write_modules(fp, names):
     print("};", file=fp)
 
 
-def main():
+def main() -> None:
     if not sysconfig.is_python_build():
         print(f"ERROR: {sys.executable} is not a Python build",
               file=sys.stderr)
diff --git a/Tools/build/mypy.ini b/Tools/build/mypy.ini
index 123dc895f90a1f..2abb21e51f1cf8 100644
--- a/Tools/build/mypy.ini
+++ b/Tools/build/mypy.ini
@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@
 # Please, when adding new files here, also add them to:
 # .github/workflows/mypy.yml
 files =
+    Tools/build/check_extension_modules.py,
     Tools/build/compute-changes.py,
     Tools/build/deepfreeze.py,
     Tools/build/generate-build-details.py,
     Tools/build/generate_sbom.py,
+    Tools/build/generate_stdlib_module_names.py,
     Tools/build/verify_ensurepip_wheels.py,
     Tools/build/update_file.py,
     Tools/build/umarshal.py

From be56464c4b672ada378d3b9cc8076af56d96cf7b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Adam Turner <9087854+AA-Turner@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Aug 2025 16:23:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 3/4] GH-137630: Convert ``_interpreters`` to use Argument
 Clinic  (#137631)

---
 .../pycore_global_objects_fini_generated.h    |   11 +
 Include/internal/pycore_global_strings.h      |   11 +
 .../internal/pycore_runtime_init_generated.h  |   11 +
 .../internal/pycore_unicodeobject_generated.h |   44 +
 Lib/test/test__interpreters.py                |    8 +-
 ...-08-11-05-05-08.gh-issue-137630.9lmqyc.rst |    2 +
 Modules/_interpretersmodule.c                 |  561 ++++----
 Modules/clinic/_interpretersmodule.c.h        | 1202 +++++++++++++++++
 8 files changed, 1533 insertions(+), 317 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2025-08-11-05-05-08.gh-issue-137630.9lmqyc.rst
 create mode 100644 Modules/clinic/_interpretersmodule.c.h

diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_global_objects_fini_generated.h b/Include/internal/pycore_global_objects_fini_generated.h
index ca4744789f1c23..d8fefa16faf70f 100644
--- a/Include/internal/pycore_global_objects_fini_generated.h
+++ b/Include/internal/pycore_global_objects_fini_generated.h
@@ -842,6 +842,7 @@ _PyStaticObjects_CheckRefcnt(PyInterpreterState *interp) {
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(call));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(call_exception_handler));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(call_soon));
+    _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(callable));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(callback));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(cancel));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(capath));
@@ -877,6 +878,7 @@ _PyStaticObjects_CheckRefcnt(PyInterpreterState *interp) {
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(command));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(comment_factory));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(compile_mode));
+    _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(config));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(consts));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(context));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(contravariant));
@@ -935,6 +937,7 @@ _PyStaticObjects_CheckRefcnt(PyInterpreterState *interp) {
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(errors));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(event));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(eventmask));
+    _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(exc));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(exc_type));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(exc_value));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(excepthook));
@@ -1006,6 +1009,7 @@ _PyStaticObjects_CheckRefcnt(PyInterpreterState *interp) {
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(identity_hint));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(ignore));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(imag));
+    _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(implieslink));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(importlib));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(in_fd));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(include_aliases));
@@ -1055,6 +1059,7 @@ _PyStaticObjects_CheckRefcnt(PyInterpreterState *interp) {
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(kw));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(kw1));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(kw2));
+    _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(kwargs));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(kwdefaults));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(label));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(last));
@@ -1171,6 +1176,7 @@ _PyStaticObjects_CheckRefcnt(PyInterpreterState *interp) {
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(pos1));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(pos2));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(posix));
+    _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(preserve_exc));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(print_file_and_line));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(priority));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(progress));
@@ -1198,9 +1204,12 @@ _PyStaticObjects_CheckRefcnt(PyInterpreterState *interp) {
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(reload));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(repl));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(replace));
+    _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(reqrefs));
+    _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(require_ready));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(reserved));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(reset));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(resetids));
+    _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(restrict));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(return));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(reverse));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(reversed));
@@ -1227,6 +1236,7 @@ _PyStaticObjects_CheckRefcnt(PyInterpreterState *interp) {
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(setsigmask));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(setstate));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(shape));
+    _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(shared));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(show_cmd));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(signed));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(size));
@@ -1297,6 +1307,7 @@ _PyStaticObjects_CheckRefcnt(PyInterpreterState *interp) {
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(uid));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(unlink));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(unraisablehook));
+    _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(updates));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(uri));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(usedforsecurity));
     _PyStaticObject_CheckRefcnt((PyObject *)&_Py_ID(value));
diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_global_strings.h b/Include/internal/pycore_global_strings.h
index 47bb6fcecc1ba6..b9207f46cd729d 100644
--- a/Include/internal/pycore_global_strings.h
+++ b/Include/internal/pycore_global_strings.h
@@ -333,6 +333,7 @@ struct _Py_global_strings {
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(call)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(call_exception_handler)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(call_soon)
+        STRUCT_FOR_ID(callable)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(callback)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(cancel)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(capath)
@@ -368,6 +369,7 @@ struct _Py_global_strings {
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(command)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(comment_factory)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(compile_mode)
+        STRUCT_FOR_ID(config)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(consts)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(context)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(contravariant)
@@ -426,6 +428,7 @@ struct _Py_global_strings {
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(errors)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(event)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(eventmask)
+        STRUCT_FOR_ID(exc)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(exc_type)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(exc_value)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(excepthook)
@@ -497,6 +500,7 @@ struct _Py_global_strings {
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(identity_hint)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(ignore)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(imag)
+        STRUCT_FOR_ID(implieslink)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(importlib)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(in_fd)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(include_aliases)
@@ -546,6 +550,7 @@ struct _Py_global_strings {
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(kw)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(kw1)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(kw2)
+        STRUCT_FOR_ID(kwargs)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(kwdefaults)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(label)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(last)
@@ -662,6 +667,7 @@ struct _Py_global_strings {
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(pos1)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(pos2)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(posix)
+        STRUCT_FOR_ID(preserve_exc)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(print_file_and_line)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(priority)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(progress)
@@ -689,9 +695,12 @@ struct _Py_global_strings {
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(reload)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(repl)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(replace)
+        STRUCT_FOR_ID(reqrefs)
+        STRUCT_FOR_ID(require_ready)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(reserved)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(reset)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(resetids)
+        STRUCT_FOR_ID(restrict)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(return)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(reverse)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(reversed)
@@ -718,6 +727,7 @@ struct _Py_global_strings {
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(setsigmask)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(setstate)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(shape)
+        STRUCT_FOR_ID(shared)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(show_cmd)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(signed)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(size)
@@ -788,6 +798,7 @@ struct _Py_global_strings {
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(uid)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(unlink)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(unraisablehook)
+        STRUCT_FOR_ID(updates)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(uri)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(usedforsecurity)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(value)
diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_runtime_init_generated.h b/Include/internal/pycore_runtime_init_generated.h
index 70a54f5273e446..254b02be1334bd 100644
--- a/Include/internal/pycore_runtime_init_generated.h
+++ b/Include/internal/pycore_runtime_init_generated.h
@@ -840,6 +840,7 @@ extern "C" {
     INIT_ID(call), \
     INIT_ID(call_exception_handler), \
     INIT_ID(call_soon), \
+    INIT_ID(callable), \
     INIT_ID(callback), \
     INIT_ID(cancel), \
     INIT_ID(capath), \
@@ -875,6 +876,7 @@ extern "C" {
     INIT_ID(command), \
     INIT_ID(comment_factory), \
     INIT_ID(compile_mode), \
+    INIT_ID(config), \
     INIT_ID(consts), \
     INIT_ID(context), \
     INIT_ID(contravariant), \
@@ -933,6 +935,7 @@ extern "C" {
     INIT_ID(errors), \
     INIT_ID(event), \
     INIT_ID(eventmask), \
+    INIT_ID(exc), \
     INIT_ID(exc_type), \
     INIT_ID(exc_value), \
     INIT_ID(excepthook), \
@@ -1004,6 +1007,7 @@ extern "C" {
     INIT_ID(identity_hint), \
     INIT_ID(ignore), \
     INIT_ID(imag), \
+    INIT_ID(implieslink), \
     INIT_ID(importlib), \
     INIT_ID(in_fd), \
     INIT_ID(include_aliases), \
@@ -1053,6 +1057,7 @@ extern "C" {
     INIT_ID(kw), \
     INIT_ID(kw1), \
     INIT_ID(kw2), \
+    INIT_ID(kwargs), \
     INIT_ID(kwdefaults), \
     INIT_ID(label), \
     INIT_ID(last), \
@@ -1169,6 +1174,7 @@ extern "C" {
     INIT_ID(pos1), \
     INIT_ID(pos2), \
     INIT_ID(posix), \
+    INIT_ID(preserve_exc), \
     INIT_ID(print_file_and_line), \
     INIT_ID(priority), \
     INIT_ID(progress), \
@@ -1196,9 +1202,12 @@ extern "C" {
     INIT_ID(reload), \
     INIT_ID(repl), \
     INIT_ID(replace), \
+    INIT_ID(reqrefs), \
+    INIT_ID(require_ready), \
     INIT_ID(reserved), \
     INIT_ID(reset), \
     INIT_ID(resetids), \
+    INIT_ID(restrict), \
     INIT_ID(return), \
     INIT_ID(reverse), \
     INIT_ID(reversed), \
@@ -1225,6 +1234,7 @@ extern "C" {
     INIT_ID(setsigmask), \
     INIT_ID(setstate), \
     INIT_ID(shape), \
+    INIT_ID(shared), \
     INIT_ID(show_cmd), \
     INIT_ID(signed), \
     INIT_ID(size), \
@@ -1295,6 +1305,7 @@ extern "C" {
     INIT_ID(uid), \
     INIT_ID(unlink), \
     INIT_ID(unraisablehook), \
+    INIT_ID(updates), \
     INIT_ID(uri), \
     INIT_ID(usedforsecurity), \
     INIT_ID(value), \
diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_unicodeobject_generated.h b/Include/internal/pycore_unicodeobject_generated.h
index 89444f4fb83b94..f1f6bc48fdf1a3 100644
--- a/Include/internal/pycore_unicodeobject_generated.h
+++ b/Include/internal/pycore_unicodeobject_generated.h
@@ -1120,6 +1120,10 @@ _PyUnicode_InitStaticStrings(PyInterpreterState *interp) {
     _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
     assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
     assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1);
+    string = &_Py_ID(callable);
+    _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
+    assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1);
     string = &_Py_ID(callback);
     _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
     assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
@@ -1260,6 +1264,10 @@ _PyUnicode_InitStaticStrings(PyInterpreterState *interp) {
     _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
     assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
     assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1);
+    string = &_Py_ID(config);
+    _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
+    assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1);
     string = &_Py_ID(consts);
     _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
     assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
@@ -1492,6 +1500,10 @@ _PyUnicode_InitStaticStrings(PyInterpreterState *interp) {
     _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
     assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
     assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1);
+    string = &_Py_ID(exc);
+    _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
+    assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1);
     string = &_Py_ID(exc_type);
     _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
     assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
@@ -1776,6 +1788,10 @@ _PyUnicode_InitStaticStrings(PyInterpreterState *interp) {
     _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
     assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
     assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1);
+    string = &_Py_ID(implieslink);
+    _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
+    assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1);
     string = &_Py_ID(importlib);
     _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
     assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
@@ -1972,6 +1988,10 @@ _PyUnicode_InitStaticStrings(PyInterpreterState *interp) {
     _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
     assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
     assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1);
+    string = &_Py_ID(kwargs);
+    _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
+    assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1);
     string = &_Py_ID(kwdefaults);
     _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
     assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
@@ -2436,6 +2456,10 @@ _PyUnicode_InitStaticStrings(PyInterpreterState *interp) {
     _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
     assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
     assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1);
+    string = &_Py_ID(preserve_exc);
+    _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
+    assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1);
     string = &_Py_ID(print_file_and_line);
     _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
     assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
@@ -2544,6 +2568,14 @@ _PyUnicode_InitStaticStrings(PyInterpreterState *interp) {
     _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
     assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
     assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1);
+    string = &_Py_ID(reqrefs);
+    _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
+    assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1);
+    string = &_Py_ID(require_ready);
+    _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
+    assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1);
     string = &_Py_ID(reserved);
     _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
     assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
@@ -2556,6 +2588,10 @@ _PyUnicode_InitStaticStrings(PyInterpreterState *interp) {
     _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
     assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
     assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1);
+    string = &_Py_ID(restrict);
+    _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
+    assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1);
     string = &_Py_ID(return);
     _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
     assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
@@ -2660,6 +2696,10 @@ _PyUnicode_InitStaticStrings(PyInterpreterState *interp) {
     _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
     assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
     assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1);
+    string = &_Py_ID(shared);
+    _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
+    assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1);
     string = &_Py_ID(show_cmd);
     _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
     assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
@@ -2940,6 +2980,10 @@ _PyUnicode_InitStaticStrings(PyInterpreterState *interp) {
     _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
     assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
     assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1);
+    string = &_Py_ID(updates);
+    _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
+    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
+    assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string) != 1);
     string = &_Py_ID(uri);
     _PyUnicode_InternStatic(interp, &string);
     assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(string, 1));
diff --git a/Lib/test/test__interpreters.py b/Lib/test/test__interpreters.py
index a32d5d81d2bf2d..ec5a26bc1c05ad 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test__interpreters.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test__interpreters.py
@@ -474,19 +474,19 @@ def setUp(self):
 
     def test_signatures(self):
         # See https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/126654
-        msg = r'_interpreters.exec\(\) argument 3 must be dict, not int'
+        msg = r"exec\(\) argument 'shared' must be dict, not int"
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, msg):
             _interpreters.exec(self.id, 'a', 1)
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, msg):
             _interpreters.exec(self.id, 'a', shared=1)
-        msg = r'_interpreters.run_string\(\) argument 3 must be dict, not int'
+        msg = r"run_string\(\) argument 'shared' must be dict, not int"
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, msg):
             _interpreters.run_string(self.id, 'a', shared=1)
-        msg = r'_interpreters.run_func\(\) argument 3 must be dict, not int'
+        msg = r"run_func\(\) argument 'shared' must be dict, not int"
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, msg):
             _interpreters.run_func(self.id, lambda: None, shared=1)
         # See https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/135855
-        msg = r'_interpreters.set___main___attrs\(\) argument 2 must be dict, not int'
+        msg = r"set___main___attrs\(\) argument 'updates' must be dict, not int"
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, msg):
             _interpreters.set___main___attrs(self.id, 1)
 
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2025-08-11-05-05-08.gh-issue-137630.9lmqyc.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2025-08-11-05-05-08.gh-issue-137630.9lmqyc.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..94d836c17834fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2025-08-11-05-05-08.gh-issue-137630.9lmqyc.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+The :mod:`!_interpreters` module now uses Argument Clinic to parse arguments.
+Patch by Adam Turner.
diff --git a/Modules/_interpretersmodule.c b/Modules/_interpretersmodule.c
index faf3b25b68c4eb..c7a3d54a0b9a52 100644
--- a/Modules/_interpretersmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/_interpretersmodule.c
@@ -20,12 +20,18 @@
 
 #include "_interpreters_common.h"
 
+#include "clinic/_interpretersmodule.c.h"
 
 #define MODULE_NAME _interpreters
 #define MODULE_NAME_STR Py_STRINGIFY(MODULE_NAME)
 #define MODINIT_FUNC_NAME RESOLVE_MODINIT_FUNC_NAME(MODULE_NAME)
 
 
+/*[clinic input]
+module _interpreters
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=da39a3ee5e6b4b0d input=bfd967980a0de892]*/
+
 static PyInterpreterState *
 _get_current_interp(void)
 {
@@ -797,12 +803,12 @@ get_summary(PyInterpreterState *interp)
 }
 
 
+// Not converted to Argument Clinic because the function uses ``**kwargs``.
 static PyObject *
 interp_new_config(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
 {
     const char *name = NULL;
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|s:" MODULE_NAME_STR ".new_config",
-                          &name))
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|s:" MODULE_NAME_STR ".new_config", &name))
     {
         return NULL;
     }
@@ -830,7 +836,8 @@ interp_new_config(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
 }
 
 PyDoc_STRVAR(new_config_doc,
-"new_config(name='isolated', /, **overrides) -> type.SimpleNamespace\n\
+"new_config($module, name='isolated', /, **overrides)\n\
+--\n\
 \n\
 Return a representation of a new PyInterpreterConfig.\n\
 \n\
@@ -841,17 +848,28 @@ Any keyword arguments are set on the corresponding config fields,\n\
 overriding the initial values.");
 
 
+/*[clinic input]
+_interpreters.create
+    config as configobj: object(py_default="'isolated'") = NULL
+    *
+    reqrefs: bool = False
+
+Create a new interpreter and return a unique generated ID.
+
+The caller is responsible for destroying the interpreter before exiting,
+typically by using _interpreters.destroy().  This can be managed
+automatically by passing "reqrefs=True" and then using _incref() and
+_decref() appropriately.
+
+"config" must be a valid interpreter config or the name of a
+predefined config ('isolated' or 'legacy').  The default
+is 'isolated'.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
 static PyObject *
-interp_create(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+_interpreters_create_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *configobj, int reqrefs)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=c1cc6835b1277c16 input=235ce396a23624d5]*/
 {
-    static char *kwlist[] = {"config", "reqrefs", NULL};
-    PyObject *configobj = NULL;
-    int reqrefs = 0;
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "|O$p:create", kwlist,
-                                     &configobj, &reqrefs)) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
     PyInterpreterConfig config;
     if (config_from_object(configobj, &config) < 0) {
         return NULL;
@@ -885,34 +903,22 @@ interp_create(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
 }
 
 
-PyDoc_STRVAR(create_doc,
-"create([config], *, reqrefs=False) -> ID\n\
-\n\
-Create a new interpreter and return a unique generated ID.\n\
-\n\
-The caller is responsible for destroying the interpreter before exiting,\n\
-typically by using _interpreters.destroy().  This can be managed \n\
-automatically by passing \"reqrefs=True\" and then using _incref() and\n\
-_decref() appropriately.\n\
-\n\
-\"config\" must be a valid interpreter config or the name of a\n\
-predefined config (\"isolated\" or \"legacy\").  The default\n\
-is \"isolated\".");
+/*[clinic input]
+_interpreters.destroy
+    id: object
+    *
+    restrict as restricted: bool = False
+
+Destroy the identified interpreter.
 
+Attempting to destroy the current interpreter raises InterpreterError.
+So does an unrecognized ID.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
 
 static PyObject *
-interp_destroy(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+_interpreters_destroy_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *id, int restricted)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=0bc20da8700ab4dd input=561bdd6537639d40]*/
 {
-    static char *kwlist[] = {"id", "restrict", NULL};
-    PyObject *id;
-    int restricted = 0;
-    // XXX Use "L" for id?
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds,
-                                     "O|$p:destroy", kwlist, &id, &restricted))
-    {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
     // Look up the interpreter.
     int reqready = 0;
     PyInterpreterState *interp = \
@@ -946,27 +952,19 @@ interp_destroy(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
     Py_RETURN_NONE;
 }
 
-PyDoc_STRVAR(destroy_doc,
-"destroy(id, *, restrict=False)\n\
-\n\
-Destroy the identified interpreter.\n\
-\n\
-Attempting to destroy the current interpreter raises InterpreterError.\n\
-So does an unrecognized ID.");
 
+/*[clinic input]
+_interpreters.list_all
+    *
+    require_ready as reqready: bool = False
+
+Return a list containing the ID of every existing interpreter.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
 
 static PyObject *
-interp_list_all(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
+_interpreters_list_all_impl(PyObject *module, int reqready)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=3f21c1a7c78043c0 input=35bae91c381a2cf9]*/
 {
-    static char *kwlist[] = {"require_ready", NULL};
-    int reqready = 0;
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs,
-                                     "|$p:" MODULE_NAME_STR ".list_all",
-                                     kwlist, &reqready))
-    {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
     PyObject *ids = PyList_New(0);
     if (ids == NULL) {
         return NULL;
@@ -995,14 +993,16 @@ interp_list_all(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
     return ids;
 }
 
-PyDoc_STRVAR(list_all_doc,
-"list_all() -> [(ID, whence)]\n\
-\n\
-Return a list containing the ID of every existing interpreter.");
 
+/*[clinic input]
+_interpreters.get_current
+
+Return (ID, whence) of the current interpreter.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
 
 static PyObject *
-interp_get_current(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
+_interpreters_get_current_impl(PyObject *module)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=03161c8fcc0136eb input=37fb2c067c14d543]*/
 {
     PyInterpreterState *interp =_get_current_interp();
     if (interp == NULL) {
@@ -1012,39 +1012,38 @@ interp_get_current(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
     return get_summary(interp);
 }
 
-PyDoc_STRVAR(get_current_doc,
-"get_current() -> (ID, whence)\n\
-\n\
-Return the ID of current interpreter.");
 
+/*[clinic input]
+_interpreters.get_main
+
+Return (ID, whence) of the main interpreter.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
 
 static PyObject *
-interp_get_main(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
+_interpreters_get_main_impl(PyObject *module)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=9647288aff735557 input=b4ace23ca562146f]*/
 {
     PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_Main();
     assert(_PyInterpreterState_IsReady(interp));
     return get_summary(interp);
 }
 
-PyDoc_STRVAR(get_main_doc,
-"get_main() -> (ID, whence)\n\
-\n\
-Return the ID of main interpreter.");
 
+/*[clinic input]
+_interpreters.set___main___attrs
+    id: object
+    updates: object(subclass_of='&PyDict_Type')
+    *
+    restrict as restricted: bool = False
+
+Bind the given attributes in the interpreter's __main__ module.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
 
 static PyObject *
-interp_set___main___attrs(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
+_interpreters_set___main___attrs_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *id,
+                                      PyObject *updates, int restricted)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=f3803010cb452bf0 input=d16ab8d81371f86a]*/
 {
-    static char *kwlist[] = {"id", "updates", "restrict", NULL};
-    PyObject *id, *updates;
-    int restricted = 0;
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs,
-                                     "OO!|$p:" MODULE_NAME_STR ".set___main___attrs",
-                                     kwlist, &id, &PyDict_Type, &updates, &restricted))
-    {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
     // Look up the interpreter.
     int reqready = 1;
     PyInterpreterState *interp = \
@@ -1091,11 +1090,6 @@ interp_set___main___attrs(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
     Py_RETURN_NONE;
 }
 
-PyDoc_STRVAR(set___main___attrs_doc,
-"set___main___attrs(id, ns, *, restrict=False)\n\
-\n\
-Bind the given attributes in the interpreter's __main__ module.");
-
 
 static PyObject *
 _handle_script_error(struct run_result *runres)
@@ -1109,23 +1103,36 @@ _handle_script_error(struct run_result *runres)
     return runres->excinfo;
 }
 
+/*[clinic input]
+_interpreters.exec
+    id: object
+    code: object
+    shared: object(subclass_of='&PyDict_Type', c_default='NULL') = {}
+    *
+    restrict as restricted: bool = False
+
+Execute the provided code in the identified interpreter.
+
+This is equivalent to running the builtin exec() under the target
+interpreter, using the __dict__ of its __main__ module as both
+globals and locals.
+
+"code" may be a string containing the text of a Python script.
+
+Functions (and code objects) are also supported, with some restrictions.
+The code/function must not take any arguments or be a closure
+(i.e. have cell vars).  Methods and other callables are not supported.
+
+If a function is provided, its code object is used and all its state
+is ignored, including its __globals__ dict.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
 static PyObject *
-interp_exec(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+_interpreters_exec_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *id, PyObject *code,
+                        PyObject *shared, int restricted)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=492057c4f10dc304 input=5a22c1ed0c5dbcf3]*/
 {
-#define FUNCNAME MODULE_NAME_STR ".exec"
     PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
-    static char *kwlist[] = {"id", "code", "shared", "restrict", NULL};
-    PyObject *id, *code;
-    PyObject *shared = NULL;
-    int restricted = 0;
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds,
-                                     "OO|O!$p:" FUNCNAME, kwlist,
-                                     &id, &code, &PyDict_Type, &shared,
-                                     &restricted))
-    {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
     int reqready = 1;
     PyInterpreterState *interp = \
             resolve_interp(id, restricted, reqready, "exec code for");
@@ -1150,43 +1157,29 @@ interp_exec(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
     }
     assert(runres.result == NULL);
     Py_RETURN_NONE;
-#undef FUNCNAME
 }
 
-PyDoc_STRVAR(exec_doc,
-"exec(id, code, shared=None, *, restrict=False)\n\
-\n\
-Execute the provided code in the identified interpreter.\n\
-This is equivalent to running the builtin exec() under the target\n\
-interpreter, using the __dict__ of its __main__ module as both\n\
-globals and locals.\n\
-\n\
-\"code\" may be a string containing the text of a Python script.\n\
-\n\
-Functions (and code objects) are also supported, with some restrictions.\n\
-The code/function must not take any arguments or be a closure\n\
-(i.e. have cell vars).  Methods and other callables are not supported.\n\
-\n\
-If a function is provided, its code object is used and all its state\n\
-is ignored, including its __globals__ dict.");
+/*[clinic input]
+_interpreters.run_string
+    id: object
+    script: unicode
+    shared: object(subclass_of='&PyDict_Type', c_default='NULL') = {}
+    *
+    restrict as restricted: bool = False
+
+Execute the provided string in the identified interpreter.
+
+(See _interpreters.exec().)
+[clinic start generated code]*/
 
 static PyObject *
-interp_run_string(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+_interpreters_run_string_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *id,
+                              PyObject *script, PyObject *shared,
+                              int restricted)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=a30a64fb9ad396a2 input=51ce549b9a8dbe21]*/
 {
 #define FUNCNAME MODULE_NAME_STR ".run_string"
     PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
-    static char *kwlist[] = {"id", "script", "shared", "restrict", NULL};
-    PyObject *id, *script;
-    PyObject *shared = NULL;
-    int restricted = 0;
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds,
-                                     "OU|O!$p:" FUNCNAME, kwlist,
-                                     &id, &script, &PyDict_Type, &shared,
-                                     &restricted))
-    {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
     int reqready = 1;
     PyInterpreterState *interp = \
             resolve_interp(id, restricted, reqready, "run a string in");
@@ -1217,30 +1210,29 @@ interp_run_string(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
 #undef FUNCNAME
 }
 
-PyDoc_STRVAR(run_string_doc,
-"run_string(id, script, shared=None, *, restrict=False)\n\
-\n\
-Execute the provided string in the identified interpreter.\n\
-\n\
-(See " MODULE_NAME_STR ".exec().");
+/*[clinic input]
+_interpreters.run_func
+    id: object
+    func: object
+    shared: object(subclass_of='&PyDict_Type', c_default='NULL') = {}
+    *
+    restrict as restricted: bool = False
+
+Execute the body of the provided function in the identified interpreter.
+
+Code objects are also supported.  In both cases, closures and args
+are not supported.  Methods and other callables are not supported either.
+
+(See _interpreters.exec().)
+[clinic start generated code]*/
 
 static PyObject *
-interp_run_func(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+_interpreters_run_func_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *id, PyObject *func,
+                            PyObject *shared, int restricted)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=131f7202ca4a0c5e input=2d62bb9b9eaf4948]*/
 {
 #define FUNCNAME MODULE_NAME_STR ".run_func"
     PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
-    static char *kwlist[] = {"id", "func", "shared", "restrict", NULL};
-    PyObject *id, *func;
-    PyObject *shared = NULL;
-    int restricted = 0;
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds,
-                                     "OO|O!$p:" FUNCNAME, kwlist,
-                                     &id, &func, &PyDict_Type, &shared,
-                                     &restricted))
-    {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
     int reqready = 1;
     PyInterpreterState *interp = \
             resolve_interp(id, restricted, reqready, "run a function in");
@@ -1280,37 +1272,28 @@ interp_run_func(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
 #undef FUNCNAME
 }
 
-PyDoc_STRVAR(run_func_doc,
-"run_func(id, func, shared=None, *, restrict=False)\n\
-\n\
-Execute the body of the provided function in the identified interpreter.\n\
-Code objects are also supported.  In both cases, closures and args\n\
-are not supported.  Methods and other callables are not supported either.\n\
-\n\
-(See " MODULE_NAME_STR ".exec().");
+/*[clinic input]
+_interpreters.call
+    id: object
+    callable: object
+    args as args_obj: object(subclass_of='&PyTuple_Type', c_default='NULL') = ()
+    kwargs as kwargs_obj: object(subclass_of='&PyDict_Type', c_default='NULL') = {}
+    *
+    preserve_exc: bool = False
+    restrict as restricted: bool = False
+
+Call the provided object in the identified interpreter.
+
+Pass the given args and kwargs, if possible.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
 
 static PyObject *
-interp_call(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+_interpreters_call_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *id, PyObject *callable,
+                        PyObject *args_obj, PyObject *kwargs_obj,
+                        int preserve_exc, int restricted)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=983ee27b3c43f6ef input=77590fdb3f519d65]*/
 {
-#define FUNCNAME MODULE_NAME_STR ".call"
     PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
-    static char *kwlist[] = {"id", "callable", "args", "kwargs",
-                             "preserve_exc", "restrict", NULL};
-    PyObject *id, *callable;
-    PyObject *args_obj = NULL;
-    PyObject *kwargs_obj = NULL;
-    int preserve_exc = 0;
-    int restricted = 0;
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds,
-                                     "OO|O!O!$pp:" FUNCNAME, kwlist,
-                                     &id, &callable,
-                                     &PyTuple_Type, &args_obj,
-                                     &PyDict_Type, &kwargs_obj,
-                                     &preserve_exc, &restricted))
-    {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
     int reqready = 1;
     PyInterpreterState *interp = \
             resolve_interp(id, restricted, reqready, "make a call in");
@@ -1341,26 +1324,20 @@ interp_call(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
     _interp_call_clear(&call);
     _run_result_clear(&runres);
     return res_and_exc;
-#undef FUNCNAME
 }
 
-PyDoc_STRVAR(call_doc,
-"call(id, callable, args=None, kwargs=None, *, restrict=False)\n\
-\n\
-Call the provided object in the identified interpreter.\n\
-Pass the given args and kwargs, if possible.");
 
+/*[clinic input]
+_interpreters.is_shareable
+    obj: object
+
+Return True if the object's data may be shared between interpreters and False otherwise.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
 
 static PyObject *
-object_is_shareable(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+_interpreters_is_shareable_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *obj)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=227856926a22940b input=72b9a36bdf1d2a53]*/
 {
-    static char *kwlist[] = {"obj", NULL};
-    PyObject *obj;
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds,
-                                     "O:is_shareable", kwlist, &obj)) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
     PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
     if (_PyObject_CheckXIData(tstate, obj) == 0) {
         Py_RETURN_TRUE;
@@ -1369,26 +1346,20 @@ object_is_shareable(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
     Py_RETURN_FALSE;
 }
 
-PyDoc_STRVAR(is_shareable_doc,
-"is_shareable(obj) -> bool\n\
-\n\
-Return True if the object's data may be shared between interpreters and\n\
-False otherwise.");
 
+/*[clinic input]
+_interpreters.is_running
+    id: object
+    *
+    restrict as restricted: bool = False
+
+Return whether or not the identified interpreter is running.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
 
 static PyObject *
-interp_is_running(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+_interpreters_is_running_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *id, int restricted)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=32a6225d5ded9bdb input=3291578d04231125]*/
 {
-    static char *kwlist[] = {"id", "restrict", NULL};
-    PyObject *id;
-    int restricted = 0;
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds,
-                                     "O|$p:is_running", kwlist,
-                                     &id, &restricted))
-    {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
     int reqready = 1;
     PyInterpreterState *interp = \
             resolve_interp(id, restricted, reqready, "check if running for");
@@ -1402,24 +1373,21 @@ interp_is_running(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
     Py_RETURN_FALSE;
 }
 
-PyDoc_STRVAR(is_running_doc,
-"is_running(id, *, restrict=False) -> bool\n\
-\n\
-Return whether or not the identified interpreter is running.");
 
+/*[clinic input]
+_interpreters.get_config
+    id as idobj: object
+    *
+    restrict as restricted: bool = False
+
+Return a representation of the config used to initialize the interpreter.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
 
 static PyObject *
-interp_get_config(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+_interpreters_get_config_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *idobj,
+                              int restricted)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=63f81d35c2fe1387 input=aa38d50f534eb3c5]*/
 {
-    static char *kwlist[] = {"id", "restrict", NULL};
-    PyObject *idobj = NULL;
-    int restricted = 0;
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds,
-                                     "O|$p:get_config", kwlist,
-                                     &idobj, &restricted))
-    {
-        return NULL;
-    }
     if (idobj == Py_None) {
         idobj = NULL;
     }
@@ -1445,23 +1413,18 @@ interp_get_config(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
     return configobj;
 }
 
-PyDoc_STRVAR(get_config_doc,
-"get_config(id, *, restrict=False) -> types.SimpleNamespace\n\
-\n\
-Return a representation of the config used to initialize the interpreter.");
 
+/*[clinic input]
+_interpreters.whence
+    id: object
+
+Return an identifier for where the interpreter was created.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
 
 static PyObject *
-interp_whence(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+_interpreters_whence_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *id)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=ef2c21ab106c2c20 input=eeede0a2fbfa2968]*/
 {
-    static char *kwlist[] = {"id", NULL};
-    PyObject *id;
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds,
-                                     "O:whence", kwlist, &id))
-    {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
     PyInterpreterState *interp = look_up_interp(id);
     if (interp == NULL) {
         return NULL;
@@ -1471,26 +1434,21 @@ interp_whence(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
     return PyLong_FromLong(whence);
 }
 
-PyDoc_STRVAR(whence_doc,
-"whence(id) -> int\n\
-\n\
-Return an identifier for where the interpreter was created.");
 
+/*[clinic input]
+_interpreters.incref
+    id: object
+    *
+    implieslink: bool = False
+    restrict as restricted: bool = False
+
+[clinic start generated code]*/
 
 static PyObject *
-interp_incref(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+_interpreters_incref_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *id, int implieslink,
+                          int restricted)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=eccaa4e03fbe8ee2 input=a0a614748f2e348c]*/
 {
-    static char *kwlist[] = {"id", "implieslink", "restrict", NULL};
-    PyObject *id;
-    int implieslink = 0;
-    int restricted = 0;
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds,
-                                     "O|$pp:incref", kwlist,
-                                     &id, &implieslink, &restricted))
-    {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
     int reqready = 1;
     PyInterpreterState *interp = \
             resolve_interp(id, restricted, reqready, "incref");
@@ -1508,18 +1466,18 @@ interp_incref(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
 }
 
 
+/*[clinic input]
+_interpreters.decref
+    id: object
+    *
+    restrict as restricted: bool = False
+
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
 static PyObject *
-interp_decref(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+_interpreters_decref_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *id, int restricted)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=5c54db4b22086171 input=c4aa34f09c44e62a]*/
 {
-    static char *kwlist[] = {"id", "restrict", NULL};
-    PyObject *id;
-    int restricted = 0;
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds,
-                                     "O|$p:decref", kwlist, &id, &restricted))
-    {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
     int reqready = 1;
     PyInterpreterState *interp = \
             resolve_interp(id, restricted, reqready, "decref");
@@ -1533,18 +1491,20 @@ interp_decref(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
 }
 
 
+/*[clinic input]
+_interpreters.capture_exception
+    exc as exc_arg: object = None
+
+Return a snapshot of an exception.
+
+If "exc" is None then the current exception, if any, is used (but not cleared).
+The returned snapshot is the same as what _interpreters.exec() returns.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
 static PyObject *
-capture_exception(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+_interpreters_capture_exception_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *exc_arg)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=ef3f5393ef9c88a6 input=32045341e979bc9e]*/
 {
-    static char *kwlist[] = {"exc", NULL};
-    PyObject *exc_arg = NULL;
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds,
-                                     "|O:capture_exception", kwlist,
-                                     &exc_arg))
-    {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
     PyObject *exc = exc_arg;
     if (exc == NULL || exc == Py_None) {
         exc = PyErr_GetRaisedException();
@@ -1592,58 +1552,33 @@ capture_exception(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
     return captured;
 }
 
-PyDoc_STRVAR(capture_exception_doc,
-"capture_exception(exc=None) -> types.SimpleNamespace\n\
-\n\
-Return a snapshot of an exception.  If \"exc\" is None\n\
-then the current exception, if any, is used (but not cleared).\n\
-\n\
-The returned snapshot is the same as what _interpreters.exec() returns.");
-
 
 static PyMethodDef module_functions[] = {
     {"new_config",                _PyCFunction_CAST(interp_new_config),
      METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, new_config_doc},
 
-    {"create",                    _PyCFunction_CAST(interp_create),
-     METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, create_doc},
-    {"destroy",                   _PyCFunction_CAST(interp_destroy),
-     METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, destroy_doc},
-    {"list_all",                  _PyCFunction_CAST(interp_list_all),
-     METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, list_all_doc},
-    {"get_current",               interp_get_current,
-     METH_NOARGS, get_current_doc},
-    {"get_main",                  interp_get_main,
-     METH_NOARGS, get_main_doc},
-
-    {"is_running",                _PyCFunction_CAST(interp_is_running),
-     METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, is_running_doc},
-    {"get_config",                _PyCFunction_CAST(interp_get_config),
-     METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, get_config_doc},
-    {"whence",                    _PyCFunction_CAST(interp_whence),
-     METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, whence_doc},
-    {"exec",                      _PyCFunction_CAST(interp_exec),
-     METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, exec_doc},
-    {"call",                      _PyCFunction_CAST(interp_call),
-     METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, call_doc},
-    {"run_string",                _PyCFunction_CAST(interp_run_string),
-     METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, run_string_doc},
-    {"run_func",                  _PyCFunction_CAST(interp_run_func),
-     METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, run_func_doc},
-
-    {"set___main___attrs",        _PyCFunction_CAST(interp_set___main___attrs),
-     METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, set___main___attrs_doc},
-
-    {"incref",                    _PyCFunction_CAST(interp_incref),
-     METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, NULL},
-    {"decref",                    _PyCFunction_CAST(interp_decref),
-     METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, NULL},
-
-    {"is_shareable",              _PyCFunction_CAST(object_is_shareable),
-     METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, is_shareable_doc},
-
-    {"capture_exception",         _PyCFunction_CAST(capture_exception),
-     METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, capture_exception_doc},
+    _INTERPRETERS_CREATE_METHODDEF
+    _INTERPRETERS_DESTROY_METHODDEF
+    _INTERPRETERS_LIST_ALL_METHODDEF
+    _INTERPRETERS_GET_CURRENT_METHODDEF
+    _INTERPRETERS_GET_MAIN_METHODDEF
+
+    _INTERPRETERS_IS_RUNNING_METHODDEF
+    _INTERPRETERS_GET_CONFIG_METHODDEF
+    _INTERPRETERS_WHENCE_METHODDEF
+    _INTERPRETERS_EXEC_METHODDEF
+    _INTERPRETERS_CALL_METHODDEF
+    _INTERPRETERS_RUN_STRING_METHODDEF
+    _INTERPRETERS_RUN_FUNC_METHODDEF
+
+    _INTERPRETERS_SET___MAIN___ATTRS_METHODDEF
+
+    _INTERPRETERS_INCREF_METHODDEF
+    _INTERPRETERS_DECREF_METHODDEF
+
+    _INTERPRETERS_IS_SHAREABLE_METHODDEF
+
+    _INTERPRETERS_CAPTURE_EXCEPTION_METHODDEF
 
     {NULL,                        NULL}           /* sentinel */
 };
diff --git a/Modules/clinic/_interpretersmodule.c.h b/Modules/clinic/_interpretersmodule.c.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a8f0d3df8908dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Modules/clinic/_interpretersmodule.c.h
@@ -0,0 +1,1202 @@
+/*[clinic input]
+preserve
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
+#if defined(Py_BUILD_CORE) && !defined(Py_BUILD_CORE_MODULE)
+#  include "pycore_gc.h"          // PyGC_Head
+#  include "pycore_runtime.h"     // _Py_ID()
+#endif
+#include "pycore_modsupport.h"    // _PyArg_UnpackKeywords()
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(_interpreters_create__doc__,
+"create($module, /, config=\'isolated\', *, reqrefs=False)\n"
+"--\n"
+"\n"
+"Create a new interpreter and return a unique generated ID.\n"
+"\n"
+"The caller is responsible for destroying the interpreter before exiting,\n"
+"typically by using _interpreters.destroy().  This can be managed\n"
+"automatically by passing \"reqrefs=True\" and then using _incref() and\n"
+"_decref() appropriately.\n"
+"\n"
+"\"config\" must be a valid interpreter config or the name of a\n"
+"predefined config (\'isolated\' or \'legacy\').  The default\n"
+"is \'isolated\'.");
+
+#define _INTERPRETERS_CREATE_METHODDEF    \
+    {"create", _PyCFunction_CAST(_interpreters_create), METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, _interpreters_create__doc__},
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_create_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *configobj, int reqrefs);
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_create(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames)
+{
+    PyObject *return_value = NULL;
+    #if defined(Py_BUILD_CORE) && !defined(Py_BUILD_CORE_MODULE)
+
+    #define NUM_KEYWORDS 2
+    static struct {
+        PyGC_Head _this_is_not_used;
+        PyObject_VAR_HEAD
+        Py_hash_t ob_hash;
+        PyObject *ob_item[NUM_KEYWORDS];
+    } _kwtuple = {
+        .ob_base = PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyTuple_Type, NUM_KEYWORDS)
+        .ob_hash = -1,
+        .ob_item = { &_Py_ID(config), &_Py_ID(reqrefs), },
+    };
+    #undef NUM_KEYWORDS
+    #define KWTUPLE (&_kwtuple.ob_base.ob_base)
+
+    #else  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+    #  define KWTUPLE NULL
+    #endif  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+
+    static const char * const _keywords[] = {"config", "reqrefs", NULL};
+    static _PyArg_Parser _parser = {
+        .keywords = _keywords,
+        .fname = "create",
+        .kwtuple = KWTUPLE,
+    };
+    #undef KWTUPLE
+    PyObject *argsbuf[2];
+    Py_ssize_t noptargs = nargs + (kwnames ? PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames) : 0) - 0;
+    PyObject *configobj = NULL;
+    int reqrefs = 0;
+
+    args = _PyArg_UnpackKeywords(args, nargs, NULL, kwnames, &_parser,
+            /*minpos*/ 0, /*maxpos*/ 1, /*minkw*/ 0, /*varpos*/ 0, argsbuf);
+    if (!args) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+    if (!noptargs) {
+        goto skip_optional_pos;
+    }
+    if (args[0]) {
+        configobj = args[0];
+        if (!--noptargs) {
+            goto skip_optional_pos;
+        }
+    }
+skip_optional_pos:
+    if (!noptargs) {
+        goto skip_optional_kwonly;
+    }
+    reqrefs = PyObject_IsTrue(args[1]);
+    if (reqrefs < 0) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+skip_optional_kwonly:
+    return_value = _interpreters_create_impl(module, configobj, reqrefs);
+
+exit:
+    return return_value;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(_interpreters_destroy__doc__,
+"destroy($module, /, id, *, restrict=False)\n"
+"--\n"
+"\n"
+"Destroy the identified interpreter.\n"
+"\n"
+"Attempting to destroy the current interpreter raises InterpreterError.\n"
+"So does an unrecognized ID.");
+
+#define _INTERPRETERS_DESTROY_METHODDEF    \
+    {"destroy", _PyCFunction_CAST(_interpreters_destroy), METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, _interpreters_destroy__doc__},
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_destroy_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *id, int restricted);
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_destroy(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames)
+{
+    PyObject *return_value = NULL;
+    #if defined(Py_BUILD_CORE) && !defined(Py_BUILD_CORE_MODULE)
+
+    #define NUM_KEYWORDS 2
+    static struct {
+        PyGC_Head _this_is_not_used;
+        PyObject_VAR_HEAD
+        Py_hash_t ob_hash;
+        PyObject *ob_item[NUM_KEYWORDS];
+    } _kwtuple = {
+        .ob_base = PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyTuple_Type, NUM_KEYWORDS)
+        .ob_hash = -1,
+        .ob_item = { &_Py_ID(id), &_Py_ID(restrict), },
+    };
+    #undef NUM_KEYWORDS
+    #define KWTUPLE (&_kwtuple.ob_base.ob_base)
+
+    #else  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+    #  define KWTUPLE NULL
+    #endif  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+
+    static const char * const _keywords[] = {"id", "restrict", NULL};
+    static _PyArg_Parser _parser = {
+        .keywords = _keywords,
+        .fname = "destroy",
+        .kwtuple = KWTUPLE,
+    };
+    #undef KWTUPLE
+    PyObject *argsbuf[2];
+    Py_ssize_t noptargs = nargs + (kwnames ? PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames) : 0) - 1;
+    PyObject *id;
+    int restricted = 0;
+
+    args = _PyArg_UnpackKeywords(args, nargs, NULL, kwnames, &_parser,
+            /*minpos*/ 1, /*maxpos*/ 1, /*minkw*/ 0, /*varpos*/ 0, argsbuf);
+    if (!args) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+    id = args[0];
+    if (!noptargs) {
+        goto skip_optional_kwonly;
+    }
+    restricted = PyObject_IsTrue(args[1]);
+    if (restricted < 0) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+skip_optional_kwonly:
+    return_value = _interpreters_destroy_impl(module, id, restricted);
+
+exit:
+    return return_value;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(_interpreters_list_all__doc__,
+"list_all($module, /, *, require_ready=False)\n"
+"--\n"
+"\n"
+"Return a list containing the ID of every existing interpreter.");
+
+#define _INTERPRETERS_LIST_ALL_METHODDEF    \
+    {"list_all", _PyCFunction_CAST(_interpreters_list_all), METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, _interpreters_list_all__doc__},
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_list_all_impl(PyObject *module, int reqready);
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_list_all(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames)
+{
+    PyObject *return_value = NULL;
+    #if defined(Py_BUILD_CORE) && !defined(Py_BUILD_CORE_MODULE)
+
+    #define NUM_KEYWORDS 1
+    static struct {
+        PyGC_Head _this_is_not_used;
+        PyObject_VAR_HEAD
+        Py_hash_t ob_hash;
+        PyObject *ob_item[NUM_KEYWORDS];
+    } _kwtuple = {
+        .ob_base = PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyTuple_Type, NUM_KEYWORDS)
+        .ob_hash = -1,
+        .ob_item = { &_Py_ID(require_ready), },
+    };
+    #undef NUM_KEYWORDS
+    #define KWTUPLE (&_kwtuple.ob_base.ob_base)
+
+    #else  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+    #  define KWTUPLE NULL
+    #endif  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+
+    static const char * const _keywords[] = {"require_ready", NULL};
+    static _PyArg_Parser _parser = {
+        .keywords = _keywords,
+        .fname = "list_all",
+        .kwtuple = KWTUPLE,
+    };
+    #undef KWTUPLE
+    PyObject *argsbuf[1];
+    Py_ssize_t noptargs = nargs + (kwnames ? PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames) : 0) - 0;
+    int reqready = 0;
+
+    args = _PyArg_UnpackKeywords(args, nargs, NULL, kwnames, &_parser,
+            /*minpos*/ 0, /*maxpos*/ 0, /*minkw*/ 0, /*varpos*/ 0, argsbuf);
+    if (!args) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+    if (!noptargs) {
+        goto skip_optional_kwonly;
+    }
+    reqready = PyObject_IsTrue(args[0]);
+    if (reqready < 0) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+skip_optional_kwonly:
+    return_value = _interpreters_list_all_impl(module, reqready);
+
+exit:
+    return return_value;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(_interpreters_get_current__doc__,
+"get_current($module, /)\n"
+"--\n"
+"\n"
+"Return (ID, whence) of the current interpreter.");
+
+#define _INTERPRETERS_GET_CURRENT_METHODDEF    \
+    {"get_current", (PyCFunction)_interpreters_get_current, METH_NOARGS, _interpreters_get_current__doc__},
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_get_current_impl(PyObject *module);
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_get_current(PyObject *module, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
+{
+    return _interpreters_get_current_impl(module);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(_interpreters_get_main__doc__,
+"get_main($module, /)\n"
+"--\n"
+"\n"
+"Return (ID, whence) of the main interpreter.");
+
+#define _INTERPRETERS_GET_MAIN_METHODDEF    \
+    {"get_main", (PyCFunction)_interpreters_get_main, METH_NOARGS, _interpreters_get_main__doc__},
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_get_main_impl(PyObject *module);
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_get_main(PyObject *module, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
+{
+    return _interpreters_get_main_impl(module);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(_interpreters_set___main___attrs__doc__,
+"set___main___attrs($module, /, id, updates, *, restrict=False)\n"
+"--\n"
+"\n"
+"Bind the given attributes in the interpreter\'s __main__ module.");
+
+#define _INTERPRETERS_SET___MAIN___ATTRS_METHODDEF    \
+    {"set___main___attrs", _PyCFunction_CAST(_interpreters_set___main___attrs), METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, _interpreters_set___main___attrs__doc__},
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_set___main___attrs_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *id,
+                                      PyObject *updates, int restricted);
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_set___main___attrs(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames)
+{
+    PyObject *return_value = NULL;
+    #if defined(Py_BUILD_CORE) && !defined(Py_BUILD_CORE_MODULE)
+
+    #define NUM_KEYWORDS 3
+    static struct {
+        PyGC_Head _this_is_not_used;
+        PyObject_VAR_HEAD
+        Py_hash_t ob_hash;
+        PyObject *ob_item[NUM_KEYWORDS];
+    } _kwtuple = {
+        .ob_base = PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyTuple_Type, NUM_KEYWORDS)
+        .ob_hash = -1,
+        .ob_item = { &_Py_ID(id), &_Py_ID(updates), &_Py_ID(restrict), },
+    };
+    #undef NUM_KEYWORDS
+    #define KWTUPLE (&_kwtuple.ob_base.ob_base)
+
+    #else  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+    #  define KWTUPLE NULL
+    #endif  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+
+    static const char * const _keywords[] = {"id", "updates", "restrict", NULL};
+    static _PyArg_Parser _parser = {
+        .keywords = _keywords,
+        .fname = "set___main___attrs",
+        .kwtuple = KWTUPLE,
+    };
+    #undef KWTUPLE
+    PyObject *argsbuf[3];
+    Py_ssize_t noptargs = nargs + (kwnames ? PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames) : 0) - 2;
+    PyObject *id;
+    PyObject *updates;
+    int restricted = 0;
+
+    args = _PyArg_UnpackKeywords(args, nargs, NULL, kwnames, &_parser,
+            /*minpos*/ 2, /*maxpos*/ 2, /*minkw*/ 0, /*varpos*/ 0, argsbuf);
+    if (!args) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+    id = args[0];
+    if (!PyDict_Check(args[1])) {
+        _PyArg_BadArgument("set___main___attrs", "argument 'updates'", "dict", args[1]);
+        goto exit;
+    }
+    updates = args[1];
+    if (!noptargs) {
+        goto skip_optional_kwonly;
+    }
+    restricted = PyObject_IsTrue(args[2]);
+    if (restricted < 0) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+skip_optional_kwonly:
+    return_value = _interpreters_set___main___attrs_impl(module, id, updates, restricted);
+
+exit:
+    return return_value;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(_interpreters_exec__doc__,
+"exec($module, /, id, code, shared={}, *, restrict=False)\n"
+"--\n"
+"\n"
+"Execute the provided code in the identified interpreter.\n"
+"\n"
+"This is equivalent to running the builtin exec() under the target\n"
+"interpreter, using the __dict__ of its __main__ module as both\n"
+"globals and locals.\n"
+"\n"
+"\"code\" may be a string containing the text of a Python script.\n"
+"\n"
+"Functions (and code objects) are also supported, with some restrictions.\n"
+"The code/function must not take any arguments or be a closure\n"
+"(i.e. have cell vars).  Methods and other callables are not supported.\n"
+"\n"
+"If a function is provided, its code object is used and all its state\n"
+"is ignored, including its __globals__ dict.");
+
+#define _INTERPRETERS_EXEC_METHODDEF    \
+    {"exec", _PyCFunction_CAST(_interpreters_exec), METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, _interpreters_exec__doc__},
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_exec_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *id, PyObject *code,
+                        PyObject *shared, int restricted);
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_exec(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames)
+{
+    PyObject *return_value = NULL;
+    #if defined(Py_BUILD_CORE) && !defined(Py_BUILD_CORE_MODULE)
+
+    #define NUM_KEYWORDS 4
+    static struct {
+        PyGC_Head _this_is_not_used;
+        PyObject_VAR_HEAD
+        Py_hash_t ob_hash;
+        PyObject *ob_item[NUM_KEYWORDS];
+    } _kwtuple = {
+        .ob_base = PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyTuple_Type, NUM_KEYWORDS)
+        .ob_hash = -1,
+        .ob_item = { &_Py_ID(id), &_Py_ID(code), &_Py_ID(shared), &_Py_ID(restrict), },
+    };
+    #undef NUM_KEYWORDS
+    #define KWTUPLE (&_kwtuple.ob_base.ob_base)
+
+    #else  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+    #  define KWTUPLE NULL
+    #endif  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+
+    static const char * const _keywords[] = {"id", "code", "shared", "restrict", NULL};
+    static _PyArg_Parser _parser = {
+        .keywords = _keywords,
+        .fname = "exec",
+        .kwtuple = KWTUPLE,
+    };
+    #undef KWTUPLE
+    PyObject *argsbuf[4];
+    Py_ssize_t noptargs = nargs + (kwnames ? PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames) : 0) - 2;
+    PyObject *id;
+    PyObject *code;
+    PyObject *shared = NULL;
+    int restricted = 0;
+
+    args = _PyArg_UnpackKeywords(args, nargs, NULL, kwnames, &_parser,
+            /*minpos*/ 2, /*maxpos*/ 3, /*minkw*/ 0, /*varpos*/ 0, argsbuf);
+    if (!args) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+    id = args[0];
+    code = args[1];
+    if (!noptargs) {
+        goto skip_optional_pos;
+    }
+    if (args[2]) {
+        if (!PyDict_Check(args[2])) {
+            _PyArg_BadArgument("exec", "argument 'shared'", "dict", args[2]);
+            goto exit;
+        }
+        shared = args[2];
+        if (!--noptargs) {
+            goto skip_optional_pos;
+        }
+    }
+skip_optional_pos:
+    if (!noptargs) {
+        goto skip_optional_kwonly;
+    }
+    restricted = PyObject_IsTrue(args[3]);
+    if (restricted < 0) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+skip_optional_kwonly:
+    return_value = _interpreters_exec_impl(module, id, code, shared, restricted);
+
+exit:
+    return return_value;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(_interpreters_run_string__doc__,
+"run_string($module, /, id, script, shared={}, *, restrict=False)\n"
+"--\n"
+"\n"
+"Execute the provided string in the identified interpreter.\n"
+"\n"
+"(See _interpreters.exec().)");
+
+#define _INTERPRETERS_RUN_STRING_METHODDEF    \
+    {"run_string", _PyCFunction_CAST(_interpreters_run_string), METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, _interpreters_run_string__doc__},
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_run_string_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *id,
+                              PyObject *script, PyObject *shared,
+                              int restricted);
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_run_string(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames)
+{
+    PyObject *return_value = NULL;
+    #if defined(Py_BUILD_CORE) && !defined(Py_BUILD_CORE_MODULE)
+
+    #define NUM_KEYWORDS 4
+    static struct {
+        PyGC_Head _this_is_not_used;
+        PyObject_VAR_HEAD
+        Py_hash_t ob_hash;
+        PyObject *ob_item[NUM_KEYWORDS];
+    } _kwtuple = {
+        .ob_base = PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyTuple_Type, NUM_KEYWORDS)
+        .ob_hash = -1,
+        .ob_item = { &_Py_ID(id), &_Py_ID(script), &_Py_ID(shared), &_Py_ID(restrict), },
+    };
+    #undef NUM_KEYWORDS
+    #define KWTUPLE (&_kwtuple.ob_base.ob_base)
+
+    #else  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+    #  define KWTUPLE NULL
+    #endif  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+
+    static const char * const _keywords[] = {"id", "script", "shared", "restrict", NULL};
+    static _PyArg_Parser _parser = {
+        .keywords = _keywords,
+        .fname = "run_string",
+        .kwtuple = KWTUPLE,
+    };
+    #undef KWTUPLE
+    PyObject *argsbuf[4];
+    Py_ssize_t noptargs = nargs + (kwnames ? PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames) : 0) - 2;
+    PyObject *id;
+    PyObject *script;
+    PyObject *shared = NULL;
+    int restricted = 0;
+
+    args = _PyArg_UnpackKeywords(args, nargs, NULL, kwnames, &_parser,
+            /*minpos*/ 2, /*maxpos*/ 3, /*minkw*/ 0, /*varpos*/ 0, argsbuf);
+    if (!args) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+    id = args[0];
+    if (!PyUnicode_Check(args[1])) {
+        _PyArg_BadArgument("run_string", "argument 'script'", "str", args[1]);
+        goto exit;
+    }
+    script = args[1];
+    if (!noptargs) {
+        goto skip_optional_pos;
+    }
+    if (args[2]) {
+        if (!PyDict_Check(args[2])) {
+            _PyArg_BadArgument("run_string", "argument 'shared'", "dict", args[2]);
+            goto exit;
+        }
+        shared = args[2];
+        if (!--noptargs) {
+            goto skip_optional_pos;
+        }
+    }
+skip_optional_pos:
+    if (!noptargs) {
+        goto skip_optional_kwonly;
+    }
+    restricted = PyObject_IsTrue(args[3]);
+    if (restricted < 0) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+skip_optional_kwonly:
+    return_value = _interpreters_run_string_impl(module, id, script, shared, restricted);
+
+exit:
+    return return_value;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(_interpreters_run_func__doc__,
+"run_func($module, /, id, func, shared={}, *, restrict=False)\n"
+"--\n"
+"\n"
+"Execute the body of the provided function in the identified interpreter.\n"
+"\n"
+"Code objects are also supported.  In both cases, closures and args\n"
+"are not supported.  Methods and other callables are not supported either.\n"
+"\n"
+"(See _interpreters.exec().)");
+
+#define _INTERPRETERS_RUN_FUNC_METHODDEF    \
+    {"run_func", _PyCFunction_CAST(_interpreters_run_func), METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, _interpreters_run_func__doc__},
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_run_func_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *id, PyObject *func,
+                            PyObject *shared, int restricted);
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_run_func(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames)
+{
+    PyObject *return_value = NULL;
+    #if defined(Py_BUILD_CORE) && !defined(Py_BUILD_CORE_MODULE)
+
+    #define NUM_KEYWORDS 4
+    static struct {
+        PyGC_Head _this_is_not_used;
+        PyObject_VAR_HEAD
+        Py_hash_t ob_hash;
+        PyObject *ob_item[NUM_KEYWORDS];
+    } _kwtuple = {
+        .ob_base = PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyTuple_Type, NUM_KEYWORDS)
+        .ob_hash = -1,
+        .ob_item = { &_Py_ID(id), &_Py_ID(func), &_Py_ID(shared), &_Py_ID(restrict), },
+    };
+    #undef NUM_KEYWORDS
+    #define KWTUPLE (&_kwtuple.ob_base.ob_base)
+
+    #else  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+    #  define KWTUPLE NULL
+    #endif  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+
+    static const char * const _keywords[] = {"id", "func", "shared", "restrict", NULL};
+    static _PyArg_Parser _parser = {
+        .keywords = _keywords,
+        .fname = "run_func",
+        .kwtuple = KWTUPLE,
+    };
+    #undef KWTUPLE
+    PyObject *argsbuf[4];
+    Py_ssize_t noptargs = nargs + (kwnames ? PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames) : 0) - 2;
+    PyObject *id;
+    PyObject *func;
+    PyObject *shared = NULL;
+    int restricted = 0;
+
+    args = _PyArg_UnpackKeywords(args, nargs, NULL, kwnames, &_parser,
+            /*minpos*/ 2, /*maxpos*/ 3, /*minkw*/ 0, /*varpos*/ 0, argsbuf);
+    if (!args) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+    id = args[0];
+    func = args[1];
+    if (!noptargs) {
+        goto skip_optional_pos;
+    }
+    if (args[2]) {
+        if (!PyDict_Check(args[2])) {
+            _PyArg_BadArgument("run_func", "argument 'shared'", "dict", args[2]);
+            goto exit;
+        }
+        shared = args[2];
+        if (!--noptargs) {
+            goto skip_optional_pos;
+        }
+    }
+skip_optional_pos:
+    if (!noptargs) {
+        goto skip_optional_kwonly;
+    }
+    restricted = PyObject_IsTrue(args[3]);
+    if (restricted < 0) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+skip_optional_kwonly:
+    return_value = _interpreters_run_func_impl(module, id, func, shared, restricted);
+
+exit:
+    return return_value;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(_interpreters_call__doc__,
+"call($module, /, id, callable, args=(), kwargs={}, *,\n"
+"     preserve_exc=False, restrict=False)\n"
+"--\n"
+"\n"
+"Call the provided object in the identified interpreter.\n"
+"\n"
+"Pass the given args and kwargs, if possible.");
+
+#define _INTERPRETERS_CALL_METHODDEF    \
+    {"call", _PyCFunction_CAST(_interpreters_call), METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, _interpreters_call__doc__},
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_call_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *id, PyObject *callable,
+                        PyObject *args_obj, PyObject *kwargs_obj,
+                        int preserve_exc, int restricted);
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_call(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames)
+{
+    PyObject *return_value = NULL;
+    #if defined(Py_BUILD_CORE) && !defined(Py_BUILD_CORE_MODULE)
+
+    #define NUM_KEYWORDS 6
+    static struct {
+        PyGC_Head _this_is_not_used;
+        PyObject_VAR_HEAD
+        Py_hash_t ob_hash;
+        PyObject *ob_item[NUM_KEYWORDS];
+    } _kwtuple = {
+        .ob_base = PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyTuple_Type, NUM_KEYWORDS)
+        .ob_hash = -1,
+        .ob_item = { &_Py_ID(id), &_Py_ID(callable), &_Py_ID(args), &_Py_ID(kwargs), &_Py_ID(preserve_exc), &_Py_ID(restrict), },
+    };
+    #undef NUM_KEYWORDS
+    #define KWTUPLE (&_kwtuple.ob_base.ob_base)
+
+    #else  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+    #  define KWTUPLE NULL
+    #endif  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+
+    static const char * const _keywords[] = {"id", "callable", "args", "kwargs", "preserve_exc", "restrict", NULL};
+    static _PyArg_Parser _parser = {
+        .keywords = _keywords,
+        .fname = "call",
+        .kwtuple = KWTUPLE,
+    };
+    #undef KWTUPLE
+    PyObject *argsbuf[6];
+    Py_ssize_t noptargs = nargs + (kwnames ? PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames) : 0) - 2;
+    PyObject *id;
+    PyObject *callable;
+    PyObject *args_obj = NULL;
+    PyObject *kwargs_obj = NULL;
+    int preserve_exc = 0;
+    int restricted = 0;
+
+    args = _PyArg_UnpackKeywords(args, nargs, NULL, kwnames, &_parser,
+            /*minpos*/ 2, /*maxpos*/ 4, /*minkw*/ 0, /*varpos*/ 0, argsbuf);
+    if (!args) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+    id = args[0];
+    callable = args[1];
+    if (!noptargs) {
+        goto skip_optional_pos;
+    }
+    if (args[2]) {
+        if (!PyTuple_Check(args[2])) {
+            _PyArg_BadArgument("call", "argument 'args'", "tuple", args[2]);
+            goto exit;
+        }
+        args_obj = args[2];
+        if (!--noptargs) {
+            goto skip_optional_pos;
+        }
+    }
+    if (args[3]) {
+        if (!PyDict_Check(args[3])) {
+            _PyArg_BadArgument("call", "argument 'kwargs'", "dict", args[3]);
+            goto exit;
+        }
+        kwargs_obj = args[3];
+        if (!--noptargs) {
+            goto skip_optional_pos;
+        }
+    }
+skip_optional_pos:
+    if (!noptargs) {
+        goto skip_optional_kwonly;
+    }
+    if (args[4]) {
+        preserve_exc = PyObject_IsTrue(args[4]);
+        if (preserve_exc < 0) {
+            goto exit;
+        }
+        if (!--noptargs) {
+            goto skip_optional_kwonly;
+        }
+    }
+    restricted = PyObject_IsTrue(args[5]);
+    if (restricted < 0) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+skip_optional_kwonly:
+    return_value = _interpreters_call_impl(module, id, callable, args_obj, kwargs_obj, preserve_exc, restricted);
+
+exit:
+    return return_value;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(_interpreters_is_shareable__doc__,
+"is_shareable($module, /, obj)\n"
+"--\n"
+"\n"
+"Return True if the object\'s data may be shared between interpreters and False otherwise.");
+
+#define _INTERPRETERS_IS_SHAREABLE_METHODDEF    \
+    {"is_shareable", _PyCFunction_CAST(_interpreters_is_shareable), METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, _interpreters_is_shareable__doc__},
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_is_shareable_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *obj);
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_is_shareable(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames)
+{
+    PyObject *return_value = NULL;
+    #if defined(Py_BUILD_CORE) && !defined(Py_BUILD_CORE_MODULE)
+
+    #define NUM_KEYWORDS 1
+    static struct {
+        PyGC_Head _this_is_not_used;
+        PyObject_VAR_HEAD
+        Py_hash_t ob_hash;
+        PyObject *ob_item[NUM_KEYWORDS];
+    } _kwtuple = {
+        .ob_base = PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyTuple_Type, NUM_KEYWORDS)
+        .ob_hash = -1,
+        .ob_item = { &_Py_ID(obj), },
+    };
+    #undef NUM_KEYWORDS
+    #define KWTUPLE (&_kwtuple.ob_base.ob_base)
+
+    #else  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+    #  define KWTUPLE NULL
+    #endif  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+
+    static const char * const _keywords[] = {"obj", NULL};
+    static _PyArg_Parser _parser = {
+        .keywords = _keywords,
+        .fname = "is_shareable",
+        .kwtuple = KWTUPLE,
+    };
+    #undef KWTUPLE
+    PyObject *argsbuf[1];
+    PyObject *obj;
+
+    args = _PyArg_UnpackKeywords(args, nargs, NULL, kwnames, &_parser,
+            /*minpos*/ 1, /*maxpos*/ 1, /*minkw*/ 0, /*varpos*/ 0, argsbuf);
+    if (!args) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+    obj = args[0];
+    return_value = _interpreters_is_shareable_impl(module, obj);
+
+exit:
+    return return_value;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(_interpreters_is_running__doc__,
+"is_running($module, /, id, *, restrict=False)\n"
+"--\n"
+"\n"
+"Return whether or not the identified interpreter is running.");
+
+#define _INTERPRETERS_IS_RUNNING_METHODDEF    \
+    {"is_running", _PyCFunction_CAST(_interpreters_is_running), METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, _interpreters_is_running__doc__},
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_is_running_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *id, int restricted);
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_is_running(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames)
+{
+    PyObject *return_value = NULL;
+    #if defined(Py_BUILD_CORE) && !defined(Py_BUILD_CORE_MODULE)
+
+    #define NUM_KEYWORDS 2
+    static struct {
+        PyGC_Head _this_is_not_used;
+        PyObject_VAR_HEAD
+        Py_hash_t ob_hash;
+        PyObject *ob_item[NUM_KEYWORDS];
+    } _kwtuple = {
+        .ob_base = PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyTuple_Type, NUM_KEYWORDS)
+        .ob_hash = -1,
+        .ob_item = { &_Py_ID(id), &_Py_ID(restrict), },
+    };
+    #undef NUM_KEYWORDS
+    #define KWTUPLE (&_kwtuple.ob_base.ob_base)
+
+    #else  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+    #  define KWTUPLE NULL
+    #endif  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+
+    static const char * const _keywords[] = {"id", "restrict", NULL};
+    static _PyArg_Parser _parser = {
+        .keywords = _keywords,
+        .fname = "is_running",
+        .kwtuple = KWTUPLE,
+    };
+    #undef KWTUPLE
+    PyObject *argsbuf[2];
+    Py_ssize_t noptargs = nargs + (kwnames ? PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames) : 0) - 1;
+    PyObject *id;
+    int restricted = 0;
+
+    args = _PyArg_UnpackKeywords(args, nargs, NULL, kwnames, &_parser,
+            /*minpos*/ 1, /*maxpos*/ 1, /*minkw*/ 0, /*varpos*/ 0, argsbuf);
+    if (!args) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+    id = args[0];
+    if (!noptargs) {
+        goto skip_optional_kwonly;
+    }
+    restricted = PyObject_IsTrue(args[1]);
+    if (restricted < 0) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+skip_optional_kwonly:
+    return_value = _interpreters_is_running_impl(module, id, restricted);
+
+exit:
+    return return_value;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(_interpreters_get_config__doc__,
+"get_config($module, /, id, *, restrict=False)\n"
+"--\n"
+"\n"
+"Return a representation of the config used to initialize the interpreter.");
+
+#define _INTERPRETERS_GET_CONFIG_METHODDEF    \
+    {"get_config", _PyCFunction_CAST(_interpreters_get_config), METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, _interpreters_get_config__doc__},
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_get_config_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *idobj,
+                              int restricted);
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_get_config(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames)
+{
+    PyObject *return_value = NULL;
+    #if defined(Py_BUILD_CORE) && !defined(Py_BUILD_CORE_MODULE)
+
+    #define NUM_KEYWORDS 2
+    static struct {
+        PyGC_Head _this_is_not_used;
+        PyObject_VAR_HEAD
+        Py_hash_t ob_hash;
+        PyObject *ob_item[NUM_KEYWORDS];
+    } _kwtuple = {
+        .ob_base = PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyTuple_Type, NUM_KEYWORDS)
+        .ob_hash = -1,
+        .ob_item = { &_Py_ID(id), &_Py_ID(restrict), },
+    };
+    #undef NUM_KEYWORDS
+    #define KWTUPLE (&_kwtuple.ob_base.ob_base)
+
+    #else  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+    #  define KWTUPLE NULL
+    #endif  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+
+    static const char * const _keywords[] = {"id", "restrict", NULL};
+    static _PyArg_Parser _parser = {
+        .keywords = _keywords,
+        .fname = "get_config",
+        .kwtuple = KWTUPLE,
+    };
+    #undef KWTUPLE
+    PyObject *argsbuf[2];
+    Py_ssize_t noptargs = nargs + (kwnames ? PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames) : 0) - 1;
+    PyObject *idobj;
+    int restricted = 0;
+
+    args = _PyArg_UnpackKeywords(args, nargs, NULL, kwnames, &_parser,
+            /*minpos*/ 1, /*maxpos*/ 1, /*minkw*/ 0, /*varpos*/ 0, argsbuf);
+    if (!args) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+    idobj = args[0];
+    if (!noptargs) {
+        goto skip_optional_kwonly;
+    }
+    restricted = PyObject_IsTrue(args[1]);
+    if (restricted < 0) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+skip_optional_kwonly:
+    return_value = _interpreters_get_config_impl(module, idobj, restricted);
+
+exit:
+    return return_value;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(_interpreters_whence__doc__,
+"whence($module, /, id)\n"
+"--\n"
+"\n"
+"Return an identifier for where the interpreter was created.");
+
+#define _INTERPRETERS_WHENCE_METHODDEF    \
+    {"whence", _PyCFunction_CAST(_interpreters_whence), METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, _interpreters_whence__doc__},
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_whence_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *id);
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_whence(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames)
+{
+    PyObject *return_value = NULL;
+    #if defined(Py_BUILD_CORE) && !defined(Py_BUILD_CORE_MODULE)
+
+    #define NUM_KEYWORDS 1
+    static struct {
+        PyGC_Head _this_is_not_used;
+        PyObject_VAR_HEAD
+        Py_hash_t ob_hash;
+        PyObject *ob_item[NUM_KEYWORDS];
+    } _kwtuple = {
+        .ob_base = PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyTuple_Type, NUM_KEYWORDS)
+        .ob_hash = -1,
+        .ob_item = { &_Py_ID(id), },
+    };
+    #undef NUM_KEYWORDS
+    #define KWTUPLE (&_kwtuple.ob_base.ob_base)
+
+    #else  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+    #  define KWTUPLE NULL
+    #endif  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+
+    static const char * const _keywords[] = {"id", NULL};
+    static _PyArg_Parser _parser = {
+        .keywords = _keywords,
+        .fname = "whence",
+        .kwtuple = KWTUPLE,
+    };
+    #undef KWTUPLE
+    PyObject *argsbuf[1];
+    PyObject *id;
+
+    args = _PyArg_UnpackKeywords(args, nargs, NULL, kwnames, &_parser,
+            /*minpos*/ 1, /*maxpos*/ 1, /*minkw*/ 0, /*varpos*/ 0, argsbuf);
+    if (!args) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+    id = args[0];
+    return_value = _interpreters_whence_impl(module, id);
+
+exit:
+    return return_value;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(_interpreters_incref__doc__,
+"incref($module, /, id, *, implieslink=False, restrict=False)\n"
+"--\n"
+"\n");
+
+#define _INTERPRETERS_INCREF_METHODDEF    \
+    {"incref", _PyCFunction_CAST(_interpreters_incref), METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, _interpreters_incref__doc__},
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_incref_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *id, int implieslink,
+                          int restricted);
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_incref(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames)
+{
+    PyObject *return_value = NULL;
+    #if defined(Py_BUILD_CORE) && !defined(Py_BUILD_CORE_MODULE)
+
+    #define NUM_KEYWORDS 3
+    static struct {
+        PyGC_Head _this_is_not_used;
+        PyObject_VAR_HEAD
+        Py_hash_t ob_hash;
+        PyObject *ob_item[NUM_KEYWORDS];
+    } _kwtuple = {
+        .ob_base = PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyTuple_Type, NUM_KEYWORDS)
+        .ob_hash = -1,
+        .ob_item = { &_Py_ID(id), &_Py_ID(implieslink), &_Py_ID(restrict), },
+    };
+    #undef NUM_KEYWORDS
+    #define KWTUPLE (&_kwtuple.ob_base.ob_base)
+
+    #else  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+    #  define KWTUPLE NULL
+    #endif  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+
+    static const char * const _keywords[] = {"id", "implieslink", "restrict", NULL};
+    static _PyArg_Parser _parser = {
+        .keywords = _keywords,
+        .fname = "incref",
+        .kwtuple = KWTUPLE,
+    };
+    #undef KWTUPLE
+    PyObject *argsbuf[3];
+    Py_ssize_t noptargs = nargs + (kwnames ? PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames) : 0) - 1;
+    PyObject *id;
+    int implieslink = 0;
+    int restricted = 0;
+
+    args = _PyArg_UnpackKeywords(args, nargs, NULL, kwnames, &_parser,
+            /*minpos*/ 1, /*maxpos*/ 1, /*minkw*/ 0, /*varpos*/ 0, argsbuf);
+    if (!args) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+    id = args[0];
+    if (!noptargs) {
+        goto skip_optional_kwonly;
+    }
+    if (args[1]) {
+        implieslink = PyObject_IsTrue(args[1]);
+        if (implieslink < 0) {
+            goto exit;
+        }
+        if (!--noptargs) {
+            goto skip_optional_kwonly;
+        }
+    }
+    restricted = PyObject_IsTrue(args[2]);
+    if (restricted < 0) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+skip_optional_kwonly:
+    return_value = _interpreters_incref_impl(module, id, implieslink, restricted);
+
+exit:
+    return return_value;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(_interpreters_decref__doc__,
+"decref($module, /, id, *, restrict=False)\n"
+"--\n"
+"\n");
+
+#define _INTERPRETERS_DECREF_METHODDEF    \
+    {"decref", _PyCFunction_CAST(_interpreters_decref), METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, _interpreters_decref__doc__},
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_decref_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *id, int restricted);
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_decref(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames)
+{
+    PyObject *return_value = NULL;
+    #if defined(Py_BUILD_CORE) && !defined(Py_BUILD_CORE_MODULE)
+
+    #define NUM_KEYWORDS 2
+    static struct {
+        PyGC_Head _this_is_not_used;
+        PyObject_VAR_HEAD
+        Py_hash_t ob_hash;
+        PyObject *ob_item[NUM_KEYWORDS];
+    } _kwtuple = {
+        .ob_base = PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyTuple_Type, NUM_KEYWORDS)
+        .ob_hash = -1,
+        .ob_item = { &_Py_ID(id), &_Py_ID(restrict), },
+    };
+    #undef NUM_KEYWORDS
+    #define KWTUPLE (&_kwtuple.ob_base.ob_base)
+
+    #else  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+    #  define KWTUPLE NULL
+    #endif  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+
+    static const char * const _keywords[] = {"id", "restrict", NULL};
+    static _PyArg_Parser _parser = {
+        .keywords = _keywords,
+        .fname = "decref",
+        .kwtuple = KWTUPLE,
+    };
+    #undef KWTUPLE
+    PyObject *argsbuf[2];
+    Py_ssize_t noptargs = nargs + (kwnames ? PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames) : 0) - 1;
+    PyObject *id;
+    int restricted = 0;
+
+    args = _PyArg_UnpackKeywords(args, nargs, NULL, kwnames, &_parser,
+            /*minpos*/ 1, /*maxpos*/ 1, /*minkw*/ 0, /*varpos*/ 0, argsbuf);
+    if (!args) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+    id = args[0];
+    if (!noptargs) {
+        goto skip_optional_kwonly;
+    }
+    restricted = PyObject_IsTrue(args[1]);
+    if (restricted < 0) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+skip_optional_kwonly:
+    return_value = _interpreters_decref_impl(module, id, restricted);
+
+exit:
+    return return_value;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(_interpreters_capture_exception__doc__,
+"capture_exception($module, /, exc=None)\n"
+"--\n"
+"\n"
+"Return a snapshot of an exception.\n"
+"\n"
+"If \"exc\" is None then the current exception, if any, is used (but not cleared).\n"
+"The returned snapshot is the same as what _interpreters.exec() returns.");
+
+#define _INTERPRETERS_CAPTURE_EXCEPTION_METHODDEF    \
+    {"capture_exception", _PyCFunction_CAST(_interpreters_capture_exception), METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS, _interpreters_capture_exception__doc__},
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_capture_exception_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *exc_arg);
+
+static PyObject *
+_interpreters_capture_exception(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames)
+{
+    PyObject *return_value = NULL;
+    #if defined(Py_BUILD_CORE) && !defined(Py_BUILD_CORE_MODULE)
+
+    #define NUM_KEYWORDS 1
+    static struct {
+        PyGC_Head _this_is_not_used;
+        PyObject_VAR_HEAD
+        Py_hash_t ob_hash;
+        PyObject *ob_item[NUM_KEYWORDS];
+    } _kwtuple = {
+        .ob_base = PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyTuple_Type, NUM_KEYWORDS)
+        .ob_hash = -1,
+        .ob_item = { &_Py_ID(exc), },
+    };
+    #undef NUM_KEYWORDS
+    #define KWTUPLE (&_kwtuple.ob_base.ob_base)
+
+    #else  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+    #  define KWTUPLE NULL
+    #endif  // !Py_BUILD_CORE
+
+    static const char * const _keywords[] = {"exc", NULL};
+    static _PyArg_Parser _parser = {
+        .keywords = _keywords,
+        .fname = "capture_exception",
+        .kwtuple = KWTUPLE,
+    };
+    #undef KWTUPLE
+    PyObject *argsbuf[1];
+    Py_ssize_t noptargs = nargs + (kwnames ? PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames) : 0) - 0;
+    PyObject *exc_arg = Py_None;
+
+    args = _PyArg_UnpackKeywords(args, nargs, NULL, kwnames, &_parser,
+            /*minpos*/ 0, /*maxpos*/ 1, /*minkw*/ 0, /*varpos*/ 0, argsbuf);
+    if (!args) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+    if (!noptargs) {
+        goto skip_optional_pos;
+    }
+    exc_arg = args[0];
+skip_optional_pos:
+    return_value = _interpreters_capture_exception_impl(module, exc_arg);
+
+exit:
+    return return_value;
+}
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=cf3f54caaa2dd6a2 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/

From f660ec37531b5e368a27ba065f73d31ff6fb6680 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Malcolm Smith <smith@chaquo.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Aug 2025 18:16:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 4/4] gh-137242: Add Android CI job (#137186)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Co-authored-by: Russell Keith-Magee <russell@keith-magee.com>
Co-authored-by: 🇺🇦 Sviatoslav Sydorenko (Святослав Сидоренко) <wk.cvs.github@sydorenko.org.ua>
---
 .github/workflows/build.yml |  25 ++++++++
 Android/README.md           |   8 ++-
 Android/android-env.sh      |   2 +-
 Android/android.py          | 122 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 4 files changed, 134 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/build.yml b/.github/workflows/build.yml
index bc2a0e372659db..56f222cd94ab6f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@@ -397,6 +397,29 @@ jobs:
     - name: SSL tests
       run: ./python Lib/test/ssltests.py
 
+  build-android:
+    name: Android (${{ matrix.arch }})
+    needs: build-context
+    if: needs.build-context.outputs.run-tests == 'true'
+    timeout-minutes: 60
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          # Use the same runs-on configuration as build-macos and build-ubuntu.
+          - arch: aarch64
+            runs-on: ${{ github.repository_owner == 'python' && 'ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-runner:sonoma' || 'macos-14' }}
+          - arch: x86_64
+            runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.runs-on }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Build and test
+        run: ./Android/android.py ci ${{ matrix.arch }}-linux-android
+
   build-wasi:
     name: 'WASI'
     needs: build-context
@@ -705,6 +728,7 @@ jobs:
     - build-ubuntu
     - build-ubuntu-ssltests-awslc
     - build-ubuntu-ssltests-openssl
+    - build-android
     - build-wasi
     - test-hypothesis
     - build-asan
@@ -740,6 +764,7 @@ jobs:
             build-ubuntu,
             build-ubuntu-ssltests-awslc,
             build-ubuntu-ssltests-openssl,
+            build-android,
             build-wasi,
             test-hypothesis,
             build-asan,
diff --git a/Android/README.md b/Android/README.md
index c42eb627006e6a..9f71aeb934f386 100644
--- a/Android/README.md
+++ b/Android/README.md
@@ -96,10 +96,12 @@ similar to the `Android` directory of the CPython source tree.
 
 ## Testing
 
-The Python test suite can be run on Linux, macOS, or Windows:
+The Python test suite can be run on Linux, macOS, or Windows.
 
-* On Linux, the emulator needs access to the KVM virtualization interface, and
-  a DISPLAY environment variable pointing at an X server. Xvfb is acceptable.
+On Linux, the emulator needs access to the KVM virtualization interface. This may
+require adding your user to a group, or changing your udev rules. On GitHub
+Actions, the test script will do this automatically using the commands shown
+[here](https://github.blog/changelog/2024-04-02-github-actions-hardware-accelerated-android-virtualization-now-available/).
 
 The test suite can usually be run on a device with 2 GB of RAM, but this is
 borderline, so you may need to increase it to 4 GB. As of Android
diff --git a/Android/android-env.sh b/Android/android-env.sh
index 7b381a013cf0ba..5859c0eac4a88f 100644
--- a/Android/android-env.sh
+++ b/Android/android-env.sh
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fail() {
 # * https://android.googlesource.com/platform/ndk/+/ndk-rXX-release/docs/BuildSystemMaintainers.md
 #   where XX is the NDK version. Do a diff against the version you're upgrading from, e.g.:
 #   https://android.googlesource.com/platform/ndk/+/ndk-r25-release..ndk-r26-release/docs/BuildSystemMaintainers.md
-ndk_version=27.2.12479018
+ndk_version=27.3.13750724
 
 ndk=$ANDROID_HOME/ndk/$ndk_version
 if ! [ -e "$ndk" ]; then
diff --git a/Android/android.py b/Android/android.py
index e6090aa1d80db0..85874ad9b60f3d 100755
--- a/Android/android.py
+++ b/Android/android.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 import asyncio
 import argparse
 import os
+import platform
 import re
 import shlex
 import shutil
@@ -247,7 +248,13 @@ def make_host_python(context):
     # flags to be duplicated. So we don't use the `host` argument here.
     os.chdir(host_dir)
     run(["make", "-j", str(os.cpu_count())])
-    run(["make", "install", f"prefix={prefix_dir}"])
+
+    # The `make install` output is very verbose and rarely useful, so
+    # suppress it by default.
+    run(
+        ["make", "install", f"prefix={prefix_dir}"],
+        capture_output=not context.verbose,
+    )
 
 
 def build_all(context):
@@ -266,6 +273,18 @@ def clean_all(context):
         clean(host)
 
 
+def setup_ci():
+    # https://github.blog/changelog/2024-04-02-github-actions-hardware-accelerated-android-virtualization-now-available/
+    if "GITHUB_ACTIONS" in os.environ and platform.system() == "Linux":
+        run(
+            ["sudo", "tee", "/etc/udev/rules.d/99-kvm4all.rules"],
+            input='KERNEL=="kvm", GROUP="kvm", MODE="0666", OPTIONS+="static_node=kvm"\n',
+            text=True,
+        )
+        run(["sudo", "udevadm", "control", "--reload-rules"])
+        run(["sudo", "udevadm", "trigger", "--name-match=kvm"])
+
+
 def setup_sdk():
     sdkmanager = android_home / (
         "cmdline-tools/latest/bin/sdkmanager"
@@ -578,6 +597,7 @@ async def gradle_task(context):
 
 
 async def run_testbed(context):
+    setup_ci()
     setup_sdk()
     setup_testbed()
 
@@ -671,11 +691,63 @@ def package(context):
                     else:
                         shutil.copy2(src, dst, follow_symlinks=False)
 
+        # Strip debug information.
+        if not context.debug:
+            so_files = glob(f"{temp_dir}/**/*.so", recursive=True)
+            run([android_env(context.host)["STRIP"], *so_files], log=False)
+
         dist_dir = subdir(context.host, "dist", create=True)
         package_path = shutil.make_archive(
             f"{dist_dir}/python-{version}-{context.host}", "gztar", temp_dir
         )
         print(f"Wrote {package_path}")
+        return package_path
+
+
+def ci(context):
+    for step in [
+        configure_build_python,
+        make_build_python,
+        configure_host_python,
+        make_host_python,
+        package,
+    ]:
+        caption = (
+            step.__name__.replace("_", " ")
+            .capitalize()
+            .replace("python", "Python")
+        )
+        print(f"::group::{caption}")
+        result = step(context)
+        if step is package:
+            package_path = result
+        print("::endgroup::")
+
+    if (
+        "GITHUB_ACTIONS" in os.environ
+        and (platform.system(), platform.machine()) != ("Linux", "x86_64")
+    ):
+        print(
+            "Skipping tests: GitHub Actions does not support the Android "
+            "emulator on this platform."
+        )
+    else:
+        with TemporaryDirectory(prefix=SCRIPT_NAME) as temp_dir:
+            print("::group::Tests")
+            # Prove the package is self-contained by using it to run the tests.
+            shutil.unpack_archive(package_path, temp_dir)
+
+            # Arguments are similar to --fast-ci, but in single-process mode.
+            launcher_args = ["--managed", "maxVersion", "-v"]
+            test_args = [
+                "--single-process", "--fail-env-changed", "--rerun", "--slowest",
+                "--verbose3", "-u", "all,-cpu", "--timeout=600"
+            ]
+            run(
+                ["./android.py", "test", *launcher_args, "--", *test_args],
+                cwd=temp_dir
+            )
+            print("::endgroup::")
 
 
 def env(context):
@@ -695,32 +767,40 @@ def parse_args():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     subcommands = parser.add_subparsers(dest="subcommand", required=True)
 
+    def add_parser(*args, **kwargs):
+        parser = subcommands.add_parser(*args, **kwargs)
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "-v", "--verbose", action="count", default=0,
+            help="Show verbose output. Use twice to be even more verbose.")
+        return parser
+
     # Subcommands
-    build = subcommands.add_parser(
+    build = add_parser(
         "build", help="Run configure-build, make-build, configure-host and "
         "make-host")
-    configure_build = subcommands.add_parser(
+    configure_build = add_parser(
         "configure-build", help="Run `configure` for the build Python")
-    subcommands.add_parser(
+    add_parser(
         "make-build", help="Run `make` for the build Python")
-    configure_host = subcommands.add_parser(
+    configure_host = add_parser(
         "configure-host", help="Run `configure` for Android")
-    make_host = subcommands.add_parser(
+    make_host = add_parser(
         "make-host", help="Run `make` for Android")
 
-    subcommands.add_parser("clean", help="Delete all build directories")
-    subcommands.add_parser("build-testbed", help="Build the testbed app")
-    test = subcommands.add_parser("test", help="Run the testbed app")
-    package = subcommands.add_parser("package", help="Make a release package")
-    env = subcommands.add_parser("env", help="Print environment variables")
+    add_parser("clean", help="Delete all build directories")
+    add_parser("build-testbed", help="Build the testbed app")
+    test = add_parser("test", help="Run the testbed app")
+    package = add_parser("package", help="Make a release package")
+    ci = add_parser("ci", help="Run build, package and test")
+    env = add_parser("env", help="Print environment variables")
 
     # Common arguments
-    for subcommand in build, configure_build, configure_host:
+    for subcommand in [build, configure_build, configure_host, ci]:
         subcommand.add_argument(
             "--clean", action="store_true", default=False, dest="clean",
             help="Delete the relevant build directories first")
 
-    host_commands = [build, configure_host, make_host, package]
+    host_commands = [build, configure_host, make_host, package, ci]
     if in_source_tree:
         host_commands.append(env)
     for subcommand in host_commands:
@@ -728,16 +808,11 @@ def parse_args():
             "host", metavar="HOST", choices=HOSTS,
             help="Host triplet: choices=[%(choices)s]")
 
-    for subcommand in build, configure_build, configure_host:
+    for subcommand in [build, configure_build, configure_host, ci]:
         subcommand.add_argument("args", nargs="*",
                                 help="Extra arguments to pass to `configure`")
 
     # Test arguments
-    test.add_argument(
-        "-v", "--verbose", action="count", default=0,
-        help="Show Gradle output, and non-Python logcat messages. "
-        "Use twice to include high-volume messages which are rarely useful.")
-
     device_group = test.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)
     device_group.add_argument(
         "--connected", metavar="SERIAL", help="Run on a connected device. "
@@ -765,6 +840,12 @@ def parse_args():
         "args", nargs="*", help=f"Arguments to add to sys.argv. "
         f"Separate them from {SCRIPT_NAME}'s own arguments with `--`.")
 
+    # Package arguments.
+    for subcommand in [package, ci]:
+        subcommand.add_argument(
+            "-g", action="store_true", default=False, dest="debug",
+            help="Include debug information in package")
+
     return parser.parse_args()
 
 
@@ -788,6 +869,7 @@ def main():
         "build-testbed": build_testbed,
         "test": run_testbed,
         "package": package,
+        "ci": ci,
         "env": env,
     }
 
@@ -803,6 +885,8 @@ def main():
 def print_called_process_error(e):
     for stream_name in ["stdout", "stderr"]:
         content = getattr(e, stream_name)
+        if isinstance(content, bytes):
+            content = content.decode(*DECODE_ARGS)
         stream = getattr(sys, stream_name)
         if content:
             stream.write(content)