diff --git a/tests/testthat/_snaps/fit-gq.md b/tests/testthat/_snaps/fit-gq.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..77e09252
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testthat/_snaps/fit-gq.md
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+# print() method works after gq
+
+    Code
+      expect_s3_class(fit_gq$print(), "CmdStanGQ")
+    Output
+      variable mean median sd mad q5 q95
+      y_rep[1]
+      y_rep[2]
+      y_rep[3]
+      y_rep[4]
+      y_rep[5]
+      y_rep[6]
+      y_rep[7]
+      y_rep[8]
+      y_rep[9]
+      y_rep[10]
+      
+      # showing 10 of 11 rows (change via 'max_rows' argument or 'cmdstanr_max_rows' option)
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      fit_gq$print(max_rows = 1)
+    Output
+      variable mean median sd mad q5 q95
+      y_rep[1]
+      
+      # showing 1 of 11 rows (change via 'max_rows' argument or 'cmdstanr_max_rows' option)
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      fit_gq$print(NULL, c("mad"))
+    Output
+      variable mad
+      y_rep[1]
+      y_rep[2]
+      y_rep[3]
+      y_rep[4]
+      y_rep[5]
+      y_rep[6]
+      y_rep[7]
+      y_rep[8]
+      y_rep[9]
+      y_rep[10]
+      
+      # showing 10 of 11 rows (change via 'max_rows' argument or 'cmdstanr_max_rows' option)
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      fit_gq$print(max_rows = 2)
+    Output
+      variable mean median sd mad q5 q95
+      y_rep[1]
+      y_rep[2]
+      
+      # showing 2 of 11 rows (change via 'max_rows' argument or 'cmdstanr_max_rows' option)
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      fit_gq$print(max_rows = 11)
+    Output
+      variable mean median sd mad q5 q95
+      y_rep[1]
+      y_rep[2]
+      y_rep[3]
+      y_rep[4]
+      y_rep[5]
+      y_rep[6]
+      y_rep[7]
+      y_rep[8]
+      y_rep[9]
+      y_rep[10]
+      sum_y
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      fit_gq$print("y_rep", max_rows = 2)
+    Output
+      variable mean median sd mad q5 q95
+      y_rep[1]
+      y_rep[2]
+      
+      # showing 2 of 10 rows (change via 'max_rows' argument or 'cmdstanr_max_rows' option)
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      fit_gq$print("y_rep")
+    Output
+      variable mean median sd mad q5 q95
+      y_rep[1]
+      y_rep[2]
+      y_rep[3]
+      y_rep[4]
+      y_rep[5]
+      y_rep[6]
+      y_rep[7]
+      y_rep[8]
+      y_rep[9]
+      y_rep[10]
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      fit_gq$print(c("y_rep[1]", "sum_y", "y_rep[3]"))
+    Output
+      variable mean median sd mad q5 q95
+      y_rep[1]
+      sum_y
+      y_rep[3]
+
diff --git a/tests/testthat/_snaps/fit-laplace.md b/tests/testthat/_snaps/fit-laplace.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4effe964
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testthat/_snaps/fit-laplace.md
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# summary() and print() methods works after laplace
+
+    Code
+      expect_s3_class(fit_laplace$print(), "CmdStanLaplace")
+    Output
+      variable mean median sd mad q5 q95
+      lp__
+      lp_approx__
+      alpha
+      beta[1]
+      beta[2]
+      beta[3]
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      fit_laplace$print(max_rows = 1)
+    Output
+      variable mean median sd mad q5 q95
+      lp__
+      
+      # showing 1 of 6 rows (change via 'max_rows' argument or 'cmdstanr_max_rows' option)
+
diff --git a/tests/testthat/_snaps/fit-mcmc.md b/tests/testthat/_snaps/fit-mcmc.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..004cc382
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testthat/_snaps/fit-mcmc.md
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+# print() method works after mcmc
+
+    Code
+      expect_s3_class(fit_mcmc$print(), "CmdStanMCMC")
+    Output
+      variable mean median sd mad q5 q95 rhat ess_bulk ess_tail
+      lp__
+      alpha
+      beta[1]
+      beta[2]
+      beta[3]
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      fit_mcmc$print(max_rows = 1)
+    Output
+      variable mean median sd mad q5 q95 rhat ess_bulk ess_tail
+      lp__
+      
+      # showing 1 of 5 rows (change via 'max_rows' argument or 'cmdstanr_max_rows' option)
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      fit_mcmc$print(NULL, c("ess_sd"))
+    Output
+      variable ess_sd
+      lp__
+      alpha
+      beta[1]
+      beta[2]
+      beta[3]
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      fit$print()
+    Output
+      variable mean median sd mad q5 q95 rhat ess_bulk ess_tail
+      lp__
+      mu
+      tau
+      theta_raw[1]
+      theta_raw[2]
+      theta_raw[3]
+      theta_raw[4]
+      theta_raw[5]
+      theta_raw[6]
+      theta_raw[7]
+      
+      # showing 10 of 19 rows (change via 'max_rows' argument or 'cmdstanr_max_rows' option)
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      fit$print(max_rows = 2)
+    Output
+      variable mean median sd mad q5 q95 rhat ess_bulk ess_tail
+      lp__
+      mu
+      
+      # showing 2 of 19 rows (change via 'max_rows' argument or 'cmdstanr_max_rows' option)
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      fit$print(max_rows = 19)
+    Output
+      variable mean median sd mad q5 q95 rhat ess_bulk ess_tail
+      lp__
+      mu
+      tau
+      theta_raw[1]
+      theta_raw[2]
+      theta_raw[3]
+      theta_raw[4]
+      theta_raw[5]
+      theta_raw[6]
+      theta_raw[7]
+      theta_raw[8]
+      theta[1]
+      theta[2]
+      theta[3]
+      theta[4]
+      theta[5]
+      theta[6]
+      theta[7]
+      theta[8]
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      fit$print("theta", max_rows = 2)
+    Output
+      variable mean median sd mad q5 q95 rhat ess_bulk ess_tail
+      theta[1]
+      theta[2]
+      
+      # showing 2 of 8 rows (change via 'max_rows' argument or 'cmdstanr_max_rows' option)
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      fit$print("theta")
+    Output
+      variable mean median sd mad q5 q95 rhat ess_bulk ess_tail
+      theta[1]
+      theta[2]
+      theta[3]
+      theta[4]
+      theta[5]
+      theta[6]
+      theta[7]
+      theta[8]
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      fit$print(c("theta[1]", "tau", "mu", "theta_raw[3]"))
+    Output
+      variable mean median sd mad q5 q95 rhat ess_bulk ess_tail
+      theta[1]
+      tau
+      mu
+      theta_raw[3]
+
diff --git a/tests/testthat/_snaps/fit-mle.md b/tests/testthat/_snaps/fit-mle.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2e5b14e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testthat/_snaps/fit-mle.md
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# print() method works after optimization
+
+    Code
+      expect_s3_class(fit_mle$print(), "CmdStanMLE")
+    Output
+      variable estimate
+      lp__
+      alpha
+      beta[1]
+      beta[2]
+      beta[3]
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      fit_mle$print(max_rows = 1)
+    Output
+      variable estimate
+      lp__
+      
+      # showing 1 of 5 rows (change via 'max_rows' argument or 'cmdstanr_max_rows' option)
+
diff --git a/tests/testthat/_snaps/fit-vb.md b/tests/testthat/_snaps/fit-vb.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cfd3a703
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testthat/_snaps/fit-vb.md
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+# print() method works after vb
+
+    Code
+      expect_s3_class(fit_vb$print(), "CmdStanVB")
+    Output
+      variable mean median sd mad q5 q95
+      lp__
+      lp_approx__
+      alpha
+      beta[1]
+      beta[2]
+      beta[3]
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      fit_vb$print(max_rows = 1)
+    Output
+      variable mean median sd mad q5 q95
+      lp__
+      
+      # showing 1 of 6 rows (change via 'max_rows' argument or 'cmdstanr_max_rows' option)
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      fit$print()
+    Output
+      variable mean median sd mad q5 q95
+      lp__
+      lp_approx__
+      mu
+      tau
+      theta_raw[1]
+      theta_raw[2]
+      theta_raw[3]
+      theta_raw[4]
+      theta_raw[5]
+      theta_raw[6]
+      
+      # showing 10 of 20 rows (change via 'max_rows' argument or 'cmdstanr_max_rows' option)
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      fit$print(max_rows = 20)
+    Output
+      variable mean median sd mad q5 q95
+      lp__
+      lp_approx__
+      mu
+      tau
+      theta_raw[1]
+      theta_raw[2]
+      theta_raw[3]
+      theta_raw[4]
+      theta_raw[5]
+      theta_raw[6]
+      theta_raw[7]
+      theta_raw[8]
+      theta[1]
+      theta[2]
+      theta[3]
+      theta[4]
+      theta[5]
+      theta[6]
+      theta[7]
+      theta[8]
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      fit$print(c("theta", "tau", "lp__", "lp_approx__"))
+    Output
+      variable mean median sd mad q5 q95
+      theta[1]
+      theta[2]
+      theta[3]
+      theta[4]
+      theta[5]
+      theta[6]
+      theta[7]
+      theta[8]
+      tau
+      lp__
+      
+      # showing 10 of 11 rows (change via 'max_rows' argument or 'cmdstanr_max_rows' option)
+
diff --git a/tests/testthat/_snaps/print-stan-file.md b/tests/testthat/_snaps/print-stan-file.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..090c002a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testthat/_snaps/print-stan-file.md
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+# print_stan_file() prints plain code outside of knitr
+
+    Code
+      cat(out, sep = "\n")
+    Output
+      
+      parameters {
+        real y;
+      }
+      model {
+        y ~ std_normal();
+      }
+      
+
+# print_stan_file() outputs fenced code block in knitr with results='asis'
+
+    Code
+      cat(out, sep = "\n")
+    Output
+      ```stan
+      
+      parameters {
+        real y;
+      }
+      model {
+        y ~ std_normal();
+      }
+      
+      
+      ```
+
+# print_stan_file() wraps in <details> when fold=TRUE
+
+    Code
+      cat(out, sep = "\n")
+    Output
+      <details><summary>Stan model code</summary>
+      
+      ```stan
+      
+      parameters {
+        real y;
+      }
+      model {
+        y ~ std_normal();
+      }
+      
+      
+      ```
+      
+      </details>
+
+# print_stan_file() uses custom summary text
+
+    Code
+      cat(out, sep = "\n")
+    Output
+      <details><summary>My Stan Code</summary>
+      
+      ```stan
+      
+      parameters {
+        real y;
+      }
+      model {
+        y ~ std_normal();
+      }
+      
+      
+      ```
+      
+      </details>
+
+# print_stan_file() does not fold when fold=FALSE in knitr
+
+    Code
+      cat(out, sep = "\n")
+    Output
+      ```stan
+      
+      parameters {
+        real y;
+      }
+      model {
+        y ~ std_normal();
+      }
+      
+      
+      ```
+
+# print_stan_file() falls back to plain text without results='asis'
+
+    Code
+      cat(out, sep = "\n")
+    Output
+      
+      parameters {
+        real y;
+      }
+      model {
+        y ~ std_normal();
+      }
+      
+
+# print_stan_file() falls back to plain text without knitr.in.progress
+
+    Code
+      cat(out, sep = "\n")
+    Output
+      
+      parameters {
+        real y;
+      }
+      model {
+        y ~ std_normal();
+      }
+      
+
diff --git a/tests/testthat/helper-custom-expectations.R b/tests/testthat/helper-custom-expectations.R
index d0128753..5223581b 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/helper-custom-expectations.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/helper-custom-expectations.R
@@ -127,3 +127,22 @@ expect_equal_ignore_order <- function(object, expected, ...) {
 }
 
 expect_not_true <- function(...) expect_false(isTRUE(...))
+
+# strips numeric values (which may change slightly with different hardware or compilers) 
+# allowing us to still verify names, ordering, column headers, row counts, etc.
+transform_print_snapshot <- function(x) {
+  vapply(x, function(line) {
+    line <- trimws(line)
+    if (!nzchar(line)) {
+      return(line)
+    }
+    if (grepl("^variable\\b", line)) {
+      return(gsub("\\s+", " ", line))
+    }
+    if (grepl("^# showing", line) ||
+        grepl("^Can't find the following variable\\(s\\):", line)) {
+      return(line)
+    }
+    sub("\\s+.*$", "", line)
+  }, character(1))
+}
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-fit-gq.R b/tests/testthat/test-fit-gq.R
index 4fc43f1f..bf7cfa33 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-fit-gq.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-fit-gq.R
@@ -64,34 +64,53 @@ test_that("summary() method works after gq", {
 })
 
 test_that("print() method works after gq", {
-  expect_output(expect_s3_class(fit_gq$print(), "CmdStanGQ"), "variable")
-  expect_output(fit_gq$print(max_rows = 1), "# showing 1 of 11 rows")
-  expect_output(fit_gq$print(NULL, c("mad")), "mad")
+  expect_snapshot(
+    expect_s3_class(fit_gq$print(), "CmdStanGQ"),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
+
+  expect_snapshot(
+    fit_gq$print(max_rows = 1),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
+  expect_snapshot(
+    fit_gq$print(NULL, c("mad")),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
+  expect_snapshot(
+    fit_gq$print(max_rows = 2),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
+  expect_snapshot(
+    fit_gq$print(max_rows = 11),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
+  expect_snapshot(
+    fit_gq$print("y_rep", max_rows = 2),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
+  expect_snapshot(
+    fit_gq$print("y_rep"),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
+  expect_snapshot(
+    fit_gq$print(c("y_rep[1]", "sum_y", "y_rep[3]")),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
 
-  expect_output(fit_gq$print(), "showing 10 of 11 rows")
-  expect_output(fit_gq$print(max_rows = 2), "showing 2 of 11 rows")
-  expect_output(fit_gq$print(max_rows = 11), "sum_y", fixed=TRUE) # last parameter
-  expect_output(fit_gq$print("y_rep", max_rows = 2), "showing 2 of 10 rows")
   expect_error(
     fit_gq$print(variable = "unknown", max_rows = 20),
     "Can't find the following variable(s): unknown",
     fixed = TRUE
   )
-
-  out <- capture.output(fit_gq$print("y_rep"))
-  expect_length(out, 11) # columns names + 1 y_rep
-  expect_match(out[1], "variable")
-  expect_match(out[2], "y_rep[1]", fixed = TRUE)
-  expect_match(out[9], "y_rep[8]", fixed = TRUE)
-  expect_false(any(grepl("sum_y|theta", out)))
-
-  # make sure the row order is correct
-  out <- capture.output(fit_gq$print(c("y_rep[1]", "sum_y", "y_rep[3]")))
-  expect_length(out, 4)
-  expect_match(out[1], " variable")
-  expect_match(out[2], " y_rep[1]", fixed = TRUE)
-  expect_match(out[3], " sum_y")
-  expect_match(out[4], " y_rep[3]", fixed = TRUE)
 })
 
 test_that("output() method works after gq", {
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-fit-laplace.R b/tests/testthat/test-fit-laplace.R
index 90415e93..54933eef 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-fit-laplace.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-fit-laplace.R
@@ -13,8 +13,16 @@ test_that("summary() and print() methods works after laplace", {
   expect_equal(x$variable, c("lp__", "lp_approx__", PARAM_NAMES))
   expect_equal(colnames(x), c("variable", "mean", "sd"))
 
-  expect_output(expect_s3_class(fit_laplace$print(), "CmdStanLaplace"), "variable")
-  expect_output(fit_laplace$print(max_rows = 1), "# showing 1 of 6 rows")
+  expect_snapshot(
+    expect_s3_class(fit_laplace$print(), "CmdStanLaplace"),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
+  expect_snapshot(
+    fit_laplace$print(max_rows = 1),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
 })
 
 test_that("draws() method returns posterior sample (reading csv works)", {
@@ -61,4 +69,3 @@ test_that("draws() errors if invalid format", {
     "The supplied draws format is not valid"
   )
 })
-
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-fit-mcmc.R b/tests/testthat/test-fit-mcmc.R
index aede1110..09507ba8 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-fit-mcmc.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-fit-mcmc.R
@@ -123,37 +123,60 @@ test_that("summary() method works after mcmc", {
 })
 
 test_that("print() method works after mcmc", {
-  expect_output(expect_s3_class(fit_mcmc$print(), "CmdStanMCMC"), "variable")
-  expect_output(fit_mcmc$print(max_rows = 1), "# showing 1 of 5 rows")
-  expect_output(fit_mcmc$print(NULL, c("ess_sd")), "ess_sd")
+  expect_snapshot(
+    expect_s3_class(fit_mcmc$print(), "CmdStanMCMC"),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
+  expect_snapshot(
+    fit_mcmc$print(max_rows = 1),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
+  expect_snapshot(
+    fit_mcmc$print(NULL, c("ess_sd")),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
 
   # test on model with more parameters
   fit <- cmdstanr_example("schools_ncp")
-  expect_output(fit$print(), "showing 10 of 19 rows")
-  expect_output(fit$print(max_rows = 2), "showing 2 of 19 rows")
-  expect_output(fit$print(max_rows = 19), "theta[8]", fixed=TRUE) # last parameter
-  expect_output(fit$print("theta", max_rows = 2), "showing 2 of 8 rows")
+  expect_snapshot(
+    fit$print(),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
+  expect_snapshot(
+    fit$print(max_rows = 2),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
+  expect_snapshot(
+    fit$print(max_rows = 19),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
+  expect_snapshot(
+    fit$print("theta", max_rows = 2),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
+  expect_snapshot(
+    fit$print("theta"),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
+  expect_snapshot(
+    fit$print(c("theta[1]", "tau", "mu", "theta_raw[3]")),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
+
   expect_error(
     fit$print(variable = "unknown", max_rows = 20),
     "Can't find the following variable(s): unknown",
     fixed = TRUE
   )
-
-  out <- capture.output(fit$print("theta"))
-  expect_length(out, 9) # columns names + 8 thetas
-  expect_match(out[1], "variable")
-  expect_match(out[2], "theta[1]", fixed = TRUE)
-  expect_match(out[9], "theta[8]", fixed = TRUE)
-  expect_false(any(grepl("mu|tau|theta_raw", out)))
-
-  # make sure the row order is correct
-  out <- capture.output(fit$print(c("theta[1]", "tau", "mu", "theta_raw[3]")))
-  expect_length(out, 5)
-  expect_match(out[1], " variable")
-  expect_match(out[2], " theta[1]", fixed = TRUE)
-  expect_match(out[3], " tau")
-  expect_match(out[4], " mu")
-  expect_match(out[5], " theta_raw[3]", fixed = TRUE)
 })
 
 test_that("output() method works after mcmc", {
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-fit-mle.R b/tests/testthat/test-fit-mle.R
index c868a37c..e65b9205 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-fit-mle.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-fit-mle.R
@@ -22,8 +22,17 @@ test_that("summary method works after optimization", {
 })
 
 test_that("print() method works after optimization", {
-  expect_output(expect_s3_class(fit_mle$print(), "CmdStanMLE"), "estimate")
-  expect_output(fit_mle$print(max_rows = 1), "# showing 1 of 5 rows")
+  expect_snapshot(
+    expect_s3_class(fit_mle$print(), "CmdStanMLE"),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
+  expect_snapshot(
+    fit_mle$print(max_rows = 1),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
+
   expect_error(
     fit_mle$print(variable = "unknown", max_rows = 20),
     "Can't find the following variable(s): unknown",
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-fit-vb.R b/tests/testthat/test-fit-vb.R
index f5d2f2c9..bac2d079 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-fit-vb.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-fit-vb.R
@@ -18,29 +18,41 @@ test_that("summary() method works after vb", {
 })
 
 test_that("print() method works after vb", {
-  expect_output(expect_s3_class(fit_vb$print(), "CmdStanVB"), "variable")
-  expect_output(fit_vb$print(max_rows = 1), "# showing 1 of 6 rows")
+  expect_snapshot(
+    expect_s3_class(fit_vb$print(), "CmdStanVB"),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
+
+  expect_snapshot(
+    fit_vb$print(max_rows = 1),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
 
   # test on model with more parameters
   fit <- cmdstanr_example("schools_ncp", method = "variational", seed = 123)
-  expect_output(fit$print(), "lp_approx__")
-  expect_output(fit$print(), "showing 10 of 20 rows")
-  expect_output(fit$print(max_rows = 20), "theta[8]", fixed = TRUE) # last parameter
+  expect_snapshot(
+    fit$print(),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
+  expect_snapshot(
+    fit$print(max_rows = 20),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
+  expect_snapshot(
+    fit$print(c("theta", "tau", "lp__", "lp_approx__")),
+    transform = transform_print_snapshot,
+    cran = FALSE
+  )
+
   expect_error(
     fit$print(variable = "unknown", max_rows = 20),
     "Can't find the following variable(s): unknown",
     fixed = TRUE
   ) # unknown parameter
-
-  out <- capture.output(fit$print(c("theta", "tau", "lp__", "lp_approx__")))
-  expect_length(out, 13) # columns names + 8 thetas + tau + lp__ + lp_approx__ + empty + message
-  expect_match(out[1], " variable")
-  expect_match(out[2], " theta[1]", fixed = TRUE)
-  expect_match(out[9], " theta[8]", fixed = TRUE)
-  expect_match(out[10], " tau")
-  expect_match(out[11], " lp__")
-  expect_false(nzchar(out[12])) # empty line
-  expect_match(out[13], "10 of 11 rows")
 })
 
 test_that("draws() method returns posterior sample (reading csv works)", {
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-model-code-print.R b/tests/testthat/test-model-code-print.R
index 16fdaa81..81621893 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-model-code-print.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-model-code-print.R
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ stan_program <- testing_stan_file("bernoulli")
 mod <- testing_model("bernoulli")
 
 test_that("code() and print() methods work", {
-  expect_snapshot_output(mod$print(), cran = TRUE)
-  expect_snapshot_value(mod$code(), style = "deparse", cran = TRUE)
+  expect_snapshot_output(mod$print(), cran = FALSE)
+  expect_snapshot_value(mod$code(), style = "deparse", cran = FALSE)
 })
 
 test_that("code() and print() still work if file is removed", {
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-model-compile-user_header.R b/tests/testthat/test-model-compile-user_header.R
index 8f549953..1002b866 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-model-compile-user_header.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-model-compile-user_header.R
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 skip_if(os_is_macos())
 
-file_that_exists <- "placeholder_exists"
-file_that_doesnt_exist <- "placeholder_doesnt_exist"
-withr::local_file(file_that_exists)
+file_that_exists <- withr::local_tempfile(pattern = "placeholder_exists")
+file.create(file_that_exists)
+file_that_doesnt_exist <- withr::local_tempfile(pattern = "placeholder_doesnt_exist")
 
 w_path <- function(f) {
   x <- sapply(f, function(fi) wsl_safe_path(absolute_path(fi)))
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-model-recompile-logic.R b/tests/testthat/test-model-recompile-logic.R
index caac4f13..c9d7a385 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-model-recompile-logic.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-model-recompile-logic.R
@@ -1,11 +1,7 @@
 stan_program <- cmdstan_example_file()
-file_that_doesnt_exist <- "placeholder_doesnt_exist"
-file_that_exists <- "placeholder_exists"
+file_that_doesnt_exist <- withr::local_tempfile(pattern = "placeholder_doesnt_exist")
+file_that_exists <- withr::local_tempfile(pattern = "placeholder_exists")
 file.create(file_that_exists)
-withr::defer(
-  if (file.exists(file_that_exists)) file.remove(file_that_exists),
-  teardown_env()
-)
 
 skip_message <- "To be fixed in a later version."
 
@@ -106,4 +102,4 @@ test_that("recompile when cpp args don't match binary", {
       )
     })
   )
-})
\ No newline at end of file
+})
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-print-stan-file.R b/tests/testthat/test-print-stan-file.R
index cc7d6940..cbc1c6d3 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-print-stan-file.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-print-stan-file.R
@@ -7,11 +7,10 @@ model {
 }
 "
 stan_file <- write_stan_file(stan_code)
-stan_lines <- readLines(stan_file)
 
 test_that("print_stan_file() prints plain code outside of knitr", {
   out <- capture.output(print_stan_file(stan_file))
-  expect_identical(out, stan_lines)
+  expect_snapshot(cat(out, sep = "\n"), cran = TRUE)
 })
 
 test_that("print_stan_file() returns file path invisibly", {
@@ -21,12 +20,10 @@ test_that("print_stan_file() returns file path invisibly", {
 
 test_that("print_stan_file() outputs fenced code block in knitr with results='asis'", {
   out <- with_mocked_bindings(
-    paste(capture.output(print_stan_file(stan_file)), collapse = "\n"),
+    capture.output(print_stan_file(stan_file)),
     is_knitr_asis_output = function() TRUE
   )
-  expect_match(out, "^```stan\n")
-  expect_match(out, "\n```$")
-  expect_match(out, paste(stan_lines, collapse = "\n"), fixed = TRUE)
+  expect_snapshot(cat(out, sep = "\n"), cran = TRUE)
 })
 
 test_that("print_stan_file() wraps in <details> when fold=TRUE", {
@@ -34,8 +31,7 @@ test_that("print_stan_file() wraps in <details> when fold=TRUE", {
     capture.output(print_stan_file(stan_file, fold = TRUE)),
     is_knitr_asis_output = function() TRUE
   )
-  expect_match(out[1], "<details><summary>Stan model code</summary>")
-  expect_match(out[length(out)], "</details>")
+  expect_snapshot(cat(out, sep = "\n"), cran = TRUE)
 })
 
 test_that("print_stan_file() uses custom summary text", {
@@ -43,7 +39,7 @@ test_that("print_stan_file() uses custom summary text", {
     capture.output(print_stan_file(stan_file, fold = TRUE, summary = "My Stan Code")),
     is_knitr_asis_output = function() TRUE
   )
-  expect_match(out[1], "<details><summary>My Stan Code</summary>")
+  expect_snapshot(cat(out, sep = "\n"), cran = TRUE)
 })
 
 test_that("print_stan_file() does not fold when fold=FALSE in knitr", {
@@ -51,8 +47,7 @@ test_that("print_stan_file() does not fold when fold=FALSE in knitr", {
     capture.output(print_stan_file(stan_file, fold = FALSE)),
     is_knitr_asis_output = function() TRUE
   )
-  expect_no_match(paste(out, collapse = "\n"), "<details>", fixed = TRUE)
-  expect_no_match(paste(out, collapse = "\n"), "</details>", fixed = TRUE)
+  expect_snapshot(cat(out, sep = "\n"), cran = TRUE)
 })
 
 test_that("print_stan_file() falls back to plain text without results='asis'", {
@@ -60,11 +55,11 @@ test_that("print_stan_file() falls back to plain text without results='asis'", {
     capture.output(print_stan_file(stan_file)),
     is_knitr_asis_output = function() FALSE
   )
-  expect_identical(out, stan_lines)
+  expect_snapshot(cat(out, sep = "\n"), cran = TRUE)
 })
 
 test_that("print_stan_file() falls back to plain text without knitr.in.progress", {
   withr::local_options(knitr.in.progress = FALSE)
   out <- capture.output(print_stan_file(stan_file))
-  expect_identical(out, stan_lines)
+  expect_snapshot(cat(out, sep = "\n"), cran = TRUE)
 })