Fix preemptive mode task initialization

The preemptive scheduler requires interrupt frame restoration during task
startup to properly transition privilege modes. However, the dispatcher
was initializing tasks using cooperative mode context structures, which
lack the necessary state for privilege transitions. This mismatch caused
privilege mode corruption and prevented tasks from executing correctly.

The dispatcher initialization now selects the appropriate context type
based on the active scheduler mode. For preemptive scheduling, the system
restores the full interrupt frame and uses trap return instructions to
transfer control with proper privilege level switching. The initial
status register configuration has been adjusted to prevent interrupts
from enabling prematurely during the restoration sequence, avoiding race
conditions during task startup.

Author: HeatCrab

arch/riscv/hal.c

@@ -534,9 +534,15 @@ void *hal_build_initial_frame(void *stack_top,
     frame[1] = (uint32_t) &_gp; /* gp - global pointer */
     frame[2] = tp_val;          /* tp - thread pointer */
 
-    uint32_t mstatus_val = MSTATUS_MIE | MSTATUS_MPIE |
-                           (user_mode ? MSTATUS_MPP_USER : MSTATUS_MPP_MACH);
-    frame[FRAME_MSTATUS] = mstatus_val; /* mstatus - enable interrupts */
+    /* Initialize mstatus for new task:
+     * - MPIE=1: mret will copy this to MIE, enabling interrupts after task
+     * starts
+     * - MPP: Set privilege level (U-mode or M-mode)
+     * - MIE=0: Keep interrupts disabled during frame restoration
+     */
+    uint32_t mstatus_val =
+        MSTATUS_MPIE | (user_mode ? MSTATUS_MPP_USER : MSTATUS_MPP_MACH);
+    frame[FRAME_MSTATUS] = mstatus_val;
 
     frame[FRAME_EPC] = (uint32_t) task_entry; /* mepc - entry point */
 
@@ -803,23 +809,102 @@ static void __attribute__((naked, used)) __dispatch_init(void)
         "mret\n");        /* Jump to the task's entry point */
 }
 
-/* Transfers control from the kernel's main thread to the first task */
-__attribute__((noreturn)) void hal_dispatch_init(jmp_buf env)
+/* Low-level routine to restore context from ISR frame and jump to task.
+ * This is used in preemptive mode where tasks are managed via ISR frames.
+ */
+static void __attribute__((naked, used)) __dispatch_init_isr(void)
 {
-    if (unlikely(!env))
+    asm volatile(
+        /* a0 contains the ISR frame pointer (sp value) */
+        "mv     sp, a0\n"
+
+        /* Restore mstatus from frame[32] */
+        "lw     t0, 32*4(sp)\n"
+        "csrw   mstatus, t0\n"
+
+        /* Restore mepc from frame[31] */
+        "lw     t1, 31*4(sp)\n"
+        "csrw   mepc, t1\n"
+
+        /* Restore all general-purpose registers */
+        "lw  ra,   0*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  gp,   1*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  tp,   2*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  t0,   3*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  t1,   4*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  t2,   5*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  s0,   6*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  s1,   7*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  a0,   8*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  a1,   9*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  a2,  10*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  a3,  11*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  a4,  12*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  a5,  13*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  a6,  14*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  a7,  15*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  s2,  16*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  s3,  17*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  s4,  18*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  s5,  19*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  s6,  20*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  s7,  21*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  s8,  22*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  s9,  23*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  s10, 24*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  s11, 25*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  t3,  26*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  t4,  27*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  t5,  28*4(sp)\n"
+        "lw  t6,  29*4(sp)\n"
+
+        /* Deallocate stack frame */
+        "addi   sp, sp, %0\n"
+
+        /* Return from trap - jump to task entry point */
+        "mret\n"
+        :
+        : "i"(ISR_STACK_FRAME_SIZE)
+        : "memory");
+}
+
+/* Transfers control from the kernel's main thread to the first task.
+ * In preemptive mode, ctx should be the ISR frame pointer (void *sp).
+ * In cooperative mode, ctx should be the jmp_buf context.
+ */
+__attribute__((noreturn)) void hal_dispatch_init(void *ctx)
+{
+    if (unlikely(!ctx))
         hal_panic(); /* Cannot proceed without valid context */
 
-    if (kcb->preemptive)
-        hal_timer_enable();
+    if (kcb->preemptive) {
+        /* Preemptive mode: ctx is ISR frame pointer, restore from it.
+         * Enable timer before jumping to task. Global interrupts will be
+         * enabled by mret based on MPIE bit in restored mstatus.
+         */
+        /* Save ctx before hal_timer_enable modifies registers */
+        void *saved_ctx = ctx;
 
-    _ei(); /* Enable global interrupts just before launching the first task */
+        hal_timer_enable();
 
-    asm volatile(
-        "mv  a0, %0\n"           /* Move @env (the task's context) into 'a0' */
-        "call __dispatch_init\n" /* Call the low-level restore routine */
-        :
-        : "r"(env)
-        : "a0", "memory");
+        /* Restore ISR frame pointer and call dispatch */
+        asm volatile(
+            "mv    a0, %0\n"             /* Load ISR frame pointer into a0 */
+            "call __dispatch_init_isr\n" /* Restore from ISR frame */
+            :
+            : "r"(saved_ctx)
+            : "a0", "memory");
+    } else {
+        /* Cooperative mode: ctx is jmp_buf, use standard dispatch */
+        _ei(); /* Enable global interrupts */
+
+        asm volatile(
+            "mv  a0, %0\n" /* Move @env (the task's context) into 'a0' */
+            "call __dispatch_init\n" /* Call the low-level restore routine */
+            :
+            : "r"(ctx)
+            : "a0", "memory");
+    }
     __builtin_unreachable();
 }
 
@@ -876,6 +961,8 @@ void hal_context_init(jmp_buf *ctx,
      */
     (*ctx)[CONTEXT_SP] = (uint32_t) stack_top;
     (*ctx)[CONTEXT_RA] = (uint32_t) ra;
-    (*ctx)[CONTEXT_MSTATUS] = MSTATUS_MIE | MSTATUS_MPIE |
-                              (user_mode ? MSTATUS_MPP_USER : MSTATUS_MPP_MACH);
+    /* Note: CONTEXT_MSTATUS not used in cooperative mode (setjmp/longjmp),
+     * but set it for consistency with ISR frame initialization */
+    (*ctx)[CONTEXT_MSTATUS] =
+        MSTATUS_MPIE | (user_mode ? MSTATUS_MPP_USER : MSTATUS_MPP_MACH);
 }

arch/riscv/hal.h

@@ -74,7 +74,13 @@ void longjmp(jmp_buf env, int32_t val);
 /* HAL context switching routines for complete context management */
 int32_t hal_context_save(jmp_buf env);
 void hal_context_restore(jmp_buf env, int32_t val);
-void hal_dispatch_init(jmp_buf env);
+
+/* Transfers control from kernel main thread to the first task.
+ * In preemptive mode, ctx should be the ISR frame pointer (void *sp).
+ * In cooperative mode, ctx should be the jmp_buf context.
+ * @ctx : ISR frame pointer (preemptive) or jmp_buf (cooperative).
+ */
+void hal_dispatch_init(void *ctx);
 
 /* Stack switching for preemptive context switch.
  * Saves current SP to *old_sp and loads new SP from new_sp.

kernel/main.c

@@ -72,7 +72,11 @@ int32_t main(void)
      */
     scheduler_started = true;
 
-    hal_dispatch_init(first_task->context);
+    /* In preemptive mode, tasks are managed via ISR frames (sp).
+     * In cooperative mode, tasks are managed via jmp_buf (context).
+     */
+    void *ctx = kcb->preemptive ? first_task->sp : first_task->context;
+    hal_dispatch_init(ctx);
 
     /* This line should be unreachable. */
     panic(ERR_UNKNOWN);