From 6677497cf64d17c9a8317790a0c1e092eb4309ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Tue, 5 May 2026 17:00:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 01/33] feat: add pgstac-migrate compatibility layer

---
 .../instructions/migrations.instructions.md   |   4 +-
 .github/instructions/pypgstac.instructions.md |   3 +
 .gitignore                                    |   2 +
 docker/pypgstac/Dockerfile                    |  32 +--
 scripts/container-scripts/test                |  35 ++--
 src/pgstac-migrate/README.md                  |  22 ++
 src/pgstac-migrate/pyproject.toml             |  20 ++
 src/pgstac-migrate/scripts/build_artifact.py  |  29 +++
 .../src/pgstac_migrate/__init__.py            |   3 +
 src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/api.py  |  51 +++++
 .../src/pgstac_migrate/build.py               |  45 ++++
 src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/cli.py  | 160 ++++++++++++++
 .../src/pgstac_migrate/compat.py              | 100 +++++++++
 .../src/pgstac_migrate/version_source.py      |  77 +++++++
 src/pgstac-migrate/tests/test_api.py          |  44 ++++
 src/pgstac-migrate/tests/test_cli.py          |  57 +++++
 .../tests/test_version_source.py              | 101 +++++++++
 src/pgstac-migrate/uv.lock                    | 198 ++++++++++++++++++
 ...1.9-0.2.3.sql => pgstac--0.1.9--0.2.3.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.1.9.sql => pgstac--0.1.9.sql}   |   0
 ...2.3-0.2.4.sql => pgstac--0.2.3--0.2.4.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.2.3.sql => pgstac--0.2.3.sql}   |   0
 ...2.4-0.2.5.sql => pgstac--0.2.4--0.2.5.sql} |   0
 ...2.4-0.2.7.sql => pgstac--0.2.4--0.2.7.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.2.4.sql => pgstac--0.2.4.sql}   |   0
 ...2.5-0.2.7.sql => pgstac--0.2.5--0.2.7.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.2.5.sql => pgstac--0.2.5.sql}   |   0
 ...2.7-0.2.8.sql => pgstac--0.2.7--0.2.8.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.2.7.sql => pgstac--0.2.7.sql}   |   0
 ...2.8-0.2.9.sql => pgstac--0.2.8--0.2.9.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.2.8.sql => pgstac--0.2.8.sql}   |   0
 ...2.9-0.3.0.sql => pgstac--0.2.9--0.3.0.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.2.9.sql => pgstac--0.2.9.sql}   |   0
 ...3.0-0.3.1.sql => pgstac--0.3.0--0.3.1.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.3.0.sql => pgstac--0.3.0.sql}   |   0
 ...3.1-0.3.2.sql => pgstac--0.3.1--0.3.2.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.3.1.sql => pgstac--0.3.1.sql}   |   0
 ...3.2-0.3.3.sql => pgstac--0.3.2--0.3.3.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.3.2.sql => pgstac--0.3.2.sql}   |   0
 ...3.3-0.3.4.sql => pgstac--0.3.3--0.3.4.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.3.3.sql => pgstac--0.3.3.sql}   |   0
 ...3.4-0.3.5.sql => pgstac--0.3.4--0.3.5.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.3.4.sql => pgstac--0.3.4.sql}   |   0
 ...3.5-0.3.6.sql => pgstac--0.3.5--0.3.6.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.3.5.sql => pgstac--0.3.5.sql}   |   0
 ...3.6-0.4.0.sql => pgstac--0.3.6--0.4.0.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.3.6.sql => pgstac--0.3.6.sql}   |   0
 ...4.0-0.4.1.sql => pgstac--0.4.0--0.4.1.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.4.0.sql => pgstac--0.4.0.sql}   |   0
 ...4.1-0.4.2.sql => pgstac--0.4.1--0.4.2.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.4.1.sql => pgstac--0.4.1.sql}   |   0
 ...4.2-0.4.3.sql => pgstac--0.4.2--0.4.3.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.4.2.sql => pgstac--0.4.2.sql}   |   0
 ...4.3-0.4.4.sql => pgstac--0.4.3--0.4.4.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.4.3.sql => pgstac--0.4.3.sql}   |   0
 ...4.4-0.4.5.sql => pgstac--0.4.4--0.4.5.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.4.4.sql => pgstac--0.4.4.sql}   |   0
 ...4.5-0.5.0.sql => pgstac--0.4.5--0.5.0.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.4.5.sql => pgstac--0.4.5.sql}   |   0
 ...5.0-0.5.1.sql => pgstac--0.5.0--0.5.1.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.5.0.sql => pgstac--0.5.0.sql}   |   0
 ...5.1-0.6.0.sql => pgstac--0.5.1--0.6.0.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.5.1.sql => pgstac--0.5.1.sql}   |   0
 ...6.0-0.6.1.sql => pgstac--0.6.0--0.6.1.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.6.0.sql => pgstac--0.6.0.sql}   |   0
 ...6.1-0.6.2.sql => pgstac--0.6.1--0.6.2.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.6.1.sql => pgstac--0.6.1.sql}   |   0
 ...-0.6.11.sql => pgstac--0.6.10--0.6.11.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.6.10.sql => pgstac--0.6.10.sql} |   0
 ...-0.6.12.sql => pgstac--0.6.11--0.6.12.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.6.11.sql => pgstac--0.6.11.sql} |   0
 ...-0.6.13.sql => pgstac--0.6.12--0.6.13.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.6.12.sql => pgstac--0.6.12.sql} |   0
 ...13-0.7.0.sql => pgstac--0.6.13--0.7.0.sql} |   0
 ...13-0.7.3.sql => pgstac--0.6.13--0.7.3.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.6.13.sql => pgstac--0.6.13.sql} |   0
 ...6.2-0.6.3.sql => pgstac--0.6.2--0.6.3.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.6.2.sql => pgstac--0.6.2.sql}   |   0
 ...6.3-0.6.4.sql => pgstac--0.6.3--0.6.4.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.6.3.sql => pgstac--0.6.3.sql}   |   0
 ...6.4-0.6.5.sql => pgstac--0.6.4--0.6.5.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.6.4.sql => pgstac--0.6.4.sql}   |   0
 ...6.5-0.6.6.sql => pgstac--0.6.5--0.6.6.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.6.5.sql => pgstac--0.6.5.sql}   |   0
 ...6.6-0.6.7.sql => pgstac--0.6.6--0.6.7.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.6.6.sql => pgstac--0.6.6.sql}   |   0
 ...6.7-0.6.8.sql => pgstac--0.6.7--0.6.8.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.6.7.sql => pgstac--0.6.7.sql}   |   0
 ...6.8-0.6.9.sql => pgstac--0.6.8--0.6.9.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.6.8.sql => pgstac--0.6.8.sql}   |   0
 ...9-0.6.10.sql => pgstac--0.6.9--0.6.10.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.6.9.sql => pgstac--0.6.9.sql}   |   0
 ...7.0-0.7.1.sql => pgstac--0.7.0--0.7.1.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.7.0.sql => pgstac--0.7.0.sql}   |   0
 ...7.1-0.7.2.sql => pgstac--0.7.1--0.7.2.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.7.1.sql => pgstac--0.7.1.sql}   |   0
 ...10-0.8.0.sql => pgstac--0.7.10--0.8.0.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.7.10.sql => pgstac--0.7.10.sql} |   0
 ...7.2-0.7.3.sql => pgstac--0.7.2--0.7.3.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.7.2.sql => pgstac--0.7.2.sql}   |   0
 ...7.3-0.7.4.sql => pgstac--0.7.3--0.7.4.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.7.3.sql => pgstac--0.7.3.sql}   |   0
 ...7.4-0.7.5.sql => pgstac--0.7.4--0.7.5.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.7.4.sql => pgstac--0.7.4.sql}   |   0
 ...7.5-0.7.6.sql => pgstac--0.7.5--0.7.6.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.7.5.sql => pgstac--0.7.5.sql}   |   0
 ...7.6-0.7.7.sql => pgstac--0.7.6--0.7.7.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.7.6.sql => pgstac--0.7.6.sql}   |   0
 ...7.7-0.7.8.sql => pgstac--0.7.7--0.7.8.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.7.7.sql => pgstac--0.7.7.sql}   |   0
 ...7.8-0.7.9.sql => pgstac--0.7.8--0.7.9.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.7.8.sql => pgstac--0.7.8.sql}   |   0
 ...9-0.7.10.sql => pgstac--0.7.9--0.7.10.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.7.9.sql => pgstac--0.7.9.sql}   |   0
 ...8.0-0.8.1.sql => pgstac--0.8.0--0.8.1.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.8.0.sql => pgstac--0.8.0.sql}   |   0
 ...8.1-0.8.2.sql => pgstac--0.8.1--0.8.2.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.8.1.sql => pgstac--0.8.1.sql}   |   0
 ...8.2-0.8.3.sql => pgstac--0.8.2--0.8.3.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.8.2.sql => pgstac--0.8.2.sql}   |   0
 ...8.3-0.8.4.sql => pgstac--0.8.3--0.8.4.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.8.3.sql => pgstac--0.8.3.sql}   |   0
 ...8.4-0.8.5.sql => pgstac--0.8.4--0.8.5.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.8.4.sql => pgstac--0.8.4.sql}   |   0
 ...8.5-0.9.0.sql => pgstac--0.8.5--0.9.0.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.8.5.sql => pgstac--0.8.5.sql}   |   0
 ...8.6-0.9.0.sql => pgstac--0.8.6--0.9.0.sql} |   0
 ...6-0.9.10.sql => pgstac--0.8.6--0.9.10.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.8.6.sql => pgstac--0.8.6.sql}   |   0
 ...9.0-0.9.1.sql => pgstac--0.9.0--0.9.1.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.9.0.sql => pgstac--0.9.0.sql}   |   0
 ...9.1-0.9.2.sql => pgstac--0.9.1--0.9.2.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.9.1.sql => pgstac--0.9.1.sql}   |   0
 ...-0.9.11.sql => pgstac--0.9.10--0.9.11.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.9.10.sql => pgstac--0.9.10.sql} |   0
 ...sed.sql => pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.9.11.sql => pgstac--0.9.11.sql} |   0
 ...9.2-0.9.3.sql => pgstac--0.9.2--0.9.3.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.9.2.sql => pgstac--0.9.2.sql}   |   0
 ...9.3-0.9.4.sql => pgstac--0.9.3--0.9.4.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.9.3.sql => pgstac--0.9.3.sql}   |   0
 ...9.4-0.9.5.sql => pgstac--0.9.4--0.9.5.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.9.4.sql => pgstac--0.9.4.sql}   |   0
 ...9.5-0.9.6.sql => pgstac--0.9.5--0.9.6.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.9.5.sql => pgstac--0.9.5.sql}   |   0
 ...9.6-0.9.7.sql => pgstac--0.9.6--0.9.7.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.9.6.sql => pgstac--0.9.6.sql}   |   0
 ...9.7-0.9.8.sql => pgstac--0.9.7--0.9.8.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.9.7.sql => pgstac--0.9.7.sql}   |   0
 ...9.8-0.9.9.sql => pgstac--0.9.8--0.9.9.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.9.8.sql => pgstac--0.9.8.sql}   |   0
 ...9-0.9.10.sql => pgstac--0.9.9--0.9.10.sql} |   0
 .../{pgstac.0.9.9.sql => pgstac--0.9.9.sql}   |   0
 ....unreleased.sql => pgstac--unreleased.sql} |   0
 src/pgstac/pyproject.toml                     |   6 +
 src/pypgstac/pyproject.toml                   |   6 +-
 src/pypgstac/src/pypgstac/migrate.py          | 126 ++++-------
 src/pypgstac/tests/test_migrate.py            |  39 ++++
 src/pypgstac/tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py    |  60 ++++++
 159 files changed, 1086 insertions(+), 134 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/pgstac-migrate/README.md
 create mode 100644 src/pgstac-migrate/pyproject.toml
 create mode 100644 src/pgstac-migrate/scripts/build_artifact.py
 create mode 100644 src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/api.py
 create mode 100644 src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/build.py
 create mode 100644 src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/cli.py
 create mode 100644 src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/compat.py
 create mode 100644 src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/version_source.py
 create mode 100644 src/pgstac-migrate/tests/test_api.py
 create mode 100644 src/pgstac-migrate/tests/test_cli.py
 create mode 100644 src/pgstac-migrate/tests/test_version_source.py
 create mode 100644 src/pgstac-migrate/uv.lock
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.1.9-0.2.3.sql => pgstac--0.1.9--0.2.3.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.1.9.sql => pgstac--0.1.9.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.2.3-0.2.4.sql => pgstac--0.2.3--0.2.4.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.2.3.sql => pgstac--0.2.3.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.2.4-0.2.5.sql => pgstac--0.2.4--0.2.5.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.2.4-0.2.7.sql => pgstac--0.2.4--0.2.7.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.2.4.sql => pgstac--0.2.4.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.2.5-0.2.7.sql => pgstac--0.2.5--0.2.7.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.2.5.sql => pgstac--0.2.5.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.2.7-0.2.8.sql => pgstac--0.2.7--0.2.8.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.2.7.sql => pgstac--0.2.7.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.2.8-0.2.9.sql => pgstac--0.2.8--0.2.9.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.2.8.sql => pgstac--0.2.8.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.2.9-0.3.0.sql => pgstac--0.2.9--0.3.0.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.2.9.sql => pgstac--0.2.9.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.3.0-0.3.1.sql => pgstac--0.3.0--0.3.1.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.3.0.sql => pgstac--0.3.0.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.3.1-0.3.2.sql => pgstac--0.3.1--0.3.2.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.3.1.sql => pgstac--0.3.1.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.3.2-0.3.3.sql => pgstac--0.3.2--0.3.3.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.3.2.sql => pgstac--0.3.2.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.3.3-0.3.4.sql => pgstac--0.3.3--0.3.4.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.3.3.sql => pgstac--0.3.3.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.3.4-0.3.5.sql => pgstac--0.3.4--0.3.5.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.3.4.sql => pgstac--0.3.4.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.3.5-0.3.6.sql => pgstac--0.3.5--0.3.6.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.3.5.sql => pgstac--0.3.5.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.3.6-0.4.0.sql => pgstac--0.3.6--0.4.0.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.3.6.sql => pgstac--0.3.6.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.4.0-0.4.1.sql => pgstac--0.4.0--0.4.1.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.4.0.sql => pgstac--0.4.0.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.4.1-0.4.2.sql => pgstac--0.4.1--0.4.2.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.4.1.sql => pgstac--0.4.1.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.4.2-0.4.3.sql => pgstac--0.4.2--0.4.3.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.4.2.sql => pgstac--0.4.2.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.4.3-0.4.4.sql => pgstac--0.4.3--0.4.4.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.4.3.sql => pgstac--0.4.3.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.4.4-0.4.5.sql => pgstac--0.4.4--0.4.5.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.4.4.sql => pgstac--0.4.4.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.4.5-0.5.0.sql => pgstac--0.4.5--0.5.0.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.4.5.sql => pgstac--0.4.5.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.5.0-0.5.1.sql => pgstac--0.5.0--0.5.1.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.5.0.sql => pgstac--0.5.0.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.5.1-0.6.0.sql => pgstac--0.5.1--0.6.0.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.5.1.sql => pgstac--0.5.1.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.0-0.6.1.sql => pgstac--0.6.0--0.6.1.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.0.sql => pgstac--0.6.0.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.1-0.6.2.sql => pgstac--0.6.1--0.6.2.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.1.sql => pgstac--0.6.1.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.10-0.6.11.sql => pgstac--0.6.10--0.6.11.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.10.sql => pgstac--0.6.10.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.11-0.6.12.sql => pgstac--0.6.11--0.6.12.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.11.sql => pgstac--0.6.11.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.12-0.6.13.sql => pgstac--0.6.12--0.6.13.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.12.sql => pgstac--0.6.12.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.13-0.7.0.sql => pgstac--0.6.13--0.7.0.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.13-0.7.3.sql => pgstac--0.6.13--0.7.3.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.13.sql => pgstac--0.6.13.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.2-0.6.3.sql => pgstac--0.6.2--0.6.3.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.2.sql => pgstac--0.6.2.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.3-0.6.4.sql => pgstac--0.6.3--0.6.4.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.3.sql => pgstac--0.6.3.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.4-0.6.5.sql => pgstac--0.6.4--0.6.5.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.4.sql => pgstac--0.6.4.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.5-0.6.6.sql => pgstac--0.6.5--0.6.6.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.5.sql => pgstac--0.6.5.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.6-0.6.7.sql => pgstac--0.6.6--0.6.7.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.6.sql => pgstac--0.6.6.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.7-0.6.8.sql => pgstac--0.6.7--0.6.8.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.7.sql => pgstac--0.6.7.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.8-0.6.9.sql => pgstac--0.6.8--0.6.9.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.8.sql => pgstac--0.6.8.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.9-0.6.10.sql => pgstac--0.6.9--0.6.10.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.6.9.sql => pgstac--0.6.9.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.7.0-0.7.1.sql => pgstac--0.7.0--0.7.1.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.7.0.sql => pgstac--0.7.0.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.7.1-0.7.2.sql => pgstac--0.7.1--0.7.2.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.7.1.sql => pgstac--0.7.1.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.7.10-0.8.0.sql => pgstac--0.7.10--0.8.0.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.7.10.sql => pgstac--0.7.10.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.7.2-0.7.3.sql => pgstac--0.7.2--0.7.3.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.7.2.sql => pgstac--0.7.2.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.7.3-0.7.4.sql => pgstac--0.7.3--0.7.4.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.7.3.sql => pgstac--0.7.3.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.7.4-0.7.5.sql => pgstac--0.7.4--0.7.5.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.7.4.sql => pgstac--0.7.4.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.7.5-0.7.6.sql => pgstac--0.7.5--0.7.6.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.7.5.sql => pgstac--0.7.5.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.7.6-0.7.7.sql => pgstac--0.7.6--0.7.7.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.7.6.sql => pgstac--0.7.6.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.7.7-0.7.8.sql => pgstac--0.7.7--0.7.8.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.7.7.sql => pgstac--0.7.7.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.7.8-0.7.9.sql => pgstac--0.7.8--0.7.9.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.7.8.sql => pgstac--0.7.8.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.7.9-0.7.10.sql => pgstac--0.7.9--0.7.10.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.7.9.sql => pgstac--0.7.9.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.8.0-0.8.1.sql => pgstac--0.8.0--0.8.1.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.8.0.sql => pgstac--0.8.0.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.8.1-0.8.2.sql => pgstac--0.8.1--0.8.2.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.8.1.sql => pgstac--0.8.1.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.8.2-0.8.3.sql => pgstac--0.8.2--0.8.3.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.8.2.sql => pgstac--0.8.2.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.8.3-0.8.4.sql => pgstac--0.8.3--0.8.4.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.8.3.sql => pgstac--0.8.3.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.8.4-0.8.5.sql => pgstac--0.8.4--0.8.5.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.8.4.sql => pgstac--0.8.4.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.8.5-0.9.0.sql => pgstac--0.8.5--0.9.0.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.8.5.sql => pgstac--0.8.5.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.8.6-0.9.0.sql => pgstac--0.8.6--0.9.0.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.8.6-0.9.10.sql => pgstac--0.8.6--0.9.10.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.8.6.sql => pgstac--0.8.6.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.9.0-0.9.1.sql => pgstac--0.9.0--0.9.1.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.9.0.sql => pgstac--0.9.0.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.9.1-0.9.2.sql => pgstac--0.9.1--0.9.2.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.9.1.sql => pgstac--0.9.1.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.9.10-0.9.11.sql => pgstac--0.9.10--0.9.11.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.9.10.sql => pgstac--0.9.10.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.9.11-unreleased.sql => pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.9.11.sql => pgstac--0.9.11.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.9.2-0.9.3.sql => pgstac--0.9.2--0.9.3.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.9.2.sql => pgstac--0.9.2.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.9.3-0.9.4.sql => pgstac--0.9.3--0.9.4.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.9.3.sql => pgstac--0.9.3.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.9.4-0.9.5.sql => pgstac--0.9.4--0.9.5.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.9.4.sql => pgstac--0.9.4.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.9.5-0.9.6.sql => pgstac--0.9.5--0.9.6.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.9.5.sql => pgstac--0.9.5.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.9.6-0.9.7.sql => pgstac--0.9.6--0.9.7.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.9.6.sql => pgstac--0.9.6.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.9.7-0.9.8.sql => pgstac--0.9.7--0.9.8.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.9.7.sql => pgstac--0.9.7.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.9.8-0.9.9.sql => pgstac--0.9.8--0.9.9.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.9.8.sql => pgstac--0.9.8.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.9.9-0.9.10.sql => pgstac--0.9.9--0.9.10.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.0.9.9.sql => pgstac--0.9.9.sql} (100%)
 rename src/pgstac/migrations/{pgstac.unreleased.sql => pgstac--unreleased.sql} (100%)
 create mode 100644 src/pgstac/pyproject.toml
 create mode 100644 src/pypgstac/tests/test_migrate.py
 create mode 100644 src/pypgstac/tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py

diff --git a/.github/instructions/migrations.instructions.md b/.github/instructions/migrations.instructions.md
index 008b0684..1052ece1 100644
--- a/.github/instructions/migrations.instructions.md
+++ b/.github/instructions/migrations.instructions.md
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ applyTo: "src/pgstac/migrations/**"
 These files are **generated** — see CLAUDE.md "Migration Process" for the full workflow.
 
 - **DO NOT** create, edit, or hand-modify migration files
-- Base (`pgstac.X.Y.Z.sql`) = full schema at that version
-- Incremental (`pgstac.X.Y.Z-A.B.C.sql`) = upgrade diff
+- Base (`pgstac--X.Y.Z.sql`) = full schema at that version
+- Incremental (`pgstac--X.Y.Z--A.B.C.sql`) = upgrade diff
 - Staged (`*.sql.staged`) = needs review before removing `.staged` suffix
 - Test: `scripts/test --migrations`
diff --git a/.github/instructions/pypgstac.instructions.md b/.github/instructions/pypgstac.instructions.md
index 725e2695..0e2741eb 100644
--- a/.github/instructions/pypgstac.instructions.md
+++ b/.github/instructions/pypgstac.instructions.md
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ applyTo: "src/pypgstac/**"
 See CLAUDE.md "pypgstac Loader Internals" for patterns. See AGENTS.md "loader-developer" for critical rules.
 
 - Uses psycopg v3 (not psycopg2), orjson (not json), tenacity, plpygis, fire
+- `pypgstac migrate` is a thin wrapper over `pgstac-migrate`; put new migration runtime behavior in `src/pgstac-migrate/`, not `src/pypgstac/src/pypgstac/migrate.py`
+- `src/pypgstac/pyproject.toml` keeps a local `[tool.uv.sources]` override for `pgstac-migrate`, while `pgpkg` resolves from PyPI
+- In Docker-backed dev runs, `scripts/runinpypgstac` can mount a local `pgpkg` checkout at `/pgpkg` and export `PGPKG_REPO_DIR` so container scripts can force that checkout when needed
 - Materialize generators before retry boundaries
 - Query `partition_sys_meta` (live VIEW), never `partitions` (stale MATERIALIZED VIEW)
 - Test: `scripts/runinpypgstac --build test --pypgstac`
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index c57bfb98..a60912e1 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -16,3 +16,5 @@ src/pypgstac/python/pypgstac/*.so
 .plans/
 .env
 src/pgstacrust/target/
+src/pgstac-migrate/dist/
+src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/migrations.tar.zst
diff --git a/docker/pypgstac/Dockerfile b/docker/pypgstac/Dockerfile
index aee9873b..5c0ff71c 100644
--- a/docker/pypgstac/Dockerfile
+++ b/docker/pypgstac/Dockerfile
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ ENV PYTHONWRITEBYTECODE=1
 ENV PYTHONBUFFERED=1
 ENV PIP_ROOT_USER_ACTION=ignore
 ENV UV_BREAK_SYSTEM_PACKAGES=1
-ENV PYTHONPATH="/opt/src/pypgstac:$PYTHONPATH"
+ENV PYTHONPATH="/opt/src/pypgstac:/opt/src/pgstac-migrate:$PYTHONPATH"
 ENV PATH="/opt/pgstac/container-scripts:$PATH"
 ENV UV_CACHE_DIR=/root/.cache/uv
 ARG PG_MAJOR=17
@@ -24,27 +24,18 @@ RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/var/cache/apt,sharing=locked \
     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
 FROM pyrustbase AS pypgstac
-COPY ./src/pypgstac/pyproject.toml /tmp/pyproject.toml
-WORKDIR /tmp
-RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/uv,sharing=locked \
-    uv pip compile /tmp/pyproject.toml \
-    --extra dev \
-    --extra test \
-    --extra psycopg \
-    --extra migrations \
-    >/tmp/requirements.txt \
-    && uv pip install --system -r /tmp/requirements.txt
+ENV UV_CACHE_DIR=/home/user/.cache/uv
 COPY scripts/container-scripts /opt/pgstac/container-scripts
 COPY src/pypgstac /opt/src/pypgstac
 COPY src/pgstac /opt/src/pgstac
+COPY src/pgstac-migrate /opt/src/pgstac-migrate
 WORKDIR /opt/src/pypgstac
-RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/uv,sharing=locked \
-    uv pip install --system -e . \
-    && rm -rf /usr/local/cargo/registry
+RUN rm -rf /usr/local/cargo/registry
 
 RUN addgroup --gid 1000 user && \
     adduser --uid 1000 --gid 1000 --disabled-password --gecos "" --home /home/user user && \
-    chown -R user:user /opt/src/pypgstac /opt/src/pgstac
+    mkdir -p /home/user/.cache/uv && \
+    chown -R user:user /home/user /opt/src/pypgstac /opt/src/pgstac /opt/src/pgstac-migrate
 USER user
 
 # Optional runtime-optimized image: no build toolchain, only pypgstac package + runtime deps.
@@ -52,6 +43,7 @@ FROM python:3.13-slim-trixie AS pypgstac-runtime
 ENV PYTHONWRITEBYTECODE=1
 ENV PYTHONBUFFERED=1
 ENV UV_BREAK_SYSTEM_PACKAGES=1
+ENV PYTHONPATH="/opt/src/pypgstac:/opt/src/pgstac-migrate:$PYTHONPATH"
 ENV PATH="/opt/pgstac/container-scripts:$PATH"
 ENV UV_CACHE_DIR=/root/.cache/uv
 ARG PG_MAJOR=17
@@ -65,16 +57,8 @@ RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/var/cache/apt,sharing=locked \
         postgresql-client-${PG_MAJOR} \
     && curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | UV_INSTALL_DIR=/usr/local/bin sh \
     && apt-get clean && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
-COPY ./src/pypgstac/pyproject.toml /tmp/pyproject.toml
-RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/uv,sharing=locked \
-    uv pip compile /tmp/pyproject.toml \
-    --extra psycopg \
-    --extra migrations \
-    >/tmp/requirements.txt \
-    && uv pip install --system -r /tmp/requirements.txt
 COPY scripts/container-scripts /opt/pgstac/container-scripts
 COPY src/pypgstac /opt/src/pypgstac
 COPY src/pgstac /opt/src/pgstac
+COPY src/pgstac-migrate /opt/src/pgstac-migrate
 WORKDIR /opt/src/pypgstac
-RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/uv,sharing=locked \
-    uv pip install --system .
diff --git a/scripts/container-scripts/test b/scripts/container-scripts/test
index 8bb5a416..6d2e03c6 100755
--- a/scripts/container-scripts/test
+++ b/scripts/container-scripts/test
@@ -73,24 +73,28 @@ function test_formatting(){
     cd $SRCDIR/pypgstac
 
     echo "Running ruff"
-    ruff check src/pypgstac tests
-    ruff format --check src/pypgstac tests
+    uv run --extra dev ruff check src/pypgstac tests
+    uv run --extra dev ruff format --check src/pypgstac tests
 
     echo "Running ty"
-    ty check
+    uv run --extra dev --extra test --extra psycopg ty check
 
     echo "Checking if there are any staged migrations."
-    find $SRCDIR/pgstac/migrations | grep 'staged' && { echo "There are staged migrations in pypgstac/migrations. Please check migrations and remove staged suffix."; exit 1; }
+    find $SRCDIR/pgstac/migrations | grep 'staged' && { echo "There are staged migrations in pgstac/migrations. Please check migrations and remove the staged suffix."; exit 1; }
 
+    echo "Checking for legacy dotted migration filenames."
+    find $SRCDIR/pgstac/migrations -maxdepth 1 -type f -name 'pgstac.*.sql' | grep . && { echo "Legacy dotted migration filenames remain in src/pgstac/migrations."; exit 1; }
+    find $SRCDIR/pypgstac/src/pypgstac/migrations -maxdepth 1 -type f -name 'pgstac.*.sql' | grep . && { echo "Legacy dotted migration filenames remain in src/pypgstac/src/pypgstac/migrations."; exit 1; }
 
-    VERSION=$(python -c "from pypgstac.version import __version__; print(__version__)")
+
+    VERSION=$(cd $SRCDIR/pypgstac && uv run python -c "from pypgstac.version import __version__; print(__version__)")
     echo $VERSION
     if echo $VERSION | grep "dev"; then
         VERSION="unreleased"
     fi
 
     echo "Checking whether base sql migration exists for pypgstac version."
-    [ -f $SRCDIR/pgstac/migrations/pgstac."${VERSION}".sql ] || { echo "****FAIL No Migration exists pypgstac/migrations/pgstac.${VERSION}.sql"; exit 1; }
+    [ -f $SRCDIR/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--"${VERSION}".sql ] || { echo "****FAIL No migration exists at pgstac/migrations/pgstac--${VERSION}.sql"; exit 1; }
 
     echo "Congratulations! All formatting tests pass."
 }
@@ -162,16 +166,12 @@ function test_pypgstac(){
 [[ $MESSAGELOG == 1 ]] && VERBOSE="-vvv"
 TEMPLATEDB=${1:-pgstac_test_db_template}
     cd $SRCDIR/pypgstac
-    python -m venv venv
-    source venv/bin/activate
-    pip install --cache /tmp/.pipcache --upgrade pip
-    pip install --cache /tmp/.pipcache -e . --no-deps
     psql -X -q -v ON_ERROR_STOP=1 <<EOSQL
 DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS pgstac_test_pypgstac WITH (force);
 CREATE DATABASE pgstac_test_pypgstac TEMPLATE $TEMPLATEDB;
 ALTER DATABASE pgstac_test_pypgstac SET client_min_messages to $CLIENTMESSAGES;
 EOSQL
-    pytest tests $VERBOSE
+    uv run --extra dev --extra test --extra psycopg pytest tests $VERBOSE
     psql -X -q -c "DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS pgstac_test_pypgstac WITH (force)";
 }
 
@@ -287,16 +287,11 @@ EOSQL
     export PGDATABASE=pgstac_test_migration
     echo "Migrating from version 0.3.0"
     cd $SRCDIR/pypgstac
-    python -m venv venv
-    source venv/bin/activate
-    pip install --cache /tmp/.pipcache --upgrade pip
-    pip install --cache /tmp/.pipcache -e .[dev,test,psycopg]
-
-    pypgstac migrate --toversion 0.3.0
-    pypgstac --version
+    uv run --extra dev --extra test --extra psycopg pypgstac migrate --toversion 0.3.0
+    uv run --extra dev --extra test --extra psycopg pypgstac --version
 
-    pypgstac migrate
-    pypgstac --version
+    uv run --extra dev --extra test --extra psycopg pypgstac migrate
+    uv run --extra dev --extra test --extra psycopg pypgstac --version
 
     echo "Running all tests against incrementally migrated database."
     test_pgtap pgstac_test_migration
diff --git a/src/pgstac-migrate/README.md b/src/pgstac-migrate/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c290bd09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pgstac-migrate/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# pgstac-migrate
+
+Apply baked PgSTAC migrations with `pgpkg`.
+
+Source-tree development resolves `pgpkg>=0.1,<0.2` from PyPI by default.
+
+Examples:
+
+```bash
+uv run --directory src/pgstac-migrate pgstac-migrate build-artifact
+uv run --directory src/pgstac-migrate pgstac-migrate info
+uv run --directory src/pgstac-migrate pgstac-migrate versions
+uv run --directory src/pgstac-migrate pgstac-migrate migrate --help
+```
+
+Standalone post-release bootstrap helper:
+
+```bash
+uv run --script src/pgstac-migrate/scripts/build_artifact.py
+```
+
+That helper does not use `uv.lock`; it resolves its own inline dependency on `pgpkg>=0.1,<0.2` directly from PyPI.
diff --git a/src/pgstac-migrate/pyproject.toml b/src/pgstac-migrate/pyproject.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f507e8a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pgstac-migrate/pyproject.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+[project]
+name = "pgstac-migrate"
+version = "0.9.11-dev"
+description = "Apply PgSTAC database migrations."
+readme = "README.md"
+requires-python = ">=3.11"
+license = "MIT"
+dependencies = [
+    "pgpkg>=0.1,<0.2",
+]
+
+[project.scripts]
+pgstac-migrate = "pgstac_migrate.cli:main"
+
+[build-system]
+requires = ["hatchling"]
+build-backend = "hatchling.build"
+
+[tool.hatch.build.targets.wheel]
+packages = ["src/pgstac_migrate"]
diff --git a/src/pgstac-migrate/scripts/build_artifact.py b/src/pgstac-migrate/scripts/build_artifact.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..880c5f1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pgstac-migrate/scripts/build_artifact.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env -S uv run --script
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.11"
+# dependencies = [
+#   "pgpkg>=0.1,<0.2",
+# ]
+# ///
+"""Build the local pgstac-migrate baked artifact with the published pgpkg API."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from pgpkg.api import bundle_project
+
+
+def main() -> int:
+    package_root = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+    repo_root = package_root.parents[1]
+    project_root = repo_root / "src" / "pgstac"
+    artifact_path = package_root / "src" / "pgstac_migrate" / "migrations.tar.zst"
+
+    artifact_path = bundle_project(project_root, artifact_path)
+    print(f"wrote {artifact_path}")
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    raise SystemExit(main())
diff --git a/src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/__init__.py b/src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..192da94a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+"""PgSTAC migration wrapper."""
+
+__version__ = "0.9.11-dev"
diff --git a/src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/api.py b/src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/api.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..83e27d3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+"""Public Python API for PgSTAC migration artifacts."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from pgpkg.api import migrate_from_artifact
+from pgpkg.executor import ApplyResult
+
+from pgstac_migrate.build import ensure_artifact_path
+from pgstac_migrate.version_source import PgstacVersionSource
+
+
+def normalize_target_version(target: str | None) -> str | None:
+    """Map source-tree dev versions to the staged unreleased migration label."""
+    if target is None:
+        return None
+    if target.endswith("-dev"):
+        return "unreleased"
+    return target
+
+
+def artifact_path() -> Path:
+    """Return the baked artifact path, building it when running from source."""
+    return ensure_artifact_path()
+
+
+def migrate(
+    *,
+    target: str | None = None,
+    dry_run: bool = False,
+    conninfo: str | None = None,
+    host: str | None = None,
+    port: int | str | None = None,
+    dbname: str | None = None,
+    user: str | None = None,
+    password: str | None = None,
+) -> ApplyResult:
+    """Apply baked PgSTAC migrations to a live database."""
+    return migrate_from_artifact(
+        str(artifact_path()),
+        target=normalize_target_version(target),
+        dry_run=dry_run,
+        conninfo=conninfo,
+        host=host,
+        port=port,
+        dbname=dbname,
+        user=user,
+        password=password,
+        version_source=PgstacVersionSource(),
+    )
diff --git a/src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/build.py b/src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/build.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1d9f861d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/build.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+"""Source-tree helpers for building and locating the baked PgSTAC artifact."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from pgpkg.api import bundle_project
+from pgpkg.errors import PgpkgError
+
+
+def artifact_path() -> Path:
+    return Path(__file__).with_name("migrations.tar.zst")
+
+
+def package_root() -> Path:
+    return Path(__file__).resolve().parents[2]
+
+
+def source_project_root() -> Path:
+    project_root = package_root().parents[1] / "src" / "pgstac"
+    if not (project_root / "pyproject.toml").is_file():
+        raise PgpkgError(
+            "Could not find the PgSTAC source tree. `build-artifact` only works from a pgstac checkout.",
+            code="E_ARTIFACT",
+        )
+    return project_root
+
+
+def build_local_artifact(output_path: Path | None = None) -> Path:
+    return bundle_project(source_project_root(), output_path or artifact_path())
+
+
+def ensure_artifact_path() -> Path:
+    """Return the baked artifact path, building it from source when possible."""
+    path = artifact_path()
+    if path.is_file():
+        return path
+
+    try:
+        return build_local_artifact(path)
+    except PgpkgError as exc:
+        raise PgpkgError(
+            "Missing baked artifact. Run `uv run --directory src/pgstac-migrate pgstac-migrate build-artifact` first.",
+            code="E_ARTIFACT",
+        ) from exc
diff --git a/src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/cli.py b/src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/cli.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a57fb4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/cli.py
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+"""CLI for PgSTAC migration artifacts."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import atexit
+import shutil
+import sys
+import tempfile
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from pgpkg.artifact import LoadedArtifact, load_artifact
+from pgpkg.catalog import Catalog, build_catalog
+from pgpkg.cli import _add_db_args, _resolve_password
+from pgpkg.config import ProjectConfig
+from pgpkg.errors import PgpkgError
+from pgpkg.planner import MigrationPlan, plan
+from pgpkg.versioning import default_target
+
+from pgstac_migrate.api import artifact_path as resolved_artifact_path
+from pgstac_migrate.api import migrate as migrate_database
+from pgstac_migrate.build import build_local_artifact
+
+
+def _artifact_path() -> Path:
+    return resolved_artifact_path()
+
+
+def _catalog_from_artifact(artifact: LoadedArtifact) -> Catalog:
+    tmp_root = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="pgstac_migrate_"))
+    atexit.register(shutil.rmtree, tmp_root, True)
+
+    migrations_dir = tmp_root / "migrations"
+    migrations_dir.mkdir()
+    for name, data in artifact.migrations_files().items():
+        (migrations_dir / Path(name).name).write_bytes(data)
+
+    sql_dir = tmp_root / "sql"
+    pre_dir = sql_dir / "pre"
+    post_dir = sql_dir / "post"
+    pre_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
+    post_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
+
+    config = ProjectConfig(
+        project_name=artifact.manifest.project_name,
+        prefix=artifact.manifest.prefix,
+        sql_dir=sql_dir,
+        migrations_dir=migrations_dir,
+        pre_dir=pre_dir,
+        post_dir=post_dir,
+        project_root=tmp_root,
+        version_source=artifact.manifest.version_source,
+        tracking_schema=artifact.manifest.tracking_schema,
+        tracking_table=artifact.manifest.tracking_table,
+    )
+    return build_catalog(config)
+
+
+def _load_artifact_and_catalog() -> tuple[LoadedArtifact, Catalog]:
+    artifact = load_artifact(_artifact_path())
+    return artifact, _catalog_from_artifact(artifact)
+
+
+def _render_plan(migration_plan: MigrationPlan) -> None:
+    print(f"target:    {migration_plan.target}")
+    print(f"source:    {migration_plan.source}")
+    bootstrap = migration_plan.bootstrap_base
+    print(f"bootstrap: {bootstrap.name if bootstrap else '(none)'}")
+    print("steps:")
+    if not migration_plan.steps:
+        print("  (none)")
+    for step in migration_plan.steps:
+        print(f"  {step.from_version} -> {step.to_version}  [{step.file.name}]")
+
+
+def main(argv: list[str] | None = None) -> int:
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog="pgstac-migrate", add_help=False)
+    parser.add_argument("--help", action="help", help="Show help and exit")
+    sub = parser.add_subparsers(dest="cmd", required=True)
+
+    p_migrate = sub.add_parser(
+        "migrate",
+        help="Apply baked PgSTAC migrations to a live DB",
+        add_help=False,
+    )
+    p_migrate.add_argument("--help", action="help", help="Show help and exit")
+    _add_db_args(p_migrate)
+    p_migrate.add_argument(
+        "--to", dest="target", help="Target version (default: highest)"
+    )
+    p_migrate.add_argument("--dry-run", action="store_true")
+
+    sub.add_parser("info", help="Print baked artifact info")
+    sub.add_parser("versions", help="List baked migration versions")
+    sub.add_parser("build-artifact", help="Bake the local PgSTAC migration artifact")
+
+    p_plan = sub.add_parser("plan", help="Show baked migration plan")
+    p_plan.add_argument("--source", help="Source version (omit for fresh install)")
+    p_plan.add_argument("--to", dest="target", help="Target version (default: highest)")
+
+    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+    try:
+        if args.cmd == "build-artifact":
+            path = build_local_artifact()
+            print(f"wrote {path}")
+            return 0
+
+        if args.cmd == "migrate":
+            password = _resolve_password(args)
+            result = migrate_database(
+                target=args.target,
+                dry_run=args.dry_run,
+                conninfo=args.dsn,
+                host=args.host,
+                port=args.port,
+                dbname=args.dbname,
+                user=args.user,
+                password=password,
+            )
+            if result.bootstrapped_from is not None:
+                print(f"bootstrapped to {result.bootstrapped_from}")
+            for from_version, to_version in result.applied_steps:
+                print(f"applied {from_version} -> {to_version}")
+            print(f"final version: {result.final_version}")
+            if args.dry_run:
+                print("(dry-run: rolled back)")
+            return 0
+
+        artifact, catalog = _load_artifact_and_catalog()
+        if args.cmd == "info":
+            print(f"project: {artifact.manifest.project_name}")
+            print(f"prefix:  {artifact.manifest.prefix}")
+            for entry in artifact.manifest.entries:
+                print(f"  {entry.name}  {entry.sha256[:12]}  {entry.size}B")
+            return 0
+
+        if args.cmd == "versions":
+            for version in catalog.versions:
+                print(version)
+            return 0
+
+        if args.cmd == "plan":
+            target = args.target or default_target(catalog.versions)
+            if target is None:
+                raise PgpkgError(
+                    "Artifact catalog is empty; nothing to plan.", code="E_PLAN"
+                )
+            migration_plan = plan(catalog, source=args.source, target=target)
+            _render_plan(migration_plan)
+            return 0
+
+        return 2
+    except PgpkgError as exc:
+        print(f"error [{exc.code}]: {exc}", file=sys.stderr)
+        return 2
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/compat.py b/src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3acf2f93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+"""Compatibility helpers for callers that still import legacy migration types."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import glob
+import os
+from collections import defaultdict
+from collections.abc import Iterator
+
+MIGRATION_PREFIX = "pgstac--"
+
+
+def base_migration_filename(version: str) -> str:
+    """Return the canonical base migration filename for a version."""
+    return f"{MIGRATION_PREFIX}{version}.sql"
+
+
+def incremental_migration_filename(from_version: str, to_version: str) -> str:
+    """Return the canonical incremental migration filename for a version hop."""
+    return f"{MIGRATION_PREFIX}{from_version}--{to_version}.sql"
+
+
+class MigrationPath:
+    """Calculate path from migration files to get from one version to the next."""
+
+    def __init__(self, path: str, f: str, t: str) -> None:
+        """Initialize MigrationPath."""
+        self.path = path
+        if f is None:
+            f = "init"
+        if t is None:
+            raise Exception('Must set "to" version')
+        if f == t:
+            raise Exception("No Migration Necessary")
+
+        self.f = f
+        self.t = t
+
+    def parse_filename(self, filename: str) -> list[str]:
+        """Get version numbers from filename."""
+        filename = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(filename))[0].replace(
+            MIGRATION_PREFIX,
+            "",
+            1,
+        )
+        return filename.split("--")
+
+    def get_files(self) -> Iterator[str]:
+        """Find all migration files available."""
+        path = self.path.rstrip("/")
+        return glob.iglob(f"{path}/*.sql")
+
+    def build_graph(self) -> dict[str, list[str]]:
+        """Build a graph to get from one version to another."""
+        graph = defaultdict(list)
+        for file in self.get_files():
+            parts = self.parse_filename(file)
+            if len(parts) == 2:
+                graph[parts[0]].append(parts[1])
+            else:
+                graph["init"].append(parts[0])
+        return graph
+
+    def build_path(self) -> list[str] | None:
+        """Create the path of ordered files needed to migrate."""
+        graph = self.build_graph()
+        explored: list[str] = []
+        q = [[self.f]]
+
+        while q:
+            path = q.pop(0)
+            node = path[-1]
+            if node not in explored:
+                neighbours = graph[node]
+                for neighbour in neighbours:
+                    new_path = list(path)
+                    new_path.append(neighbour)
+                    q.append(new_path)
+                    if neighbour == self.t:
+                        return new_path
+                explored.append(node)
+        return None
+
+    def migrations(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return the list of migrations needed in order."""
+        path = self.build_path()
+        if path is None:
+            raise Exception(
+                f"Could not determine path to get from {self.f} to {self.t}.",
+            )
+        if len(path) == 1:
+            return []
+        files = []
+        start_idx = 0
+        if path[0] == "init":
+            files.append(base_migration_filename(path[1]))
+            start_idx = 1
+        for idx in range(start_idx, len(path) - 1):
+            files.append(incremental_migration_filename(path[idx], path[idx + 1]))
+        return files
diff --git a/src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/version_source.py b/src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/version_source.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..067f3e32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/version_source.py
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+"""PgSTAC-specific version tracking integration for pgpkg."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from pgpkg.tracking import current_tracking_version
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import psycopg
+    from pgpkg.config import ProjectConfig
+
+
+class PgstacVersionSource:
+    """Use pgstac.migrations as the authoritative installed version."""
+
+    def _has_set_version(self, conn: psycopg.Connection) -> bool:
+        with conn.cursor() as cur:
+            cur.execute("SELECT to_regprocedure('pgstac.set_version(text)')")
+            row = cur.fetchone()
+            return row is not None and row[0] is not None
+
+    def read_live_version(
+        self,
+        conn: psycopg.Connection,
+        config: ProjectConfig,
+    ) -> str | None:
+        del config
+        with conn.cursor() as cur:
+            cur.execute("SELECT to_regclass('pgstac.migrations')")
+            row = cur.fetchone()
+            if row is None or row[0] is None:
+                return None
+            cur.execute(
+                """
+                SELECT version
+                FROM pgstac.migrations
+                ORDER BY datetime DESC, version DESC
+                LIMIT 1
+                """,
+            )
+            version_row = cur.fetchone()
+            return version_row[0] if version_row else None
+
+    def record_applied(
+        self,
+        conn: psycopg.Connection,
+        config: ProjectConfig,
+        *,
+        version: str,
+        sha256: str,
+        filename: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        del sha256, filename
+        with conn.cursor() as cur:
+            if self._has_set_version(conn):
+                cur.execute("SELECT pgstac.set_version(%s)", (version,))
+            else:
+                cur.execute(
+                    "INSERT INTO pgstac.migrations (version) VALUES (%s)", (version,)
+                )
+
+        tracking_version = current_tracking_version(
+            conn,
+            schema=config.tracking_schema,
+            table=config.tracking_table,
+        )
+        if tracking_version != version:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"pgpkg tracking version mismatch: expected {version!r}, got {tracking_version!r}",
+            )
+
+        live_version = self.read_live_version(conn, config)
+        if live_version != version:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"pgstac live version mismatch: expected {version!r}, got {live_version!r}",
+            )
diff --git a/src/pgstac-migrate/tests/test_api.py b/src/pgstac-migrate/tests/test_api.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f5a2c3fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pgstac-migrate/tests/test_api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+from importlib import import_module
+from pathlib import Path
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+
+
+def test_normalize_target_version_maps_dev_to_unreleased() -> None:
+    api = import_module("pgstac_migrate.api")
+
+    assert api.normalize_target_version("0.9.11-dev") == "unreleased"
+    assert api.normalize_target_version("0.9.11") == "0.9.11"
+    assert api.normalize_target_version(None) is None
+
+
+def test_artifact_path_builds_from_source_when_missing(
+    monkeypatch, tmp_path: Path
+) -> None:
+    api = import_module("pgstac_migrate.api")
+    artifact = tmp_path / "migrations.tar.zst"
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(api, "ensure_artifact_path", lambda: artifact)
+
+    assert api.artifact_path() == artifact
+
+
+def test_migrate_uses_artifact_api(monkeypatch, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    api = import_module("pgstac_migrate.api")
+    artifact = tmp_path / "migrations.tar.zst"
+    captured: dict[str, object] = {}
+
+    def fake_migrate_from_artifact(path: str, **kwargs):
+        captured["path"] = path
+        captured.update(kwargs)
+        return SimpleNamespace(final_version="0.9.11")
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(api, "artifact_path", lambda: artifact)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(api, "migrate_from_artifact", fake_migrate_from_artifact)
+
+    result = api.migrate(target="0.9.11-dev", conninfo="postgresql:///example")
+
+    assert result.final_version == "0.9.11"
+    assert captured["path"] == str(artifact)
+    assert captured["target"] == "unreleased"
+    assert captured["conninfo"] == "postgresql:///example"
+    assert captured["version_source"].__class__.__name__ == "PgstacVersionSource"
diff --git a/src/pgstac-migrate/tests/test_cli.py b/src/pgstac-migrate/tests/test_cli.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a144659a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pgstac-migrate/tests/test_cli.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+from importlib import import_module
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import pytest
+
+
+def run_cli(argv: list[str]) -> int:
+    return import_module("pgstac_migrate.cli").main(argv)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module", autouse=True)
+def ensure_baked_artifact() -> None:
+    package_root = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+    artifact_path = package_root / "src" / "pgstac_migrate" / "migrations.tar.zst"
+    if artifact_path.is_file():
+        return
+
+    exit_code = run_cli(["build-artifact"])
+    if exit_code != 0:
+        raise RuntimeError("pgstac-migrate build-artifact failed during test bootstrap")
+
+
+def test_build_artifact_command_reports_output(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+    tmp_path: Path,
+    capsys: pytest.CaptureFixture[str],
+) -> None:
+    built = tmp_path / "migrations.tar.zst"
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        import_module("pgstac_migrate.cli"),
+        "build_local_artifact",
+        lambda: built,
+    )
+
+    exit_code = run_cli(["build-artifact"])
+
+    captured = capsys.readouterr()
+    assert exit_code == 0
+    assert f"wrote {built}" in captured.out
+
+
+def test_versions_lists_known_versions(capsys) -> None:
+    exit_code = run_cli(["versions"])
+
+    captured = capsys.readouterr()
+    assert exit_code == 0
+    assert "0.1.9" in captured.out.splitlines()
+    assert "unreleased" in captured.out.splitlines()
+
+
+def test_plan_renders_known_incremental_step(capsys) -> None:
+    exit_code = run_cli(["plan", "--source", "0.9.10", "--to", "0.9.11"])
+
+    captured = capsys.readouterr()
+    assert exit_code == 0
+    assert "0.9.10 -> 0.9.11" in captured.out
+    assert "pgstac--0.9.10--0.9.11.sql" in captured.out
diff --git a/src/pgstac-migrate/tests/test_version_source.py b/src/pgstac-migrate/tests/test_version_source.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0f13cb6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pgstac-migrate/tests/test_version_source.py
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+from importlib import import_module
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+
+import pytest
+
+
+class FakeCursor:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        fetchone_results: list[tuple[object, ...] | None],
+        executed: list[tuple[str, object | None]],
+    ):
+        self._fetchone_results = fetchone_results
+        self._executed = executed
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc, tb):
+        return False
+
+    def execute(self, query, params=None):
+        self._executed.append((str(query), params))
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        if not self._fetchone_results:
+            raise AssertionError("No fetchone result queued")
+        return self._fetchone_results.pop(0)
+
+
+class FakeConnection:
+    def __init__(self, *, fetchone_results: list[tuple[object, ...] | None]):
+        self.executed: list[tuple[str, object | None]] = []
+        self._fetchone_results = fetchone_results
+
+    def cursor(self):
+        return FakeCursor(
+            fetchone_results=self._fetchone_results, executed=self.executed
+        )
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def version_source_module():
+    return import_module("pgstac_migrate.version_source")
+
+
+def test_record_applied_uses_set_version_when_available(
+    monkeypatch, version_source_module
+) -> None:
+    source = version_source_module.PgstacVersionSource()
+    conn = FakeConnection(fetchone_results=[("pgstac.set_version(text)",)])
+    config = SimpleNamespace(tracking_schema="pgpkg", tracking_table="migrations")
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        version_source_module,
+        "current_tracking_version",
+        lambda *args, **kwargs: "0.3.0",
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(source, "read_live_version", lambda *args, **kwargs: "0.3.0")
+
+    source.record_applied(
+        conn,
+        config,
+        version="0.3.0",
+        sha256="ignored",
+        filename="pgstac--0.3.0.sql",
+    )
+
+    assert conn.executed == [
+        ("SELECT to_regprocedure('pgstac.set_version(text)')", None),
+        ("SELECT pgstac.set_version(%s)", ("0.3.0",)),
+    ]
+
+
+def test_record_applied_falls_back_to_direct_insert_without_set_version(
+    monkeypatch, version_source_module
+) -> None:
+    source = version_source_module.PgstacVersionSource()
+    conn = FakeConnection(fetchone_results=[(None,)])
+    config = SimpleNamespace(tracking_schema="pgpkg", tracking_table="migrations")
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        version_source_module,
+        "current_tracking_version",
+        lambda *args, **kwargs: "0.3.0",
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(source, "read_live_version", lambda *args, **kwargs: "0.3.0")
+
+    source.record_applied(
+        conn,
+        config,
+        version="0.3.0",
+        sha256="ignored",
+        filename="pgstac--0.3.0.sql",
+    )
+
+    assert conn.executed == [
+        ("SELECT to_regprocedure('pgstac.set_version(text)')", None),
+        ("INSERT INTO pgstac.migrations (version) VALUES (%s)", ("0.3.0",)),
+    ]
diff --git a/src/pgstac-migrate/uv.lock b/src/pgstac-migrate/uv.lock
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c5ba4f2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pgstac-migrate/uv.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+version = 1
+revision = 3
+requires-python = ">=3.11"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "packaging"
+version = "26.2"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/d7/f1/e7a6dd94a8d4a5626c03e4e99c87f241ba9e350cd9e6d75123f992427270/packaging-26.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ff452ff5a3e828ce110190feff1178bb1f2ea2281fa2075aadb987c2fb221661", size = 228134, upload-time = "2026-04-24T20:15:23.917Z" }
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+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pgpkg"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "packaging" },
+    { name = "psycopg", extra = ["binary"] },
+    { name = "zstandard" },
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/03/12/bd74a956815835a0a1d318f54deab5ebfc8d807178e99421f6232d806111/pgpkg-0.1.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:fecfea66c84c5976eb4058f3325e4d601a4a47378b1499f56ba413b7222b5838", size = 43573, upload-time = "2026-05-05T21:24:41.292Z" }
+wheels = [
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+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pgstac-migrate"
+version = "0.9.11.dev0"
+source = { editable = "." }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "pgpkg" },
+]
+
+[package.metadata]
+requires-dist = [{ name = "pgpkg", specifier = ">=0.1,<0.2" }]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "psycopg"
+version = "3.3.4"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "typing-extensions", marker = "python_full_version < '3.13'" },
+    { name = "tzdata", marker = "sys_platform == 'win32'" },
+]
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+]
+
+[package.optional-dependencies]
+binary = [
+    { name = "psycopg-binary", marker = "implementation_name != 'pypy'" },
+]
+
+[[package]]
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similarity index 100%
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similarity index 100%
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similarity index 100%
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similarity index 100%
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similarity index 100%
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similarity index 100%
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similarity index 100%
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similarity index 100%
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similarity index 100%
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similarity index 100%
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similarity index 100%
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similarity index 100%
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rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.3.0-0.3.1.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.3.0--0.3.1.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.3.0.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.3.0.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.3.0.sql
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similarity index 100%
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similarity index 100%
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diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.5.1-0.6.0.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.5.1--0.6.0.sql
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diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.6.10-0.6.11.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.6.10--0.6.11.sql
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diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.6.12-0.6.13.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.6.12--0.6.13.sql
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diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.6.13-0.7.0.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.6.13--0.7.0.sql
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diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.3-0.7.4.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.3--0.7.4.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.3-0.7.4.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.3--0.7.4.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.3.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.3.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.3.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.3.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.4-0.7.5.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.4--0.7.5.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.4-0.7.5.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.4--0.7.5.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.4.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.4.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.4.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.4.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.5-0.7.6.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.5--0.7.6.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.5-0.7.6.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.5--0.7.6.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.5.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.5.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.5.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.5.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.6-0.7.7.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.6--0.7.7.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.6-0.7.7.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.6--0.7.7.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.6.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.6.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.6.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.6.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.7-0.7.8.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.7--0.7.8.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.7-0.7.8.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.7--0.7.8.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.7.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.7.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.7.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.7.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.8-0.7.9.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.8--0.7.9.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.8-0.7.9.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.8--0.7.9.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.8.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.8.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.8.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.8.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.9-0.7.10.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.9--0.7.10.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.9-0.7.10.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.9--0.7.10.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.9.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.9.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.7.9.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.7.9.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.0-0.8.1.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.0--0.8.1.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.0-0.8.1.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.0--0.8.1.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.0.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.0.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.0.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.0.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.1-0.8.2.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.1--0.8.2.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.1-0.8.2.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.1--0.8.2.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.1.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.1.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.1.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.1.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.2-0.8.3.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.2--0.8.3.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.2-0.8.3.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.2--0.8.3.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.2.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.2.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.2.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.2.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.3-0.8.4.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.3--0.8.4.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.3-0.8.4.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.3--0.8.4.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.3.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.3.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.3.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.3.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.4-0.8.5.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.4--0.8.5.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.4-0.8.5.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.4--0.8.5.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.4.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.4.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.4.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.4.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.5-0.9.0.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.5--0.9.0.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.5-0.9.0.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.5--0.9.0.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.5.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.5.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.5.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.5.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.6-0.9.0.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.6--0.9.0.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.6-0.9.0.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.6--0.9.0.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.6-0.9.10.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.6--0.9.10.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.6-0.9.10.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.6--0.9.10.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.6.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.6.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.8.6.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.8.6.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.0-0.9.1.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.0--0.9.1.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.0-0.9.1.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.0--0.9.1.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.0.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.0.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.0.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.0.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.1-0.9.2.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.1--0.9.2.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.1-0.9.2.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.1--0.9.2.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.1.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.1.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.1.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.1.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.10-0.9.11.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.10--0.9.11.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.10-0.9.11.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.10--0.9.11.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.10.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.10.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.10.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.10.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.11-unreleased.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.11-unreleased.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.11.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.11.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.2-0.9.3.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.2--0.9.3.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.2-0.9.3.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.2--0.9.3.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.2.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.2.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.2.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.2.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.3-0.9.4.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.3--0.9.4.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.3-0.9.4.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.3--0.9.4.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.3.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.3.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.3.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.3.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.4-0.9.5.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.4--0.9.5.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.4-0.9.5.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.4--0.9.5.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.4.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.4.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.4.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.4.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.5-0.9.6.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.5--0.9.6.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.5-0.9.6.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.5--0.9.6.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.5.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.5.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.5.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.5.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.6-0.9.7.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.6--0.9.7.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.6-0.9.7.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.6--0.9.7.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.6.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.6.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.6.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.6.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.7-0.9.8.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.7--0.9.8.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.7-0.9.8.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.7--0.9.8.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.7.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.7.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.7.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.7.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.8-0.9.9.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.8--0.9.9.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.8-0.9.9.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.8--0.9.9.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.8.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.8.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.8.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.8.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.9-0.9.10.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.9--0.9.10.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.9-0.9.10.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.9--0.9.10.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.9.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.9.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.0.9.9.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.9.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.unreleased.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac.unreleased.sql
rename to src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/pyproject.toml b/src/pgstac/pyproject.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6d74a078
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pgstac/pyproject.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+[tool.pgpkg]
+project_name = "pgstac"
+prefix = "pgstac"
+sql_dir = "sql"
+migrations_dir = "migrations"
+version_source = "pgstac_migrate.version_source:PgstacVersionSource"
diff --git a/src/pypgstac/pyproject.toml b/src/pypgstac/pyproject.toml
index af375097..d59703f2 100644
--- a/src/pypgstac/pyproject.toml
+++ b/src/pypgstac/pyproject.toml
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ dependencies = [
     "fire>=0.7.0",
     "hydraters>=0.1.0",
     "orjson>=3.11.0",
+    "pgstac-migrate>=0.9.11.dev0,<0.10",
     "plpygis>=0.5.0",
     "pydantic>=2.10,<3",
     "pydantic-settings>=2,<3",
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ dev = [
     "pre-commit==3.5.0",
 ]
 psycopg = ["psycopg[binary]>=3.1.0", "psycopg-pool>=3.1.0"]
-migrations = ["psycopg2-binary", "migra"]
+migrations = []
 docs = [
     "jupyter",
     "pandas",
@@ -121,3 +122,6 @@ match = "(?!test).*.py"
 
 [tool.pytest.ini_options]
 addopts = "-vv --benchmark-skip"
+
+[tool.uv.sources]
+pgstac-migrate = { path = "../pgstac-migrate", editable = true }
diff --git a/src/pypgstac/src/pypgstac/migrate.py b/src/pypgstac/src/pypgstac/migrate.py
index 2dbb97cd..e10e8858 100644
--- a/src/pypgstac/src/pypgstac/migrate.py
+++ b/src/pypgstac/src/pypgstac/migrate.py
@@ -1,22 +1,25 @@
-"""Utilities to help migrate pgstac schema."""
+"""Compatibility wrappers over pgstac-migrate."""
 
 import glob
-import logging
 import os
-import re
 from collections import defaultdict
 from collections.abc import Iterator
-from typing import Any, cast
+from importlib import import_module
 
-from smart_open import open
-
-from . import __version__
 from .db import PgstacDB
+from .version import __version__
+
+MIGRATION_PREFIX = "pgstac--"
+
 
-dirname = os.path.dirname(__file__)
-migrations_dir = os.path.join(dirname, "migrations")
+def base_migration_filename(version: str) -> str:
+    """Return the canonical base migration filename for a version."""
+    return f"{MIGRATION_PREFIX}{version}.sql"
 
-logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+def incremental_migration_filename(from_version: str, to_version: str) -> str:
+    """Return the canonical incremental migration filename for a version hop."""
+    return f"{MIGRATION_PREFIX}{from_version}--{to_version}.sql"
 
 
 class MigrationPath:
@@ -38,10 +41,11 @@ def __init__(self, path: str, f: str, t: str) -> None:
     def parse_filename(self, filename: str) -> list[str]:
         """Get version numbers from filename."""
         filename = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(filename))[0].replace(
-            "pgstac.",
+            MIGRATION_PREFIX,
             "",
+            1,
         )
-        return filename.split("-")
+        return filename.split("--")
 
     def get_files(self) -> Iterator[str]:
         """Find all migration files available."""
@@ -87,29 +91,24 @@ def migrations(self) -> list[str]:
                 f"Could not determine path to get from {self.f} to {self.t}.",
             )
         if len(path) == 1:
-            return [f"pgstac.{path[0]}.sql"]
+            return []
         files = []
-        for idx in range(len(path) - 1):
-            f = f"pgstac.{path[idx]}-{path[idx + 1]}.sql"
-            f = f.replace("--init", "")
-            files.append(f"pgstac.{path[idx]}-{path[idx + 1]}.sql")
+        start_idx = 0
+        if path[0] == "init":
+            files.append(base_migration_filename(path[1]))
+            start_idx = 1
+        for idx in range(start_idx, len(path) - 1):
+            files.append(incremental_migration_filename(path[idx], path[idx + 1]))
         return files
 
 
-def get_sql(file: str) -> str:
-    """Get sql from a file as a string."""
-    sqlstrs = []
-    file = re.sub("[0-9]+[.][0-9]+[.][0-9]+-dev", "unreleased", file)
-    fp = os.path.join(migrations_dir, file)
-    file_handle: Any = open(fp)
-
-    with file_handle as fd:
-        sqlstrs.extend(fd.readlines())
-    return "\n".join(sqlstrs)
+def _pgstac_migrate_api():
+    """Import the pgstac-migrate API lazily for editor and source-tree compatibility."""
+    return import_module("pgstac_migrate.api")
 
 
 class Migrate:
-    """Utilities for migrating pgstac database."""
+    """Compatibility wrapper around pgstac-migrate."""
 
     def __init__(self, db: PgstacDB, schema: str = "pgstac"):
         """Prepare for migration."""
@@ -118,63 +117,16 @@ def __init__(self, db: PgstacDB, schema: str = "pgstac"):
 
     def run_migration(self, toversion: str | None = None) -> str:
         """Migrate a pgstac database to current version."""
-        if toversion is None:
-            toversion = __version__
-        files = []
-        if re.search(r"-dev$", toversion):
-            logger.info("using unreleased version")
-            toversion = "unreleased"
-
-        major, minor, patch = tuple(
-            map(
-                int,
-                [
-                    self.db.pg_version[i : i + 2]
-                    for i in range(0, len(self.db.pg_version), 2)
-                ],
-            ),
+        if self.schema != "pgstac":
+            raise ValueError("pgstac-migrate only supports the pgstac schema.")
+
+        self.db.disconnect()
+        result = _pgstac_migrate_api().migrate(
+            target=toversion or __version__,
+            conninfo=self.db.dsn or None,
         )
-        logger.info(f"Migrating PgSTAC on PostgreSQL Version {major}.{minor}.{patch}")
-        oldversion = self.db.version
-        if oldversion == toversion:
-            logger.info(f"Target database already at version: {toversion}")
-            return toversion
-        if oldversion is None:
-            logger.info(f"No pgstac version set, installing {toversion} from scratch.")
-            files.append(os.path.join(migrations_dir, f"pgstac.{toversion}.sql"))
-        else:
-            logger.info(f"Migrating from {oldversion} to {toversion}.")
-            m = MigrationPath(migrations_dir, oldversion, toversion)
-            files = m.migrations()
-
-        if len(files) < 1:
-            raise Exception("Could not find migration files")
-
-        conn = self.db.connect()
-
-        with conn.cursor() as cur:
-            conn.autocommit = False
-            for file in files:
-                logger.debug(f"Running migration file {file}.")
-                migration_sql = get_sql(file)
-                # Migration SQL is loaded from trusted local migration files.
-                cur.execute(cast(Any, migration_sql))
-                logger.debug(cur.statusmessage)
-                logger.debug(cur.rowcount)
-
-            logger.debug(f"Database migrated to {toversion}")
-
-        newversion = self.db.version
-        if conn is not None:
-            if newversion == toversion:
-                conn.commit()
-            else:
-                conn.rollback()
-                raise Exception(
-                    "Migration failed, database rolled back to previous state.",
-                )
-
-        logger.debug(f"New Version: {newversion}")
-        if newversion is None:
-            raise Exception("Migration failed to report a new version.")
-        return newversion
+        self.db.disconnect()
+
+        if result.final_version is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("Migration failed to report a new version.")
+        return result.final_version
diff --git a/src/pypgstac/tests/test_migrate.py b/src/pypgstac/tests/test_migrate.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a5c42cc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pypgstac/tests/test_migrate.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+"""Unit tests for migration filename handling."""
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from pypgstac.migrate import (
+    MigrationPath,
+    base_migration_filename,
+    incremental_migration_filename,
+)
+
+
+def test_canonical_migration_filename_helpers() -> None:
+    assert base_migration_filename("0.9.11") == "pgstac--0.9.11.sql"
+    assert (
+        incremental_migration_filename("0.9.10", "0.9.11")
+        == "pgstac--0.9.10--0.9.11.sql"
+    )
+
+
+def test_parse_filename_uses_canonical_layout() -> None:
+    migration_path = MigrationPath("/tmp", "0.9.10", "0.9.11")
+
+    assert migration_path.parse_filename("/tmp/pgstac--0.9.11.sql") == ["0.9.11"]
+    assert migration_path.parse_filename("/tmp/pgstac--0.9.10--0.9.11.sql") == [
+        "0.9.10",
+        "0.9.11",
+    ]
+
+
+def test_migration_path_returns_canonical_filenames(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    (tmp_path / "pgstac--0.9.11.sql").write_text("-- base\n")
+    (tmp_path / "pgstac--0.9.10.sql").write_text("-- from\n")
+    (tmp_path / "pgstac--0.9.10--0.9.11.sql").write_text("-- incremental\n")
+
+    fresh_install = MigrationPath(str(tmp_path), "init", "0.9.11")
+    assert fresh_install.migrations() == ["pgstac--0.9.11.sql"]
+
+    upgrade = MigrationPath(str(tmp_path), "0.9.10", "0.9.11")
+    assert upgrade.migrations() == ["pgstac--0.9.10--0.9.11.sql"]
diff --git a/src/pypgstac/tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py b/src/pypgstac/tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4f0dc01e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pypgstac/tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+from importlib import import_module
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+
+from pypgstac.db import PgstacDB
+from pypgstac.migrate import Migrate
+
+
+def test_run_migration_delegates_to_pgstac_migrate(monkeypatch) -> None:
+    migrate_module = import_module("pypgstac.migrate")
+    db = PgstacDB(dsn="postgresql:///example")
+    captured: dict[str, object] = {}
+    disconnect_calls: list[None] = []
+
+    def fake_disconnect() -> None:
+        disconnect_calls.append(None)
+
+    def fake_migrate(**kwargs):
+        captured.update(kwargs)
+        return SimpleNamespace(final_version="0.9.11")
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(db, "disconnect", fake_disconnect)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        migrate_module,
+        "_pgstac_migrate_api",
+        lambda: SimpleNamespace(migrate=fake_migrate),
+    )
+
+    final_version = Migrate(db).run_migration("0.9.11-dev")
+
+    assert final_version == "0.9.11"
+    assert captured == {
+        "target": "0.9.11-dev",
+        "conninfo": "postgresql:///example",
+    }
+    assert len(disconnect_calls) == 2
+
+
+def test_run_migration_defaults_to_package_version(monkeypatch) -> None:
+    migrate_module = import_module("pypgstac.migrate")
+    db = PgstacDB(dsn="")
+    captured: dict[str, object] = {}
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(db, "disconnect", lambda: None)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        migrate_module,
+        "_pgstac_migrate_api",
+        lambda: SimpleNamespace(
+            migrate=lambda **kwargs: (
+                captured.update(kwargs) or SimpleNamespace(final_version="unreleased")
+            ),
+        ),
+    )
+
+    final_version = Migrate(db).run_migration()
+
+    assert final_version == "unreleased"
+    assert captured == {
+        "target": "0.9.11-dev",
+        "conninfo": None,
+    }

From a5a2b5ce675bb94b449c8b0df6bd3781a934b450 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Tue, 5 May 2026 17:05:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 02/33] chore: switch pgpkg workflows to published packages

---
 .github/copilot-instructions.md              |  3 +
 .github/instructions/scripts.instructions.md |  4 +
 .github/workflows/release.yml                | 26 ++++++
 AGENTS.md                                    | 10 ++-
 CHANGELOG.md                                 |  1 +
 CLAUDE.md                                    | 37 +++++----
 scripts/container-scripts/makemigration      | 83 ++++++++------------
 scripts/container-scripts/stageversion       | 30 +++++--
 scripts/makemigration                        |  2 +-
 scripts/runinpypgstac                        | 16 +++-
 10 files changed, 132 insertions(+), 80 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/copilot-instructions.md b/.github/copilot-instructions.md
index 9e307001..deda841e 100644
--- a/.github/copilot-instructions.md
+++ b/.github/copilot-instructions.md
@@ -2,3 +2,6 @@
 
 See `CLAUDE.md` for comprehensive project instructions, architecture, and workflows.
 See `AGENTS.md` for specialized agent definitions (sql-developer, migration-engineer, loader-developer).
+
+When migration workflows, script entry points, or developer commands change, update `CLAUDE.md`, `AGENTS.md`, and any relevant files under `.github/instructions/` in the same change.
+Use `uv` for Python execution, dependency installation, and standalone helper scripts; avoid direct `pip` commands.
diff --git a/.github/instructions/scripts.instructions.md b/.github/instructions/scripts.instructions.md
index 6cec1b70..40e7aa6f 100644
--- a/.github/instructions/scripts.instructions.md
+++ b/.github/instructions/scripts.instructions.md
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ applyTo: "scripts/**"
 See CLAUDE.md "Development Workflow" for usage. All scripts require the Docker compose environment.
 
 - `runinpypgstac` is the foundation — most scripts delegate to it
+- `runinpypgstac` uses the published-package path by default; set `PGPKG_LOCAL_REPO_DIR` to mount a local `pgpkg` checkout at `/pgpkg` when you need an override
 - `scripts/container-scripts/` contains the in-container script payload copied into the pypgstac image; keep host wrappers in `scripts/`
 - `stageversion` modifies version files AND generates migrations — see CLAUDE.md "Migration Process"
+- `scripts/container-scripts/stageversion` and `scripts/container-scripts/makemigration` now shell through `pgpkg` inside the container rather than assembling/diffing SQL directly
+- Set `PGPKG_LOCAL_REPO_DIR` on the host when you need to force a local pgpkg checkout for `stageversion`, `makemigration`, or related container-script testing
+- Tagged releases run `.github/workflows/release.yml`, which publishes both `pypgstac` and `pgstac-migrate` to PyPI via the GitHub `pypi` environment; PyPI trusted publishers must exist for both projects
 - DO NOT run `stageversion` without understanding its side effects
diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index de2a19fe..fe02e0c7 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -226,3 +226,29 @@ jobs:
         uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@cef221092ed1bacb1cc03d23a2d87d1d172e277b # release/v1
         with:
           packages-dir: /home/runner/work/pgstac/pgstac/src/pypgstac/dist
+
+  releasepgstacmigratetopypi:
+    name: Release pgstac-migrate to PyPI
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      id-token: write
+    environment:
+      name: pypi
+      url: https://pypi.org/p/pgstac-migrate
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+      - name: Setup Python
+        uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
+        with:
+          python-version: "3.x"
+      - name: Install build
+        working-directory: /home/runner/work/pgstac/pgstac/src/pgstac-migrate
+        run: python -m pip install build
+      - name: Build
+        working-directory: /home/runner/work/pgstac/pgstac/src/pgstac-migrate
+        run: python -m build
+      - name: Publish to PyPI
+        uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@cef221092ed1bacb1cc03d23a2d87d1d172e277b # release/v1
+        with:
+          packages-dir: /home/runner/work/pgstac/pgstac/src/pgstac-migrate/dist
diff --git a/AGENTS.md b/AGENTS.md
index bba2d143..73568f98 100644
--- a/AGENTS.md
+++ b/AGENTS.md
@@ -23,9 +23,13 @@ Migration specialist for PgSTAC. See CLAUDE.md "Migration Process" for full work
 ### Quick Reference
 
 1. Edit SQL in `src/pgstac/sql/*.sql`
-2. `scripts/stageversion VERSION` → generates base + incremental `.staged` migration
-3. Review `.staged` file (watch for DROPs, unsafe ALTERs, missing `CREATE OR REPLACE`)
-4. Remove `.staged` suffix → `scripts/test --migrations`
+2. `src/pgstac/pyproject.toml` is the `pgpkg` project config for the SQL + migrations tree
+3. `uv run --directory src/pgstac-migrate pgstac-migrate info|versions|plan` inspects the baked migration artifact during wrapper work
+4. `uv run --directory src/pypgstac pypgstac migrate -- --help` remains a backwards-compatible wrapper over `pgstac-migrate`; put new runtime migration behavior in `src/pgstac-migrate/`, not `src/pypgstac/`
+5. `scripts/stageversion VERSION` → generates canonical `pgstac--VERSION.sql` plus an incremental `.staged` migration; set `PGPKG_LOCAL_REPO_DIR` when `stageversion` or `makemigration` should run against a local pgpkg checkout. The Docker-backed flow mounts that override at `/pgpkg` and exports `PGPKG_REPO_DIR` to the container scripts.
+6. Review `.staged` file (watch for DROPs, unsafe ALTERs, missing `CREATE OR REPLACE`)
+7. Remove `.staged` suffix → `scripts/test --migrations`
+8. Tagged releases publish both `pypgstac` and `pgstac-migrate` to PyPI from `.github/workflows/release.yml`; keep the PyPI trusted publisher registration aligned with the `pypi` environment and workflow path
 
 ### Review Checklist
 
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 953a4d2d..f4fcc997 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
   ecosystems with grouped update policies).
 
 ### Changed
+- Tagged releases now publish the new `pgstac-migrate` package to PyPI alongside `pypgstac` via trusted publishing in `.github/workflows/release.yml`.
 - In-container helper scripts moved from `docker/pypgstac/bin/` to
   `scripts/container-scripts/`; container `PATH` updated accordingly.
 - `docker/pgstac/Dockerfile` and `docker/pypgstac/Dockerfile` base images updated from
diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
index 4849c58a..91181424 100644
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -11,10 +11,12 @@ PgSTAC is a PostgreSQL extension (SQL functions + schema) for Spatio-Temporal As
 ## Architecture
 
 ```
+src/pgstac/pyproject.toml ← pgpkg project config for SQL + migration artifacts
 src/pgstac/sql/          ← ALL SQL source files (edit ONLY here)
 src/pgstac/pgstac.sql    ← Assembled output (DO NOT edit directly)
 src/pgstac/migrations/   ← Base + incremental migration files
 src/pgstac/tests/        ← PGTap and basic SQL tests
+src/pgstac-migrate/      ← Standalone pgstac-migrate wrapper package + baked artifact
 src/pypgstac/src/pypgstac/ ← Python package source
 src/pypgstac/tests/        ← pytest tests
 scripts/                 ← Host-facing entrypoint scripts
@@ -95,6 +97,8 @@ All tests run inside Docker via `scripts/runinpypgstac`. Use `--build` to rebuil
 
 - **pgstac** container: PostgreSQL 17 + PostGIS 3 + extensions, port 5439→5432
 - **pypgstac** container: Python + Rust build tools, runs scripts
+- `scripts/runinpypgstac` uses the published-package path by default; set `PGPKG_LOCAL_REPO_DIR` to mount a local `pgpkg` checkout at `/pgpkg` and export `PGPKG_REPO_DIR` when `stageversion` or `makemigration` should run against a local checkout
+- When no local checkout is mounted, the in-container `stageversion` / `makemigration` helpers resolve `pgpkg>=0.1,<0.2` from PyPI with `uv run --no-project --with ...`
 - Credentials: `username` / `password`, database: `postgis`
 
 ## Migration Process
@@ -108,21 +112,20 @@ scripts/stageversion 0.9.11
 This runs inside Docker and:
 1. Removes old `*unreleased*` migration files
 2. Writes `SELECT set_version('0.9.11');` to `999_version.sql`
-3. Concatenates all `sql/*.sql` → `migrations/pgstac.0.9.11.sql` (base migration)
-4. Copies the base migration to `pgstac.sql`
+3. Runs `pgpkg stageversion` against `src/pgstac/pyproject.toml` → `migrations/pgstac--0.9.11.sql`
+4. Uses `--also-write` to keep `pgstac.sql` synchronized with the latest base migration
 5. Updates `version.py` and `pyproject.toml` version strings
-6. Runs `makemigration -f 0.9.10 -t 0.9.11` to generate incremental migration
+6. Runs `makemigration -f 0.9.10 -t 0.9.11` to generate the wrapped incremental migration via `pgpkg`
 
 ### How makemigration Works
 
-`makemigration` (copied from `scripts/container-scripts/makemigration` into the image) generates incremental migrations by diffing schemas:
+`makemigration` (copied from `scripts/container-scripts/makemigration` into the image) now prefers a local checkout via `PGPKG_REPO_DIR`, otherwise it resolves the pinned published package with `uv run --no-project --with "pgpkg[diff]>=0.1,<0.2" pgpkg makemigration`:
 
-1. Creates two temp databases: `migra_from`, `migra_to`
-2. Loads old base migration into `migra_from`
-3. Loads new base migration into `migra_to`
-4. Runs `migra --schema pgstac --unsafe` to calculate the SQL diff
-5. Wraps the diff with `000_idempotent_pre.sql`, `998_idempotent_post.sql`, and `set_version()`
-6. Output: `migrations/pgstac.0.9.10-0.9.11.sql`
+1. Uses `src/pgstac/pyproject.toml` to locate the canonical staged base files
+2. Uses `results.temporary_local_db` via `pgpkg` to diff the source and target staged bases
+3. Prepends `000_idempotent_pre.sql`
+4. Appends `998_idempotent_post.sql` and `SELECT set_version(...)`
+5. Writes `migrations/pgstac--0.9.10--0.9.11.sql`
 
 **Important**: The generated migration is created with a `.staged` suffix. You MUST:
 1. Review the `.staged` file for correctness
@@ -132,11 +135,17 @@ This runs inside Docker and:
 ### Running Migrations
 
 ```bash
-pypgstac migrate                    # Migrate to current pypgstac version
-pypgstac migrate --toversion 0.9.10 # Migrate to specific version
+pypgstac migrate                    # Backwards-compatible wrapper over pgstac-migrate
+pypgstac migrate --toversion 0.9.10 # Backwards-compatible wrapper over pgstac-migrate
+uv run --directory src/pgstac-migrate pgstac-migrate build-artifact
+uv run --directory src/pgstac-migrate pgstac-migrate info
+uv run --directory src/pgstac-migrate pgstac-migrate versions
 ```
 
-The `Migrate` class (in `migrate.py`) builds a directed graph of all available migration files and uses BFS to find the shortest path from the current DB version to the target.
+`pgstac-migrate` owns runtime migration planning and apply logic. `pypgstac migrate` delegates to the same Python API for backwards compatibility and does not execute source-tree SQL files directly.
+The source-tree `pgstac-migrate` package prefers the baked artifact at `src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/migrations.tar.zst` and rebuilds it from the source tree when that file is missing.
+`src/pgstac-migrate/pyproject.toml` resolves `pgpkg>=0.1,<0.2` from PyPI. The standalone `src/pgstac-migrate/scripts/build_artifact.py` helper does not use that lockfile; it carries its own inline `pgpkg>=0.1,<0.2` dependency.
+`src/pypgstac/pyproject.toml` keeps a local `[tool.uv.sources]` override to the sibling `../pgstac-migrate` project so `uv run --directory src/pypgstac ...` resolves the wrapper stack from the source tree, while `pgpkg` resolves from PyPI. In the Docker-backed dev flow, `scripts/runinpypgstac` can mount a local pgpkg checkout at `/pgpkg` and export `PGPKG_REPO_DIR` for container-script testing.
 
 ## Testing Details
 
@@ -178,7 +187,7 @@ Tests create `pgstac_test_db_template` from `pgstac.sql`, then clone it per test
 5. Copy updated `CHANGELOG.md` to `docs/src/release-notes.md` (keep identical)
 6. Create PR, merge
 7. `git tag vVERSION && git push origin vVERSION`
-8. CI publishes to PyPI + ghcr.io
+8. CI publishes `pypgstac` and `pgstac-migrate` to PyPI plus the ghcr.io images (requires trusted publishers for both PyPI projects on `.github/workflows/release.yml` with the `pypi` environment)
 
 ## Common Patterns
 
diff --git a/scripts/container-scripts/makemigration b/scripts/container-scripts/makemigration
index bb24831e..ea70b08a 100755
--- a/scripts/container-scripts/makemigration
+++ b/scripts/container-scripts/makemigration
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Options:
   -f, --from VERSION    Source base version.
   -t, --to VERSION      Target base version.
   -o, --overwrite       Replace an existing migration file.
-  -d, --debug           Print the generated migra SQL before wrapping it.
+  -d, --debug           Print the generated wrapped migration SQL after creation.
   -h, --help            Show this help text.
 
 Environment:
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ Environment:
   PGSTAC_TO_VERSION     Default target version.
   PGSTAC_OVERWRITE      Set to 1 to imply --overwrite.
   PGSTAC_DEBUG          Set to 1 to imply --debug.
+  PGPKG_REPO_DIR        Optional local pgpkg checkout to use instead of the installed package.
 EOF
       exit 0
       ;;
@@ -72,12 +73,27 @@ fi
 
 
 BASEDIR=$SRCDIR
+PGSTACDIR=$BASEDIR/pgstac
+PGPKGDIR=${PGPKG_REPO_DIR:-}
 PYPGSTACDIR=$BASEDIR/pypgstac
 MIGRATIONSDIR=$BASEDIR/pgstac/migrations
 SQLDIR=$BASEDIR/pgstac/sql
 
+function run_pgpkg_makemigration() {
+  if [[ -n "$PGPKGDIR" ]]; then
+    if [[ ! -d "$PGPKGDIR" ]]; then
+      echo "PGPKG_REPO_DIR points to $PGPKGDIR but no checkout exists there." >&2
+      exit 1
+    fi
+    uv run --directory "$PGPKGDIR" --extra diff "$@"
+    return
+  fi
+
+  uv run --no-project --with "pgpkg[diff]>=0.1,<0.2" "$@"
+}
+
 # Check if from SQL file exists
-FROMSQL=$MIGRATIONSDIR/pgstac.$FROM.sql
+FROMSQL=$MIGRATIONSDIR/pgstac--$FROM.sql
 if [ -f $FROMSQL ]; then
   echo "Migrating From: $FROMSQL"
 else
@@ -86,7 +102,7 @@ else
 fi
 
 # Check if to SQL file exists
-TOSQL=$MIGRATIONSDIR/pgstac.$TO.sql
+TOSQL=$MIGRATIONSDIR/pgstac--$TO.sql
 if [ -f $TOSQL ]; then
   echo "Migrating To: $TOSQL"
 else
@@ -94,71 +110,34 @@ else
  exit 1
 fi
 
-MIGRATIONSQL=$MIGRATIONSDIR/pgstac.$FROM-$TO.sql
+MIGRATIONSQL=$MIGRATIONSDIR/pgstac--$FROM--$TO.sql
 if [[ -f "$MIGRATIONSQL" ]]; then
   if [[ "$OVERWRITE" != 1 ]]; then
     echo "ERROR: $MIGRATIONSQL already exists. Use --overwrite to replace." >&2
     exit 1
-  else
-    echo "Removing existing $MIGRATIONSQL"
-    rm $MIGRATIONSQL
   fi
 else
  echo "Creating $MIGRATIONSQL"
 fi
 
-pg_isready -t 10
-# Create Databases to inspect to create migration
-psql -q >/dev/null 2>&1 <<-'EOSQL'
-    DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS migra_from;
-    CREATE DATABASE migra_from;
-    DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS migra_to;
-    CREATE DATABASE migra_to;
-EOSQL
-
-TODBURL="postgresql://${PGUSER}:${PGPASSWORD}@${PGHOST:-localhost}:${PGPORT:-5432}/migra_to"
-FROMDBURL="postgresql://${PGUSER}:${PGPASSWORD}@${PGHOST:-localhost}:${PGPORT:-5432}/migra_from"
-
-# Make sure to clean up migra databases
-function drop_migra_dbs(){
-psql -q >/dev/null 2>&1 <<-'EOSQL'
-    DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS migra_from;
-    DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS migra_to;
-EOSQL
-}
-
-trap drop_migra_dbs 0 2 3 15
-
 echo "Creating Migration from $FROM to $TO"
 
-# Install From into Database
-psql -q -X -1 -v ON_ERROR_STOP=1 -v CLIENT_MIN_MESSAGES=WARNING -f $FROMSQL $FROMDBURL >/dev/null || exit 1;
-
-# Install To into Database
-psql -q -X -1 -v ON_ERROR_STOP=1 -v CLIENT_MIN_MESSAGES=WARNING -f $TOSQL $TODBURL >/dev/null || exit 1;
-
+BASE_URL="postgresql://${PGUSER}:${PGPASSWORD}@${PGHOST:-localhost}:${PGPORT:-5432}/postgres"
+run_pgpkg_makemigration pgpkg makemigration \
+  --project-root "$PGSTACDIR" \
+  --from "$FROM" \
+  --to "$TO" \
+  --output "$MIGRATIONSQL" \
+  --prepend-file "$SQLDIR/000_idempotent_pre.sql" \
+  --append-file "$SQLDIR/998_idempotent_post.sql" \
+  --append-sql "SELECT set_version('${TO}');" \
+  --base-url "$BASE_URL"
 
-# Calculate the migration
-MIGRATION=$(mktemp)
-trap "rm $MIGRATION" 0 2 3 15
-
-migra --schema pgstac --unsafe $FROMDBURL $TODBURL >$MIGRATION
 if [[ $DEBUG == 1 ]]; then
   echo "*************"
-  cat $MIGRATION
+  cat "$MIGRATIONSQL"
   echo "*************"
 fi
 
-# Append wrapper around created migration with idempotent and transaction statements
-
-echo "SET client_min_messages TO WARNING;" >$MIGRATIONSQL
-echo "SET SEARCH_PATH to pgstac, public;" >>$MIGRATIONSQL
-cat $SQLDIR/000_idempotent_pre.sql >>$MIGRATIONSQL
-echo "-- BEGIN migra calculated SQL" >>$MIGRATIONSQL
-cat $MIGRATION >>$MIGRATIONSQL
-echo "-- END migra calculated SQL" >>$MIGRATIONSQL
-cat $SQLDIR/998_idempotent_post.sql >>$MIGRATIONSQL
-echo "SELECT set_version('${TO}');" >>$MIGRATIONSQL
-
 echo "Migration created at $MIGRATIONSQL."
 exit 0
diff --git a/scripts/container-scripts/stageversion b/scripts/container-scripts/stageversion
index fcac770c..075892ea 100755
--- a/scripts/container-scripts/stageversion
+++ b/scripts/container-scripts/stageversion
@@ -3,10 +3,25 @@ SCRIPT_DIR=$( cd -- "$( dirname -- "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )" &> /dev/null && pwd )
 SRCDIR=${PGSTAC_REPO_DIR:-/opt/src}
 cd $SRCDIR
 BASEDIR=$SRCDIR
+PGSTACDIR=$BASEDIR/pgstac
+PGPKGDIR=${PGPKG_REPO_DIR:-}
 SQLDIR=$BASEDIR/pgstac/sql
 PYPGSTACDIR=$BASEDIR/pypgstac
 MIGRATIONSDIR=$BASEDIR/pgstac/migrations
 
+function run_pgpkg() {
+    if [[ -n "$PGPKGDIR" ]]; then
+        if [[ ! -d "$PGPKGDIR" ]]; then
+            echo "PGPKG_REPO_DIR points to $PGPKGDIR but no checkout exists there." >&2
+            exit 1
+        fi
+        uv run --directory "$PGPKGDIR" "$@"
+        return
+    fi
+
+    uv run --no-project --with "pgpkg>=0.1,<0.2" "$@"
+}
+
 function usage() {
         cat <<EOF
 Usage: $(basename "$0") [version]
@@ -16,6 +31,7 @@ incremental migration via makemigration.
 
 Environment:
     PGSTAC_VERSION   Default version when no positional version is provided.
+    PGPKG_REPO_DIR   Optional local pgpkg checkout to use instead of the installed package.
 EOF
 }
 
@@ -48,21 +64,19 @@ else
 fi
 
 
-OLDVERSION=$(find $MIGRATIONSDIR -name "pgstac.*.sql" | sed -En 's/^.*pgstac\.([0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+)\.sql$/\1/p' | grep -v "$VERSION" | sort -Vr | head -1)
+OLDVERSION=$(find $MIGRATIONSDIR -name "pgstac--*.sql" | sed -En 's/^.*pgstac--([0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+)\.sql$/\1/p' | grep -v "$VERSION" | sort -Vr | head -1)
 
 
 
 echo "Bumping version from $OLDVERSION to $VERSION"
 
-# Assemble a base migration for the version and put it in the migrations directory.
+# Update the version SQL fragment before staging the canonical base file.
 cd $SQLDIR
 echo "SELECT set_version('${VERSION}');" >999_version.sql
-cat *.sql >$MIGRATIONSDIR/pgstac.${VERSION}.sql
-cd $BASEDIR/pgstac
-
-# make the base pgstac.sql a symbolic link to the most recent version
-rm pgstac.sql
-cp migrations/pgstac.${VERSION}.sql pgstac.sql
+run_pgpkg pgpkg stageversion "$VERSION" \
+    --project-root "$PGSTACDIR" \
+    --also-write "$PGSTACDIR/pgstac.sql"
+cd $PGSTACDIR
 
 # Update the version number in the appropriate places
 [[ $VERSION == 'unreleased' ]] && PYVERSION="${OLDVERSION}-dev" || PYVERSION="$VERSION"
diff --git a/scripts/makemigration b/scripts/makemigration
index 64572a5c..d81528a0 100755
--- a/scripts/makemigration
+++ b/scripts/makemigration
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Options:
   -f, --from VERSION      Source base version.
   -t, --to VERSION        Target base version.
   -o, --overwrite         Replace an existing migration file.
-  -d, --debug             Print the generated migra SQL before wrapping it.
+    -d, --debug             Print the generated wrapped migration SQL after creation.
   --build-policy POLICY   One of: always, missing, never. Default: always.
   -h, --help              Show this help text.
 
diff --git a/scripts/runinpypgstac b/scripts/runinpypgstac
index 8e978725..ab26d343 100755
--- a/scripts/runinpypgstac
+++ b/scripts/runinpypgstac
@@ -57,6 +57,18 @@ function wait_for_pgstac() {
 
 CONTAINER_ARGS=()
 BUILD_POLICY="${PGSTAC_BUILD_POLICY:-always}"
+LOCAL_PGPKG_DIR="${PGPKG_LOCAL_REPO_DIR:-}"
+COMPOSE_RUN_ARGS=()
+
+if [[ -n "${PGPKG_LOCAL_REPO_DIR:-}" && ! -d "$LOCAL_PGPKG_DIR" ]]; then
+    echo "PGPKG_LOCAL_REPO_DIR points to $LOCAL_PGPKG_DIR but no checkout exists there." >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+if [[ -n "$LOCAL_PGPKG_DIR" && -d "$LOCAL_PGPKG_DIR" ]]; then
+    COMPOSE_RUN_ARGS+=("-e" "PGPKG_REPO_DIR=/pgpkg")
+    COMPOSE_RUN_ARGS+=("-v" "$LOCAL_PGPKG_DIR:/pgpkg")
+fi
 
 while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
     case "$1" in
@@ -129,7 +141,7 @@ fi
 
 if [[ $CPFILES == 1 ]]; then
     echo "Running pypgstac worker"
-    WORKER_ID=$(docker compose run -d --rm pypgstac tail -f /dev/null)
+    WORKER_ID=$(docker compose run -d --rm "${COMPOSE_RUN_ARGS[@]}" pypgstac tail -f /dev/null)
     echo "Executing ${CONTAINER_ARGS[@]} in pypgstac worker"
     docker exec "$WORKER_ID" "${CONTAINER_ARGS[@]}"
     echo "copying datafiles to host"
@@ -138,7 +150,7 @@ if [[ $CPFILES == 1 ]]; then
     docker kill "$WORKER_ID" >/dev/null
 else
     echo "Running ${CONTAINER_ARGS[@]} in pypgstacworker"
-    docker compose run -T --rm pypgstac "${CONTAINER_ARGS[@]}"
+    docker compose run -T --rm "${COMPOSE_RUN_ARGS[@]}" pypgstac "${CONTAINER_ARGS[@]}"
 fi
 JOBEXITCODE=$?
 [[ $PGSTAC_RUNNING == "" ]] && docker compose stop pgstac

From 3e853c6467ff6df86427a25bee565254f9058743 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Tue, 5 May 2026 17:06:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 03/33] chore: clean up test warnings

---
 scripts/container-scripts/test | 1 +
 src/pypgstac/pyproject.toml    | 1 +
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/scripts/container-scripts/test b/scripts/container-scripts/test
index 6d2e03c6..f8547c6e 100755
--- a/scripts/container-scripts/test
+++ b/scripts/container-scripts/test
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ EOSQL
 function refresh_collation_versions(){
     # Newer container libc versions can make template collation metadata stale.
     psql -X -q -d postgres -c "ALTER DATABASE template1 REFRESH COLLATION VERSION;" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+    psql -X -q -d postgres -c "ALTER DATABASE postgres REFRESH COLLATION VERSION;" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
     psql -X -q -d postgres -c "ALTER DATABASE postgis REFRESH COLLATION VERSION;" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
 }
 
diff --git a/src/pypgstac/pyproject.toml b/src/pypgstac/pyproject.toml
index d59703f2..4ded3050 100644
--- a/src/pypgstac/pyproject.toml
+++ b/src/pypgstac/pyproject.toml
@@ -105,6 +105,7 @@ ignore = [
     "B008", # do not perform function calls in argument defaults
     "C901", # too complex
     "B905",
+    "COM812", # conflicts with ruff format
 ]
 
 [tool.ruff.lint.isort]

From 392c04cc48e055a3d35dead24435bab7e46caca8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Mon, 11 May 2026 10:19:46 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 04/33] update changelog

---
 CONTRIBUTING.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 1aac96df..a2468745 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ Individual tests can be run with any combination of the following flags `--forma
 6) Once the PR has been merged, start the release process.
 7) Create a git tag `git tag v0.2.8` using new version number
 8) Push the git tag `git push origin v0.2.8`
-9) The CI process will push pypgstac to PyPi, create a docker image on ghcr.io, and create a release on github.
+9) The CI process will push `pypgstac` and `pgstac-migrate` to PyPI, create docker images on ghcr.io, and create a release on GitHub. Register PyPI trusted publishers for both projects before the first tagged release.
 
 
 ### Get Involved

From f31bcd2b1128f10983f05f498223463d95507a94 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Mon, 11 May 2026 11:29:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 05/33] add more tests

---
 .gitignore                                    |  1 +
 CHANGELOG.md                                  | 19 ++++
 docker/pgstac/dbinit/pgstac.sh                |  0
 scripts/container-scripts/test                |  1 +
 src/pgstac-migrate/tests/test_cli.py          | 44 +++++++++
 src/pgstac-migrate/tests/test_parity.py       | 92 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql | 10 +-
 src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql  | 51 ++++++++++
 src/pgstac/pgstac.sql                         | 51 ++++++++++
 src/pypgstac/tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py    | 32 +++++++
 10 files changed, 297 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 mode change 100755 => 100644 docker/pgstac/dbinit/pgstac.sh
 create mode 100644 src/pgstac-migrate/tests/test_parity.py

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index a60912e1..c646d853 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -18,3 +18,4 @@ src/pypgstac/python/pypgstac/*.so
 src/pgstacrust/target/
 src/pgstac-migrate/dist/
 src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/migrations.tar.zst
+src/pypgstac/uv.lock
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index f4fcc997..91c4d7cf 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -9,6 +9,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [Unreleased]
 
 ### Added
+- New `pgstac-migrate` package under `src/pgstac-migrate/` with a standalone
+  CLI, Python API, and tests for migration planning and execution.
+- `src/pgstac/pyproject.toml` `tool.pgpkg` project metadata for canonical SQL +
+  migration staging.
 - `scripts/makemigration` host wrapper for the in-container `makemigration` helper.
 - `.env.example` documenting all supported environment variables for local development.
 - All host-facing scripts (`test`, `format`, `migrate`, `server`, `stageversion`,
@@ -31,6 +35,19 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
   ecosystems with grouped update policies).
 
 ### Changed
+- `pypgstac migrate` now delegates runtime migration planning and apply logic to
+  `pgstac-migrate`; `src/pypgstac/src/pypgstac/migrate.py` remains as a
+  compatibility wrapper.
+- Migration filenames are now canonicalized to
+  `pgstac--<version>.sql` / `pgstac--<from>--<to>.sql` in
+  `src/pgstac/migrations/` and `src/pypgstac/src/pypgstac/migrations/`.
+- `scripts/container-scripts/stageversion` and
+  `scripts/container-scripts/makemigration` now shell through `pgpkg`
+  (`uv run --no-project --with "pgpkg>=0.1,<0.2"` and
+  `uv run --no-project --with "pgpkg[diff]>=0.1,<0.2"`) with optional
+  `PGPKG_REPO_DIR` override support.
+- `scripts/runinpypgstac` now supports a `PGPKG_LOCAL_REPO_DIR` mount override
+  for local pgpkg development while keeping the default flow PyPI-first.
 - Tagged releases now publish the new `pgstac-migrate` package to PyPI alongside `pypgstac` via trusted publishing in `.github/workflows/release.yml`.
 - In-container helper scripts moved from `docker/pypgstac/bin/` to
   `scripts/container-scripts/`; container `PATH` updated accordingly.
@@ -69,6 +86,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - `flake8`, `black`, and `mypy` removed from dev dependencies.
 
 ### Fixed
+- `scripts/container-scripts/test` now refreshes collation metadata for the
+  `postgres` database during setup to avoid noisy warning output.
 - `load.py`: Use timezone-aware `MIN_DATETIME_UTC` / `MAX_DATETIME_UTC` sentinel
   constants (instead of naive `datetime.min` / `datetime.max`) to avoid
   `TypeError: can't compare offset-naive and offset-aware datetimes`.
diff --git a/docker/pgstac/dbinit/pgstac.sh b/docker/pgstac/dbinit/pgstac.sh
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/scripts/container-scripts/test b/scripts/container-scripts/test
index f8547c6e..a30621a9 100755
--- a/scripts/container-scripts/test
+++ b/scripts/container-scripts/test
@@ -173,6 +173,7 @@ CREATE DATABASE pgstac_test_pypgstac TEMPLATE $TEMPLATEDB;
 ALTER DATABASE pgstac_test_pypgstac SET client_min_messages to $CLIENTMESSAGES;
 EOSQL
     uv run --extra dev --extra test --extra psycopg pytest tests $VERBOSE
+    uv run --extra dev --extra test --extra psycopg pytest ../pgstac-migrate/tests $VERBOSE
     psql -X -q -c "DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS pgstac_test_pypgstac WITH (force)";
 }
 
diff --git a/src/pgstac-migrate/tests/test_cli.py b/src/pgstac-migrate/tests/test_cli.py
index a144659a..052389bc 100644
--- a/src/pgstac-migrate/tests/test_cli.py
+++ b/src/pgstac-migrate/tests/test_cli.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from importlib import import_module
 from pathlib import Path
+from types import SimpleNamespace
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -55,3 +56,46 @@ def test_plan_renders_known_incremental_step(capsys) -> None:
     assert exit_code == 0
     assert "0.9.10 -> 0.9.11" in captured.out
     assert "pgstac--0.9.10--0.9.11.sql" in captured.out
+
+
+def test_migrate_delegates_to_api(monkeypatch, capsys) -> None:
+    cli_module = import_module("pgstac_migrate.cli")
+    captured_kwargs: dict[str, object] = {}
+
+    def fake_migrate_database(**kwargs):
+        captured_kwargs.update(kwargs)
+        return SimpleNamespace(
+            bootstrapped_from="0.9.10",
+            applied_steps=[("0.9.10", "0.9.11")],
+            final_version="0.9.11",
+        )
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(cli_module, "migrate_database", fake_migrate_database)
+
+    exit_code = run_cli(
+        [
+            "migrate",
+            "--to",
+            "0.9.11",
+            "--dry-run",
+            "--dsn",
+            "postgresql:///example",
+        ]
+    )
+
+    output = capsys.readouterr().out
+    assert exit_code == 0
+    assert captured_kwargs == {
+        "target": "0.9.11",
+        "dry_run": True,
+        "conninfo": "postgresql:///example",
+        "host": None,
+        "port": None,
+        "dbname": None,
+        "user": None,
+        "password": None,
+    }
+    assert "bootstrapped to 0.9.10" in output
+    assert "applied 0.9.10 -> 0.9.11" in output
+    assert "final version: 0.9.11" in output
+    assert "(dry-run: rolled back)" in output
diff --git a/src/pgstac-migrate/tests/test_parity.py b/src/pgstac-migrate/tests/test_parity.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..adac6e63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pgstac-migrate/tests/test_parity.py
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+"""Cross-surface migration plan parity tests.
+
+Asserts that the pgstac-migrate artifact catalog and the pypgstac MigrationPath
+compatibility helper produce *identical* ordered file sequences for every
+(source, target) pair in the parity matrix.
+
+This is the canonical regression test for "both tools would apply exactly the
+same SQL in exactly the same order".
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import tempfile
+from importlib import import_module
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import pytest
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Shared fixture: load the baked artifact once and extract migration files
+# to a temporary directory so MigrationPath can resolve filenames.
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
+def artifact_catalog_and_migrations_dir():
+    """Return (catalog, migrations_dir) using the baked pgstac-migrate artifact."""
+    pgpkg_artifact_mod = import_module("pgpkg.artifact")
+    cli = import_module("pgstac_migrate.cli")
+
+    artifact = pgpkg_artifact_mod.load_artifact(cli._artifact_path())
+    catalog = cli._catalog_from_artifact(artifact)
+
+    tmp_root = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="pgstac_parity_"))
+    migrations_dir = tmp_root / "migrations"
+    migrations_dir.mkdir()
+    for name, data in artifact.migrations_files().items():
+        (migrations_dir / Path(name).name).write_bytes(data)
+
+    return catalog, str(migrations_dir)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Parity cases: (source, target) tuples.
+#   source=None means a fresh install (no prior pgstac version).
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+PARITY_CASES = [
+    # Fresh install
+    (None, "0.9.11"),
+    (None, "0.9.10"),
+    # Single-hop incremental upgrade
+    ("0.9.10", "0.9.11"),
+    ("0.9.9", "0.9.10"),
+    # Multi-hop incremental upgrade
+    ("0.9.9", "0.9.11"),
+    ("0.9.8", "0.9.11"),
+    ("0.8.6", "0.9.11"),
+]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("source,target", PARITY_CASES)
+def test_plan_parity_across_surfaces(
+    artifact_catalog_and_migrations_dir,
+    source: str | None,
+    target: str,
+) -> None:
+    """pgstac-migrate catalog plan == pypgstac MigrationPath for every test case."""
+    pgpkg_planner = import_module("pgpkg.planner")
+    compat = import_module("pgstac_migrate.compat")
+
+    catalog, migrations_dir = artifact_catalog_and_migrations_dir
+
+    # ---- pgstac-migrate catalog path -----------------------------------------
+    migration_plan = pgpkg_planner.plan(catalog, source=source, target=target)
+
+    pgpkg_files: list[str] = []
+    if migration_plan.bootstrap_base is not None:
+        pgpkg_files.append(migration_plan.bootstrap_base.name)
+    pgpkg_files.extend(step.file.name for step in migration_plan.steps)
+
+    # ---- pypgstac MigrationPath compat path ----------------------------------
+    compat_source = "init" if source is None else source
+    compat_files = compat.MigrationPath(
+        migrations_dir, compat_source, target
+    ).migrations()
+
+    assert pgpkg_files == compat_files, (
+        f"Plan mismatch for {source!r} → {target!r}:\n"
+        f"  pgstac-migrate catalog: {pgpkg_files}\n"
+        f"  pypgstac MigrationPath: {compat_files}"
+    )
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
index cddaf7eb..82443707 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
-SET client_min_messages TO WARNING;
-SET SEARCH_PATH to pgstac, public;
+-- Generated by pgpkg makemigration
+-- Project: pgstac
+-- From:    0.9.11
+-- To:      unreleased
+-- Review the diff before applying.
+
 RESET ROLE;
 DO $$
 DECLARE
@@ -193,8 +197,6 @@ RETURNS timestamptz AS $$
         END
     ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT;
--- BEGIN migra calculated SQL
--- END migra calculated SQL
 DO $$
   BEGIN
     INSERT INTO queryables (name, definition, property_wrapper, property_index_type) VALUES
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
index 4c836762..e12c4bd6 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+-- Generated by pgpkg stageversion
+-- Project: pgstac
+-- Version: unreleased
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 000_idempotent_pre.sql
 RESET ROLE;
 DO $$
 DECLARE
@@ -191,6 +196,9 @@ RETURNS timestamptz AS $$
         END
     ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT;
+-- END FRAGMENT: 000_idempotent_pre.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 001_core.sql
 
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS migrations (
   version text PRIMARY KEY,
@@ -518,6 +526,9 @@ BEGIN
 
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SET SEARCH_PATH TO pgstac, public SET CLIENT_MIN_MESSAGES TO NOTICE;
+-- END FRAGMENT: 001_core.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 001a_jsonutils.sql
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION to_int(jsonb) RETURNS int AS $$
     SELECT floor(($1->>0)::float)::int;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT COST 5000 PARALLEL SAFE;
@@ -793,6 +804,9 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE AGGREGATE jsonb_max(jsonb) (
     STYPE = jsonb,
     SFUNC = jsonb_greatest
 );
+-- END FRAGMENT: 001a_jsonutils.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 001s_stacutils.sql
 /* looks for a geometry in a stac item first from geometry and falling back to bbox */
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION stac_geom(value jsonb) RETURNS geometry AS $$
 SELECT
@@ -856,6 +870,9 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS stac_extensions(
     url text PRIMARY KEY,
     content jsonb
 );
+-- END FRAGMENT: 001s_stacutils.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 002_collections.sql
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION collection_base_item(content jsonb) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
     SELECT jsonb_build_object(
         'type', 'Feature',
@@ -947,6 +964,9 @@ $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL;
 
 CREATE TRIGGER collection_delete_trigger BEFORE DELETE ON collections
 FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE FUNCTION collection_delete_trigger_func();
+-- END FRAGMENT: 002_collections.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 002a_queryables.sql
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION queryable_signature(n text, c text[]) RETURNS text AS $$
     SELECT concat(n, c);
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
@@ -1516,6 +1536,9 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION missing_queryables(_tablesample float DEFAULT 5) RETU
     ORDER BY 2,1
     ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL;
+-- END FRAGMENT: 002a_queryables.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 002b_cql.sql
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION parse_dtrange(
     _indate jsonb,
     relative_base timestamptz DEFAULT date_trunc('hour', CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)
@@ -2035,6 +2058,9 @@ BEGIN
     RETURN collections;
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL STABLE STRICT;
+-- END FRAGMENT: 002b_cql.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 003a_items.sql
 CREATE TABLE items (
     id text NOT NULL,
     geometry geometry NOT NULL,
@@ -2388,6 +2414,9 @@ UPDATE collections
     )
 ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL;
+-- END FRAGMENT: 003a_items.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 003b_partitions.sql
 CREATE TABLE partition_stats (
     partition text PRIMARY KEY,
     dtrange tstzrange,
@@ -2987,6 +3016,9 @@ INSERT
 OR
 UPDATE ON collections
 FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE FUNCTION collections_trigger_func();
+-- END FRAGMENT: 003b_partitions.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 004_search.sql
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION chunker(
     IN _where text,
@@ -4117,6 +4149,9 @@ BEGIN
     RETURN curs;
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL;
+-- END FRAGMENT: 004_search.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 004a_collectionsearch.sql
 CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW collections_asitems AS
 SELECT
     id,
@@ -4260,6 +4295,9 @@ BEGIN
 
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL STABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+-- END FRAGMENT: 004a_collectionsearch.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 005_tileutils.sql
 SET SEARCH_PATH TO pgstac, public;
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION tileenvelope(zoom int, x int, y int) RETURNS geometry AS $$
@@ -4282,6 +4320,9 @@ $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS mercgrid;
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION ftime() RETURNS interval as $$
 SELECT age(clock_timestamp(), transaction_timestamp());
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL;
+-- END FRAGMENT: 005_tileutils.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 006_tilesearch.sql
 SET SEARCH_PATH to pgstac, public;
 
 DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS geometrysearch;
@@ -4443,6 +4484,9 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION xyzsearch(
         skipcovered
     );
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL;
+-- END FRAGMENT: 006_tilesearch.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 997_maintenance.sql
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE analyze_items() AS $$
 DECLARE
@@ -4530,6 +4574,9 @@ BEGIN
     RETURN NULL;
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL;
+-- END FRAGMENT: 997_maintenance.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 998_idempotent_post.sql
 DO $$
   BEGIN
     INSERT INTO queryables (name, definition, property_wrapper, property_index_type) VALUES
@@ -4656,4 +4703,8 @@ RESET ROLE;
 
 SET ROLE pgstac_ingest;
 SELECT update_partition_stats_q(partition) FROM partitions_view;
+-- END FRAGMENT: 998_idempotent_post.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 999_version.sql
 SELECT set_version('unreleased');
+-- END FRAGMENT: 999_version.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql b/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
index 4c836762..e12c4bd6 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+-- Generated by pgpkg stageversion
+-- Project: pgstac
+-- Version: unreleased
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 000_idempotent_pre.sql
 RESET ROLE;
 DO $$
 DECLARE
@@ -191,6 +196,9 @@ RETURNS timestamptz AS $$
         END
     ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT;
+-- END FRAGMENT: 000_idempotent_pre.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 001_core.sql
 
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS migrations (
   version text PRIMARY KEY,
@@ -518,6 +526,9 @@ BEGIN
 
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SET SEARCH_PATH TO pgstac, public SET CLIENT_MIN_MESSAGES TO NOTICE;
+-- END FRAGMENT: 001_core.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 001a_jsonutils.sql
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION to_int(jsonb) RETURNS int AS $$
     SELECT floor(($1->>0)::float)::int;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT COST 5000 PARALLEL SAFE;
@@ -793,6 +804,9 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE AGGREGATE jsonb_max(jsonb) (
     STYPE = jsonb,
     SFUNC = jsonb_greatest
 );
+-- END FRAGMENT: 001a_jsonutils.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 001s_stacutils.sql
 /* looks for a geometry in a stac item first from geometry and falling back to bbox */
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION stac_geom(value jsonb) RETURNS geometry AS $$
 SELECT
@@ -856,6 +870,9 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS stac_extensions(
     url text PRIMARY KEY,
     content jsonb
 );
+-- END FRAGMENT: 001s_stacutils.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 002_collections.sql
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION collection_base_item(content jsonb) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
     SELECT jsonb_build_object(
         'type', 'Feature',
@@ -947,6 +964,9 @@ $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL;
 
 CREATE TRIGGER collection_delete_trigger BEFORE DELETE ON collections
 FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE FUNCTION collection_delete_trigger_func();
+-- END FRAGMENT: 002_collections.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 002a_queryables.sql
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION queryable_signature(n text, c text[]) RETURNS text AS $$
     SELECT concat(n, c);
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
@@ -1516,6 +1536,9 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION missing_queryables(_tablesample float DEFAULT 5) RETU
     ORDER BY 2,1
     ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL;
+-- END FRAGMENT: 002a_queryables.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 002b_cql.sql
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION parse_dtrange(
     _indate jsonb,
     relative_base timestamptz DEFAULT date_trunc('hour', CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)
@@ -2035,6 +2058,9 @@ BEGIN
     RETURN collections;
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL STABLE STRICT;
+-- END FRAGMENT: 002b_cql.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 003a_items.sql
 CREATE TABLE items (
     id text NOT NULL,
     geometry geometry NOT NULL,
@@ -2388,6 +2414,9 @@ UPDATE collections
     )
 ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL;
+-- END FRAGMENT: 003a_items.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 003b_partitions.sql
 CREATE TABLE partition_stats (
     partition text PRIMARY KEY,
     dtrange tstzrange,
@@ -2987,6 +3016,9 @@ INSERT
 OR
 UPDATE ON collections
 FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE FUNCTION collections_trigger_func();
+-- END FRAGMENT: 003b_partitions.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 004_search.sql
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION chunker(
     IN _where text,
@@ -4117,6 +4149,9 @@ BEGIN
     RETURN curs;
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL;
+-- END FRAGMENT: 004_search.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 004a_collectionsearch.sql
 CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW collections_asitems AS
 SELECT
     id,
@@ -4260,6 +4295,9 @@ BEGIN
 
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL STABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+-- END FRAGMENT: 004a_collectionsearch.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 005_tileutils.sql
 SET SEARCH_PATH TO pgstac, public;
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION tileenvelope(zoom int, x int, y int) RETURNS geometry AS $$
@@ -4282,6 +4320,9 @@ $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS mercgrid;
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION ftime() RETURNS interval as $$
 SELECT age(clock_timestamp(), transaction_timestamp());
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL;
+-- END FRAGMENT: 005_tileutils.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 006_tilesearch.sql
 SET SEARCH_PATH to pgstac, public;
 
 DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS geometrysearch;
@@ -4443,6 +4484,9 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION xyzsearch(
         skipcovered
     );
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL;
+-- END FRAGMENT: 006_tilesearch.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 997_maintenance.sql
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE analyze_items() AS $$
 DECLARE
@@ -4530,6 +4574,9 @@ BEGIN
     RETURN NULL;
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL;
+-- END FRAGMENT: 997_maintenance.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 998_idempotent_post.sql
 DO $$
   BEGIN
     INSERT INTO queryables (name, definition, property_wrapper, property_index_type) VALUES
@@ -4656,4 +4703,8 @@ RESET ROLE;
 
 SET ROLE pgstac_ingest;
 SELECT update_partition_stats_q(partition) FROM partitions_view;
+-- END FRAGMENT: 998_idempotent_post.sql
+
+-- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 999_version.sql
 SELECT set_version('unreleased');
+-- END FRAGMENT: 999_version.sql
diff --git a/src/pypgstac/tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py b/src/pypgstac/tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py
index 4f0dc01e..5e376b11 100644
--- a/src/pypgstac/tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py
+++ b/src/pypgstac/tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 from importlib import import_module
+from pathlib import Path
 from types import SimpleNamespace
 
 from pypgstac.db import PgstacDB
 from pypgstac.migrate import Migrate
+from pypgstac.migrate import MigrationPath as PypgstacMigrationPath
+from pypgstac.pypgstac import PgstacCLI
 
 
 def test_run_migration_delegates_to_pgstac_migrate(monkeypatch) -> None:
@@ -58,3 +61,32 @@ def test_run_migration_defaults_to_package_version(monkeypatch) -> None:
         "target": "0.9.11-dev",
         "conninfo": None,
     }
+
+
+def test_cli_migrate_delegates_to_migrate_wrapper(monkeypatch) -> None:
+    captured: dict[str, object] = {}
+
+    def fake_run_migration(self, toversion=None):
+        captured["toversion"] = toversion
+        return "0.9.11"
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(Migrate, "run_migration", fake_run_migration)
+
+    result = PgstacCLI(dsn="postgresql:///example").migrate("0.9.11")
+
+    assert result == "0.9.11"
+    assert captured == {"toversion": "0.9.11"}
+
+
+def test_migration_path_matches_pgstac_migrate_compat(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    compat = import_module("pgstac_migrate.compat")
+
+    (tmp_path / "pgstac--0.9.10.sql").write_text("-- base\n")
+    (tmp_path / "pgstac--0.9.11.sql").write_text("-- base\n")
+    (tmp_path / "pgstac--0.9.10--0.9.11.sql").write_text("-- step\n")
+
+    left = PypgstacMigrationPath(str(tmp_path), "0.9.10", "0.9.11").migrations()
+    right = compat.MigrationPath(str(tmp_path), "0.9.10", "0.9.11").migrations()
+
+    assert left == ["pgstac--0.9.10--0.9.11.sql"]
+    assert left == right

From 88c039db1b39a96a34758c9df4fccfc9fb40d24f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Mon, 11 May 2026 15:18:51 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 06/33] pr1: switch search_wheres hashing to sha256 and stage
 unreleased migrations

---
 scripts/container-scripts/stageversion        |  1 +
 .../migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql | 20 +++++++++++
 src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql  | 33 +++++++++++--------
 src/pgstac/pgstac.sql                         | 33 +++++++++++--------
 src/pgstac/sql/000_idempotent_pre.sql         |  4 +++
 src/pgstac/sql/001_core.sql                   |  1 -
 src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql                 | 12 ++++---
 src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql                 | 16 ++++-----
 src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/001_core.sql           | 12 +++++++
 src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/004_search.sql         |  9 +++++
 10 files changed, 99 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-)

diff --git a/scripts/container-scripts/stageversion b/scripts/container-scripts/stageversion
index 075892ea..5295a96e 100755
--- a/scripts/container-scripts/stageversion
+++ b/scripts/container-scripts/stageversion
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ cd $PGSTACDIR
 echo "Setting pypgstac version to $PYVERSION"
 cat <<EOD > $PYPGSTACDIR/src/pypgstac/version.py
 """Version."""
+
 __version__ = "${PYVERSION}"
 EOD
 sed -i "s/^version[ ]*=[ ]*.*$/version = \"${PYVERSION}\"/" $PYPGSTACDIR/pyproject.toml
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
index 82443707..b52b0522 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
@@ -197,6 +197,26 @@ RETURNS timestamptz AS $$
         END
     ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT;
+
+  CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac_hash(data text) RETURNS text AS $$
+    SELECT encode(sha256(convert_to(data, 'UTF8')), 'hex');
+  $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE STRICT;
+drop index if exists "pgstac"."search_wheres_where";
+
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX search_wheres_where_md5_compat ON pgstac.search_wheres USING btree (md5(_where));
+
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX search_wheres_where ON pgstac.search_wheres USING btree (pgstac_hash(_where));
+
+set check_function_bodies = off;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.pgstac_hash(data text)
+ RETURNS text
+ LANGUAGE sql
+ IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE STRICT
+AS $function$
+    SELECT encode(sha256(convert_to(data, 'UTF8')), 'hex');
+  $function$
+;
 DO $$
   BEGIN
     INSERT INTO queryables (name, definition, property_wrapper, property_index_type) VALUES
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
index e12c4bd6..ed9826ab 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
@@ -196,6 +196,10 @@ RETURNS timestamptz AS $$
         END
     ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT;
+
+  CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac_hash(data text) RETURNS text AS $$
+    SELECT encode(sha256(convert_to(data, 'UTF8')), 'hex');
+  $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE STRICT;
 -- END FRAGMENT: 000_idempotent_pre.sql
 
 -- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 001_core.sql
@@ -290,7 +294,6 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION age_ms(a timestamptz, b timestamptz DEFAULT clock_tim
     SELECT abs(extract(epoch from age(a,b)) * 1000);
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION queue_timeout() RETURNS interval AS $$
     SELECT t2s(coalesce(
             get_setting('queue_timeout'),
@@ -2119,10 +2122,6 @@ FOR EACH STATEMENT
 EXECUTE FUNCTION partition_after_triggerfunc();
 
 
-CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_slim(_item jsonb) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
-    SELECT strip_jsonb(_item - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[], collection_base_item(_item->>'collection')) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[];
-$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
-
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_dehydrate(content jsonb) RETURNS items AS $$
     SELECT
             content->>'id' as id,
@@ -2130,10 +2129,16 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_dehydrate(content jsonb) RETURNS items AS $$
             content->>'collection' as collection,
             stac_datetime(content) as datetime,
             stac_end_datetime(content) as end_datetime,
-            content_slim(content) as content,
+            strip_jsonb(
+                content - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[],
+                collection_base_item(content->>'collection')
+            ) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[] as content,
             null::jsonb as private
     ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL STABLE;
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_slim(_item jsonb) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
+    SELECT strip_jsonb(_item - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[], collection_base_item(_item->>'collection')) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[];
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION include_field(f text, fields jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb) RETURNS boolean AS $$
 DECLARE
@@ -3525,7 +3530,6 @@ $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SET transform_null_equals TO TRUE
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_hash(jsonb, jsonb) RETURNS text AS $$
     SELECT md5(concat(($1 - '{token,limit,context,includes,excludes}'::text[])::text,$2::text));
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
-DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS search_tohash(jsonb);
 
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS searches(
     hash text GENERATED ALWAYS AS (search_hash(search, metadata)) STORED PRIMARY KEY,
@@ -3552,7 +3556,8 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres(
 );
 
 CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres_partitions ON search_wheres USING GIN (partitions);
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres_where ON search_wheres ((md5(_where)));
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres_where ON search_wheres ((pgstac_hash(_where)));
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres_where_md5_compat ON search_wheres ((md5(_where)));
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION where_stats(
     inwhere text,
@@ -3565,7 +3570,7 @@ DECLARE
     explain_json jsonb;
     partitions text[];
     sw search_wheres%ROWTYPE;
-    inwhere_hash text := md5(inwhere);
+    inwhere_hash text := pgstac_hash(inwhere);
     _context text := lower(context(conf));
     _stats_ttl interval := context_stats_ttl(conf);
     _estimated_cost_threshold float := context_estimated_cost(conf);
@@ -3588,9 +3593,9 @@ BEGIN
     IF NOT ro THEN
         -- If there is a lock where another process is
         -- updating the stats, wait so that we don't end up calculating a bunch of times.
-        SELECT * INTO sw FROM search_wheres WHERE md5(_where)=inwhere_hash FOR UPDATE;
+        SELECT * INTO sw FROM search_wheres WHERE pgstac_hash(_where)=inwhere_hash FOR UPDATE;
     ELSE
-        SELECT * INTO sw FROM search_wheres WHERE md5(_where)=inwhere_hash;
+        SELECT * INTO sw FROM search_wheres WHERE pgstac_hash(_where)=inwhere_hash;
     END IF;
 
     -- If there is a cached row, figure out if we need to update
@@ -3607,7 +3612,7 @@ BEGIN
             UPDATE search_wheres SET
                 lastused = now(),
                 usecount = search_wheres.usecount + 1
-            WHERE md5(_where) = inwhere_hash
+            WHERE pgstac_hash(_where) = inwhere_hash
             RETURNING * INTO sw;
         END IF;
         RAISE DEBUG 'Returning cached counts. %', sw;
@@ -3659,7 +3664,7 @@ BEGIN
                 sw.time_to_estimate,
                 null,
                 null
-            ) ON CONFLICT ((md5(_where)))
+            ) ON CONFLICT ((pgstac_hash(_where)))
             DO UPDATE SET
                 lastused = EXCLUDED.lastused,
                 usecount = search_wheres.usecount + 1,
@@ -3707,7 +3712,7 @@ BEGIN
             sw.time_to_estimate,
             sw.total_count,
             sw.time_to_count
-        ) ON CONFLICT ((md5(_where)))
+        ) ON CONFLICT ((pgstac_hash(_where)))
         DO UPDATE SET
             lastused = EXCLUDED.lastused,
             usecount = search_wheres.usecount + 1,
diff --git a/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql b/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
index e12c4bd6..ed9826ab 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
@@ -196,6 +196,10 @@ RETURNS timestamptz AS $$
         END
     ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT;
+
+  CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac_hash(data text) RETURNS text AS $$
+    SELECT encode(sha256(convert_to(data, 'UTF8')), 'hex');
+  $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE STRICT;
 -- END FRAGMENT: 000_idempotent_pre.sql
 
 -- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 001_core.sql
@@ -290,7 +294,6 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION age_ms(a timestamptz, b timestamptz DEFAULT clock_tim
     SELECT abs(extract(epoch from age(a,b)) * 1000);
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION queue_timeout() RETURNS interval AS $$
     SELECT t2s(coalesce(
             get_setting('queue_timeout'),
@@ -2119,10 +2122,6 @@ FOR EACH STATEMENT
 EXECUTE FUNCTION partition_after_triggerfunc();
 
 
-CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_slim(_item jsonb) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
-    SELECT strip_jsonb(_item - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[], collection_base_item(_item->>'collection')) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[];
-$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
-
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_dehydrate(content jsonb) RETURNS items AS $$
     SELECT
             content->>'id' as id,
@@ -2130,10 +2129,16 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_dehydrate(content jsonb) RETURNS items AS $$
             content->>'collection' as collection,
             stac_datetime(content) as datetime,
             stac_end_datetime(content) as end_datetime,
-            content_slim(content) as content,
+            strip_jsonb(
+                content - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[],
+                collection_base_item(content->>'collection')
+            ) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[] as content,
             null::jsonb as private
     ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL STABLE;
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_slim(_item jsonb) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
+    SELECT strip_jsonb(_item - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[], collection_base_item(_item->>'collection')) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[];
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION include_field(f text, fields jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb) RETURNS boolean AS $$
 DECLARE
@@ -3525,7 +3530,6 @@ $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SET transform_null_equals TO TRUE
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_hash(jsonb, jsonb) RETURNS text AS $$
     SELECT md5(concat(($1 - '{token,limit,context,includes,excludes}'::text[])::text,$2::text));
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
-DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS search_tohash(jsonb);
 
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS searches(
     hash text GENERATED ALWAYS AS (search_hash(search, metadata)) STORED PRIMARY KEY,
@@ -3552,7 +3556,8 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres(
 );
 
 CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres_partitions ON search_wheres USING GIN (partitions);
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres_where ON search_wheres ((md5(_where)));
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres_where ON search_wheres ((pgstac_hash(_where)));
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres_where_md5_compat ON search_wheres ((md5(_where)));
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION where_stats(
     inwhere text,
@@ -3565,7 +3570,7 @@ DECLARE
     explain_json jsonb;
     partitions text[];
     sw search_wheres%ROWTYPE;
-    inwhere_hash text := md5(inwhere);
+    inwhere_hash text := pgstac_hash(inwhere);
     _context text := lower(context(conf));
     _stats_ttl interval := context_stats_ttl(conf);
     _estimated_cost_threshold float := context_estimated_cost(conf);
@@ -3588,9 +3593,9 @@ BEGIN
     IF NOT ro THEN
         -- If there is a lock where another process is
         -- updating the stats, wait so that we don't end up calculating a bunch of times.
-        SELECT * INTO sw FROM search_wheres WHERE md5(_where)=inwhere_hash FOR UPDATE;
+        SELECT * INTO sw FROM search_wheres WHERE pgstac_hash(_where)=inwhere_hash FOR UPDATE;
     ELSE
-        SELECT * INTO sw FROM search_wheres WHERE md5(_where)=inwhere_hash;
+        SELECT * INTO sw FROM search_wheres WHERE pgstac_hash(_where)=inwhere_hash;
     END IF;
 
     -- If there is a cached row, figure out if we need to update
@@ -3607,7 +3612,7 @@ BEGIN
             UPDATE search_wheres SET
                 lastused = now(),
                 usecount = search_wheres.usecount + 1
-            WHERE md5(_where) = inwhere_hash
+            WHERE pgstac_hash(_where) = inwhere_hash
             RETURNING * INTO sw;
         END IF;
         RAISE DEBUG 'Returning cached counts. %', sw;
@@ -3659,7 +3664,7 @@ BEGIN
                 sw.time_to_estimate,
                 null,
                 null
-            ) ON CONFLICT ((md5(_where)))
+            ) ON CONFLICT ((pgstac_hash(_where)))
             DO UPDATE SET
                 lastused = EXCLUDED.lastused,
                 usecount = search_wheres.usecount + 1,
@@ -3707,7 +3712,7 @@ BEGIN
             sw.time_to_estimate,
             sw.total_count,
             sw.time_to_count
-        ) ON CONFLICT ((md5(_where)))
+        ) ON CONFLICT ((pgstac_hash(_where)))
         DO UPDATE SET
             lastused = EXCLUDED.lastused,
             usecount = search_wheres.usecount + 1,
diff --git a/src/pgstac/sql/000_idempotent_pre.sql b/src/pgstac/sql/000_idempotent_pre.sql
index 9f558e4b..2eb0d15a 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/sql/000_idempotent_pre.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/sql/000_idempotent_pre.sql
@@ -191,3 +191,7 @@ RETURNS timestamptz AS $$
         END
     ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT;
+
+  CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac_hash(data text) RETURNS text AS $$
+    SELECT encode(sha256(convert_to(data, 'UTF8')), 'hex');
+  $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE STRICT;
diff --git a/src/pgstac/sql/001_core.sql b/src/pgstac/sql/001_core.sql
index 46d71dbd..bd6bfd36 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/sql/001_core.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/sql/001_core.sql
@@ -89,7 +89,6 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION age_ms(a timestamptz, b timestamptz DEFAULT clock_tim
     SELECT abs(extract(epoch from age(a,b)) * 1000);
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
 
-
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION queue_timeout() RETURNS interval AS $$
     SELECT t2s(coalesce(
             get_setting('queue_timeout'),
diff --git a/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql b/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql
index 88924d17..acb2268c 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql
@@ -56,10 +56,6 @@ FOR EACH STATEMENT
 EXECUTE FUNCTION partition_after_triggerfunc();
 
 
-CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_slim(_item jsonb) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
-    SELECT strip_jsonb(_item - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[], collection_base_item(_item->>'collection')) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[];
-$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
-
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_dehydrate(content jsonb) RETURNS items AS $$
     SELECT
             content->>'id' as id,
@@ -67,10 +63,16 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_dehydrate(content jsonb) RETURNS items AS $$
             content->>'collection' as collection,
             stac_datetime(content) as datetime,
             stac_end_datetime(content) as end_datetime,
-            content_slim(content) as content,
+            strip_jsonb(
+                content - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[],
+                collection_base_item(content->>'collection')
+            ) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[] as content,
             null::jsonb as private
     ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL STABLE;
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_slim(_item jsonb) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
+    SELECT strip_jsonb(_item - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[], collection_base_item(_item->>'collection')) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[];
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION include_field(f text, fields jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb) RETURNS boolean AS $$
 DECLARE
diff --git a/src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql b/src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql
index a00f569e..5405343d 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql
@@ -504,7 +504,6 @@ $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SET transform_null_equals TO TRUE
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_hash(jsonb, jsonb) RETURNS text AS $$
     SELECT md5(concat(($1 - '{token,limit,context,includes,excludes}'::text[])::text,$2::text));
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
-DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS search_tohash(jsonb);
 
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS searches(
     hash text GENERATED ALWAYS AS (search_hash(search, metadata)) STORED PRIMARY KEY,
@@ -531,7 +530,8 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres(
 );
 
 CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres_partitions ON search_wheres USING GIN (partitions);
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres_where ON search_wheres ((md5(_where)));
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres_where ON search_wheres ((pgstac_hash(_where)));
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres_where_md5_compat ON search_wheres ((md5(_where)));
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION where_stats(
     inwhere text,
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ DECLARE
     explain_json jsonb;
     partitions text[];
     sw search_wheres%ROWTYPE;
-    inwhere_hash text := md5(inwhere);
+    inwhere_hash text := pgstac_hash(inwhere);
     _context text := lower(context(conf));
     _stats_ttl interval := context_stats_ttl(conf);
     _estimated_cost_threshold float := context_estimated_cost(conf);
@@ -567,9 +567,9 @@ BEGIN
     IF NOT ro THEN
         -- If there is a lock where another process is
         -- updating the stats, wait so that we don't end up calculating a bunch of times.
-        SELECT * INTO sw FROM search_wheres WHERE md5(_where)=inwhere_hash FOR UPDATE;
+        SELECT * INTO sw FROM search_wheres WHERE pgstac_hash(_where)=inwhere_hash FOR UPDATE;
     ELSE
-        SELECT * INTO sw FROM search_wheres WHERE md5(_where)=inwhere_hash;
+        SELECT * INTO sw FROM search_wheres WHERE pgstac_hash(_where)=inwhere_hash;
     END IF;
 
     -- If there is a cached row, figure out if we need to update
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ BEGIN
             UPDATE search_wheres SET
                 lastused = now(),
                 usecount = search_wheres.usecount + 1
-            WHERE md5(_where) = inwhere_hash
+            WHERE pgstac_hash(_where) = inwhere_hash
             RETURNING * INTO sw;
         END IF;
         RAISE DEBUG 'Returning cached counts. %', sw;
@@ -638,7 +638,7 @@ BEGIN
                 sw.time_to_estimate,
                 null,
                 null
-            ) ON CONFLICT ((md5(_where)))
+            ) ON CONFLICT ((pgstac_hash(_where)))
             DO UPDATE SET
                 lastused = EXCLUDED.lastused,
                 usecount = search_wheres.usecount + 1,
@@ -686,7 +686,7 @@ BEGIN
             sw.time_to_estimate,
             sw.total_count,
             sw.time_to_count
-        ) ON CONFLICT ((md5(_where)))
+        ) ON CONFLICT ((pgstac_hash(_where)))
         DO UPDATE SET
             lastused = EXCLUDED.lastused,
             usecount = search_wheres.usecount + 1,
diff --git a/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/001_core.sql b/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/001_core.sql
index ee8ecbbf..9ae836d7 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/001_core.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/001_core.sql
@@ -14,6 +14,18 @@ SELECT results_eq(
     'to_text_array returns text[] from jsonb array'
 );
 
+SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'pgstac_hash', ARRAY['text']);
+SELECT results_eq(
+    $$ SELECT pgstac_hash('abc') $$,
+    $$ SELECT 'ba7816bf8f01cfea414140de5dae2223b00361a396177a9cb410ff61f20015ad'::text $$,
+    'pgstac_hash returns the expected sha256 hex digest'
+);
+SELECT is(
+    pgstac_hash(NULL),
+    NULL,
+    'pgstac_hash is strict and returns NULL for NULL input'
+);
+
 SET pgstac.readonly to 'false';
 
 SELECT results_eq(
diff --git a/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/004_search.sql b/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/004_search.sql
index cbbc6678..c10090cd 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/004_search.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/004_search.sql
@@ -70,6 +70,15 @@ SELECT results_eq($$
 
 SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'search_query', ARRAY['jsonb','boolean','jsonb']);
 
+SELECT ok(
+    position('pgstac_hash' IN pg_get_indexdef('search_wheres_where'::regclass)) > 0,
+    'search_wheres unique index is keyed by pgstac_hash(_where)'
+);
+SELECT ok(
+    position('md5' IN pg_get_indexdef('search_wheres_where'::regclass)) = 0,
+    'search_wheres unique index no longer uses md5(_where)'
+);
+
 
 SELECT results_eq($$
     SELECT BTRIM(stac_search_to_where($q$

From 5982900b207ea782c144f7fcc00904a12d1f4b0c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 09:15:43 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 07/33] Update scripts/makemigration

Co-authored-by: Pete Gadomski <pete.gadomski@gmail.com>
---
 scripts/makemigration | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/scripts/makemigration b/scripts/makemigration
index d81528a0..d6a5a675 100755
--- a/scripts/makemigration
+++ b/scripts/makemigration
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Options:
   -f, --from VERSION      Source base version.
   -t, --to VERSION        Target base version.
   -o, --overwrite         Replace an existing migration file.
-    -d, --debug             Print the generated wrapped migration SQL after creation.
+  -d, --debug             Print the generated wrapped migration SQL after creation.
   --build-policy POLICY   One of: always, missing, never. Default: always.
   -h, --help              Show this help text.
 

From 85a299f9c0ccabeabb1228705552bf781d3a6d7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 09:15:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 08/33] Update .github/workflows/release.yml

Co-authored-by: Pete Gadomski <pete.gadomski@gmail.com>
---
 .github/workflows/release.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index df8b6d6a..6ac3221d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           python-version: "3.x"
       - name: Install build
-        working-directory: /home/runner/work/pgstac/pgstac/src/pgstac-migrate
+        working-directory: src/pgstac-migrate
         run: python -m pip install build
       - name: Build
         working-directory: /home/runner/work/pgstac/pgstac/src/pgstac-migrate

From 356bd1720ebd85885715d2bf06ec2f4d4d56e8e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 10:58:35 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 09/33] Complete PR1: pin pgpkg 0.1.1, regenerate migrations,
 fix test assertions

- Update pgstac-migrate pyproject.toml to require pgpkg>=0.1.1 (includes routine body-change detection)
- Regenerate migrations with pgpkg 0.1.1 which correctly includes search/search_query replacements
- Suppress unsafe DROP FUNCTION statements for routines that exist in target schema
- Fix PGTap test 116 to check column names in alphabetical order (migration adds columns at end)
- Update test plan count from 229 to 248 (tests added for GC, context_count, statslastupdated)
- Validate migration chain end-to-end with all tests passing
- All precommit hooks passing (migrations, pgtap, pypgstac)
---
 .github/instructions/scripts.instructions.md  |   1 +
 .gitignore                                    |   1 +
 AGENTS.md                                     |   9 +-
 CLAUDE.md                                     |  25 +-
 scripts/container-scripts/stageversion        |  22 +-
 src/pgstac-migrate/pyproject.toml             |   2 +-
 src/pgstac-migrate/uv.lock                    |   8 +-
 .../migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql | 747 +++++++++++++++++-
 src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql  | 436 ++++++----
 src/pgstac/pgstac.sql                         | 436 ++++++----
 src/pgstac/sql/001_core.sql                   |   4 +
 src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql                 | 424 ++++++----
 src/pgstac/sql/998_idempotent_post.sql        |  10 +-
 src/pgstac/tests/basic/cql_searches.sql.out   |   4 +-
 src/pgstac/tests/basic/xyz_searches.sql       |  16 +-
 src/pgstac/tests/basic/xyz_searches.sql.out   |  20 +-
 src/pgstac/tests/pgtap.sql                    |   2 +-
 src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/004_search.sql         | 136 +++-
 src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/9999_readonly.sql      |  13 +
 19 files changed, 1814 insertions(+), 502 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/instructions/scripts.instructions.md b/.github/instructions/scripts.instructions.md
index 40e7aa6f..536370c0 100644
--- a/.github/instructions/scripts.instructions.md
+++ b/.github/instructions/scripts.instructions.md
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ See CLAUDE.md "Development Workflow" for usage. All scripts require the Docker c
 - `runinpypgstac` uses the published-package path by default; set `PGPKG_LOCAL_REPO_DIR` to mount a local `pgpkg` checkout at `/pgpkg` when you need an override
 - `scripts/container-scripts/` contains the in-container script payload copied into the pypgstac image; keep host wrappers in `scripts/`
 - `stageversion` modifies version files AND generates migrations — see CLAUDE.md "Migration Process"
+- `stageversion` regenerates `*unreleased*` migrations each run; if you hand-edit incremental SQL, rebuild the baked artifact with `uv run --directory src/pgstac-migrate pgstac-migrate build-artifact` and avoid rerunning `stageversion` unless you intend to overwrite edits
 - `scripts/container-scripts/stageversion` and `scripts/container-scripts/makemigration` now shell through `pgpkg` inside the container rather than assembling/diffing SQL directly
 - Set `PGPKG_LOCAL_REPO_DIR` on the host when you need to force a local pgpkg checkout for `stageversion`, `makemigration`, or related container-script testing
 - Tagged releases run `.github/workflows/release.yml`, which publishes both `pypgstac` and `pgstac-migrate` to PyPI via the GitHub `pypi` environment; PyPI trusted publishers must exist for both projects
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index c646d853..e11da6f9 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -19,3 +19,4 @@ src/pgstacrust/target/
 src/pgstac-migrate/dist/
 src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/migrations.tar.zst
 src/pypgstac/uv.lock
+V0.10.0_RESTRUCTURE_PLAN.md
diff --git a/AGENTS.md b/AGENTS.md
index 73568f98..8e4ee00d 100644
--- a/AGENTS.md
+++ b/AGENTS.md
@@ -26,10 +26,11 @@ Migration specialist for PgSTAC. See CLAUDE.md "Migration Process" for full work
 2. `src/pgstac/pyproject.toml` is the `pgpkg` project config for the SQL + migrations tree
 3. `uv run --directory src/pgstac-migrate pgstac-migrate info|versions|plan` inspects the baked migration artifact during wrapper work
 4. `uv run --directory src/pypgstac pypgstac migrate -- --help` remains a backwards-compatible wrapper over `pgstac-migrate`; put new runtime migration behavior in `src/pgstac-migrate/`, not `src/pypgstac/`
-5. `scripts/stageversion VERSION` → generates canonical `pgstac--VERSION.sql` plus an incremental `.staged` migration; set `PGPKG_LOCAL_REPO_DIR` when `stageversion` or `makemigration` should run against a local pgpkg checkout. The Docker-backed flow mounts that override at `/pgpkg` and exports `PGPKG_REPO_DIR` to the container scripts.
-6. Review `.staged` file (watch for DROPs, unsafe ALTERs, missing `CREATE OR REPLACE`)
-7. Remove `.staged` suffix → `scripts/test --migrations`
-8. Tagged releases publish both `pypgstac` and `pgstac-migrate` to PyPI from `.github/workflows/release.yml`; keep the PyPI trusted publisher registration aligned with the `pypi` environment and workflow path
+5. `scripts/stageversion VERSION` regenerates canonical `pgstac--VERSION.sql` plus incremental `pgstac--FROM--TO.sql`; set `PGPKG_LOCAL_REPO_DIR` when `stageversion` or `makemigration` should run against a local pgpkg checkout. The Docker-backed flow mounts that override at `/pgpkg` and exports `PGPKG_REPO_DIR` to the container scripts.
+6. Review the generated incremental migration (watch for DROPs, unsafe ALTERs, missing `CREATE OR REPLACE`)
+7. If you hand-edit the incremental migration, rebuild the baked artifact: `uv run --directory src/pgstac-migrate pgstac-migrate build-artifact`
+8. Run `scripts/test --migrations` (or full `scripts/test` gate)
+9. Tagged releases publish both `pypgstac` and `pgstac-migrate` to PyPI from `.github/workflows/release.yml`; keep the PyPI trusted publisher registration aligned with the `pypi` environment and workflow path
 
 ### Review Checklist
 
diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
index 91181424..28a95792 100644
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -127,10 +127,12 @@ This runs inside Docker and:
 4. Appends `998_idempotent_post.sql` and `SELECT set_version(...)`
 5. Writes `migrations/pgstac--0.9.10--0.9.11.sql`
 
-**Important**: The generated migration is created with a `.staged` suffix. You MUST:
-1. Review the `.staged` file for correctness
-2. Remove the `.staged` suffix to enable it
-3. Run `scripts/test --migrations` to validate
+**Important**:
+1. `scripts/stageversion` regenerates `*unreleased*` migration files on each run.
+2. If you hand-edit an incremental migration, do not rerun `stageversion` unless you want those edits overwritten.
+3. After hand-editing an incremental migration, rebuild the baked artifact:
+	`uv run --directory src/pgstac-migrate pgstac-migrate build-artifact`
+4. Validate with `scripts/test --migrations` (or `scripts/test` for the full gate).
 
 ### Running Migrations
 
@@ -181,13 +183,14 @@ Tests create `pgstac_test_db_template` from `pgstac.sql`, then clone it per test
 ## Release Checklist
 
 1. `scripts/stageversion VERSION`
-2. Review `.staged` migration, remove suffix
-3. `scripts/test --migrations`
-4. Move CHANGELOG "Unreleased" → new version
-5. Copy updated `CHANGELOG.md` to `docs/src/release-notes.md` (keep identical)
-6. Create PR, merge
-7. `git tag vVERSION && git push origin vVERSION`
-8. CI publishes `pypgstac` and `pgstac-migrate` to PyPI plus the ghcr.io images (requires trusted publishers for both PyPI projects on `.github/workflows/release.yml` with the `pypi` environment)
+2. Review generated incremental migration for correctness
+3. If hand-edited, run `uv run --directory src/pgstac-migrate pgstac-migrate build-artifact`
+4. `scripts/test --migrations`
+5. Move CHANGELOG "Unreleased" → new version
+6. Copy updated `CHANGELOG.md` to `docs/src/release-notes.md` (keep identical)
+7. Create PR, merge
+8. `git tag vVERSION && git push origin vVERSION`
+9. CI publishes `pypgstac` and `pgstac-migrate` to PyPI plus the ghcr.io images (requires trusted publishers for both PyPI projects on `.github/workflows/release.yml` with the `pypi` environment)
 
 ## Common Patterns
 
diff --git a/scripts/container-scripts/stageversion b/scripts/container-scripts/stageversion
index 5295a96e..9bdfe46d 100755
--- a/scripts/container-scripts/stageversion
+++ b/scripts/container-scripts/stageversion
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
 SCRIPT_DIR=$( cd -- "$( dirname -- "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )" &> /dev/null && pwd )
 SRCDIR=${PGSTAC_REPO_DIR:-/opt/src}
 cd $SRCDIR
@@ -29,13 +31,23 @@ Usage: $(basename "$0") [version]
 Create a new base migration, update pypgstac version metadata, and generate the
 incremental migration via makemigration.
 
+Important workflow note:
+        This command regenerates *unreleased* migrations each time it runs.
+        If you hand-edit an incremental migration, do NOT rerun stageversion unless
+        you want those edits overwritten. After hand edits, rebuild the baked
+        artifact with:
+            uv run --directory src/pgstac-migrate pgstac-migrate build-artifact
+
 Environment:
     PGSTAC_VERSION   Default version when no positional version is provided.
     PGPKG_REPO_DIR   Optional local pgpkg checkout to use instead of the installed package.
 EOF
 }
 
-if [[ "$1" == "-h" || "$1" == "--help" ]]; then
+ARG1=${1:-}
+VERSION=""
+
+if [[ "$ARG1" == "-h" || "$ARG1" == "--help" ]]; then
         usage
         exit 0
 fi
@@ -45,8 +57,8 @@ fi
 find $MIGRATIONSDIR -name "*unreleased*" -exec rm {} \;
 
 # Get Version
-if [[ -n "$1" ]]; then
-    VERSION=$1
+if [[ -n "$ARG1" ]]; then
+    VERSION=$ARG1
 elif [[ -n "${PGSTAC_VERSION:-}" ]]; then
     VERSION=$PGSTAC_VERSION
 fi
@@ -89,3 +101,7 @@ EOD
 sed -i "s/^version[ ]*=[ ]*.*$/version = \"${PYVERSION}\"/" $PYPGSTACDIR/pyproject.toml
 
 makemigration -f $OLDVERSION -t $VERSION
+
+echo "Stageversion complete."
+echo "If you hand-edit the incremental migration, rebuild the baked artifact with:"
+echo "  uv run --directory src/pgstac-migrate pgstac-migrate build-artifact"
diff --git a/src/pgstac-migrate/pyproject.toml b/src/pgstac-migrate/pyproject.toml
index f507e8a9..7009a752 100644
--- a/src/pgstac-migrate/pyproject.toml
+++ b/src/pgstac-migrate/pyproject.toml
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ readme = "README.md"
 requires-python = ">=3.11"
 license = "MIT"
 dependencies = [
-    "pgpkg>=0.1,<0.2",
+    "pgpkg>=0.1.1,<0.2",
 ]
 
 [project.scripts]
diff --git a/src/pgstac-migrate/uv.lock b/src/pgstac-migrate/uv.lock
index c5ba4f2b..188ee865 100644
--- a/src/pgstac-migrate/uv.lock
+++ b/src/pgstac-migrate/uv.lock
@@ -13,16 +13,16 @@ wheels = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pgpkg"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "0.1.1"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
     { name = "packaging" },
     { name = "psycopg", extra = ["binary"] },
     { name = "zstandard" },
 ]
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/03/12/bd74a956815835a0a1d318f54deab5ebfc8d807178e99421f6232d806111/pgpkg-0.1.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:fecfea66c84c5976eb4058f3325e4d601a4a47378b1499f56ba413b7222b5838", size = 43573, upload-time = "2026-05-05T21:24:41.292Z" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/82/4c/c2557e77821fb7c53b327975d544ee7873042caaad8cf6a6f0416fdbd4cc/pgpkg-0.1.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:a3abf53a6b7e8c88774e0280a199bf752a4f0d17cb848c6d1119984c871b7ff9", size = 45678, upload-time = "2026-05-12T15:37:28.267Z" }
 wheels = [
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/aa/8f/7153e33850f68867b340c93cde3b17d3784dbf28880169383cc4b01cff95/pgpkg-0.1.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:1d68d2b2287bf68ee3c47012678eac4247bad79fcefbb9fc53cff1480d4f9d73", size = 30600, upload-time = "2026-05-05T21:24:39.768Z" },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/40/ce/2046b80e9a6e80088479f594b28c861d6ee68a515c109ff99343f4ec6d92/pgpkg-0.1.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:b8d2e6fc7a5118abc9529b37dba63ae4adc83e120650063e8563ef89f7c4e011", size = 31935, upload-time = "2026-05-12T15:37:26.899Z" },
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [package.metadata]
-requires-dist = [{ name = "pgpkg", specifier = ">=0.1,<0.2" }]
+requires-dist = [{ name = "pgpkg", specifier = ">=0.1.1,<0.2" }]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "psycopg"
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
index b52b0522..6630b88f 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
@@ -201,14 +201,103 @@ $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT;
   CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac_hash(data text) RETURNS text AS $$
     SELECT encode(sha256(convert_to(data, 'UTF8')), 'hex');
   $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE STRICT;
+
+drop function if exists "pgstac"."search_rows"(_where text, _orderby text, partitions text[], _limit integer);
+
+drop function if exists "pgstac"."where_stats"(inwhere text, updatestats boolean, conf jsonb);
+
+alter table "pgstac"."search_wheres" drop constraint "search_wheres_pkey";
+
+drop index if exists "pgstac"."search_wheres_partitions";
+
+drop index if exists "pgstac"."search_wheres_pkey";
+
 drop index if exists "pgstac"."search_wheres_where";
 
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX search_wheres_where_md5_compat ON pgstac.search_wheres USING btree (md5(_where));
+drop table "pgstac"."search_wheres";
+
+alter table "pgstac"."searches" add column "context_count" bigint;
+
+alter table "pgstac"."searches" add column "created_at" timestamp with time zone default now();
+
+alter table "pgstac"."searches" add column "name" text;
+
+alter table "pgstac"."searches" add column "pinned" boolean not null default false;
+
+alter table "pgstac"."searches" add column "statslastupdated" timestamp with time zone;
 
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX search_wheres_where ON pgstac.search_wheres USING btree (pgstac_hash(_where));
+alter table "pgstac"."searches" alter column "hash" drop expression;
+
+CREATE INDEX searches_lastused_anon_idx ON pgstac.searches USING btree (lastused) WHERE ((name IS NULL) AND (NOT pinned));
+
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX searches_name_key ON pgstac.searches USING btree (name);
+
+alter table "pgstac"."searches" add constraint "searches_name_key" UNIQUE using index "searches_name_key";
 
 set check_function_bodies = off;
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.gc_anonymous_searches(retention_interval interval DEFAULT NULL::interval, conf jsonb DEFAULT NULL::jsonb)
+ RETURNS bigint
+ LANGUAGE sql
+ SECURITY DEFINER
+AS $function$
+    WITH effective_retention AS (
+        SELECT COALESCE(
+            retention_interval,
+            search_gc_retention_interval(conf)
+        ) AS i
+    ),
+    deleted AS (
+        DELETE FROM searches
+        USING effective_retention
+        WHERE
+            name IS NULL
+            AND NOT pinned
+            AND lastused < now() - effective_retention.i
+        RETURNING 1
+    )
+    SELECT count(*)::bigint FROM deleted;
+$function$
+;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.gc_search_caches(retention_interval interval DEFAULT NULL::interval, conf jsonb DEFAULT NULL::jsonb)
+ RETURNS jsonb
+ LANGUAGE sql
+ SECURITY DEFINER
+AS $function$
+    SELECT jsonb_build_object(
+        'removed_searches',
+        gc_anonymous_searches(retention_interval, conf)
+    );
+$function$
+;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.name_search(_search jsonb, _name text, _metadata jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb)
+ RETURNS searches
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
+ SECURITY DEFINER
+AS $function$
+DECLARE
+    named searches%ROWTYPE;
+BEGIN
+    named := search_query(_search, false, _metadata);
+    UPDATE searches
+    SET
+        name = _name,
+        lastused = now(),
+        usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+    WHERE hash = named.hash
+    RETURNING * INTO named;
+
+    IF named IS NULL THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'Could not name search for input: %', _search;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN named;
+END;
+$function$
+;
+
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.pgstac_hash(data text)
  RETURNS text
  LANGUAGE sql
@@ -217,6 +306,650 @@ AS $function$
     SELECT encode(sha256(convert_to(data, 'UTF8')), 'hex');
   $function$
 ;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.pin_search(_name text)
+ RETURNS searches
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
+ SECURITY DEFINER
+AS $function$
+DECLARE
+    pinned_search searches%ROWTYPE;
+BEGIN
+    UPDATE searches
+    SET
+        pinned = true,
+        lastused = now(),
+        usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+    WHERE name = _name
+    RETURNING * INTO pinned_search;
+
+    IF pinned_search IS NULL THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'Named search % not found', _name;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN pinned_search;
+END;
+$function$
+;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.rename_search(_old_name text, _new_name text)
+ RETURNS searches
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
+ SECURITY DEFINER
+AS $function$
+DECLARE
+    renamed searches%ROWTYPE;
+BEGIN
+    -- Serialize rename-pair operations to avoid deadlocks on concurrent name swaps.
+    PERFORM pg_advisory_xact_lock(
+        hashtext(
+            least(_old_name, _new_name)
+            || '|'
+            || greatest(_old_name, _new_name)
+        )
+    );
+
+    UPDATE searches
+    SET
+        name = _new_name,
+        lastused = now(),
+        usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+    WHERE name = _old_name
+    RETURNING * INTO renamed;
+
+    IF renamed IS NULL THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'Named search % not found', _old_name;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN renamed;
+END;
+$function$
+;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.search_gc_retention_interval(conf jsonb DEFAULT NULL::jsonb)
+ RETURNS interval
+ LANGUAGE sql
+AS $function$
+    SELECT pgstac.get_setting('search_gc_retention_interval', conf)::interval;
+$function$
+;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.search_hash(_search jsonb, _metadata jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb)
+ RETURNS text
+ LANGUAGE sql
+ STABLE PARALLEL SAFE
+AS $function$
+    SELECT search_hash_from_where(
+        stac_search_to_where(_search),
+        _metadata
+    );
+$function$
+;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.search_hash_from_where(_where text, _metadata jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb)
+ RETURNS text
+ LANGUAGE sql
+ IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE
+AS $function$
+    SELECT pgstac_hash(
+        format(
+            '%s|%s',
+            _where,
+            coalesce(_metadata, '{}'::jsonb)::text
+        )
+    );
+$function$
+;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.search_rows(_where text DEFAULT 'TRUE'::text, _orderby text DEFAULT 'datetime DESC, id DESC'::text, _limit integer DEFAULT 10)
+ RETURNS SETOF items
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
+ SET search_path TO 'pgstac', 'public'
+AS $function$
+DECLARE
+    base_query text;
+    query text;
+    sdate timestamptz;
+    edate timestamptz;
+    n int;
+    records_left int := _limit;
+    timer timestamptz := clock_timestamp();
+    full_timer timestamptz := clock_timestamp();
+BEGIN
+IF _where IS NULL OR trim(_where) = '' THEN
+    _where = ' TRUE ';
+END IF;
+RAISE NOTICE 'Getting chunks for % %', _where, _orderby;
+
+base_query := $q$
+    SELECT * FROM items
+    WHERE
+    datetime >= %L AND datetime < %L
+    AND (%s)
+    ORDER BY %s
+    LIMIT %L
+$q$;
+
+IF _orderby ILIKE 'datetime d%' THEN
+    FOR sdate, edate IN SELECT * FROM chunker(_where) ORDER BY 1 DESC LOOP
+        RAISE NOTICE 'Running Query for % to %. %', sdate, edate, age_ms(full_timer);
+        query := format(
+            base_query,
+            sdate,
+            edate,
+            _where,
+            _orderby,
+            records_left
+        );
+        RAISE DEBUG 'QUERY: %', query;
+        timer := clock_timestamp();
+        RETURN QUERY EXECUTE query;
+
+        GET DIAGNOSTICS n = ROW_COUNT;
+        records_left := records_left - n;
+        RAISE NOTICE 'Returned %/% Rows From % to %. % to go. Time: %ms', n, _limit, sdate, edate, records_left, age_ms(timer);
+        timer := clock_timestamp();
+        IF records_left <= 0 THEN
+            RAISE NOTICE 'SEARCH_ROWS TOOK %ms', age_ms(full_timer);
+            RETURN;
+        END IF;
+    END LOOP;
+ELSIF _orderby ILIKE 'datetime a%' THEN
+    FOR sdate, edate IN SELECT * FROM chunker(_where) ORDER BY 1 ASC LOOP
+        RAISE NOTICE 'Running Query for % to %. %', sdate, edate, age_ms(full_timer);
+        query := format(
+            base_query,
+            sdate,
+            edate,
+            _where,
+            _orderby,
+            records_left
+        );
+        RAISE DEBUG 'QUERY: %', query;
+        timer := clock_timestamp();
+        RETURN QUERY EXECUTE query;
+
+        GET DIAGNOSTICS n = ROW_COUNT;
+        records_left := records_left - n;
+        RAISE NOTICE 'Returned %/% Rows From % to %. % to go. Time: %ms', n, _limit, sdate, edate, records_left, age_ms(timer);
+        timer := clock_timestamp();
+        IF records_left <= 0 THEN
+            RAISE NOTICE 'SEARCH_ROWS TOOK %ms', age_ms(full_timer);
+            RETURN;
+        END IF;
+    END LOOP;
+ELSE
+    query := format($q$
+        SELECT * FROM items
+        WHERE %s
+        ORDER BY %s
+        LIMIT %L
+    $q$, _where, _orderby, _limit
+    );
+    RAISE DEBUG 'QUERY: %', query;
+    timer := clock_timestamp();
+    RETURN QUERY EXECUTE query;
+    RAISE NOTICE 'FULL QUERY TOOK %ms', age_ms(timer);
+END IF;
+RAISE NOTICE 'SEARCH_ROWS TOOK %ms', age_ms(full_timer);
+RETURN;
+END;
+$function$
+;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.unname_search(_name text)
+ RETURNS searches
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
+ SECURITY DEFINER
+AS $function$
+DECLARE
+    unnamed searches%ROWTYPE;
+BEGIN
+    UPDATE searches
+    SET
+        name = NULL,
+        pinned = false,
+        lastused = now(),
+        usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+    WHERE name = _name
+    RETURNING * INTO unnamed;
+
+    IF unnamed IS NULL THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'Named search % not found', _name;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN unnamed;
+END;
+$function$
+;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.unpin_search(_name text)
+ RETURNS searches
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
+ SECURITY DEFINER
+AS $function$
+DECLARE
+    unpinned_search searches%ROWTYPE;
+BEGIN
+    UPDATE searches
+    SET
+        pinned = false,
+        lastused = now(),
+        usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+    WHERE name = _name
+    RETURNING * INTO unpinned_search;
+
+    IF unpinned_search IS NULL THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'Named search % not found', _name;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN unpinned_search;
+END;
+$function$
+;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.where_stats(inhash text, inwhere text, updatestats boolean DEFAULT false, conf jsonb DEFAULT NULL::jsonb)
+ RETURNS searches
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
+ SECURITY DEFINER
+AS $function$
+DECLARE
+    t timestamptz;
+    i interval;
+    explain_json jsonb;
+    sw searches%ROWTYPE;
+    sw_statslastupdated timestamptz;
+    sw_estimated_count bigint;
+    sw_estimated_cost float;
+    _context text := lower(context(conf));
+    _stats_ttl interval := context_stats_ttl(conf);
+    _estimated_cost_threshold float := context_estimated_cost(conf);
+    _estimated_count_threshold int := context_estimated_count(conf);
+    ro bool := pgstac.readonly(conf);
+BEGIN
+    -- If updatestats is true then set ttl to 0
+    IF updatestats THEN
+        RAISE DEBUG 'Updatestats set to TRUE, setting TTL to 0';
+        _stats_ttl := '0'::interval;
+    END IF;
+
+    -- If we don't need to calculate context, just return
+    IF _context = 'off' THEN
+        RETURN sw;
+    END IF;
+
+    -- Read current stats state without holding row locks during expensive
+    -- estimate/count operations.
+    SELECT * INTO sw FROM searches WHERE hash = inhash;
+
+    IF sw IS NULL THEN
+        -- In read-only mode, searches may not be persisted. Continue with
+        -- non-persistent estimate/count calculation so context can still be
+        -- returned to callers.
+        sw.hash := inhash;
+        sw._where := inwhere;
+        sw_statslastupdated := NULL;
+    ELSE
+        sw_statslastupdated := sw.statslastupdated;
+    END IF;
+
+    -- If there is a cached row, figure out if we need to update
+    IF
+        sw IS NOT NULL
+        AND sw.statslastupdated IS NOT NULL
+        AND sw.context_count IS NOT NULL
+        AND now() - sw.statslastupdated <= _stats_ttl
+    THEN
+        -- We have a cached row with data that is within our ttl.
+        RAISE DEBUG 'Stats present in table and lastupdated within ttl: %', sw;
+        RAISE DEBUG 'Returning cached counts. %', sw;
+        RETURN sw;
+    END IF;
+
+    -- Calculate estimated cost and rows
+    -- Use explain to get estimated count/cost
+    RAISE DEBUG 'Calculating estimated stats';
+    t := clock_timestamp();
+    EXECUTE format('EXPLAIN (format json) SELECT 1 FROM items WHERE %s', inwhere)
+        INTO explain_json;
+    RAISE DEBUG 'Time for just the explain: %', clock_timestamp() - t;
+    i := clock_timestamp() - t;
+
+    sw_estimated_count := (explain_json->0->'Plan'->>'Plan Rows')::bigint;
+    sw_estimated_cost := (explain_json->0->'Plan'->>'Total Cost')::float;
+
+    RAISE DEBUG 'ESTIMATED_COUNT: %, THRESHOLD %', sw_estimated_count, _estimated_count_threshold;
+    RAISE DEBUG 'ESTIMATED_COST: %, THRESHOLD %', sw_estimated_cost, _estimated_cost_threshold;
+
+    -- If context is set to auto and the costs are within the threshold return the estimated costs
+    IF
+        _context = 'auto'
+        AND sw_estimated_count >= _estimated_count_threshold
+        AND sw_estimated_cost >= _estimated_cost_threshold
+    THEN
+        sw.context_count := sw_estimated_count;
+        IF NOT ro THEN
+            UPDATE searches SET
+                statslastupdated = now(),
+                context_count = sw.context_count
+            WHERE
+                hash = inhash
+                AND statslastupdated IS NOT DISTINCT FROM sw_statslastupdated
+            RETURNING * INTO sw;
+
+            IF sw IS NULL THEN
+                SELECT * INTO sw FROM searches WHERE hash = inhash;
+            END IF;
+        END IF;
+        RAISE DEBUG 'Estimates are within thresholds, returning estimates. %', sw;
+        RETURN sw;
+    END IF;
+
+    -- Calculate Actual Count
+    t := clock_timestamp();
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Calculating actual count...';
+    EXECUTE format(
+        'SELECT count(*) FROM items WHERE %s',
+        inwhere
+    ) INTO sw.context_count;
+    i := clock_timestamp() - t;
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Actual Count: % -- %', sw.context_count, i;
+
+    IF NOT ro THEN
+        UPDATE searches SET
+            statslastupdated = now(),
+            context_count = sw.context_count
+        WHERE
+            hash = inhash
+            AND statslastupdated IS NOT DISTINCT FROM sw_statslastupdated
+        RETURNING * INTO sw;
+
+        IF sw IS NULL THEN
+            SELECT * INTO sw FROM searches WHERE hash = inhash;
+        END IF;
+    END IF;
+    RAISE DEBUG 'Returning with actual count. %', sw;
+    RETURN sw;
+END;
+$function$
+;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.content_dehydrate(content jsonb)
+ RETURNS items
+ LANGUAGE sql
+ STABLE
+AS $function$
+    SELECT
+            content->>'id' as id,
+            stac_geom(content) as geometry,
+            content->>'collection' as collection,
+            stac_datetime(content) as datetime,
+            stac_end_datetime(content) as end_datetime,
+            strip_jsonb(
+                content - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[],
+                collection_base_item(content->>'collection')
+            ) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[] as content,
+            null::jsonb as private
+    ;
+$function$
+;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.search(_search jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb)
+ RETURNS jsonb
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
+AS $function$
+DECLARE
+    searches searches%ROWTYPE;
+    _where text;
+    orderby text;
+    search_where searches%ROWTYPE;
+    total_count bigint;
+    token record;
+    token_prev boolean;
+    token_item items%ROWTYPE;
+    token_where text;
+    full_where text;
+    init_ts timestamptz := clock_timestamp();
+    timer timestamptz := clock_timestamp();
+    hydrate bool := NOT (_search->'conf'->>'nohydrate' IS NOT NULL AND (_search->'conf'->>'nohydrate')::boolean = true);
+    prev text;
+    next text;
+    context jsonb;
+    collection jsonb;
+    out_records jsonb;
+    out_len int;
+    _limit int := coalesce((_search->>'limit')::int, 10);
+    _querylimit int;
+    _fields jsonb := coalesce(_search->'fields', '{}'::jsonb);
+    has_prev boolean := FALSE;
+    has_next boolean := FALSE;
+    links jsonb := '[]'::jsonb;
+    base_url text:= concat(rtrim(base_url(_search->'conf'),'/'));
+BEGIN
+    searches := search_query(_search);
+    _where := searches._where;
+    orderby := searches.orderby;
+    search_where := where_stats(searches.hash, _where, false, _search->'conf');
+    total_count := search_where.context_count;
+    RAISE NOTICE 'SEARCH:TOKEN: %', _search->>'token';
+    token := get_token_record(_search->>'token');
+    RAISE NOTICE '***TOKEN: %', token;
+    _querylimit := _limit + 1;
+    IF token IS NOT NULL THEN
+        token_prev := token.prev;
+        token_item := token.item;
+        token_where := get_token_filter(_search->'sortby', token_item, token_prev, FALSE);
+        RAISE DEBUG 'TOKEN_WHERE: % (%ms from search start)', token_where, age_ms(timer);
+        IF token_prev THEN -- if we are using a prev token, we know has_next is true
+            RAISE DEBUG 'There is a previous token, so automatically setting has_next to true';
+            has_next := TRUE;
+            orderby := sort_sqlorderby(_search, TRUE);
+        ELSE
+            RAISE DEBUG 'There is a next token, so automatically setting has_prev to true';
+            has_prev := TRUE;
+
+        END IF;
+    ELSE -- if there was no token, we know there is no prev
+        RAISE DEBUG 'There is no token, so we know there is no prev. setting has_prev to false';
+        has_prev := FALSE;
+    END IF;
+
+    full_where := concat_ws(' AND ', _where, token_where);
+    RAISE NOTICE 'FULL WHERE CLAUSE: %', full_where;
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Time to get counts and build query %', age_ms(timer);
+    timer := clock_timestamp();
+
+    IF hydrate THEN
+        RAISE NOTICE 'Getting hydrated data.';
+    ELSE
+        RAISE NOTICE 'Getting non-hydrated data.';
+    END IF;
+    RAISE NOTICE 'CACHE SET TO %', get_setting_bool('format_cache');
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Time to set hydration/formatting %', age_ms(timer);
+    timer := clock_timestamp();
+    SELECT jsonb_agg(format_item(i, _fields, hydrate)) INTO out_records
+    FROM search_rows(
+        full_where,
+        orderby,
+        _querylimit
+    ) as i;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Time to fetch rows %', age_ms(timer);
+    timer := clock_timestamp();
+
+
+    IF token_prev THEN
+        out_records := flip_jsonb_array(out_records);
+    END IF;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Query returned % records.', jsonb_array_length(out_records);
+    RAISE DEBUG 'TOKEN:   % %', token_item.id, token_item.collection;
+    RAISE DEBUG 'RECORD_1: % %', out_records->0->>'id', out_records->0->>'collection';
+    RAISE DEBUG 'RECORD-1: % %', out_records->-1->>'id', out_records->-1->>'collection';
+
+    -- REMOVE records that were from our token
+    IF out_records->0->>'id' = token_item.id AND out_records->0->>'collection' = token_item.collection THEN
+        out_records := out_records - 0;
+    ELSIF out_records->-1->>'id' = token_item.id AND out_records->-1->>'collection' = token_item.collection THEN
+        out_records := out_records - -1;
+    END IF;
+
+    out_len := jsonb_array_length(out_records);
+
+    IF out_len = _limit + 1 THEN
+        IF token_prev THEN
+            has_prev := TRUE;
+            out_records := out_records - 0;
+        ELSE
+            has_next := TRUE;
+            out_records := out_records - -1;
+        END IF;
+    END IF;
+
+
+    links := links || jsonb_build_object(
+        'rel', 'root',
+        'type', 'application/json',
+        'href', base_url
+    ) || jsonb_build_object(
+        'rel', 'self',
+        'type', 'application/json',
+        'href', concat(base_url, '/search')
+    );
+
+    IF has_next THEN
+        next := concat(out_records->-1->>'collection', ':', out_records->-1->>'id');
+        RAISE NOTICE 'HAS NEXT | %', next;
+        links := links || jsonb_build_object(
+            'rel', 'next',
+            'type', 'application/geo+json',
+            'method', 'GET',
+            'href', concat(base_url, '/search?token=next:', next)
+        );
+    END IF;
+
+    IF has_prev THEN
+        prev := concat(out_records->0->>'collection', ':', out_records->0->>'id');
+        RAISE NOTICE 'HAS PREV | %', prev;
+        links := links || jsonb_build_object(
+            'rel', 'prev',
+            'type', 'application/geo+json',
+            'method', 'GET',
+            'href', concat(base_url, '/search?token=prev:', prev)
+        );
+    END IF;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Time to get prev/next %', age_ms(timer);
+    timer := clock_timestamp();
+
+
+    collection := jsonb_build_object(
+        'type', 'FeatureCollection',
+        'features', coalesce(out_records, '[]'::jsonb),
+        'links', links
+    );
+
+
+
+    IF context(_search->'conf') != 'off' THEN
+        collection := collection || jsonb_strip_nulls(jsonb_build_object(
+            'numberMatched', total_count,
+            'numberReturned', coalesce(jsonb_array_length(out_records), 0)
+        ));
+    ELSE
+        collection := collection || jsonb_strip_nulls(jsonb_build_object(
+            'numberReturned', coalesce(jsonb_array_length(out_records), 0)
+        ));
+    END IF;
+
+    IF get_setting_bool('timing', _search->'conf') THEN
+        collection = collection || jsonb_build_object('timing', age_ms(init_ts));
+    END IF;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Time to build final json %', age_ms(timer);
+    timer := clock_timestamp();
+
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Total Time: %', age_ms(current_timestamp);
+    RAISE NOTICE 'RETURNING % records. NEXT: %. PREV: %', collection->>'numberReturned', collection->>'next', collection->>'prev';
+    RETURN collection;
+END;
+$function$
+;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.search_fromhash(_hash text)
+ RETURNS searches
+ LANGUAGE sql
+ STRICT
+AS $function$
+    SELECT * FROM searches WHERE hash = _hash LIMIT 1;
+$function$
+;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.search_query(_search jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb, updatestats boolean DEFAULT false, _metadata jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb)
+ RETURNS searches
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
+ SECURITY DEFINER
+AS $function$
+DECLARE
+    search searches%ROWTYPE;
+    cached_search searches%ROWTYPE;
+    ro boolean := pgstac.readonly();
+BEGIN
+    RAISE NOTICE 'SEARCH: %', _search;
+    -- Calculate hash, where clause, and order by statement
+    search.search := _search;
+    search.metadata := _metadata;
+    search._where := stac_search_to_where(_search);
+    search.hash := search_hash_from_where(search._where, search.metadata);
+    search.orderby := sort_sqlorderby(_search);
+    search.lastused := now();
+    search.usecount := 1;
+
+    -- If we are in read only mode, directly return search
+    IF ro THEN
+        RETURN search;
+    END IF;
+
+    -- Cache bookkeeping is best-effort and non-blocking. We always return
+    -- canonical hash + where, even if cache touch cannot be acquired quickly.
+    UPDATE searches
+    SET
+        lastused = now(),
+        usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+    WHERE ctid = (
+        SELECT ctid
+        FROM searches
+        WHERE hash = search.hash
+        FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED
+        LIMIT 1
+    )
+    RETURNING * INTO cached_search;
+
+    IF cached_search IS NULL THEN
+        IF pg_try_advisory_xact_lock(hashtext(search.hash)) THEN
+            INSERT INTO searches (hash, search, _where, orderby, lastused, usecount, metadata)
+                VALUES (search.hash, search.search, search._where, search.orderby, now(), 1, search.metadata)
+                ON CONFLICT (hash) DO UPDATE SET
+                    lastused = EXCLUDED.lastused,
+                    usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+                RETURNING * INTO cached_search;
+        END IF;
+
+        IF cached_search IS NULL THEN
+            SELECT * INTO cached_search FROM searches WHERE hash = search.hash;
+        END IF;
+    END IF;
+
+    IF cached_search IS NOT NULL THEN
+        cached_search._where = search._where;
+        cached_search.orderby = search.orderby;
+        RETURN cached_search;
+    END IF;
+    RETURN search;
+
+END;
+$function$
+;
 DO $$
   BEGIN
     INSERT INTO queryables (name, definition, property_wrapper, property_index_type) VALUES
@@ -253,6 +986,7 @@ INSERT INTO pgstac_settings (name, value) VALUES
   ('context_estimated_count', '100000'),
   ('context_estimated_cost', '100000'),
   ('context_stats_ttl', '1 day'),
+  ('search_gc_retention_interval', '7 days'),
   ('default_filter_lang', 'cql2-json'),
   ('additional_properties', 'true'),
   ('use_queue', 'false'),
@@ -312,8 +1046,15 @@ ALTER FUNCTION drop_table_constraints SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION create_table_constraints SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION check_partition SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION repartition SECURITY DEFINER;
-ALTER FUNCTION where_stats SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION where_stats(text, text, boolean, jsonb) SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION search_query SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION name_search SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION rename_search SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION unname_search SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION pin_search SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION unpin_search SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION gc_anonymous_searches(interval, jsonb) SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION gc_search_caches(interval, jsonb) SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION format_item SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION maintain_index SECURITY DEFINER;
 
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
index ed9826ab..4aac2e71 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
@@ -286,6 +286,10 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION context_stats_ttl(conf jsonb DEFAULT NULL) RETURNS in
   SELECT pgstac.get_setting('context_stats_ttl', conf)::interval;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL;
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_gc_retention_interval(conf jsonb DEFAULT NULL) RETURNS interval AS $$
+    SELECT pgstac.get_setting('search_gc_retention_interval', conf)::interval;
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL;
+
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION t2s(text) RETURNS text AS $$
     SELECT extract(epoch FROM $1::interval)::text || ' s';
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE STRICT;
@@ -3527,50 +3531,70 @@ BEGIN
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SET transform_null_equals TO TRUE
 ;
 
-CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_hash(jsonb, jsonb) RETURNS text AS $$
-    SELECT md5(concat(($1 - '{token,limit,context,includes,excludes}'::text[])::text,$2::text));
+-- ============================================================================
+-- Search Hashing
+-- ============================================================================
+
+-- Central hash helper: one canonical where-clause + metadata payload to hash.
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_hash_from_where(_where text, _metadata jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb) RETURNS text AS $$
+    SELECT pgstac_hash(
+        format(
+            '%s|%s',
+            _where,
+            coalesce(_metadata, '{}'::jsonb)::text
+        )
+    );
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_hash(_search jsonb, _metadata jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb) RETURNS text AS $$
+    SELECT search_hash_from_where(
+        stac_search_to_where(_search),
+        _metadata
+    );
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL STABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+-- ============================================================================
+-- Search Cache Table
+-- ============================================================================
+
+-- Search lifecycle and context cache now live on searches; search_wheres is retired.
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS searches(
-    hash text GENERATED ALWAYS AS (search_hash(search, metadata)) STORED PRIMARY KEY,
+    hash text PRIMARY KEY,
+    name text UNIQUE,
     search jsonb NOT NULL,
     _where text,
     orderby text,
     lastused timestamptz DEFAULT now(),
     usecount bigint DEFAULT 0,
-    metadata jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb NOT NULL
-);
-
-CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres(
-    id bigint generated always as identity primary key,
-    _where text NOT NULL,
-    lastused timestamptz DEFAULT now(),
-    usecount bigint DEFAULT 0,
+    metadata jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb NOT NULL,
+    pinned boolean NOT NULL DEFAULT false,
+    created_at timestamptz DEFAULT now(),
     statslastupdated timestamptz,
-    estimated_count bigint,
-    estimated_cost float,
-    time_to_estimate float,
-    total_count bigint,
-    time_to_count float,
-    partitions text[]
+    context_count bigint
 );
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS searches_lastused_anon_idx
+    ON searches (lastused) WHERE name IS NULL AND NOT pinned;
 
-CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres_partitions ON search_wheres USING GIN (partitions);
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres_where ON search_wheres ((pgstac_hash(_where)));
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres_where_md5_compat ON search_wheres ((md5(_where)));
+DROP TABLE IF EXISTS search_wheres;
+
+-- ============================================================================
+-- Context Stats (estimate/count/TTL)
+-- ============================================================================
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION where_stats(
+    inhash text,
     inwhere text,
     updatestats boolean default false,
     conf jsonb default null
-) RETURNS search_wheres AS $$
+) RETURNS searches AS $$
 DECLARE
     t timestamptz;
     i interval;
     explain_json jsonb;
-    partitions text[];
-    sw search_wheres%ROWTYPE;
-    inwhere_hash text := pgstac_hash(inwhere);
+    sw searches%ROWTYPE;
+    sw_statslastupdated timestamptz;
+    sw_estimated_count bigint;
+    sw_estimated_cost float;
     _context text := lower(context(conf));
     _stats_ttl interval := context_stats_ttl(conf);
     _estimated_cost_threshold float := context_estimated_cost(conf);
@@ -3585,96 +3609,71 @@ BEGIN
 
     -- If we don't need to calculate context, just return
     IF _context = 'off' THEN
-        sw._where = inwhere;
         RETURN sw;
     END IF;
 
-    -- Get any stats that we have.
-    IF NOT ro THEN
-        -- If there is a lock where another process is
-        -- updating the stats, wait so that we don't end up calculating a bunch of times.
-        SELECT * INTO sw FROM search_wheres WHERE pgstac_hash(_where)=inwhere_hash FOR UPDATE;
+    -- Read current stats state without holding row locks during expensive
+    -- estimate/count operations.
+    SELECT * INTO sw FROM searches WHERE hash = inhash;
+
+    IF sw IS NULL THEN
+        -- In read-only mode, searches may not be persisted. Continue with
+        -- non-persistent estimate/count calculation so context can still be
+        -- returned to callers.
+        sw.hash := inhash;
+        sw._where := inwhere;
+        sw_statslastupdated := NULL;
     ELSE
-        SELECT * INTO sw FROM search_wheres WHERE pgstac_hash(_where)=inwhere_hash;
+        sw_statslastupdated := sw.statslastupdated;
     END IF;
 
     -- If there is a cached row, figure out if we need to update
     IF
         sw IS NOT NULL
         AND sw.statslastupdated IS NOT NULL
-        AND sw.total_count IS NOT NULL
+        AND sw.context_count IS NOT NULL
         AND now() - sw.statslastupdated <= _stats_ttl
     THEN
-        -- we have a cached row with data that is within our ttl
+        -- We have a cached row with data that is within our ttl.
         RAISE DEBUG 'Stats present in table and lastupdated within ttl: %', sw;
-        IF NOT ro THEN
-            RAISE DEBUG 'Updating search_wheres only bumping lastused and usecount';
-            UPDATE search_wheres SET
-                lastused = now(),
-                usecount = search_wheres.usecount + 1
-            WHERE pgstac_hash(_where) = inwhere_hash
-            RETURNING * INTO sw;
-        END IF;
         RAISE DEBUG 'Returning cached counts. %', sw;
         RETURN sw;
     END IF;
 
     -- Calculate estimated cost and rows
     -- Use explain to get estimated count/cost
-    IF sw.estimated_count IS NULL OR sw.estimated_cost IS NULL THEN
-        RAISE DEBUG 'Calculating estimated stats';
-        t := clock_timestamp();
-        EXECUTE format('EXPLAIN (format json) SELECT 1 FROM items WHERE %s', inwhere)
-            INTO explain_json;
-        RAISE DEBUG 'Time for just the explain: %', clock_timestamp() - t;
-        i := clock_timestamp() - t;
+    RAISE DEBUG 'Calculating estimated stats';
+    t := clock_timestamp();
+    EXECUTE format('EXPLAIN (format json) SELECT 1 FROM items WHERE %s', inwhere)
+        INTO explain_json;
+    RAISE DEBUG 'Time for just the explain: %', clock_timestamp() - t;
+    i := clock_timestamp() - t;
 
-        sw.estimated_count := explain_json->0->'Plan'->'Plan Rows';
-        sw.estimated_cost := explain_json->0->'Plan'->'Total Cost';
-        sw.time_to_estimate := extract(epoch from i);
-    END IF;
+    sw_estimated_count := (explain_json->0->'Plan'->>'Plan Rows')::bigint;
+    sw_estimated_cost := (explain_json->0->'Plan'->>'Total Cost')::float;
 
-    RAISE DEBUG 'ESTIMATED_COUNT: %, THRESHOLD %', sw.estimated_count, _estimated_count_threshold;
-    RAISE DEBUG 'ESTIMATED_COST: %, THRESHOLD %', sw.estimated_cost, _estimated_cost_threshold;
+    RAISE DEBUG 'ESTIMATED_COUNT: %, THRESHOLD %', sw_estimated_count, _estimated_count_threshold;
+    RAISE DEBUG 'ESTIMATED_COST: %, THRESHOLD %', sw_estimated_cost, _estimated_cost_threshold;
 
     -- If context is set to auto and the costs are within the threshold return the estimated costs
     IF
         _context = 'auto'
-        AND sw.estimated_count >= _estimated_count_threshold
-        AND sw.estimated_cost >= _estimated_cost_threshold
+        AND sw_estimated_count >= _estimated_count_threshold
+        AND sw_estimated_cost >= _estimated_cost_threshold
     THEN
+        sw.context_count := sw_estimated_count;
         IF NOT ro THEN
-            INSERT INTO search_wheres (
-                _where,
-                lastused,
-                usecount,
-                statslastupdated,
-                estimated_count,
-                estimated_cost,
-                time_to_estimate,
-                total_count,
-                time_to_count
-            ) VALUES (
-                inwhere,
-                now(),
-                1,
-                now(),
-                sw.estimated_count,
-                sw.estimated_cost,
-                sw.time_to_estimate,
-                null,
-                null
-            ) ON CONFLICT ((pgstac_hash(_where)))
-            DO UPDATE SET
-                lastused = EXCLUDED.lastused,
-                usecount = search_wheres.usecount + 1,
-                statslastupdated = EXCLUDED.statslastupdated,
-                estimated_count = EXCLUDED.estimated_count,
-                estimated_cost = EXCLUDED.estimated_cost,
-                time_to_estimate = EXCLUDED.time_to_estimate,
-                total_count = EXCLUDED.total_count,
-                time_to_count = EXCLUDED.time_to_count
+            UPDATE searches SET
+                statslastupdated = now(),
+                context_count = sw.context_count
+            WHERE
+                hash = inhash
+                AND statslastupdated IS NOT DISTINCT FROM sw_statslastupdated
             RETURNING * INTO sw;
+
+            IF sw IS NULL THEN
+                SELECT * INTO sw FROM searches WHERE hash = inhash;
+            END IF;
         END IF;
         RAISE DEBUG 'Estimates are within thresholds, returning estimates. %', sw;
         RETURN sw;
@@ -3686,43 +3685,22 @@ BEGIN
     EXECUTE format(
         'SELECT count(*) FROM items WHERE %s',
         inwhere
-    ) INTO sw.total_count;
+    ) INTO sw.context_count;
     i := clock_timestamp() - t;
-    RAISE NOTICE 'Actual Count: % -- %', sw.total_count, i;
-    sw.time_to_count := extract(epoch FROM i);
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Actual Count: % -- %', sw.context_count, i;
 
     IF NOT ro THEN
-        INSERT INTO search_wheres (
-            _where,
-            lastused,
-            usecount,
-            statslastupdated,
-            estimated_count,
-            estimated_cost,
-            time_to_estimate,
-            total_count,
-            time_to_count
-        ) VALUES (
-            inwhere,
-            now(),
-            1,
-            now(),
-            sw.estimated_count,
-            sw.estimated_cost,
-            sw.time_to_estimate,
-            sw.total_count,
-            sw.time_to_count
-        ) ON CONFLICT ((pgstac_hash(_where)))
-        DO UPDATE SET
-            lastused = EXCLUDED.lastused,
-            usecount = search_wheres.usecount + 1,
-            statslastupdated = EXCLUDED.statslastupdated,
-            estimated_count = EXCLUDED.estimated_count,
-            estimated_cost = EXCLUDED.estimated_cost,
-            time_to_estimate = EXCLUDED.time_to_estimate,
-            total_count = EXCLUDED.total_count,
-            time_to_count = EXCLUDED.time_to_count
+        UPDATE searches SET
+            statslastupdated = now(),
+            context_count = sw.context_count
+        WHERE
+            hash = inhash
+            AND statslastupdated IS NOT DISTINCT FROM sw_statslastupdated
         RETURNING * INTO sw;
+
+        IF sw IS NULL THEN
+            SELECT * INTO sw FROM searches WHERE hash = inhash;
+        END IF;
     END IF;
     RAISE DEBUG 'Returning with actual count. %', sw;
     RETURN sw;
@@ -3730,6 +3708,12 @@ END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
 
 
+-- ============================================================================
+-- Search Cache Lifecycle (create, name, pin, GC)
+-- ============================================================================
+
+DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS search_query(jsonb, boolean, jsonb);
+
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_query(
     _search jsonb = '{}'::jsonb,
     updatestats boolean = false,
@@ -3738,20 +3722,14 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_query(
 DECLARE
     search searches%ROWTYPE;
     cached_search searches%ROWTYPE;
-    pexplain jsonb;
-    t timestamptz;
-    i interval;
-    doupdate boolean := FALSE;
-    insertfound boolean := FALSE;
     ro boolean := pgstac.readonly();
-    found_search text;
 BEGIN
     RAISE NOTICE 'SEARCH: %', _search;
     -- Calculate hash, where clause, and order by statement
     search.search := _search;
     search.metadata := _metadata;
-    search.hash := search_hash(_search, _metadata);
     search._where := stac_search_to_where(_search);
+    search.hash := search_hash_from_where(search._where, search.metadata);
     search.orderby := sort_sqlorderby(_search);
     search.lastused := now();
     search.usecount := 1;
@@ -3761,24 +3739,34 @@ BEGIN
         RETURN search;
     END IF;
 
-    RAISE NOTICE 'Updating Statistics for search: %s', search;
-    -- Update statistics for times used and and when last used
-    -- If the entry is locked, rather than waiting, skip updating the stats
-    INSERT INTO searches (search, lastused, usecount, metadata)
-        VALUES (search.search, now(), 1, search.metadata)
-        ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING
-        RETURNING * INTO cached_search
-    ;
+    -- Cache bookkeeping is best-effort and non-blocking. We always return
+    -- canonical hash + where, even if cache touch cannot be acquired quickly.
+    UPDATE searches
+    SET
+        lastused = now(),
+        usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+    WHERE ctid = (
+        SELECT ctid
+        FROM searches
+        WHERE hash = search.hash
+        FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED
+        LIMIT 1
+    )
+    RETURNING * INTO cached_search;
+
+    IF cached_search IS NULL THEN
+        IF pg_try_advisory_xact_lock(hashtext(search.hash)) THEN
+            INSERT INTO searches (hash, search, _where, orderby, lastused, usecount, metadata)
+                VALUES (search.hash, search.search, search._where, search.orderby, now(), 1, search.metadata)
+                ON CONFLICT (hash) DO UPDATE SET
+                    lastused = EXCLUDED.lastused,
+                    usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+                RETURNING * INTO cached_search;
+        END IF;
 
-    IF NOT FOUND OR cached_search IS NULL THEN
-        UPDATE searches SET
-            lastused = now(),
-            usecount = searches.usecount + 1
-        WHERE hash = (
-            SELECT hash FROM searches WHERE hash=search.hash FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED
-        )
-        RETURNING * INTO cached_search
-        ;
+        IF cached_search IS NULL THEN
+            SELECT * INTO cached_search FROM searches WHERE hash = search.hash;
+        END IF;
     END IF;
 
     IF cached_search IS NOT NULL THEN
@@ -3794,13 +3782,153 @@ $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_fromhash(
     _hash text
 ) RETURNS searches AS $$
-    SELECT * FROM search_query((SELECT search FROM searches WHERE hash=_hash LIMIT 1));
+    SELECT * FROM searches WHERE hash = _hash LIMIT 1;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL STRICT;
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION name_search(
+    _search jsonb,
+    _name text,
+    _metadata jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb
+) RETURNS searches AS $$
+DECLARE
+    named searches%ROWTYPE;
+BEGIN
+    named := search_query(_search, false, _metadata);
+    UPDATE searches
+    SET
+        name = _name,
+        lastused = now(),
+        usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+    WHERE hash = named.hash
+    RETURNING * INTO named;
+
+    IF named IS NULL THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'Could not name search for input: %', _search;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN named;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION rename_search(_old_name text, _new_name text) RETURNS searches AS $$
+DECLARE
+    renamed searches%ROWTYPE;
+BEGIN
+    -- Serialize rename-pair operations to avoid deadlocks on concurrent name swaps.
+    PERFORM pg_advisory_xact_lock(
+        hashtext(
+            least(_old_name, _new_name)
+            || '|'
+            || greatest(_old_name, _new_name)
+        )
+    );
+
+    UPDATE searches
+    SET
+        name = _new_name,
+        lastused = now(),
+        usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+    WHERE name = _old_name
+    RETURNING * INTO renamed;
+
+    IF renamed IS NULL THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'Named search % not found', _old_name;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN renamed;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION unname_search(_name text) RETURNS searches AS $$
+DECLARE
+    unnamed searches%ROWTYPE;
+BEGIN
+    UPDATE searches
+    SET
+        name = NULL,
+        pinned = false,
+        lastused = now(),
+        usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+    WHERE name = _name
+    RETURNING * INTO unnamed;
+
+    IF unnamed IS NULL THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'Named search % not found', _name;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN unnamed;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pin_search(_name text) RETURNS searches AS $$
+DECLARE
+    pinned_search searches%ROWTYPE;
+BEGIN
+    UPDATE searches
+    SET
+        pinned = true,
+        lastused = now(),
+        usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+    WHERE name = _name
+    RETURNING * INTO pinned_search;
+
+    IF pinned_search IS NULL THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'Named search % not found', _name;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN pinned_search;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION unpin_search(_name text) RETURNS searches AS $$
+DECLARE
+    unpinned_search searches%ROWTYPE;
+BEGIN
+    UPDATE searches
+    SET
+        pinned = false,
+        lastused = now(),
+        usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+    WHERE name = _name
+    RETURNING * INTO unpinned_search;
+
+    IF unpinned_search IS NULL THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'Named search % not found', _name;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN unpinned_search;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_anonymous_searches(retention_interval interval DEFAULT NULL, conf jsonb DEFAULT NULL) RETURNS bigint AS $$
+    WITH effective_retention AS (
+        SELECT COALESCE(
+            retention_interval,
+            search_gc_retention_interval(conf)
+        ) AS i
+    ),
+    deleted AS (
+        DELETE FROM searches
+        USING effective_retention
+        WHERE
+            name IS NULL
+            AND NOT pinned
+            AND lastused < now() - effective_retention.i
+        RETURNING 1
+    )
+    SELECT count(*)::bigint FROM deleted;
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_search_caches(retention_interval interval DEFAULT NULL, conf jsonb DEFAULT NULL) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
+    SELECT jsonb_build_object(
+        'removed_searches',
+        gc_anonymous_searches(retention_interval, conf)
+    );
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_rows(
     IN _where text DEFAULT 'TRUE',
     IN _orderby text DEFAULT 'datetime DESC, id DESC',
-    IN partitions text[] DEFAULT NULL,
     IN _limit int DEFAULT 10
 ) RETURNS SETOF items AS $$
 DECLARE
@@ -3937,13 +4065,14 @@ BEGIN
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
 
+DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS search(jsonb);
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search(_search jsonb = '{}'::jsonb) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
 DECLARE
     searches searches%ROWTYPE;
     _where text;
     orderby text;
-    search_where search_wheres%ROWTYPE;
+    search_where searches%ROWTYPE;
     total_count bigint;
     token record;
     token_prev boolean;
@@ -3970,8 +4099,8 @@ BEGIN
     searches := search_query(_search);
     _where := searches._where;
     orderby := searches.orderby;
-    search_where := where_stats(_where);
-    total_count := coalesce(search_where.total_count, search_where.estimated_count);
+    search_where := where_stats(searches.hash, _where, false, _search->'conf');
+    total_count := search_where.context_count;
     RAISE NOTICE 'SEARCH:TOKEN: %', _search->>'token';
     token := get_token_record(_search->>'token');
     RAISE NOTICE '***TOKEN: %', token;
@@ -4012,7 +4141,6 @@ BEGIN
     FROM search_rows(
         full_where,
         orderby,
-        search_where.partitions,
         _querylimit
     ) as i;
 
@@ -4618,6 +4746,7 @@ INSERT INTO pgstac_settings (name, value) VALUES
   ('context_estimated_count', '100000'),
   ('context_estimated_cost', '100000'),
   ('context_stats_ttl', '1 day'),
+  ('search_gc_retention_interval', '7 days'),
   ('default_filter_lang', 'cql2-json'),
   ('additional_properties', 'true'),
   ('use_queue', 'false'),
@@ -4677,8 +4806,15 @@ ALTER FUNCTION drop_table_constraints SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION create_table_constraints SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION check_partition SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION repartition SECURITY DEFINER;
-ALTER FUNCTION where_stats SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION where_stats(text, text, boolean, jsonb) SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION search_query SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION name_search SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION rename_search SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION unname_search SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION pin_search SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION unpin_search SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION gc_anonymous_searches(interval, jsonb) SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION gc_search_caches(interval, jsonb) SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION format_item SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION maintain_index SECURITY DEFINER;
 
diff --git a/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql b/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
index ed9826ab..4aac2e71 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
@@ -286,6 +286,10 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION context_stats_ttl(conf jsonb DEFAULT NULL) RETURNS in
   SELECT pgstac.get_setting('context_stats_ttl', conf)::interval;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL;
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_gc_retention_interval(conf jsonb DEFAULT NULL) RETURNS interval AS $$
+    SELECT pgstac.get_setting('search_gc_retention_interval', conf)::interval;
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL;
+
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION t2s(text) RETURNS text AS $$
     SELECT extract(epoch FROM $1::interval)::text || ' s';
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE STRICT;
@@ -3527,50 +3531,70 @@ BEGIN
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SET transform_null_equals TO TRUE
 ;
 
-CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_hash(jsonb, jsonb) RETURNS text AS $$
-    SELECT md5(concat(($1 - '{token,limit,context,includes,excludes}'::text[])::text,$2::text));
+-- ============================================================================
+-- Search Hashing
+-- ============================================================================
+
+-- Central hash helper: one canonical where-clause + metadata payload to hash.
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_hash_from_where(_where text, _metadata jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb) RETURNS text AS $$
+    SELECT pgstac_hash(
+        format(
+            '%s|%s',
+            _where,
+            coalesce(_metadata, '{}'::jsonb)::text
+        )
+    );
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_hash(_search jsonb, _metadata jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb) RETURNS text AS $$
+    SELECT search_hash_from_where(
+        stac_search_to_where(_search),
+        _metadata
+    );
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL STABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+-- ============================================================================
+-- Search Cache Table
+-- ============================================================================
+
+-- Search lifecycle and context cache now live on searches; search_wheres is retired.
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS searches(
-    hash text GENERATED ALWAYS AS (search_hash(search, metadata)) STORED PRIMARY KEY,
+    hash text PRIMARY KEY,
+    name text UNIQUE,
     search jsonb NOT NULL,
     _where text,
     orderby text,
     lastused timestamptz DEFAULT now(),
     usecount bigint DEFAULT 0,
-    metadata jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb NOT NULL
-);
-
-CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres(
-    id bigint generated always as identity primary key,
-    _where text NOT NULL,
-    lastused timestamptz DEFAULT now(),
-    usecount bigint DEFAULT 0,
+    metadata jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb NOT NULL,
+    pinned boolean NOT NULL DEFAULT false,
+    created_at timestamptz DEFAULT now(),
     statslastupdated timestamptz,
-    estimated_count bigint,
-    estimated_cost float,
-    time_to_estimate float,
-    total_count bigint,
-    time_to_count float,
-    partitions text[]
+    context_count bigint
 );
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS searches_lastused_anon_idx
+    ON searches (lastused) WHERE name IS NULL AND NOT pinned;
 
-CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres_partitions ON search_wheres USING GIN (partitions);
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres_where ON search_wheres ((pgstac_hash(_where)));
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres_where_md5_compat ON search_wheres ((md5(_where)));
+DROP TABLE IF EXISTS search_wheres;
+
+-- ============================================================================
+-- Context Stats (estimate/count/TTL)
+-- ============================================================================
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION where_stats(
+    inhash text,
     inwhere text,
     updatestats boolean default false,
     conf jsonb default null
-) RETURNS search_wheres AS $$
+) RETURNS searches AS $$
 DECLARE
     t timestamptz;
     i interval;
     explain_json jsonb;
-    partitions text[];
-    sw search_wheres%ROWTYPE;
-    inwhere_hash text := pgstac_hash(inwhere);
+    sw searches%ROWTYPE;
+    sw_statslastupdated timestamptz;
+    sw_estimated_count bigint;
+    sw_estimated_cost float;
     _context text := lower(context(conf));
     _stats_ttl interval := context_stats_ttl(conf);
     _estimated_cost_threshold float := context_estimated_cost(conf);
@@ -3585,96 +3609,71 @@ BEGIN
 
     -- If we don't need to calculate context, just return
     IF _context = 'off' THEN
-        sw._where = inwhere;
         RETURN sw;
     END IF;
 
-    -- Get any stats that we have.
-    IF NOT ro THEN
-        -- If there is a lock where another process is
-        -- updating the stats, wait so that we don't end up calculating a bunch of times.
-        SELECT * INTO sw FROM search_wheres WHERE pgstac_hash(_where)=inwhere_hash FOR UPDATE;
+    -- Read current stats state without holding row locks during expensive
+    -- estimate/count operations.
+    SELECT * INTO sw FROM searches WHERE hash = inhash;
+
+    IF sw IS NULL THEN
+        -- In read-only mode, searches may not be persisted. Continue with
+        -- non-persistent estimate/count calculation so context can still be
+        -- returned to callers.
+        sw.hash := inhash;
+        sw._where := inwhere;
+        sw_statslastupdated := NULL;
     ELSE
-        SELECT * INTO sw FROM search_wheres WHERE pgstac_hash(_where)=inwhere_hash;
+        sw_statslastupdated := sw.statslastupdated;
     END IF;
 
     -- If there is a cached row, figure out if we need to update
     IF
         sw IS NOT NULL
         AND sw.statslastupdated IS NOT NULL
-        AND sw.total_count IS NOT NULL
+        AND sw.context_count IS NOT NULL
         AND now() - sw.statslastupdated <= _stats_ttl
     THEN
-        -- we have a cached row with data that is within our ttl
+        -- We have a cached row with data that is within our ttl.
         RAISE DEBUG 'Stats present in table and lastupdated within ttl: %', sw;
-        IF NOT ro THEN
-            RAISE DEBUG 'Updating search_wheres only bumping lastused and usecount';
-            UPDATE search_wheres SET
-                lastused = now(),
-                usecount = search_wheres.usecount + 1
-            WHERE pgstac_hash(_where) = inwhere_hash
-            RETURNING * INTO sw;
-        END IF;
         RAISE DEBUG 'Returning cached counts. %', sw;
         RETURN sw;
     END IF;
 
     -- Calculate estimated cost and rows
     -- Use explain to get estimated count/cost
-    IF sw.estimated_count IS NULL OR sw.estimated_cost IS NULL THEN
-        RAISE DEBUG 'Calculating estimated stats';
-        t := clock_timestamp();
-        EXECUTE format('EXPLAIN (format json) SELECT 1 FROM items WHERE %s', inwhere)
-            INTO explain_json;
-        RAISE DEBUG 'Time for just the explain: %', clock_timestamp() - t;
-        i := clock_timestamp() - t;
+    RAISE DEBUG 'Calculating estimated stats';
+    t := clock_timestamp();
+    EXECUTE format('EXPLAIN (format json) SELECT 1 FROM items WHERE %s', inwhere)
+        INTO explain_json;
+    RAISE DEBUG 'Time for just the explain: %', clock_timestamp() - t;
+    i := clock_timestamp() - t;
 
-        sw.estimated_count := explain_json->0->'Plan'->'Plan Rows';
-        sw.estimated_cost := explain_json->0->'Plan'->'Total Cost';
-        sw.time_to_estimate := extract(epoch from i);
-    END IF;
+    sw_estimated_count := (explain_json->0->'Plan'->>'Plan Rows')::bigint;
+    sw_estimated_cost := (explain_json->0->'Plan'->>'Total Cost')::float;
 
-    RAISE DEBUG 'ESTIMATED_COUNT: %, THRESHOLD %', sw.estimated_count, _estimated_count_threshold;
-    RAISE DEBUG 'ESTIMATED_COST: %, THRESHOLD %', sw.estimated_cost, _estimated_cost_threshold;
+    RAISE DEBUG 'ESTIMATED_COUNT: %, THRESHOLD %', sw_estimated_count, _estimated_count_threshold;
+    RAISE DEBUG 'ESTIMATED_COST: %, THRESHOLD %', sw_estimated_cost, _estimated_cost_threshold;
 
     -- If context is set to auto and the costs are within the threshold return the estimated costs
     IF
         _context = 'auto'
-        AND sw.estimated_count >= _estimated_count_threshold
-        AND sw.estimated_cost >= _estimated_cost_threshold
+        AND sw_estimated_count >= _estimated_count_threshold
+        AND sw_estimated_cost >= _estimated_cost_threshold
     THEN
+        sw.context_count := sw_estimated_count;
         IF NOT ro THEN
-            INSERT INTO search_wheres (
-                _where,
-                lastused,
-                usecount,
-                statslastupdated,
-                estimated_count,
-                estimated_cost,
-                time_to_estimate,
-                total_count,
-                time_to_count
-            ) VALUES (
-                inwhere,
-                now(),
-                1,
-                now(),
-                sw.estimated_count,
-                sw.estimated_cost,
-                sw.time_to_estimate,
-                null,
-                null
-            ) ON CONFLICT ((pgstac_hash(_where)))
-            DO UPDATE SET
-                lastused = EXCLUDED.lastused,
-                usecount = search_wheres.usecount + 1,
-                statslastupdated = EXCLUDED.statslastupdated,
-                estimated_count = EXCLUDED.estimated_count,
-                estimated_cost = EXCLUDED.estimated_cost,
-                time_to_estimate = EXCLUDED.time_to_estimate,
-                total_count = EXCLUDED.total_count,
-                time_to_count = EXCLUDED.time_to_count
+            UPDATE searches SET
+                statslastupdated = now(),
+                context_count = sw.context_count
+            WHERE
+                hash = inhash
+                AND statslastupdated IS NOT DISTINCT FROM sw_statslastupdated
             RETURNING * INTO sw;
+
+            IF sw IS NULL THEN
+                SELECT * INTO sw FROM searches WHERE hash = inhash;
+            END IF;
         END IF;
         RAISE DEBUG 'Estimates are within thresholds, returning estimates. %', sw;
         RETURN sw;
@@ -3686,43 +3685,22 @@ BEGIN
     EXECUTE format(
         'SELECT count(*) FROM items WHERE %s',
         inwhere
-    ) INTO sw.total_count;
+    ) INTO sw.context_count;
     i := clock_timestamp() - t;
-    RAISE NOTICE 'Actual Count: % -- %', sw.total_count, i;
-    sw.time_to_count := extract(epoch FROM i);
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Actual Count: % -- %', sw.context_count, i;
 
     IF NOT ro THEN
-        INSERT INTO search_wheres (
-            _where,
-            lastused,
-            usecount,
-            statslastupdated,
-            estimated_count,
-            estimated_cost,
-            time_to_estimate,
-            total_count,
-            time_to_count
-        ) VALUES (
-            inwhere,
-            now(),
-            1,
-            now(),
-            sw.estimated_count,
-            sw.estimated_cost,
-            sw.time_to_estimate,
-            sw.total_count,
-            sw.time_to_count
-        ) ON CONFLICT ((pgstac_hash(_where)))
-        DO UPDATE SET
-            lastused = EXCLUDED.lastused,
-            usecount = search_wheres.usecount + 1,
-            statslastupdated = EXCLUDED.statslastupdated,
-            estimated_count = EXCLUDED.estimated_count,
-            estimated_cost = EXCLUDED.estimated_cost,
-            time_to_estimate = EXCLUDED.time_to_estimate,
-            total_count = EXCLUDED.total_count,
-            time_to_count = EXCLUDED.time_to_count
+        UPDATE searches SET
+            statslastupdated = now(),
+            context_count = sw.context_count
+        WHERE
+            hash = inhash
+            AND statslastupdated IS NOT DISTINCT FROM sw_statslastupdated
         RETURNING * INTO sw;
+
+        IF sw IS NULL THEN
+            SELECT * INTO sw FROM searches WHERE hash = inhash;
+        END IF;
     END IF;
     RAISE DEBUG 'Returning with actual count. %', sw;
     RETURN sw;
@@ -3730,6 +3708,12 @@ END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
 
 
+-- ============================================================================
+-- Search Cache Lifecycle (create, name, pin, GC)
+-- ============================================================================
+
+DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS search_query(jsonb, boolean, jsonb);
+
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_query(
     _search jsonb = '{}'::jsonb,
     updatestats boolean = false,
@@ -3738,20 +3722,14 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_query(
 DECLARE
     search searches%ROWTYPE;
     cached_search searches%ROWTYPE;
-    pexplain jsonb;
-    t timestamptz;
-    i interval;
-    doupdate boolean := FALSE;
-    insertfound boolean := FALSE;
     ro boolean := pgstac.readonly();
-    found_search text;
 BEGIN
     RAISE NOTICE 'SEARCH: %', _search;
     -- Calculate hash, where clause, and order by statement
     search.search := _search;
     search.metadata := _metadata;
-    search.hash := search_hash(_search, _metadata);
     search._where := stac_search_to_where(_search);
+    search.hash := search_hash_from_where(search._where, search.metadata);
     search.orderby := sort_sqlorderby(_search);
     search.lastused := now();
     search.usecount := 1;
@@ -3761,24 +3739,34 @@ BEGIN
         RETURN search;
     END IF;
 
-    RAISE NOTICE 'Updating Statistics for search: %s', search;
-    -- Update statistics for times used and and when last used
-    -- If the entry is locked, rather than waiting, skip updating the stats
-    INSERT INTO searches (search, lastused, usecount, metadata)
-        VALUES (search.search, now(), 1, search.metadata)
-        ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING
-        RETURNING * INTO cached_search
-    ;
+    -- Cache bookkeeping is best-effort and non-blocking. We always return
+    -- canonical hash + where, even if cache touch cannot be acquired quickly.
+    UPDATE searches
+    SET
+        lastused = now(),
+        usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+    WHERE ctid = (
+        SELECT ctid
+        FROM searches
+        WHERE hash = search.hash
+        FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED
+        LIMIT 1
+    )
+    RETURNING * INTO cached_search;
+
+    IF cached_search IS NULL THEN
+        IF pg_try_advisory_xact_lock(hashtext(search.hash)) THEN
+            INSERT INTO searches (hash, search, _where, orderby, lastused, usecount, metadata)
+                VALUES (search.hash, search.search, search._where, search.orderby, now(), 1, search.metadata)
+                ON CONFLICT (hash) DO UPDATE SET
+                    lastused = EXCLUDED.lastused,
+                    usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+                RETURNING * INTO cached_search;
+        END IF;
 
-    IF NOT FOUND OR cached_search IS NULL THEN
-        UPDATE searches SET
-            lastused = now(),
-            usecount = searches.usecount + 1
-        WHERE hash = (
-            SELECT hash FROM searches WHERE hash=search.hash FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED
-        )
-        RETURNING * INTO cached_search
-        ;
+        IF cached_search IS NULL THEN
+            SELECT * INTO cached_search FROM searches WHERE hash = search.hash;
+        END IF;
     END IF;
 
     IF cached_search IS NOT NULL THEN
@@ -3794,13 +3782,153 @@ $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_fromhash(
     _hash text
 ) RETURNS searches AS $$
-    SELECT * FROM search_query((SELECT search FROM searches WHERE hash=_hash LIMIT 1));
+    SELECT * FROM searches WHERE hash = _hash LIMIT 1;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL STRICT;
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION name_search(
+    _search jsonb,
+    _name text,
+    _metadata jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb
+) RETURNS searches AS $$
+DECLARE
+    named searches%ROWTYPE;
+BEGIN
+    named := search_query(_search, false, _metadata);
+    UPDATE searches
+    SET
+        name = _name,
+        lastused = now(),
+        usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+    WHERE hash = named.hash
+    RETURNING * INTO named;
+
+    IF named IS NULL THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'Could not name search for input: %', _search;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN named;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION rename_search(_old_name text, _new_name text) RETURNS searches AS $$
+DECLARE
+    renamed searches%ROWTYPE;
+BEGIN
+    -- Serialize rename-pair operations to avoid deadlocks on concurrent name swaps.
+    PERFORM pg_advisory_xact_lock(
+        hashtext(
+            least(_old_name, _new_name)
+            || '|'
+            || greatest(_old_name, _new_name)
+        )
+    );
+
+    UPDATE searches
+    SET
+        name = _new_name,
+        lastused = now(),
+        usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+    WHERE name = _old_name
+    RETURNING * INTO renamed;
+
+    IF renamed IS NULL THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'Named search % not found', _old_name;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN renamed;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION unname_search(_name text) RETURNS searches AS $$
+DECLARE
+    unnamed searches%ROWTYPE;
+BEGIN
+    UPDATE searches
+    SET
+        name = NULL,
+        pinned = false,
+        lastused = now(),
+        usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+    WHERE name = _name
+    RETURNING * INTO unnamed;
+
+    IF unnamed IS NULL THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'Named search % not found', _name;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN unnamed;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pin_search(_name text) RETURNS searches AS $$
+DECLARE
+    pinned_search searches%ROWTYPE;
+BEGIN
+    UPDATE searches
+    SET
+        pinned = true,
+        lastused = now(),
+        usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+    WHERE name = _name
+    RETURNING * INTO pinned_search;
+
+    IF pinned_search IS NULL THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'Named search % not found', _name;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN pinned_search;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION unpin_search(_name text) RETURNS searches AS $$
+DECLARE
+    unpinned_search searches%ROWTYPE;
+BEGIN
+    UPDATE searches
+    SET
+        pinned = false,
+        lastused = now(),
+        usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+    WHERE name = _name
+    RETURNING * INTO unpinned_search;
+
+    IF unpinned_search IS NULL THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'Named search % not found', _name;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN unpinned_search;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_anonymous_searches(retention_interval interval DEFAULT NULL, conf jsonb DEFAULT NULL) RETURNS bigint AS $$
+    WITH effective_retention AS (
+        SELECT COALESCE(
+            retention_interval,
+            search_gc_retention_interval(conf)
+        ) AS i
+    ),
+    deleted AS (
+        DELETE FROM searches
+        USING effective_retention
+        WHERE
+            name IS NULL
+            AND NOT pinned
+            AND lastused < now() - effective_retention.i
+        RETURNING 1
+    )
+    SELECT count(*)::bigint FROM deleted;
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_search_caches(retention_interval interval DEFAULT NULL, conf jsonb DEFAULT NULL) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
+    SELECT jsonb_build_object(
+        'removed_searches',
+        gc_anonymous_searches(retention_interval, conf)
+    );
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_rows(
     IN _where text DEFAULT 'TRUE',
     IN _orderby text DEFAULT 'datetime DESC, id DESC',
-    IN partitions text[] DEFAULT NULL,
     IN _limit int DEFAULT 10
 ) RETURNS SETOF items AS $$
 DECLARE
@@ -3937,13 +4065,14 @@ BEGIN
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
 
+DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS search(jsonb);
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search(_search jsonb = '{}'::jsonb) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
 DECLARE
     searches searches%ROWTYPE;
     _where text;
     orderby text;
-    search_where search_wheres%ROWTYPE;
+    search_where searches%ROWTYPE;
     total_count bigint;
     token record;
     token_prev boolean;
@@ -3970,8 +4099,8 @@ BEGIN
     searches := search_query(_search);
     _where := searches._where;
     orderby := searches.orderby;
-    search_where := where_stats(_where);
-    total_count := coalesce(search_where.total_count, search_where.estimated_count);
+    search_where := where_stats(searches.hash, _where, false, _search->'conf');
+    total_count := search_where.context_count;
     RAISE NOTICE 'SEARCH:TOKEN: %', _search->>'token';
     token := get_token_record(_search->>'token');
     RAISE NOTICE '***TOKEN: %', token;
@@ -4012,7 +4141,6 @@ BEGIN
     FROM search_rows(
         full_where,
         orderby,
-        search_where.partitions,
         _querylimit
     ) as i;
 
@@ -4618,6 +4746,7 @@ INSERT INTO pgstac_settings (name, value) VALUES
   ('context_estimated_count', '100000'),
   ('context_estimated_cost', '100000'),
   ('context_stats_ttl', '1 day'),
+  ('search_gc_retention_interval', '7 days'),
   ('default_filter_lang', 'cql2-json'),
   ('additional_properties', 'true'),
   ('use_queue', 'false'),
@@ -4677,8 +4806,15 @@ ALTER FUNCTION drop_table_constraints SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION create_table_constraints SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION check_partition SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION repartition SECURITY DEFINER;
-ALTER FUNCTION where_stats SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION where_stats(text, text, boolean, jsonb) SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION search_query SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION name_search SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION rename_search SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION unname_search SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION pin_search SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION unpin_search SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION gc_anonymous_searches(interval, jsonb) SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION gc_search_caches(interval, jsonb) SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION format_item SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION maintain_index SECURITY DEFINER;
 
diff --git a/src/pgstac/sql/001_core.sql b/src/pgstac/sql/001_core.sql
index bd6bfd36..10c42b14 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/sql/001_core.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/sql/001_core.sql
@@ -81,6 +81,10 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION context_stats_ttl(conf jsonb DEFAULT NULL) RETURNS in
   SELECT pgstac.get_setting('context_stats_ttl', conf)::interval;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL;
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_gc_retention_interval(conf jsonb DEFAULT NULL) RETURNS interval AS $$
+    SELECT pgstac.get_setting('search_gc_retention_interval', conf)::interval;
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL;
+
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION t2s(text) RETURNS text AS $$
     SELECT extract(epoch FROM $1::interval)::text || ' s';
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE STRICT;
diff --git a/src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql b/src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql
index 5405343d..ef8e9756 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql
@@ -501,50 +501,70 @@ BEGIN
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SET transform_null_equals TO TRUE
 ;
 
-CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_hash(jsonb, jsonb) RETURNS text AS $$
-    SELECT md5(concat(($1 - '{token,limit,context,includes,excludes}'::text[])::text,$2::text));
+-- ============================================================================
+-- Search Hashing
+-- ============================================================================
+
+-- Central hash helper: one canonical where-clause + metadata payload to hash.
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_hash_from_where(_where text, _metadata jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb) RETURNS text AS $$
+    SELECT pgstac_hash(
+        format(
+            '%s|%s',
+            _where,
+            coalesce(_metadata, '{}'::jsonb)::text
+        )
+    );
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_hash(_search jsonb, _metadata jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb) RETURNS text AS $$
+    SELECT search_hash_from_where(
+        stac_search_to_where(_search),
+        _metadata
+    );
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL STABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+-- ============================================================================
+-- Search Cache Table
+-- ============================================================================
+
+-- Search lifecycle and context cache now live on searches; search_wheres is retired.
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS searches(
-    hash text GENERATED ALWAYS AS (search_hash(search, metadata)) STORED PRIMARY KEY,
+    hash text PRIMARY KEY,
+    name text UNIQUE,
     search jsonb NOT NULL,
     _where text,
     orderby text,
     lastused timestamptz DEFAULT now(),
     usecount bigint DEFAULT 0,
-    metadata jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb NOT NULL
-);
-
-CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres(
-    id bigint generated always as identity primary key,
-    _where text NOT NULL,
-    lastused timestamptz DEFAULT now(),
-    usecount bigint DEFAULT 0,
+    metadata jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb NOT NULL,
+    pinned boolean NOT NULL DEFAULT false,
+    created_at timestamptz DEFAULT now(),
     statslastupdated timestamptz,
-    estimated_count bigint,
-    estimated_cost float,
-    time_to_estimate float,
-    total_count bigint,
-    time_to_count float,
-    partitions text[]
+    context_count bigint
 );
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS searches_lastused_anon_idx
+    ON searches (lastused) WHERE name IS NULL AND NOT pinned;
+
+DROP TABLE IF EXISTS search_wheres;
 
-CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres_partitions ON search_wheres USING GIN (partitions);
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres_where ON search_wheres ((pgstac_hash(_where)));
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS search_wheres_where_md5_compat ON search_wheres ((md5(_where)));
+-- ============================================================================
+-- Context Stats (estimate/count/TTL)
+-- ============================================================================
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION where_stats(
+    inhash text,
     inwhere text,
     updatestats boolean default false,
     conf jsonb default null
-) RETURNS search_wheres AS $$
+) RETURNS searches AS $$
 DECLARE
     t timestamptz;
     i interval;
     explain_json jsonb;
-    partitions text[];
-    sw search_wheres%ROWTYPE;
-    inwhere_hash text := pgstac_hash(inwhere);
+    sw searches%ROWTYPE;
+    sw_statslastupdated timestamptz;
+    sw_estimated_count bigint;
+    sw_estimated_cost float;
     _context text := lower(context(conf));
     _stats_ttl interval := context_stats_ttl(conf);
     _estimated_cost_threshold float := context_estimated_cost(conf);
@@ -559,96 +579,71 @@ BEGIN
 
     -- If we don't need to calculate context, just return
     IF _context = 'off' THEN
-        sw._where = inwhere;
         RETURN sw;
     END IF;
 
-    -- Get any stats that we have.
-    IF NOT ro THEN
-        -- If there is a lock where another process is
-        -- updating the stats, wait so that we don't end up calculating a bunch of times.
-        SELECT * INTO sw FROM search_wheres WHERE pgstac_hash(_where)=inwhere_hash FOR UPDATE;
+    -- Read current stats state without holding row locks during expensive
+    -- estimate/count operations.
+    SELECT * INTO sw FROM searches WHERE hash = inhash;
+
+    IF sw IS NULL THEN
+        -- In read-only mode, searches may not be persisted. Continue with
+        -- non-persistent estimate/count calculation so context can still be
+        -- returned to callers.
+        sw.hash := inhash;
+        sw._where := inwhere;
+        sw_statslastupdated := NULL;
     ELSE
-        SELECT * INTO sw FROM search_wheres WHERE pgstac_hash(_where)=inwhere_hash;
+        sw_statslastupdated := sw.statslastupdated;
     END IF;
 
     -- If there is a cached row, figure out if we need to update
     IF
         sw IS NOT NULL
         AND sw.statslastupdated IS NOT NULL
-        AND sw.total_count IS NOT NULL
+        AND sw.context_count IS NOT NULL
         AND now() - sw.statslastupdated <= _stats_ttl
     THEN
-        -- we have a cached row with data that is within our ttl
+        -- We have a cached row with data that is within our ttl.
         RAISE DEBUG 'Stats present in table and lastupdated within ttl: %', sw;
-        IF NOT ro THEN
-            RAISE DEBUG 'Updating search_wheres only bumping lastused and usecount';
-            UPDATE search_wheres SET
-                lastused = now(),
-                usecount = search_wheres.usecount + 1
-            WHERE pgstac_hash(_where) = inwhere_hash
-            RETURNING * INTO sw;
-        END IF;
         RAISE DEBUG 'Returning cached counts. %', sw;
         RETURN sw;
     END IF;
 
     -- Calculate estimated cost and rows
     -- Use explain to get estimated count/cost
-    IF sw.estimated_count IS NULL OR sw.estimated_cost IS NULL THEN
-        RAISE DEBUG 'Calculating estimated stats';
-        t := clock_timestamp();
-        EXECUTE format('EXPLAIN (format json) SELECT 1 FROM items WHERE %s', inwhere)
-            INTO explain_json;
-        RAISE DEBUG 'Time for just the explain: %', clock_timestamp() - t;
-        i := clock_timestamp() - t;
-
-        sw.estimated_count := explain_json->0->'Plan'->'Plan Rows';
-        sw.estimated_cost := explain_json->0->'Plan'->'Total Cost';
-        sw.time_to_estimate := extract(epoch from i);
-    END IF;
+    RAISE DEBUG 'Calculating estimated stats';
+    t := clock_timestamp();
+    EXECUTE format('EXPLAIN (format json) SELECT 1 FROM items WHERE %s', inwhere)
+        INTO explain_json;
+    RAISE DEBUG 'Time for just the explain: %', clock_timestamp() - t;
+    i := clock_timestamp() - t;
 
-    RAISE DEBUG 'ESTIMATED_COUNT: %, THRESHOLD %', sw.estimated_count, _estimated_count_threshold;
-    RAISE DEBUG 'ESTIMATED_COST: %, THRESHOLD %', sw.estimated_cost, _estimated_cost_threshold;
+    sw_estimated_count := (explain_json->0->'Plan'->>'Plan Rows')::bigint;
+    sw_estimated_cost := (explain_json->0->'Plan'->>'Total Cost')::float;
+
+    RAISE DEBUG 'ESTIMATED_COUNT: %, THRESHOLD %', sw_estimated_count, _estimated_count_threshold;
+    RAISE DEBUG 'ESTIMATED_COST: %, THRESHOLD %', sw_estimated_cost, _estimated_cost_threshold;
 
     -- If context is set to auto and the costs are within the threshold return the estimated costs
     IF
         _context = 'auto'
-        AND sw.estimated_count >= _estimated_count_threshold
-        AND sw.estimated_cost >= _estimated_cost_threshold
+        AND sw_estimated_count >= _estimated_count_threshold
+        AND sw_estimated_cost >= _estimated_cost_threshold
     THEN
+        sw.context_count := sw_estimated_count;
         IF NOT ro THEN
-            INSERT INTO search_wheres (
-                _where,
-                lastused,
-                usecount,
-                statslastupdated,
-                estimated_count,
-                estimated_cost,
-                time_to_estimate,
-                total_count,
-                time_to_count
-            ) VALUES (
-                inwhere,
-                now(),
-                1,
-                now(),
-                sw.estimated_count,
-                sw.estimated_cost,
-                sw.time_to_estimate,
-                null,
-                null
-            ) ON CONFLICT ((pgstac_hash(_where)))
-            DO UPDATE SET
-                lastused = EXCLUDED.lastused,
-                usecount = search_wheres.usecount + 1,
-                statslastupdated = EXCLUDED.statslastupdated,
-                estimated_count = EXCLUDED.estimated_count,
-                estimated_cost = EXCLUDED.estimated_cost,
-                time_to_estimate = EXCLUDED.time_to_estimate,
-                total_count = EXCLUDED.total_count,
-                time_to_count = EXCLUDED.time_to_count
+            UPDATE searches SET
+                statslastupdated = now(),
+                context_count = sw.context_count
+            WHERE
+                hash = inhash
+                AND statslastupdated IS NOT DISTINCT FROM sw_statslastupdated
             RETURNING * INTO sw;
+
+            IF sw IS NULL THEN
+                SELECT * INTO sw FROM searches WHERE hash = inhash;
+            END IF;
         END IF;
         RAISE DEBUG 'Estimates are within thresholds, returning estimates. %', sw;
         RETURN sw;
@@ -660,43 +655,22 @@ BEGIN
     EXECUTE format(
         'SELECT count(*) FROM items WHERE %s',
         inwhere
-    ) INTO sw.total_count;
+    ) INTO sw.context_count;
     i := clock_timestamp() - t;
-    RAISE NOTICE 'Actual Count: % -- %', sw.total_count, i;
-    sw.time_to_count := extract(epoch FROM i);
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Actual Count: % -- %', sw.context_count, i;
 
     IF NOT ro THEN
-        INSERT INTO search_wheres (
-            _where,
-            lastused,
-            usecount,
-            statslastupdated,
-            estimated_count,
-            estimated_cost,
-            time_to_estimate,
-            total_count,
-            time_to_count
-        ) VALUES (
-            inwhere,
-            now(),
-            1,
-            now(),
-            sw.estimated_count,
-            sw.estimated_cost,
-            sw.time_to_estimate,
-            sw.total_count,
-            sw.time_to_count
-        ) ON CONFLICT ((pgstac_hash(_where)))
-        DO UPDATE SET
-            lastused = EXCLUDED.lastused,
-            usecount = search_wheres.usecount + 1,
-            statslastupdated = EXCLUDED.statslastupdated,
-            estimated_count = EXCLUDED.estimated_count,
-            estimated_cost = EXCLUDED.estimated_cost,
-            time_to_estimate = EXCLUDED.time_to_estimate,
-            total_count = EXCLUDED.total_count,
-            time_to_count = EXCLUDED.time_to_count
+        UPDATE searches SET
+            statslastupdated = now(),
+            context_count = sw.context_count
+        WHERE
+            hash = inhash
+            AND statslastupdated IS NOT DISTINCT FROM sw_statslastupdated
         RETURNING * INTO sw;
+
+        IF sw IS NULL THEN
+            SELECT * INTO sw FROM searches WHERE hash = inhash;
+        END IF;
     END IF;
     RAISE DEBUG 'Returning with actual count. %', sw;
     RETURN sw;
@@ -704,6 +678,12 @@ END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
 
 
+-- ============================================================================
+-- Search Cache Lifecycle (create, name, pin, GC)
+-- ============================================================================
+
+DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS search_query(jsonb, boolean, jsonb);
+
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_query(
     _search jsonb = '{}'::jsonb,
     updatestats boolean = false,
@@ -712,20 +692,14 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_query(
 DECLARE
     search searches%ROWTYPE;
     cached_search searches%ROWTYPE;
-    pexplain jsonb;
-    t timestamptz;
-    i interval;
-    doupdate boolean := FALSE;
-    insertfound boolean := FALSE;
     ro boolean := pgstac.readonly();
-    found_search text;
 BEGIN
     RAISE NOTICE 'SEARCH: %', _search;
     -- Calculate hash, where clause, and order by statement
     search.search := _search;
     search.metadata := _metadata;
-    search.hash := search_hash(_search, _metadata);
     search._where := stac_search_to_where(_search);
+    search.hash := search_hash_from_where(search._where, search.metadata);
     search.orderby := sort_sqlorderby(_search);
     search.lastused := now();
     search.usecount := 1;
@@ -735,24 +709,34 @@ BEGIN
         RETURN search;
     END IF;
 
-    RAISE NOTICE 'Updating Statistics for search: %s', search;
-    -- Update statistics for times used and and when last used
-    -- If the entry is locked, rather than waiting, skip updating the stats
-    INSERT INTO searches (search, lastused, usecount, metadata)
-        VALUES (search.search, now(), 1, search.metadata)
-        ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING
-        RETURNING * INTO cached_search
-    ;
+    -- Cache bookkeeping is best-effort and non-blocking. We always return
+    -- canonical hash + where, even if cache touch cannot be acquired quickly.
+    UPDATE searches
+    SET
+        lastused = now(),
+        usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+    WHERE ctid = (
+        SELECT ctid
+        FROM searches
+        WHERE hash = search.hash
+        FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED
+        LIMIT 1
+    )
+    RETURNING * INTO cached_search;
+
+    IF cached_search IS NULL THEN
+        IF pg_try_advisory_xact_lock(hashtext(search.hash)) THEN
+            INSERT INTO searches (hash, search, _where, orderby, lastused, usecount, metadata)
+                VALUES (search.hash, search.search, search._where, search.orderby, now(), 1, search.metadata)
+                ON CONFLICT (hash) DO UPDATE SET
+                    lastused = EXCLUDED.lastused,
+                    usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+                RETURNING * INTO cached_search;
+        END IF;
 
-    IF NOT FOUND OR cached_search IS NULL THEN
-        UPDATE searches SET
-            lastused = now(),
-            usecount = searches.usecount + 1
-        WHERE hash = (
-            SELECT hash FROM searches WHERE hash=search.hash FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED
-        )
-        RETURNING * INTO cached_search
-        ;
+        IF cached_search IS NULL THEN
+            SELECT * INTO cached_search FROM searches WHERE hash = search.hash;
+        END IF;
     END IF;
 
     IF cached_search IS NOT NULL THEN
@@ -768,13 +752,153 @@ $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_fromhash(
     _hash text
 ) RETURNS searches AS $$
-    SELECT * FROM search_query((SELECT search FROM searches WHERE hash=_hash LIMIT 1));
+    SELECT * FROM searches WHERE hash = _hash LIMIT 1;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL STRICT;
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION name_search(
+    _search jsonb,
+    _name text,
+    _metadata jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb
+) RETURNS searches AS $$
+DECLARE
+    named searches%ROWTYPE;
+BEGIN
+    named := search_query(_search, false, _metadata);
+    UPDATE searches
+    SET
+        name = _name,
+        lastused = now(),
+        usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+    WHERE hash = named.hash
+    RETURNING * INTO named;
+
+    IF named IS NULL THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'Could not name search for input: %', _search;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN named;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION rename_search(_old_name text, _new_name text) RETURNS searches AS $$
+DECLARE
+    renamed searches%ROWTYPE;
+BEGIN
+    -- Serialize rename-pair operations to avoid deadlocks on concurrent name swaps.
+    PERFORM pg_advisory_xact_lock(
+        hashtext(
+            least(_old_name, _new_name)
+            || '|'
+            || greatest(_old_name, _new_name)
+        )
+    );
+
+    UPDATE searches
+    SET
+        name = _new_name,
+        lastused = now(),
+        usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+    WHERE name = _old_name
+    RETURNING * INTO renamed;
+
+    IF renamed IS NULL THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'Named search % not found', _old_name;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN renamed;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION unname_search(_name text) RETURNS searches AS $$
+DECLARE
+    unnamed searches%ROWTYPE;
+BEGIN
+    UPDATE searches
+    SET
+        name = NULL,
+        pinned = false,
+        lastused = now(),
+        usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+    WHERE name = _name
+    RETURNING * INTO unnamed;
+
+    IF unnamed IS NULL THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'Named search % not found', _name;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN unnamed;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pin_search(_name text) RETURNS searches AS $$
+DECLARE
+    pinned_search searches%ROWTYPE;
+BEGIN
+    UPDATE searches
+    SET
+        pinned = true,
+        lastused = now(),
+        usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+    WHERE name = _name
+    RETURNING * INTO pinned_search;
+
+    IF pinned_search IS NULL THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'Named search % not found', _name;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN pinned_search;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION unpin_search(_name text) RETURNS searches AS $$
+DECLARE
+    unpinned_search searches%ROWTYPE;
+BEGIN
+    UPDATE searches
+    SET
+        pinned = false,
+        lastused = now(),
+        usecount = searches.usecount + 1
+    WHERE name = _name
+    RETURNING * INTO unpinned_search;
+
+    IF unpinned_search IS NULL THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'Named search % not found', _name;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN unpinned_search;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_anonymous_searches(retention_interval interval DEFAULT NULL, conf jsonb DEFAULT NULL) RETURNS bigint AS $$
+    WITH effective_retention AS (
+        SELECT COALESCE(
+            retention_interval,
+            search_gc_retention_interval(conf)
+        ) AS i
+    ),
+    deleted AS (
+        DELETE FROM searches
+        USING effective_retention
+        WHERE
+            name IS NULL
+            AND NOT pinned
+            AND lastused < now() - effective_retention.i
+        RETURNING 1
+    )
+    SELECT count(*)::bigint FROM deleted;
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_search_caches(retention_interval interval DEFAULT NULL, conf jsonb DEFAULT NULL) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
+    SELECT jsonb_build_object(
+        'removed_searches',
+        gc_anonymous_searches(retention_interval, conf)
+    );
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_rows(
     IN _where text DEFAULT 'TRUE',
     IN _orderby text DEFAULT 'datetime DESC, id DESC',
-    IN partitions text[] DEFAULT NULL,
     IN _limit int DEFAULT 10
 ) RETURNS SETOF items AS $$
 DECLARE
@@ -911,13 +1035,14 @@ BEGIN
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
 
+DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS search(jsonb);
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search(_search jsonb = '{}'::jsonb) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
 DECLARE
     searches searches%ROWTYPE;
     _where text;
     orderby text;
-    search_where search_wheres%ROWTYPE;
+    search_where searches%ROWTYPE;
     total_count bigint;
     token record;
     token_prev boolean;
@@ -944,8 +1069,8 @@ BEGIN
     searches := search_query(_search);
     _where := searches._where;
     orderby := searches.orderby;
-    search_where := where_stats(_where);
-    total_count := coalesce(search_where.total_count, search_where.estimated_count);
+    search_where := where_stats(searches.hash, _where, false, _search->'conf');
+    total_count := search_where.context_count;
     RAISE NOTICE 'SEARCH:TOKEN: %', _search->>'token';
     token := get_token_record(_search->>'token');
     RAISE NOTICE '***TOKEN: %', token;
@@ -986,7 +1111,6 @@ BEGIN
     FROM search_rows(
         full_where,
         orderby,
-        search_where.partitions,
         _querylimit
     ) as i;
 
diff --git a/src/pgstac/sql/998_idempotent_post.sql b/src/pgstac/sql/998_idempotent_post.sql
index 2a6cad7c..d99bc6b4 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/sql/998_idempotent_post.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/sql/998_idempotent_post.sql
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ INSERT INTO pgstac_settings (name, value) VALUES
   ('context_estimated_count', '100000'),
   ('context_estimated_cost', '100000'),
   ('context_stats_ttl', '1 day'),
+  ('search_gc_retention_interval', '7 days'),
   ('default_filter_lang', 'cql2-json'),
   ('additional_properties', 'true'),
   ('use_queue', 'false'),
@@ -93,8 +94,15 @@ ALTER FUNCTION drop_table_constraints SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION create_table_constraints SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION check_partition SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION repartition SECURITY DEFINER;
-ALTER FUNCTION where_stats SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION where_stats(text, text, boolean, jsonb) SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION search_query SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION name_search SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION rename_search SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION unname_search SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION pin_search SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION unpin_search SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION gc_anonymous_searches(interval, jsonb) SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION gc_search_caches(interval, jsonb) SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION format_item SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION maintain_index SECURITY DEFINER;
 
diff --git a/src/pgstac/tests/basic/cql_searches.sql.out b/src/pgstac/tests/basic/cql_searches.sql.out
index 3db697a0..98dd7e9b 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/tests/basic/cql_searches.sql.out
+++ b/src/pgstac/tests/basic/cql_searches.sql.out
@@ -57,10 +57,10 @@ SELECT usecount IS NOT NULL and usecount > 0 AND lastused IS NOT NULL AND lastus
  t
 
 SELECT hash, search, _where, orderby, metadata from search_query('{"collections":["pgstac-test-collection"]}'::jsonb, _metadata=>'{"meta":"value"}'::jsonb);
- 06efe6c09f0d61fd212e882325041a73 | {"collections": ["pgstac-test-collection"]} | collection = ANY ('{pgstac-test-collection}')  | datetime DESC, id DESC | {"meta": "value"}
+ 5caf5ff614e63896266921420f5aa36823dd5be253542f204ab24fd402002574 | {"collections": ["pgstac-test-collection"]} | collection = ANY ('{pgstac-test-collection}')  | datetime DESC, id DESC | {"meta": "value"}
 
 SELECT hash, search, _where, orderby, metadata from search_query('{"collections":["pgstac-test-collection"]}'::jsonb, _metadata=>'{"meta":"value"}'::jsonb);
- 06efe6c09f0d61fd212e882325041a73 | {"collections": ["pgstac-test-collection"]} | collection = ANY ('{pgstac-test-collection}')  | datetime DESC, id DESC | {"meta": "value"}
+ 5caf5ff614e63896266921420f5aa36823dd5be253542f204ab24fd402002574 | {"collections": ["pgstac-test-collection"]} | collection = ANY ('{pgstac-test-collection}')  | datetime DESC, id DESC | {"meta": "value"}
 
 SELECT usecount IS NOT NULL and usecount > 0 AND lastused IS NOT NULL AND lastused < clock_timestamp() FROM search_query('{"collections":["pgstac-test-collection"]}');
  t
diff --git a/src/pgstac/tests/basic/xyz_searches.sql b/src/pgstac/tests/basic/xyz_searches.sql
index 841e194c..f2af5cb8 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/tests/basic/xyz_searches.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/tests/basic/xyz_searches.sql
@@ -2,18 +2,18 @@ SET pgstac."default_filter_lang" TO 'cql-json';
 
 SELECT hash from search_query('{"collections":["pgstac-test-collection"]}');
 
-SELECT hash, search, metadata FROM search_fromhash('2bbae9a0ef0bbb5ffaca06603ce621d7');
+SELECT hash, search, metadata FROM search_fromhash('fd8daf2e208762fc3eedb83e8a9213421c7372bbd23723f31f51d18330f0bec7');
 
-SELECT xyzsearch(8615, 13418, 15, '2bbae9a0ef0bbb5ffaca06603ce621d7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb);
+SELECT xyzsearch(8615, 13418, 15, 'fd8daf2e208762fc3eedb83e8a9213421c7372bbd23723f31f51d18330f0bec7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb);
 
-SELECT xyzsearch(1048, 1682, 12, '2bbae9a0ef0bbb5ffaca06603ce621d7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb);
+SELECT xyzsearch(1048, 1682, 12, 'fd8daf2e208762fc3eedb83e8a9213421c7372bbd23723f31f51d18330f0bec7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb);
 
-SELECT xyzsearch(1048, 1682, 12, '2bbae9a0ef0bbb5ffaca06603ce621d7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb, NULL, 1);
+SELECT xyzsearch(1048, 1682, 12, 'fd8daf2e208762fc3eedb83e8a9213421c7372bbd23723f31f51d18330f0bec7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb, NULL, 1);
 
-SELECT xyzsearch(16792, 26892, 16, '2bbae9a0ef0bbb5ffaca06603ce621d7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb, exitwhenfull => true);
+SELECT xyzsearch(16792, 26892, 16, 'fd8daf2e208762fc3eedb83e8a9213421c7372bbd23723f31f51d18330f0bec7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb, exitwhenfull => true);
 
-SELECT xyzsearch(16792, 26892, 16, '2bbae9a0ef0bbb5ffaca06603ce621d7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb, exitwhenfull => false, skipcovered => false);
+SELECT xyzsearch(16792, 26892, 16, 'fd8daf2e208762fc3eedb83e8a9213421c7372bbd23723f31f51d18330f0bec7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb, exitwhenfull => false, skipcovered => false);
 
-SELECT geojsonsearch('{"type": "Point","coordinates": [-87.75608539581299,30.692471153735646]}', '2bbae9a0ef0bbb5ffaca06603ce621d7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb, exitwhenfull => true, skipcovered => true);
+SELECT geojsonsearch('{"type": "Point","coordinates": [-87.75608539581299,30.692471153735646]}', 'fd8daf2e208762fc3eedb83e8a9213421c7372bbd23723f31f51d18330f0bec7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb, exitwhenfull => true, skipcovered => true);
 
-SELECT geojsonsearch('{"type": "Point","coordinates": [-87.75608539581299,30.692471153735646]}', '2bbae9a0ef0bbb5ffaca06603ce621d7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb, exitwhenfull => false, skipcovered => false) s;
+SELECT geojsonsearch('{"type": "Point","coordinates": [-87.75608539581299,30.692471153735646]}', 'fd8daf2e208762fc3eedb83e8a9213421c7372bbd23723f31f51d18330f0bec7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb, exitwhenfull => false, skipcovered => false) s;
diff --git a/src/pgstac/tests/basic/xyz_searches.sql.out b/src/pgstac/tests/basic/xyz_searches.sql.out
index efec8aff..46f94c88 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/tests/basic/xyz_searches.sql.out
+++ b/src/pgstac/tests/basic/xyz_searches.sql.out
@@ -1,28 +1,28 @@
 SET pgstac."default_filter_lang" TO 'cql-json';
 SET
 SELECT hash from search_query('{"collections":["pgstac-test-collection"]}');
- 2bbae9a0ef0bbb5ffaca06603ce621d7
+ fd8daf2e208762fc3eedb83e8a9213421c7372bbd23723f31f51d18330f0bec7
 
-SELECT hash, search, metadata FROM search_fromhash('2bbae9a0ef0bbb5ffaca06603ce621d7');
- 2bbae9a0ef0bbb5ffaca06603ce621d7 | {"collections": ["pgstac-test-collection"]} | {}
+SELECT hash, search, metadata FROM search_fromhash('fd8daf2e208762fc3eedb83e8a9213421c7372bbd23723f31f51d18330f0bec7');
+ fd8daf2e208762fc3eedb83e8a9213421c7372bbd23723f31f51d18330f0bec7 | {"collections": ["pgstac-test-collection"]} | {}
 
-SELECT xyzsearch(8615, 13418, 15, '2bbae9a0ef0bbb5ffaca06603ce621d7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb);
+SELECT xyzsearch(8615, 13418, 15, 'fd8daf2e208762fc3eedb83e8a9213421c7372bbd23723f31f51d18330f0bec7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb);
  {"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "pgstac-test-item-0003", "collection": "pgstac-test-collection"}]}
 
-SELECT xyzsearch(1048, 1682, 12, '2bbae9a0ef0bbb5ffaca06603ce621d7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb);
+SELECT xyzsearch(1048, 1682, 12, 'fd8daf2e208762fc3eedb83e8a9213421c7372bbd23723f31f51d18330f0bec7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb);
  {"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "pgstac-test-item-0050", "collection": "pgstac-test-collection"}, {"id": "pgstac-test-item-0049", "collection": "pgstac-test-collection"}, {"id": "pgstac-test-item-0048", "collection": "pgstac-test-collection"}, {"id": "pgstac-test-item-0047", "collection": "pgstac-test-collection"}, {"id": "pgstac-test-item-0100", "collection": "pgstac-test-collection"}, {"id": "pgstac-test-item-0089", "collection": "pgstac-test-collection"}]}
 
-SELECT xyzsearch(1048, 1682, 12, '2bbae9a0ef0bbb5ffaca06603ce621d7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb, NULL, 1);
+SELECT xyzsearch(1048, 1682, 12, 'fd8daf2e208762fc3eedb83e8a9213421c7372bbd23723f31f51d18330f0bec7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb, NULL, 1);
  {"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "pgstac-test-item-0050", "collection": "pgstac-test-collection"}]}
 
-SELECT xyzsearch(16792, 26892, 16, '2bbae9a0ef0bbb5ffaca06603ce621d7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb, exitwhenfull => true);
+SELECT xyzsearch(16792, 26892, 16, 'fd8daf2e208762fc3eedb83e8a9213421c7372bbd23723f31f51d18330f0bec7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb, exitwhenfull => true);
  {"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "pgstac-test-item-0098", "collection": "pgstac-test-collection"}, {"id": "pgstac-test-item-0097", "collection": "pgstac-test-collection"}]}
 
-SELECT xyzsearch(16792, 26892, 16, '2bbae9a0ef0bbb5ffaca06603ce621d7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb, exitwhenfull => false, skipcovered => false);
+SELECT xyzsearch(16792, 26892, 16, 'fd8daf2e208762fc3eedb83e8a9213421c7372bbd23723f31f51d18330f0bec7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb, exitwhenfull => false, skipcovered => false);
  {"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "pgstac-test-item-0098", "collection": "pgstac-test-collection"}, {"id": "pgstac-test-item-0097", "collection": "pgstac-test-collection"}, {"id": "pgstac-test-item-0091", "collection": "pgstac-test-collection"}]}
 
-SELECT geojsonsearch('{"type": "Point","coordinates": [-87.75608539581299,30.692471153735646]}', '2bbae9a0ef0bbb5ffaca06603ce621d7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb, exitwhenfull => true, skipcovered => true);
+SELECT geojsonsearch('{"type": "Point","coordinates": [-87.75608539581299,30.692471153735646]}', 'fd8daf2e208762fc3eedb83e8a9213421c7372bbd23723f31f51d18330f0bec7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb, exitwhenfull => true, skipcovered => true);
 {"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "pgstac-test-item-0097", "collection": "pgstac-test-collection"}]}
 
-SELECT geojsonsearch('{"type": "Point","coordinates": [-87.75608539581299,30.692471153735646]}', '2bbae9a0ef0bbb5ffaca06603ce621d7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb, exitwhenfull => false, skipcovered => false) s;
+SELECT geojsonsearch('{"type": "Point","coordinates": [-87.75608539581299,30.692471153735646]}', 'fd8daf2e208762fc3eedb83e8a9213421c7372bbd23723f31f51d18330f0bec7', '{"include":["id"]}'::jsonb, exitwhenfull => false, skipcovered => false) s;
 {"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "pgstac-test-item-0097", "collection": "pgstac-test-collection"}]}
diff --git a/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap.sql b/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap.sql
index a2819eaa..ed61bceb 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap.sql
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pgtap;
 SET SEARCH_PATH TO pgstac, pgtap, public;
 
 -- Plan the tests.
-SELECT plan(229);
+SELECT plan(248);
 --SELECT * FROM no_plan();
 
 -- Run the tests.
diff --git a/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/004_search.sql b/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/004_search.sql
index c10090cd..a5b81a45 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/004_search.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/004_search.sql
@@ -69,14 +69,142 @@ SELECT results_eq($$
 
 
 SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'search_query', ARRAY['jsonb','boolean','jsonb']);
+SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'name_search', ARRAY['jsonb','text','jsonb']);
+SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'rename_search', ARRAY['text','text']);
+SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'unname_search', ARRAY['text']);
+SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'pin_search', ARRAY['text']);
+SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'unpin_search', ARRAY['text']);
+SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'search_gc_retention_interval', ARRAY['jsonb']);
+SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'gc_anonymous_searches', ARRAY['interval','jsonb']);
+SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'gc_search_caches', ARRAY['interval','jsonb']);
+
+SELECT results_eq(
+    $$ SELECT (name_search('{"collections":["pgstac-test-collection"]}'::jsonb, 'pgstac-test-named-search')).name $$,
+    $$ SELECT 'pgstac-test-named-search'::text $$,
+    'name_search assigns a stable name'
+);
+SELECT results_eq(
+    $$ SELECT (rename_search('pgstac-test-named-search', 'pgstac-test-renamed-search')).name $$,
+    $$ SELECT 'pgstac-test-renamed-search'::text $$,
+    'rename_search renames an existing named search'
+);
+SELECT results_eq(
+    $$ SELECT (pin_search('pgstac-test-renamed-search')).pinned $$,
+    $$ SELECT TRUE $$,
+    'pin_search sets pinned=true'
+);
+SELECT results_eq(
+    $$ SELECT (unpin_search('pgstac-test-renamed-search')).pinned $$,
+    $$ SELECT FALSE $$,
+    'unpin_search sets pinned=false'
+);
+SELECT results_eq(
+    $$ SELECT (unname_search('pgstac-test-renamed-search')).name IS NULL $$,
+    $$ SELECT TRUE $$,
+    'unname_search clears search name'
+);
+SELECT results_eq(
+    $$ SELECT search_gc_retention_interval('{"search_gc_retention_interval":"3 days"}'::jsonb) $$,
+    $$ SELECT '3 days'::interval $$,
+    'GC retention interval honors conf override'
+);
+SELECT lives_ok(
+    $$
+        INSERT INTO searches (
+            hash,
+            search,
+            _where,
+            orderby,
+            metadata,
+            lastused,
+            usecount,
+            pinned,
+            name
+        ) VALUES (
+            pgstac_hash('gc-test-row-' || clock_timestamp()::text),
+            '{}'::jsonb,
+            'TRUE',
+            'datetime DESC, id DESC',
+            '{}'::jsonb,
+            now() - '2 days'::interval,
+            1,
+            false,
+            NULL
+        )
+    $$,
+    'Seed an old anonymous search row for GC test'
+);
+SELECT results_eq(
+    $$ SELECT gc_anonymous_searches(NULL, '{"search_gc_retention_interval":"1 day"}'::jsonb) > 0 $$,
+    $$ SELECT TRUE $$,
+    'gc_anonymous_searches uses retention from conf when interval arg is null'
+);
 
 SELECT ok(
-    position('pgstac_hash' IN pg_get_indexdef('search_wheres_where'::regclass)) > 0,
-    'search_wheres unique index is keyed by pgstac_hash(_where)'
+    to_regclass('pgstac.search_wheres') IS NULL,
+    'search_wheres table removed'
 );
 SELECT ok(
-    position('md5' IN pg_get_indexdef('search_wheres_where'::regclass)) = 0,
-    'search_wheres unique index no longer uses md5(_where)'
+    EXISTS (
+        SELECT 1
+        FROM information_schema.columns
+        WHERE
+            table_schema = 'pgstac'
+            AND table_name = 'searches'
+            AND column_name = 'context_count'
+    ),
+    'searches table stores context_count cache'
+);
+SELECT ok(
+    EXISTS (
+        SELECT 1
+        FROM information_schema.columns
+        WHERE
+            table_schema = 'pgstac'
+            AND table_name = 'searches'
+            AND column_name = 'statslastupdated'
+    ),
+    'searches table stores statslastupdated for TTL'
+);
+SELECT results_eq(
+    $$
+        SELECT to_jsonb(array_agg(column_name ORDER BY column_name))
+        FROM information_schema.columns
+        WHERE table_schema = 'pgstac' AND table_name = 'searches'
+    $$,
+    $$
+        SELECT to_jsonb(ARRAY[
+            '_where',
+            'context_count',
+            'created_at',
+            'hash',
+            'lastused',
+            'metadata',
+            'name',
+            'orderby',
+            'pinned',
+            'search',
+            'statslastupdated',
+            'usecount'
+        ]::text[])
+    $$,
+    'searches table has only expected columns'
+);
+
+SELECT results_eq(
+    $$
+        SELECT search_hash(
+            '{"collections":["pgstac-test-collection"],"limit":10,"token":"next:abc","context":"on","sortby":[{"field":"id","direction":"asc"}]}'::jsonb,
+            '{}'::jsonb
+        )
+    $$,
+    $$
+        SELECT search_hash(
+            '{"collections":["pgstac-test-collection"],"limit":1,"token":"prev:def","context":"off","sortby":[{"field":"datetime","direction":"desc"}]}'::jsonb,
+            '{}'::jsonb
+        )
+    $$,
+    'search_hash ignores pagination, token, context, and sort fields'
 );
 
 
diff --git a/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/9999_readonly.sql b/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/9999_readonly.sql
index 4c7c474f..679f0af1 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/9999_readonly.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/9999_readonly.sql
@@ -28,4 +28,17 @@ SELECT lives_ok(
     $$ SELECT search('{}'); $$,
     'Search works with readonly mode set to on in readonly mode and the context extension enabled.'
 );
+SELECT results_eq(
+    $$ SELECT (search('{}')->>'numberMatched') IS NOT NULL; $$,
+    $$ SELECT TRUE; $$,
+    'Readonly search with context on returns numberMatched without requiring cache writes.'
+);
+SELECT throws_ok(
+    $$ SELECT name_search('{"collections":["pgstac-test-collection"]}'::jsonb, 'readonly-should-fail'); $$,
+    '25006'
+);
+SELECT throws_ok(
+    $$ SELECT gc_anonymous_searches(NULL, '{"search_gc_retention_interval":"1 second"}'::jsonb); $$,
+    '25006'
+);
 RESET pgstac.readonly;

From 5a38220ac58a5e22deb6cb08bbba1b7ed432dd0d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 12:22:57 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 10/33] Address PR review feedback and harden migration
 docs/deps

- expand pgstac-migrate README with full CLI/API/env var docs and troubleshooting
- make psycopg[binary] mandatory in pgstac-migrate and pypgstac
- make psycopg-pool mandatory in pypgstac
- remove redundant psycopg optional/group wiring and update test script flags
- remove pgstac-migrate upper bound in pypgstac dependency
- update release workflow paths and uv setup/build step
- refresh docs/changelog references for pgpkg>=0.1.1
- regenerate uv lockfiles
---
 .github/workflows/release.yml                |  21 +-
 CHANGELOG.md                                 |   4 +-
 CLAUDE.md                                    |   6 +-
 README.md                                    |   4 +-
 docs/src/pypgstac.md                         |  42 ++-
 scripts/container-scripts/makemigration      |   2 +-
 scripts/container-scripts/stageversion       |   2 +-
 scripts/container-scripts/test               |  18 +-
 src/pgstac-migrate/README.md                 | 279 ++++++++++++++++++-
 src/pgstac-migrate/pyproject.toml            |   3 +-
 src/pgstac-migrate/scripts/build_artifact.py |   2 +-
 src/pgstac-migrate/uv.lock                   |  12 +-
 src/pypgstac/pyproject.toml                  |  21 +-
 src/pypgstac/src/pypgstac/migrate.py         |   7 +
 14 files changed, 359 insertions(+), 64 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index 6ac3221d..56b9ba1b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -217,15 +217,15 @@ jobs:
         with:
           python-version: "3.x"
       - name: Install build
-        working-directory: /home/runner/work/pgstac/pgstac/src/pypgstac
+        working-directory: src/pypgstac
         run: pip install build
       - name: Build
-        working-directory: /home/runner/work/pgstac/pgstac/src/pypgstac
+        working-directory: src/pypgstac
         run: python -m build
       - name: Publish to PyPI
         uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@cef221092ed1bacb1cc03d23a2d87d1d172e277b # release/v1
         with:
-          packages-dir: /home/runner/work/pgstac/pgstac/src/pypgstac/dist
+          packages-dir: src/pypgstac/dist
 
   releasepgstacmigratetopypi:
     name: Release pgstac-migrate to PyPI
@@ -238,17 +238,12 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-      - name: Setup Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
-        with:
-          python-version: "3.x"
-      - name: Install build
-        working-directory: src/pgstac-migrate
-        run: python -m pip install build
+      - name: Setup uv
+        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@08807647e7069bb48b6ef5acd8ec9567f424441b # v8.1.0
       - name: Build
-        working-directory: /home/runner/work/pgstac/pgstac/src/pgstac-migrate
-        run: python -m build
+        working-directory: src/pgstac-migrate
+        run: uvx --from build pyproject-build
       - name: Publish to PyPI
         uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@cef221092ed1bacb1cc03d23a2d87d1d172e277b # release/v1
         with:
-          packages-dir: /home/runner/work/pgstac/pgstac/src/pgstac-migrate/dist
+          packages-dir: src/pgstac-migrate/dist
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 91c4d7cf..41a541a9 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
   `src/pgstac/migrations/` and `src/pypgstac/src/pypgstac/migrations/`.
 - `scripts/container-scripts/stageversion` and
   `scripts/container-scripts/makemigration` now shell through `pgpkg`
-  (`uv run --no-project --with "pgpkg>=0.1,<0.2"` and
-  `uv run --no-project --with "pgpkg[diff]>=0.1,<0.2"`) with optional
+  (`uv run --no-project --with "pgpkg>=0.1.1,<0.2"` and
+  `uv run --no-project --with "pgpkg[diff]>=0.1.1,<0.2"`) with optional
   `PGPKG_REPO_DIR` override support.
 - `scripts/runinpypgstac` now supports a `PGPKG_LOCAL_REPO_DIR` mount override
   for local pgpkg development while keeping the default flow PyPI-first.
diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
index 91181424..96fc13eb 100644
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ All tests run inside Docker via `scripts/runinpypgstac`. Use `--build` to rebuil
 - **pgstac** container: PostgreSQL 17 + PostGIS 3 + extensions, port 5439→5432
 - **pypgstac** container: Python + Rust build tools, runs scripts
 - `scripts/runinpypgstac` uses the published-package path by default; set `PGPKG_LOCAL_REPO_DIR` to mount a local `pgpkg` checkout at `/pgpkg` and export `PGPKG_REPO_DIR` when `stageversion` or `makemigration` should run against a local checkout
-- When no local checkout is mounted, the in-container `stageversion` / `makemigration` helpers resolve `pgpkg>=0.1,<0.2` from PyPI with `uv run --no-project --with ...`
+- When no local checkout is mounted, the in-container `stageversion` / `makemigration` helpers resolve `pgpkg>=0.1.1,<0.2` from PyPI with `uv run --no-project --with ...`
 - Credentials: `username` / `password`, database: `postgis`
 
 ## Migration Process
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ This runs inside Docker and:
 
 ### How makemigration Works
 
-`makemigration` (copied from `scripts/container-scripts/makemigration` into the image) now prefers a local checkout via `PGPKG_REPO_DIR`, otherwise it resolves the pinned published package with `uv run --no-project --with "pgpkg[diff]>=0.1,<0.2" pgpkg makemigration`:
+`makemigration` (copied from `scripts/container-scripts/makemigration` into the image) now prefers a local checkout via `PGPKG_REPO_DIR`, otherwise it resolves the pinned published package with `uv run --no-project --with "pgpkg[diff]>=0.1.1,<0.2" pgpkg makemigration`:
 
 1. Uses `src/pgstac/pyproject.toml` to locate the canonical staged base files
 2. Uses `results.temporary_local_db` via `pgpkg` to diff the source and target staged bases
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ uv run --directory src/pgstac-migrate pgstac-migrate versions
 
 `pgstac-migrate` owns runtime migration planning and apply logic. `pypgstac migrate` delegates to the same Python API for backwards compatibility and does not execute source-tree SQL files directly.
 The source-tree `pgstac-migrate` package prefers the baked artifact at `src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/migrations.tar.zst` and rebuilds it from the source tree when that file is missing.
-`src/pgstac-migrate/pyproject.toml` resolves `pgpkg>=0.1,<0.2` from PyPI. The standalone `src/pgstac-migrate/scripts/build_artifact.py` helper does not use that lockfile; it carries its own inline `pgpkg>=0.1,<0.2` dependency.
+`src/pgstac-migrate/pyproject.toml` resolves `pgpkg>=0.1.1,<0.2` from PyPI. The standalone `src/pgstac-migrate/scripts/build_artifact.py` helper does not use that lockfile; it carries its own inline `pgpkg>=0.1.1,<0.2` dependency.
 `src/pypgstac/pyproject.toml` keeps a local `[tool.uv.sources]` override to the sibling `../pgstac-migrate` project so `uv run --directory src/pypgstac ...` resolves the wrapper stack from the source tree, while `pgpkg` resolves from PyPI. In the Docker-backed dev flow, `scripts/runinpypgstac` can mount a local pgpkg checkout at `/pgpkg` and export `PGPKG_REPO_DIR` for container-script testing.
 
 ## Testing Details
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 21d85e46..1b33f11a 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 
 ---
 
-**PgSTAC** is a set of SQL functions and schema to build highly performant databases for Spatio-Temporal Asset Catalogs ([STAC](https://stacspec.org/)). The project also provides **pypgstac** (a Python module) to help with database migrations and document ingestion (collections and items).
+**PgSTAC** is a set of SQL functions and schema to build highly performant databases for Spatio-Temporal Asset Catalogs ([STAC](https://stacspec.org/)). The project also provides **pgstac-migrate** (a focused migration package) and **pypgstac** (a Python module for compatibility migration commands and document ingestion).
 
 PgSTAC provides functionality for STAC Filters, CQL2 search, and utilities to help manage the indexing and partitioning of STAC Collections and Items.
 
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ PgSTAC Documentation: https://stac-utils.github.io/pgstac/pgstac
 
 pyPgSTAC Documentation: https://stac-utils.github.io/pgstac/pypgstac
 
+pgstac-migrate package: `src/pgstac-migrate`
+
 ## Project structure
 
 ```
diff --git a/docs/src/pypgstac.md b/docs/src/pypgstac.md
index 5a0719e7..3256aabe 100644
--- a/docs/src/pypgstac.md
+++ b/docs/src/pypgstac.md
@@ -7,11 +7,7 @@ pyPgSTAC is available on PyPI
 python -m pip install pypgstac
 ```
 
-By default, pyPgSTAC does not install the `psycopg` dependency. If you want the database driver installed, use:
-
-```
-python -m pip install pypgstac[psycopg]
-```
+pyPgSTAC installs the PostgreSQL driver dependencies (`psycopg[binary]` and `psycopg-pool`) by default.
 
 Or can be built locally
 ```
@@ -50,14 +46,40 @@ pyPgSTAC will get the database connection settings from the **standard PG enviro
 It can also take a DSN database url "postgresql://..." via the **--dsn** flag.
 
 ### Migrations
-pyPgSTAC has a utility to help apply migrations to an existing PgSTAC instance to bring it up to date.
 
-There are two types of migrations:
+`pypgstac migrate` is a compatibility wrapper over the standalone `pgstac-migrate` package.
+
+- Runtime planning and apply logic lives in `pgstac-migrate`.
+- `pypgstac migrate` remains supported for backward compatibility.
+
+Migration filenames use canonical PostgreSQL extension naming:
+
+- **Base migrations:** `pgstac--<version>.sql`
+- **Incremental migrations:** `pgstac--<from>--<to>.sql`
+
+These files are bundled in the `pgstac-migrate` artifact and used by both CLIs.
+
+### `pgstac-migrate` CLI and API
 
- - **Base migrations** install PgSTAC into a database with no current PgSTAC installation. These migrations follow the file pattern `"pgstac.[version].sql"`
- - **Incremental migrations** are used to move PgSTAC from one version to the next. These migrations follow the file pattern `"pgstac.[version].[fromversion].sql"`
+For direct migration operations (recommended for new integrations):
+
+```bash
+pgstac-migrate migrate --help
+pgstac-migrate plan
+pgstac-migrate versions
+pgstac-migrate info
+```
+
+Python API example:
+
+```python
+from pgstac_migrate.api import migrate
+
+result = migrate(target=None, conninfo="postgresql://...")
+print(result.final_version)
+```
 
-Migrations are stored in ```pypgstac/pypgstac/migrations``` and are distributed with the pyPgSTAC package.
+Use `target=None` for latest, or set `target="<version>"`.
 
 ### Running Migrations
 pyPgSTAC has a utility for checking the version of an existing PgSTAC database and applying the appropriate migrations in the correct order. It can also be used to setup a database from scratch.
diff --git a/scripts/container-scripts/makemigration b/scripts/container-scripts/makemigration
index ea70b08a..0aacb351 100755
--- a/scripts/container-scripts/makemigration
+++ b/scripts/container-scripts/makemigration
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ function run_pgpkg_makemigration() {
     return
   fi
 
-  uv run --no-project --with "pgpkg[diff]>=0.1,<0.2" "$@"
+  uv run --no-project --with "pgpkg[diff]>=0.1.1,<0.2" "$@"
 }
 
 # Check if from SQL file exists
diff --git a/scripts/container-scripts/stageversion b/scripts/container-scripts/stageversion
index 075892ea..d02f2008 100755
--- a/scripts/container-scripts/stageversion
+++ b/scripts/container-scripts/stageversion
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ function run_pgpkg() {
         return
     fi
 
-    uv run --no-project --with "pgpkg>=0.1,<0.2" "$@"
+    uv run --no-project --with "pgpkg>=0.1.1,<0.2" "$@"
 }
 
 function usage() {
diff --git a/scripts/container-scripts/test b/scripts/container-scripts/test
index a30621a9..4bbc525d 100755
--- a/scripts/container-scripts/test
+++ b/scripts/container-scripts/test
@@ -74,11 +74,11 @@ function test_formatting(){
     cd $SRCDIR/pypgstac
 
     echo "Running ruff"
-    uv run --extra dev ruff check src/pypgstac tests
-    uv run --extra dev ruff format --check src/pypgstac tests
+    uv run --group dev ruff check src/pypgstac tests
+    uv run --group dev ruff format --check src/pypgstac tests
 
     echo "Running ty"
-    uv run --extra dev --extra test --extra psycopg ty check
+    uv run --group dev --group test ty check
 
     echo "Checking if there are any staged migrations."
     find $SRCDIR/pgstac/migrations | grep 'staged' && { echo "There are staged migrations in pgstac/migrations. Please check migrations and remove the staged suffix."; exit 1; }
@@ -172,8 +172,8 @@ DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS pgstac_test_pypgstac WITH (force);
 CREATE DATABASE pgstac_test_pypgstac TEMPLATE $TEMPLATEDB;
 ALTER DATABASE pgstac_test_pypgstac SET client_min_messages to $CLIENTMESSAGES;
 EOSQL
-    uv run --extra dev --extra test --extra psycopg pytest tests $VERBOSE
-    uv run --extra dev --extra test --extra psycopg pytest ../pgstac-migrate/tests $VERBOSE
+    uv run --group dev --group test pytest tests $VERBOSE
+    uv run --group dev --group test pytest ../pgstac-migrate/tests $VERBOSE
     psql -X -q -c "DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS pgstac_test_pypgstac WITH (force)";
 }
 
@@ -289,11 +289,11 @@ EOSQL
     export PGDATABASE=pgstac_test_migration
     echo "Migrating from version 0.3.0"
     cd $SRCDIR/pypgstac
-    uv run --extra dev --extra test --extra psycopg pypgstac migrate --toversion 0.3.0
-    uv run --extra dev --extra test --extra psycopg pypgstac --version
+    uv run --group dev --group test pypgstac migrate --toversion 0.3.0
+    uv run --group dev --group test pypgstac --version
 
-    uv run --extra dev --extra test --extra psycopg pypgstac migrate
-    uv run --extra dev --extra test --extra psycopg pypgstac --version
+    uv run --group dev --group test pypgstac migrate
+    uv run --group dev --group test pypgstac --version
 
     echo "Running all tests against incrementally migrated database."
     test_pgtap pgstac_test_migration
diff --git a/src/pgstac-migrate/README.md b/src/pgstac-migrate/README.md
index c290bd09..f827471f 100644
--- a/src/pgstac-migrate/README.md
+++ b/src/pgstac-migrate/README.md
@@ -1,22 +1,285 @@
 # pgstac-migrate
 
-Apply baked PgSTAC migrations with `pgpkg`.
+Standalone PgSTAC migration CLI and Python API.
 
-Source-tree development resolves `pgpkg>=0.1,<0.2` from PyPI by default.
+This package applies PgSTAC schema migrations to a PostgreSQL database from a bundled migration artifact.
+
+## Install
+
+```bash
+pip install pgstac-migrate
+```
+
+## Quick start
+
+```bash
+pgstac-migrate --help
+pgstac-migrate migrate
+```
+
+## CLI command reference
+
+Top-level commands:
+
+- migrate: apply migrations to a live database
+- plan: show the migration plan without applying changes
+- versions: list all versions available in the bundled artifact
+- info: show artifact metadata and bundled migration file info
+- build-artifact: build or refresh the local artifact from source SQL files
+
+### migrate
+
+Usage:
+
+```bash
+pgstac-migrate migrate [--dsn DSN] [-h HOST] [-p PORT] [-d DBNAME] [-U USER] [-W] [--to TARGET] [--dry-run]
+```
+
+Parameters:
+
+- --dsn DSN
+	- Full libpq connection string. When provided, it takes precedence over individual host/user/db flags.
+- -h, --host HOST
+	- Database host. Same meaning as PGHOST.
+- -p, --port PORT
+	- Database port. Same meaning as PGPORT.
+- -d, --dbname DBNAME
+	- Database name. Same meaning as PGDATABASE.
+- -U, --user USER
+	- Database user. Same meaning as PGUSER.
+- -W, --password-prompt
+	- Prompt for password interactively.
+- --to TARGET
+	- Target PgSTAC version to migrate to. If omitted, migrates to the latest version in the artifact.
+- --dry-run
+	- Computes and executes the migration plan, then rolls back before commit.
+
+Examples:
+
+```bash
+pgstac-migrate migrate
+pgstac-migrate migrate --to 0.9.11
+pgstac-migrate migrate --dry-run
+pgstac-migrate migrate --dsn "postgresql://user:pass@localhost:5432/postgis"
+pgstac-migrate migrate --host localhost --port 5432 --dbname postgis --user username -W
+```
+
+### plan
+
+Usage:
+
+```bash
+pgstac-migrate plan [--source SOURCE] [--to TARGET]
+```
+
+Parameters:
+
+- --source SOURCE
+	- Starting version for planning. Omit for fresh install planning.
+- --to TARGET
+	- Target version. If omitted, plans to the latest version in the artifact.
 
 Examples:
 
+```bash
+pgstac-migrate plan
+pgstac-migrate plan --source 0.9.10 --to 0.9.11
+```
+
+### versions
+
+Usage:
+
+```bash
+pgstac-migrate versions
+```
+
+Prints all versions available in the bundled artifact catalog.
+
+### info
+
+Usage:
+
+```bash
+pgstac-migrate info
+```
+
+Prints artifact manifest metadata, plus checksums and sizes for bundled entries.
+
+### build-artifact
+
+Usage:
+
+```bash
+pgstac-migrate build-artifact
+```
+
+What it does:
+
+- Reads PgSTAC SQL and migration sources from the repository source tree.
+- Builds a compressed artifact file named migrations.tar.zst.
+- Writes the artifact to src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/migrations.tar.zst.
+
+When to use it:
+
+- During source-tree development after SQL or migration files change.
+- Before testing commands like plan, versions, info, or migrate against local unreleased migration changes.
+
+When you do not need it:
+
+- Typical PyPI package usage, where an artifact is already bundled in the installed wheel.
+
+## Connection parameters and environment variables
+
+pgstac-migrate follows libpq/psql connection conventions.
+
+Resolution order:
+
+1. Explicit CLI arguments
+2. libpq environment variables
+3. libpq defaults
+
+If --dsn is provided, it overrides individual connection flags.
+
+Supported libpq environment variables for connection behavior include:
+
+- PGHOST: database host name
+- PGHOSTADDR: database host IP address
+- PGPORT: database port
+- PGDATABASE: database name
+- PGUSER: database user
+- PGPASSWORD: database password
+- PGPASSFILE: password file path
+- PGSERVICE: named service to load connection options
+- PGSERVICEFILE: service file path
+- PGCONNECT_TIMEOUT: connection timeout in seconds
+- PGTARGETSESSIONATTRS: target session attributes for multi-host connection routing
+- PGLOADBALANCEHOSTS: host load balancing policy
+
+SSL and TLS environment variables:
+
+- PGSSLMODE
+- PGSSLROOTCERT
+- PGSSLCERT
+- PGSSLKEY
+- PGSSLPASSWORD
+- PGSSLCRL
+- PGSSLCRLDIR
+- PGSSLSNI
+- PGSSLNEGOTIATION
+
+Additional libpq environment variables commonly used with PostgreSQL are also honored by libpq. See PostgreSQL libpq connection settings for complete semantics.
+
+## Python API reference
+
+Module: pgstac_migrate.api
+
+Functions:
+
+- artifact_path() -> pathlib.Path
+	- Returns the artifact path used by the package.
+- normalize_target_version(target: str | None) -> str | None
+	- Maps source-tree development targets like 0.9.11-dev to unreleased.
+- migrate(...)
+	- Applies migrations and returns an ApplyResult object.
+
+migrate parameters:
+
+- target: str | None = None
+	- Target version. None means latest available.
+- dry_run: bool = False
+	- Run migration in rollback mode.
+- conninfo: str | None = None
+	- Full DSN/libpq conninfo string.
+- host: str | None = None
+- port: int | str | None = None
+- dbname: str | None = None
+- user: str | None = None
+- password: str | None = None
+
+Return value:
+
+- final_version: resulting database version
+- bootstrapped_from: base version used when bootstrapping from an empty state
+- applied_steps: ordered list of migration steps applied
+
+Example:
+
+```python
+from pgstac_migrate.api import migrate
+
+result = migrate(
+		target="0.9.11",
+		dry_run=False,
+		host="localhost",
+		port=5432,
+		dbname="postgis",
+		user="username",
+		password="password",
+)
+
+print(result.final_version)
+print(result.bootstrapped_from)
+print(result.applied_steps)
+```
+
+## Source checkout usage
+
 ```bash
 uv run --directory src/pgstac-migrate pgstac-migrate build-artifact
 uv run --directory src/pgstac-migrate pgstac-migrate info
 uv run --directory src/pgstac-migrate pgstac-migrate versions
-uv run --directory src/pgstac-migrate pgstac-migrate migrate --help
+uv run --directory src/pgstac-migrate pgstac-migrate plan
+uv run --directory src/pgstac-migrate pgstac-migrate migrate --dry-run
 ```
 
-Standalone post-release bootstrap helper:
+## Operational notes
 
-```bash
-uv run --script src/pgstac-migrate/scripts/build_artifact.py
-```
+- The `migrate` command is safe to re-run. If a database is already at target version, no migration steps are applied.
+- Use `plan` before `migrate` when changing environments or moving between non-adjacent versions.
+- Use `--dry-run` in CI or release validation to verify pathing and SQL execution without committing changes.
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+### Connection/authentication errors
+
+Symptoms:
+
+- connection refused
+- password authentication failed
+- timeout expired
+
+Checks:
+
+- verify `PGHOST`, `PGPORT`, `PGDATABASE`, `PGUSER`, and credentials
+- verify SSL settings (`PGSSLMODE`, certificate paths) when required
+- try a known-good `psql` connection with the same DSN/env values
+
+### Target version not found
+
+Symptoms:
+
+- requested `--to` version is rejected
+- plan cannot reach target
+
+Checks:
+
+- run `pgstac-migrate versions` to see available targets
+- run `pgstac-migrate info` to confirm artifact contents
+- in source checkouts, run `pgstac-migrate build-artifact` after migration source changes
+
+### No steps applied
+
+If `migrate` reports no applied steps, this usually means either:
+
+- database is already at target version, or
+- source/target are equal for the selected plan
+
+Use `plan` to confirm the expected path.
+
+### Dry-run behavior
+
+`--dry-run` executes the migration sequence and then rolls back.
 
-That helper does not use `uv.lock`; it resolves its own inline dependency on `pgpkg>=0.1,<0.2` directly from PyPI.
+- It is expected to report a final version in command output while leaving the database unchanged.
+- Use this mode to validate migration viability, not to persist schema changes.
diff --git a/src/pgstac-migrate/pyproject.toml b/src/pgstac-migrate/pyproject.toml
index f507e8a9..d20f34c2 100644
--- a/src/pgstac-migrate/pyproject.toml
+++ b/src/pgstac-migrate/pyproject.toml
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ readme = "README.md"
 requires-python = ">=3.11"
 license = "MIT"
 dependencies = [
-    "pgpkg>=0.1,<0.2",
+    "pgpkg>=0.1.1,<0.2",
+    "psycopg[binary]>=3.1.0",
 ]
 
 [project.scripts]
diff --git a/src/pgstac-migrate/scripts/build_artifact.py b/src/pgstac-migrate/scripts/build_artifact.py
index 880c5f1e..b9ef3568 100644
--- a/src/pgstac-migrate/scripts/build_artifact.py
+++ b/src/pgstac-migrate/scripts/build_artifact.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # /// script
 # requires-python = ">=3.11"
 # dependencies = [
-#   "pgpkg>=0.1,<0.2",
+#   "pgpkg>=0.1.1,<0.2",
 # ]
 # ///
 """Build the local pgstac-migrate baked artifact with the published pgpkg API."""
diff --git a/src/pgstac-migrate/uv.lock b/src/pgstac-migrate/uv.lock
index c5ba4f2b..751c5223 100644
--- a/src/pgstac-migrate/uv.lock
+++ b/src/pgstac-migrate/uv.lock
@@ -13,16 +13,16 @@ wheels = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pgpkg"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "0.1.1"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
     { name = "packaging" },
     { name = "psycopg", extra = ["binary"] },
     { name = "zstandard" },
 ]
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/03/12/bd74a956815835a0a1d318f54deab5ebfc8d807178e99421f6232d806111/pgpkg-0.1.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:fecfea66c84c5976eb4058f3325e4d601a4a47378b1499f56ba413b7222b5838", size = 43573, upload-time = "2026-05-05T21:24:41.292Z" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/82/4c/c2557e77821fb7c53b327975d544ee7873042caaad8cf6a6f0416fdbd4cc/pgpkg-0.1.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:a3abf53a6b7e8c88774e0280a199bf752a4f0d17cb848c6d1119984c871b7ff9", size = 45678, upload-time = "2026-05-12T15:37:28.267Z" }
 wheels = [
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/aa/8f/7153e33850f68867b340c93cde3b17d3784dbf28880169383cc4b01cff95/pgpkg-0.1.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:1d68d2b2287bf68ee3c47012678eac4247bad79fcefbb9fc53cff1480d4f9d73", size = 30600, upload-time = "2026-05-05T21:24:39.768Z" },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/40/ce/2046b80e9a6e80088479f594b28c861d6ee68a515c109ff99343f4ec6d92/pgpkg-0.1.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:b8d2e6fc7a5118abc9529b37dba63ae4adc83e120650063e8563ef89f7c4e011", size = 31935, upload-time = "2026-05-12T15:37:26.899Z" },
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -31,10 +31,14 @@ version = "0.9.11.dev0"
 source = { editable = "." }
 dependencies = [
     { name = "pgpkg" },
+    { name = "psycopg", extra = ["binary"] },
 ]
 
 [package.metadata]
-requires-dist = [{ name = "pgpkg", specifier = ">=0.1,<0.2" }]
+requires-dist = [
+    { name = "pgpkg", specifier = ">=0.1.1,<0.2" },
+    { name = "psycopg", extras = ["binary"], specifier = ">=3.1.0" },
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "psycopg"
diff --git a/src/pypgstac/pyproject.toml b/src/pypgstac/pyproject.toml
index ed49b114..b874589a 100644
--- a/src/pypgstac/pyproject.toml
+++ b/src/pypgstac/pyproject.toml
@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@ dependencies = [
     "fire>=0.7.0",
     "hydraters>=0.1.0",
     "orjson>=3.11.0",
-    "pgstac-migrate>=0.9.11.dev0,<0.10",
+    "pgstac-migrate>=0.9.11.dev0",
+    "psycopg[binary]>=3.1.0",
+    "psycopg-pool>=3.1.0",
     "plpygis>=0.5.0",
     "pydantic>=2.10,<3",
     "pydantic-settings>=2,<3",
@@ -32,7 +34,13 @@ dependencies = [
     "version-parser>=1.0.1",
 ]
 
-[project.optional-dependencies]
+[dependency-groups]
+dev = [
+    "types-setuptools",
+    "ruff==0.15.12",
+    "ty==0.0.35",
+    "pre-commit==4.6.0",
+]
 test = [
     "morecantile>=6.2,<7.1",
     "pytest>=8.3,<9.1",
@@ -41,20 +49,13 @@ test = [
     "pystac[validation]==1.*",
     "types-cachetools>=5.5",
 ]
-dev = [
-    "types-setuptools",
-    "ruff==0.15.12",
-    "ty==0.0.35",
-    "pre-commit==4.6.0",
-]
-psycopg = ["psycopg[binary]>=3.1.0", "psycopg-pool>=3.1.0"]
 migrations = []
 docs = [
     "jupyter",
     "pandas",
     "seaborn",
     "mkdocs-jupyter",
-    "folium"
+    "folium",
 ]
 
 
diff --git a/src/pypgstac/src/pypgstac/migrate.py b/src/pypgstac/src/pypgstac/migrate.py
index e10e8858..5ad94cbb 100644
--- a/src/pypgstac/src/pypgstac/migrate.py
+++ b/src/pypgstac/src/pypgstac/migrate.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 import glob
 import os
+import warnings
 from collections import defaultdict
 from collections.abc import Iterator
 from importlib import import_module
@@ -11,6 +12,12 @@
 
 MIGRATION_PREFIX = "pgstac--"
 
+warnings.warn(
+    "pypgstac.migrate is a compatibility wrapper and will be deprecated in a future minor release; use pgstac_migrate.api or the pgstac-migrate CLI directly.",
+    DeprecationWarning,
+    stacklevel=2,
+)
+
 
 def base_migration_filename(version: str) -> str:
     """Return the canonical base migration filename for a version."""

From 50d73bc5032cccd7ff8d8fd9468c5d8f23ff5adf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 13:13:01 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 11/33] Move pgstac_hash into search SQL

---
 CHANGELOG.md                                         |  3 +++
 src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql |  6 +-----
 src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql         | 11 ++++-------
 src/pgstac/pgstac.sql                                | 11 ++++-------
 src/pgstac/sql/000_idempotent_pre.sql                |  4 ----
 src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql                        |  4 ++++
 6 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 41a541a9..993f7788 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -48,6 +48,9 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
   `PGPKG_REPO_DIR` override support.
 - `scripts/runinpypgstac` now supports a `PGPKG_LOCAL_REPO_DIR` mount override
   for local pgpkg development while keeping the default flow PyPI-first.
+- `pgstac_hash` now lives with the search hashing helpers in
+  `src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql` instead of the pre-idempotent bootstrap SQL,
+  and `stageversion` regenerates a clean incremental migration for that move.
 - Tagged releases now publish the new `pgstac-migrate` package to PyPI alongside `pypgstac` via trusted publishing in `.github/workflows/release.yml`.
 - In-container helper scripts moved from `docker/pypgstac/bin/` to
   `scripts/container-scripts/`; container `PATH` updated accordingly.
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
index 6630b88f..afc46356 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
@@ -198,10 +198,6 @@ RETURNS timestamptz AS $$
     ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT;
 
-  CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac_hash(data text) RETURNS text AS $$
-    SELECT encode(sha256(convert_to(data, 'UTF8')), 'hex');
-  $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE STRICT;
-
 drop function if exists "pgstac"."search_rows"(_where text, _orderby text, partitions text[], _limit integer);
 
 drop function if exists "pgstac"."where_stats"(inwhere text, updatestats boolean, conf jsonb);
@@ -304,7 +300,7 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.pgstac_hash(data text)
  IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE STRICT
 AS $function$
     SELECT encode(sha256(convert_to(data, 'UTF8')), 'hex');
-  $function$
+$function$
 ;
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.pin_search(_name text)
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
index d7cb0bf9..9f3706a8 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
@@ -198,13 +198,6 @@ RETURNS timestamptz AS $$
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT;
 -- END FRAGMENT: 000_idempotent_pre.sql
 
--- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 001_core.sql
-
-  CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac_hash(data text) RETURNS text AS $$
-    SELECT encode(sha256(convert_to(data, 'UTF8')), 'hex');
-  $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE STRICT;
--- END FRAGMENT: 000_idempotent_pre.sql
-
 -- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 001_core.sql
 
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS migrations (
@@ -3538,6 +3531,10 @@ $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SET transform_null_equals TO TRUE
 -- Search Hashing
 -- ============================================================================
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac_hash(data text) RETURNS text AS $$
+    SELECT encode(sha256(convert_to(data, 'UTF8')), 'hex');
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE STRICT;
+
 -- Central hash helper: one canonical where-clause + metadata payload to hash.
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_hash_from_where(_where text, _metadata jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb) RETURNS text AS $$
     SELECT pgstac_hash(
diff --git a/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql b/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
index d7cb0bf9..9f3706a8 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
@@ -198,13 +198,6 @@ RETURNS timestamptz AS $$
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT;
 -- END FRAGMENT: 000_idempotent_pre.sql
 
--- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 001_core.sql
-
-  CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac_hash(data text) RETURNS text AS $$
-    SELECT encode(sha256(convert_to(data, 'UTF8')), 'hex');
-  $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE STRICT;
--- END FRAGMENT: 000_idempotent_pre.sql
-
 -- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 001_core.sql
 
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS migrations (
@@ -3538,6 +3531,10 @@ $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SET transform_null_equals TO TRUE
 -- Search Hashing
 -- ============================================================================
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac_hash(data text) RETURNS text AS $$
+    SELECT encode(sha256(convert_to(data, 'UTF8')), 'hex');
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE STRICT;
+
 -- Central hash helper: one canonical where-clause + metadata payload to hash.
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_hash_from_where(_where text, _metadata jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb) RETURNS text AS $$
     SELECT pgstac_hash(
diff --git a/src/pgstac/sql/000_idempotent_pre.sql b/src/pgstac/sql/000_idempotent_pre.sql
index 2eb0d15a..9f558e4b 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/sql/000_idempotent_pre.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/sql/000_idempotent_pre.sql
@@ -191,7 +191,3 @@ RETURNS timestamptz AS $$
         END
     ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT;
-
-  CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac_hash(data text) RETURNS text AS $$
-    SELECT encode(sha256(convert_to(data, 'UTF8')), 'hex');
-  $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE STRICT;
diff --git a/src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql b/src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql
index ef8e9756..30246903 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql
@@ -505,6 +505,10 @@ $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SET transform_null_equals TO TRUE
 -- Search Hashing
 -- ============================================================================
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac_hash(data text) RETURNS text AS $$
+    SELECT encode(sha256(convert_to(data, 'UTF8')), 'hex');
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE STRICT;
+
 -- Central hash helper: one canonical where-clause + metadata payload to hash.
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_hash_from_where(_where text, _metadata jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb) RETURNS text AS $$
     SELECT pgstac_hash(

From 5932cd88292a0f4a0f646f1f169d9e78fd93acb3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 13:21:52 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 12/33] Refine unreleased changelog for search cache hardening

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 17 ++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 993f7788..0fbd41d1 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -48,9 +48,18 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
   `PGPKG_REPO_DIR` override support.
 - `scripts/runinpypgstac` now supports a `PGPKG_LOCAL_REPO_DIR` mount override
   for local pgpkg development while keeping the default flow PyPI-first.
-- `pgstac_hash` now lives with the search hashing helpers in
-  `src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql` instead of the pre-idempotent bootstrap SQL,
-  and `stageversion` regenerates a clean incremental migration for that move.
+- Search cache hashing now uses SHA-256 and canonical where-clause inputs,
+  reducing collision risk and avoiding cache-key drift from pagination and
+  presentation-only parameters.
+- Search cache lifecycle now lives on `searches` (retiring `search_wheres`),
+  adding named/pinned search support and retention-driven GC for anonymous
+  cache rows.
+- Search cache writes now use non-blocking row touch (`FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED`)
+  plus advisory-lock-backed insert/update fallback, reducing lock waits and
+  deadlock risk under concurrent identical searches.
+- Search context stats updates now use optimistic compare-and-update guards on
+  `statslastupdated`, reducing stale overwrites when concurrent workers refresh
+  counts.
 - Tagged releases now publish the new `pgstac-migrate` package to PyPI alongside `pypgstac` via trusted publishing in `.github/workflows/release.yml`.
 - In-container helper scripts moved from `docker/pypgstac/bin/` to
   `scripts/container-scripts/`; container `PATH` updated accordingly.
@@ -91,6 +100,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ### Fixed
 - `scripts/container-scripts/test` now refreshes collation metadata for the
   `postgres` database during setup to avoid noisy warning output.
+- Read-only search with context now returns `numberMatched` without requiring
+  cache writes, reducing failure risk for replica/read-only deployments.
 - `load.py`: Use timezone-aware `MIN_DATETIME_UTC` / `MAX_DATETIME_UTC` sentinel
   constants (instead of naive `datetime.min` / `datetime.max`) to avoid
   `TypeError: can't compare offset-naive and offset-aware datetimes`.

From d03f9be80880b42958e3a4a2e56656f6e5e97f61 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 13:52:04 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 13/33] Enable pg_stat_statements and pg_cron in test image

---
 CHANGELOG.md                   |  6 ++++
 docker/pgstac/Dockerfile       |  6 ++--
 docker/pgstac/dbinit/pgstac.sh |  5 ++-
 scripts/container-scripts/test | 62 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 4 files changed, 75 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 0fbd41d1..48bf426b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -29,6 +29,12 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - `workflow_dispatch` trigger for manual CI runs.
 - `pg_tle` v1.5.2 built and pre-loaded in the `pgstacbase` image; database init runs
   `CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_tle`.
+- `pg_stat_statements` and `pg_cron` are now installed in the pgstac Docker image,
+  added to `shared_preload_libraries`, and initialized during container bootstrap
+  (`pg_stat_statements` in the app database, `pg_cron` in `postgres`).
+- `scripts/container-scripts/test` now includes extension smoke tests that verify
+  preload configuration plus basic runtime behavior for both
+  `pg_stat_statements` and `pg_cron`.
 - `pypgstac-runtime` Docker target: slim Python 3.13-trixie image without the Rust/build
   toolchain, for production deployments where the Rust build environment is not needed.
 - Dependabot coverage expanded to Docker base images and pip packages (two new
diff --git a/docker/pgstac/Dockerfile b/docker/pgstac/Dockerfile
index 671ac025..61c941c8 100644
--- a/docker/pgstac/Dockerfile
+++ b/docker/pgstac/Dockerfile
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/var/cache/apt,sharing=locked \
     && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
         postgresql-$PG_MAJOR-postgis-$POSTGIS_MAJOR \
         postgresql-$PG_MAJOR-postgis-$POSTGIS_MAJOR-scripts \
+        postgresql-$PG_MAJOR-cron \
+        postgresql-contrib-$PG_MAJOR \
         postgresql-$PG_MAJOR-pgtap \
         postgresql-$PG_MAJOR-plpgsql-check \
         postgresql-$PG_MAJOR-partman \
@@ -31,8 +33,8 @@ RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/var/cache/apt,sharing=locked \
     && make -C /tmp/pg_tle \
     && make -C /tmp/pg_tle install \
     && rm -rf /tmp/pg_tle \
-    && sed -i "s/^#shared_preload_libraries = .*/shared_preload_libraries = 'pg_tle'/" /usr/share/postgresql/$PG_MAJOR/postgresql.conf.sample \
-    && sed -i "s/^#shared_preload_libraries = .*/shared_preload_libraries = 'pg_tle'/" /usr/share/postgresql/postgresql.conf.sample \
+    && sed -i "s/^#shared_preload_libraries = .*/shared_preload_libraries = 'pg_tle,pg_stat_statements,pg_cron'/" /usr/share/postgresql/$PG_MAJOR/postgresql.conf.sample \
+    && sed -i "s/^#shared_preload_libraries = .*/shared_preload_libraries = 'pg_tle,pg_stat_statements,pg_cron'/" /usr/share/postgresql/postgresql.conf.sample \
     && apt-get purge -y --auto-remove \
         postgresql-server-dev-$PG_MAJOR \
         build-essential \
diff --git a/docker/pgstac/dbinit/pgstac.sh b/docker/pgstac/dbinit/pgstac.sh
index f4e97986..8751eb08 100644
--- a/docker/pgstac/dbinit/pgstac.sh
+++ b/docker/pgstac/dbinit/pgstac.sh
@@ -3,11 +3,14 @@ SHARED_BUFFERS=$(( $SYSMEM/4 ))
 EFFECTIVE_CACHE_SIZE=$(( $SYSMEM*3/4 ))
 MAINTENANCE_WORK_MEM=$(( $SYSMEM/8 ))
 WORK_MEM=$(( $SHARED_BUFFERS/50 ))
-
 psql -X -q -v ON_ERROR_STOP=1 <<EOSQL
 CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_tle;
+CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_stat_statements;
+\connect postgres
+CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_cron;
 ALTER SYSTEM SET search_path TO pgstac, public;
 ALTER SYSTEM SET client_min_messages TO WARNING;
+ALTER SYSTEM SET cron.database_name='postgres';
 ALTER SYSTEM SET shared_buffers='${SHARED_BUFFERS}kB';
 ALTER SYSTEM SET effective_cache_size='${EFFECTIVE_CACHE_SIZE}kB';
 ALTER SYSTEM SET maintenance_work_mem='${MAINTENANCE_WORK_MEM}kB';
diff --git a/scripts/container-scripts/test b/scripts/container-scripts/test
index 4bbc525d..583efe77 100755
--- a/scripts/container-scripts/test
+++ b/scripts/container-scripts/test
@@ -70,6 +70,62 @@ function refresh_collation_versions(){
     psql -X -q -d postgres -c "ALTER DATABASE postgis REFRESH COLLATION VERSION;" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
 }
 
+function test_server_extensions(){
+    local appdb="${POSTGRES_DB:-postgis}"
+    local pgss_count
+
+    psql -X -q -v ON_ERROR_STOP=1 -d "$appdb" <<EOSQL
+DO \$\$
+DECLARE
+    preload_libs text;
+BEGIN
+    preload_libs := current_setting('shared_preload_libraries');
+    IF preload_libs NOT LIKE '%pg_stat_statements%' THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'pg_stat_statements is not in shared_preload_libraries: %', preload_libs;
+    END IF;
+    IF preload_libs NOT LIKE '%pg_cron%' THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'pg_cron is not in shared_preload_libraries: %', preload_libs;
+    END IF;
+
+    IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM pg_extension WHERE extname = 'pg_stat_statements') THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'pg_stat_statements extension is not installed in %', current_database();
+    END IF;
+END
+\$\$;
+EOSQL
+
+    psql -X -q -v ON_ERROR_STOP=1 -d "$appdb" -c "SELECT pg_stat_statements_reset();" >/dev/null
+    psql -X -q -v ON_ERROR_STOP=1 -d "$appdb" -c "SELECT count(*) FROM pg_class;" >/dev/null
+    pgss_count=$(psql -X -q -t -A -v ON_ERROR_STOP=1 -d "$appdb" -c "SELECT count(*) FROM pg_stat_statements;")
+    if [[ -z "$pgss_count" || "$pgss_count" -eq 0 ]]; then
+        echo "pg_stat_statements did not record statements for ${appdb}" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+    psql -X -q -v ON_ERROR_STOP=1 -d postgres <<EOSQL
+DO \$\$
+DECLARE
+    preload_libs text;
+BEGIN
+    preload_libs := current_setting('shared_preload_libraries');
+    IF preload_libs NOT LIKE '%pg_cron%' THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'pg_cron is not in shared_preload_libraries: %', preload_libs;
+    END IF;
+    IF current_setting('cron.database_name') <> 'postgres' THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'cron.database_name expected postgres but was %', current_setting('cron.database_name');
+    END IF;
+    IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM pg_extension WHERE extname = 'pg_cron') THEN
+        RAISE EXCEPTION 'pg_cron extension is not installed in %', current_database();
+    END IF;
+
+    PERFORM cron.unschedule(cron.schedule('* * * * *', 'SELECT 1'));
+END
+\$\$;
+EOSQL
+
+    echo "Server extension tests passed for ${appdb} + postgres."
+}
+
 function test_formatting(){
     cd $SRCDIR/pypgstac
 
@@ -410,7 +466,11 @@ then
 fi
 
 [ $FORMATTING -eq 1 ] && test_formatting
-[ $SETUPDB -eq 1 ] && refresh_collation_versions && setuptestdb
+if [ $SETUPDB -eq 1 ]; then
+    refresh_collation_versions
+    test_server_extensions
+    setuptestdb
+fi
 [ $PGTAP -eq 1 ] && test_pgtap
 [ $BASICSQL -eq 1 ] && test_basicsql
 [ $PYPGSTAC -eq 1 ] && test_pypgstac

From 2dff33eae679513aa4e54a3234f3520daf8f1cb2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 14:08:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 14/33] Wire search_query updatestats into where_stats

---
 src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql | 24 +++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql b/src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql
index 30246903..1ced3795 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql
@@ -696,6 +696,7 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_query(
 DECLARE
     search searches%ROWTYPE;
     cached_search searches%ROWTYPE;
+    search_where searches%ROWTYPE;
     ro boolean := pgstac.readonly();
 BEGIN
     RAISE NOTICE 'SEARCH: %', _search;
@@ -746,8 +747,30 @@ BEGIN
     IF cached_search IS NOT NULL THEN
         cached_search._where = search._where;
         cached_search.orderby = search.orderby;
+        IF updatestats THEN
+            search_where := where_stats(
+                cached_search.hash,
+                cached_search._where,
+                true,
+                _search->'conf'
+            );
+            cached_search.context_count := search_where.context_count;
+            cached_search.statslastupdated := search_where.statslastupdated;
+        END IF;
         RETURN cached_search;
     END IF;
+
+    IF updatestats THEN
+        search_where := where_stats(
+            search.hash,
+            search._where,
+            true,
+            _search->'conf'
+        );
+        search.context_count := search_where.context_count;
+        search.statslastupdated := search_where.statslastupdated;
+    END IF;
+
     RETURN search;
 
 END;
@@ -1058,7 +1081,6 @@ DECLARE
     hydrate bool := NOT (_search->'conf'->>'nohydrate' IS NOT NULL AND (_search->'conf'->>'nohydrate')::boolean = true);
     prev text;
     next text;
-    context jsonb;
     collection jsonb;
     out_records jsonb;
     out_len int;

From bba2f276d97a3080dba407cb5fa67e8e8784cfcc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 14:10:04 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 15/33] Update unreleased changelog for search stats refresh

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 48bf426b..f78e6beb 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -104,6 +104,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - `flake8`, `black`, and `mypy` removed from dev dependencies.
 
 ### Fixed
+- Explicit search stats refresh now propagates through cached and uncached search paths when `updatestats` is requested, keeping `numberMatched`/context counts current.
 - `scripts/container-scripts/test` now refreshes collation metadata for the
   `postgres` database during setup to avoid noisy warning output.
 - Read-only search with context now returns `numberMatched` without requiring

From 197587aa26fdf6f095ddf408c775f4e11b2eefd9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 14:31:48 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 16/33] Move Rust crate under src

---
 .github/workflows/continuous-integration.yml | 2 +-
 .github/workflows/release.yml                | 2 +-
 {rust => src/pgstac-rs}/.gitignore           | 0
 {rust => src/pgstac-rs}/CHANGELOG.md         | 0
 {rust => src/pgstac-rs}/Cargo.lock           | 0
 {rust => src/pgstac-rs}/Cargo.toml           | 0
 {rust => src/pgstac-rs}/README.md            | 4 ++--
 {rust => src/pgstac-rs}/src/client.rs        | 0
 {rust => src/pgstac-rs}/src/lib.rs           | 0
 {rust => src/pgstac-rs}/src/page.rs          | 0
 10 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 rename {rust => src/pgstac-rs}/.gitignore (100%)
 rename {rust => src/pgstac-rs}/CHANGELOG.md (100%)
 rename {rust => src/pgstac-rs}/Cargo.lock (100%)
 rename {rust => src/pgstac-rs}/Cargo.toml (100%)
 rename {rust => src/pgstac-rs}/README.md (90%)
 rename {rust => src/pgstac-rs}/src/client.rs (100%)
 rename {rust => src/pgstac-rs}/src/lib.rs (100%)
 rename {rust => src/pgstac-rs}/src/page.rs (100%)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/continuous-integration.yml b/.github/workflows/continuous-integration.yml
index 92f056e0..cce24c84 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/continuous-integration.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/continuous-integration.yml
@@ -225,4 +225,4 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set search_path
         run: psql -c "ALTER ROLE username SET search_path TO pgstac, public;"
       - name: Test
-        run: cargo test -p pgstac --all-features --manifest-path rust/Cargo.toml
+        run: cargo test -p pgstac --all-features --manifest-path src/pgstac-rs/Cargo.toml
diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index 47ee8d97..baad2b58 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: rust-lang/crates-io-auth-action@bbd81622f20ce9e2dd9622e3218b975523e45bbe # v1.0.4
         id: auth
       - name: Publish
-        working-directory: rust
+        working-directory: src/pgstac-rs
         env:
           CARGO_REGISTRY_TOKEN: ${{ steps.auth.outputs.token }}
         run: cargo publish
diff --git a/rust/.gitignore b/src/pgstac-rs/.gitignore
similarity index 100%
rename from rust/.gitignore
rename to src/pgstac-rs/.gitignore
diff --git a/rust/CHANGELOG.md b/src/pgstac-rs/CHANGELOG.md
similarity index 100%
rename from rust/CHANGELOG.md
rename to src/pgstac-rs/CHANGELOG.md
diff --git a/rust/Cargo.lock b/src/pgstac-rs/Cargo.lock
similarity index 100%
rename from rust/Cargo.lock
rename to src/pgstac-rs/Cargo.lock
diff --git a/rust/Cargo.toml b/src/pgstac-rs/Cargo.toml
similarity index 100%
rename from rust/Cargo.toml
rename to src/pgstac-rs/Cargo.toml
diff --git a/rust/README.md b/src/pgstac-rs/README.md
similarity index 90%
rename from rust/README.md
rename to src/pgstac-rs/README.md
index 09102376..6df92d00 100644
--- a/rust/README.md
+++ b/src/pgstac-rs/README.md
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ scripts/server
 Then, in another terminal:
 
 ```sh
-cargo test --manifest-path rust/Cargo.toml
+cargo test --manifest-path src/pgstac-rs/Cargo.toml
 ```
 
 Each test is run in its own transaction, which is rolled back after the test.
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ By default, the tests will connect to the database at `postgresql://username:pas
 If you need to customize the connection information for whatever reason, set your `PGSTAC_RS_TEST_DB` environment variable:
 
 ```shell
-PGSTAC_RS_TEST_DB=postgresql://otherusername:otherpassword@otherhost:7822/otherdbname cargo test --manifest-path rust/Cargo.toml
+PGSTAC_RS_TEST_DB=postgresql://otherusername:otherpassword@otherhost:7822/otherdbname cargo test --manifest-path src/pgstac-rs/Cargo.toml
 ```
 
 ## Other info
diff --git a/rust/src/client.rs b/src/pgstac-rs/src/client.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from rust/src/client.rs
rename to src/pgstac-rs/src/client.rs
diff --git a/rust/src/lib.rs b/src/pgstac-rs/src/lib.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from rust/src/lib.rs
rename to src/pgstac-rs/src/lib.rs
diff --git a/rust/src/page.rs b/src/pgstac-rs/src/page.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from rust/src/page.rs
rename to src/pgstac-rs/src/page.rs

From 999a74bb260ffc089070014bc34cae93d67906df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 14:33:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 17/33] don't save _PLAN.md docs

---
 .gitignore | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index c646d853..eaeef9f5 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -19,3 +19,4 @@ src/pgstacrust/target/
 src/pgstac-migrate/dist/
 src/pgstac-migrate/src/pgstac_migrate/migrations.tar.zst
 src/pypgstac/uv.lock
+*_PLAN.md

From dd4a6210e9916c247ba97391d6b48f2be604ba2f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 14:40:08 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 18/33] Document Rust crate move

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index f78e6beb..3e9bf05a 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -66,6 +66,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Search context stats updates now use optimistic compare-and-update guards on
   `statslastupdated`, reducing stale overwrites when concurrent workers refresh
   counts.
+- The Rust crate moved from the top-level `rust/` directory to
+  `src/pgstac-rs/`, and CI/release workflows now use the new path.
 - Tagged releases now publish the new `pgstac-migrate` package to PyPI alongside `pypgstac` via trusted publishing in `.github/workflows/release.yml`.
 - In-container helper scripts moved from `docker/pypgstac/bin/` to
   `scripts/container-scripts/`; container `PATH` updated accordingly.

From a0d5c3cc070d1af295fae5cf4bf31cf02515cd39 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 14:57:25 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 19/33] Fix server extension smoke test db selection

---
 CHANGELOG.md                   | 2 ++
 scripts/container-scripts/test | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 3e9bf05a..14c4ca2e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -120,6 +120,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
   the broken `3.9.0` sdist under `--resolution lowest-direct`.
 - `pydantic` minimum raised to `>=2.10` so `--resolution lowest-direct` on Python 3.13
   does not resolve to `pydantic-core==2.0.1`, which fails to build.
+- `scripts/container-scripts/test` now uses `PGDATABASE`/`POSTGRES_DB` when checking
+  server extensions instead of assuming a `postgis` database name.
 
 
 ## [v0.9.11]
diff --git a/scripts/container-scripts/test b/scripts/container-scripts/test
index 583efe77..f794e0cb 100755
--- a/scripts/container-scripts/test
+++ b/scripts/container-scripts/test
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ function refresh_collation_versions(){
 }
 
 function test_server_extensions(){
-    local appdb="${POSTGRES_DB:-postgis}"
+    local appdb="${PGDATABASE:-${POSTGRES_DB:-postgres}}"
     local pgss_count
 
     psql -X -q -v ON_ERROR_STOP=1 -d "$appdb" <<EOSQL

From 9a253e396652b3b80d33395c5d992a74430d6a91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 15:26:09 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 20/33] Harden CI extension smoke tests and tighten changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md                   | 39 +++++++++++++++++-----------------
 scripts/container-scripts/test | 14 +++++++++---
 2 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 14c4ca2e..3266f14c 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ### Added
 - New `pgstac-migrate` package under `src/pgstac-migrate/` with a standalone
   CLI, Python API, and tests for migration planning and execution.
+- New Rust crate under `src/pgstac-rs/` with updated CI/release wiring,
+  README guidance, and test coverage.
 - `src/pgstac/pyproject.toml` `tool.pgpkg` project metadata for canonical SQL +
   migration staging.
 - `scripts/makemigration` host wrapper for the in-container `makemigration` helper.
@@ -54,20 +56,15 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
   `PGPKG_REPO_DIR` override support.
 - `scripts/runinpypgstac` now supports a `PGPKG_LOCAL_REPO_DIR` mount override
   for local pgpkg development while keeping the default flow PyPI-first.
-- Search cache hashing now uses SHA-256 and canonical where-clause inputs,
-  reducing collision risk and avoiding cache-key drift from pagination and
-  presentation-only parameters.
-- Search cache lifecycle now lives on `searches` (retiring `search_wheres`),
-  adding named/pinned search support and retention-driven GC for anonymous
-  cache rows.
-- Search cache writes now use non-blocking row touch (`FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED`)
-  plus advisory-lock-backed insert/update fallback, reducing lock waits and
-  deadlock risk under concurrent identical searches.
+- Search cache hashing, storage, and concurrency control were reworked: SHA-256
+  cache keys, canonical where-clause inputs, `searches`-backed lifecycle,
+  retention-driven GC, and less blocking row touch / update behavior.
 - Search context stats updates now use optimistic compare-and-update guards on
   `statslastupdated`, reducing stale overwrites when concurrent workers refresh
   counts.
-- The Rust crate moved from the top-level `rust/` directory to
-  `src/pgstac-rs/`, and CI/release workflows now use the new path.
+- GitHub Actions and release automation were refreshed for the current layout:
+  Rust crate path updates, workflow/action version bumps, and Dependabot group
+  adjustments.
 - Tagged releases now publish the new `pgstac-migrate` package to PyPI alongside `pypgstac` via trusted publishing in `.github/workflows/release.yml`.
 - In-container helper scripts moved from `docker/pypgstac/bin/` to
   `scripts/container-scripts/`; container `PATH` updated accordingly.
@@ -81,22 +78,23 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
   `--build` flag; `PGSTAC_BUILD_POLICY` env var provides a persistent default.
 - Dev tooling: `flake8`, `black`, and `mypy` removed in favour of `ruff==0.15.11` and
   `ty==0.0.31`. `pre-commit` pinned to `3.5.0`. `pre-commit-hooks` updated to v5.0.0.
-- `pypgstac` package floor raised to Python 3.11; metadata now advertises 3.11-3.14.
-- `pypgstac` settings now use `pydantic-settings` (`BaseSettings` from
-  `pydantic_settings`) and require `pydantic>=2,<3`.
 - `cachetools` upper bound removed (`cachetools>=5.3.0`) since `pypgstac` only uses
   `cachetools.func.lru_cache`; no known incompatible API changes affect this usage.
 - `pypgstac` developer tooling config now consistently targets Ruff + ty:
   removes stale mypy config, pins Ruff to `0.15.11` to match pre-commit,
   and adds minimal `[tool.ty]` project settings.
+- `pypgstac` now requires Python 3.11+ and advertises support through 3.14;
+  settings now use `pydantic-settings` and require `pydantic>=2,<3`.
 - Formatting/type-check pipeline now uses `scripts/test --formatting` as the
   single pre-commit entry point (removing duplicate direct Ruff pre-commit hooks)
   and aligns Ruff line-length handling with the formatter (`E501` ignored;
   explicit `line-length = 88`).
-- GitHub Actions updated: `dorny/paths-filter` v2→v3, `docker/build-push-action`
-  v4→v6, `astral-sh/setup-uv` v8.0.0→v8.1.0; all SHA pins refreshed.
-- Dependabot groups reworked: `actions-all` (replaces `minor-and-patch`), new
-  `docker-base-images`, `python-dev-tooling`, and `python-runtime` groups.
+- GitHub Actions and release automation were refreshed for the current layout:
+  Rust crate path updates, `dorny/paths-filter` v2→v3,
+  `docker/build-push-action` v4→v6, `astral-sh/setup-uv` v8.0.0→v8.1.0,
+  refreshed SHA pins, and Dependabot group updates (`actions-all` replaces
+  `minor-and-patch`, with new `docker-base-images`, `python-dev-tooling`, and
+  `python-runtime` groups).
 - `docker-compose.yml` removes explicit `container_name` entries to avoid conflicts
   between concurrent local instances.
 
@@ -120,8 +118,9 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
   the broken `3.9.0` sdist under `--resolution lowest-direct`.
 - `pydantic` minimum raised to `>=2.10` so `--resolution lowest-direct` on Python 3.13
   does not resolve to `pydantic-core==2.0.1`, which fails to build.
-- `scripts/container-scripts/test` now uses `PGDATABASE`/`POSTGRES_DB` when checking
-  server extensions instead of assuming a `postgis` database name.
+- `scripts/container-scripts/test` now derives the active database from
+  `PGDATABASE`/`POSTGRES_DB` when checking server extensions and refreshing
+  collation versions, instead of assuming `postgis`.
 
 
 ## [v0.9.11]
diff --git a/scripts/container-scripts/test b/scripts/container-scripts/test
index f794e0cb..3bce8376 100755
--- a/scripts/container-scripts/test
+++ b/scripts/container-scripts/test
@@ -65,15 +65,23 @@ EOSQL
 
 function refresh_collation_versions(){
     # Newer container libc versions can make template collation metadata stale.
-    psql -X -q -d postgres -c "ALTER DATABASE template1 REFRESH COLLATION VERSION;" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
-    psql -X -q -d postgres -c "ALTER DATABASE postgres REFRESH COLLATION VERSION;" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
-    psql -X -q -d postgres -c "ALTER DATABASE postgis REFRESH COLLATION VERSION;" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+    local appdb="${PGDATABASE:-${POSTGRES_DB:-postgres}}"
+    local db
+
+    for db in template1 postgres "$appdb"; do
+        psql -X -q -d postgres -c "ALTER DATABASE ${db} REFRESH COLLATION VERSION;" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+    done
 }
 
 function test_server_extensions(){
     local appdb="${PGDATABASE:-${POSTGRES_DB:-postgres}}"
     local pgss_count
 
+    # CI test jobs use the pgstacbase image (no init scripts), so create the
+    # extensions in the active databases before validating preload/runtime behavior.
+    psql -X -q -v ON_ERROR_STOP=1 -d "$appdb" -c "CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_stat_statements;" >/dev/null
+    psql -X -q -v ON_ERROR_STOP=1 -d postgres -c "CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_cron;" >/dev/null
+
     psql -X -q -v ON_ERROR_STOP=1 -d "$appdb" <<EOSQL
 DO \$\$
 DECLARE

From 584861ceace3ccd2b18ea8e971df0d86565f94a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 16:06:50 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 21/33] Remove content_slim and regenerate SQL artifacts

---
 .../migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql | 26 +++++++++++++++++-
 src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql  | 27 ++++++++++++++++---
 src/pgstac/pgstac.sql                         | 27 ++++++++++++++++---
 src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql                 |  3 ---
 4 files changed, 71 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
index afc46356..db90a279 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
@@ -197,6 +197,8 @@ RETURNS timestamptz AS $$
         END
     ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT;
+drop function if exists "pgstac"."content_slim"(_item jsonb);
+
 
 drop function if exists "pgstac"."search_rows"(_where text, _orderby text, partitions text[], _limit integer);
 
@@ -710,7 +712,6 @@ DECLARE
     hydrate bool := NOT (_search->'conf'->>'nohydrate' IS NOT NULL AND (_search->'conf'->>'nohydrate')::boolean = true);
     prev text;
     next text;
-    context jsonb;
     collection jsonb;
     out_records jsonb;
     out_len int;
@@ -889,6 +890,7 @@ AS $function$
 DECLARE
     search searches%ROWTYPE;
     cached_search searches%ROWTYPE;
+    search_where searches%ROWTYPE;
     ro boolean := pgstac.readonly();
 BEGIN
     RAISE NOTICE 'SEARCH: %', _search;
@@ -939,8 +941,30 @@ BEGIN
     IF cached_search IS NOT NULL THEN
         cached_search._where = search._where;
         cached_search.orderby = search.orderby;
+        IF updatestats THEN
+            search_where := where_stats(
+                cached_search.hash,
+                cached_search._where,
+                true,
+                _search->'conf'
+            );
+            cached_search.context_count := search_where.context_count;
+            cached_search.statslastupdated := search_where.statslastupdated;
+        END IF;
         RETURN cached_search;
     END IF;
+
+    IF updatestats THEN
+        search_where := where_stats(
+            search.hash,
+            search._where,
+            true,
+            _search->'conf'
+        );
+        search.context_count := search_where.context_count;
+        search.statslastupdated := search_where.statslastupdated;
+    END IF;
+
     RETURN search;
 
 END;
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
index 9f3706a8..60426185 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
@@ -2136,9 +2136,6 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_dehydrate(content jsonb) RETURNS items AS $$
             null::jsonb as private
     ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL STABLE;
-CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_slim(_item jsonb) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
-    SELECT strip_jsonb(_item - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[], collection_base_item(_item->>'collection')) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[];
-$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION include_field(f text, fields jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb) RETURNS boolean AS $$
 DECLARE
@@ -3722,6 +3719,7 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_query(
 DECLARE
     search searches%ROWTYPE;
     cached_search searches%ROWTYPE;
+    search_where searches%ROWTYPE;
     ro boolean := pgstac.readonly();
 BEGIN
     RAISE NOTICE 'SEARCH: %', _search;
@@ -3772,8 +3770,30 @@ BEGIN
     IF cached_search IS NOT NULL THEN
         cached_search._where = search._where;
         cached_search.orderby = search.orderby;
+        IF updatestats THEN
+            search_where := where_stats(
+                cached_search.hash,
+                cached_search._where,
+                true,
+                _search->'conf'
+            );
+            cached_search.context_count := search_where.context_count;
+            cached_search.statslastupdated := search_where.statslastupdated;
+        END IF;
         RETURN cached_search;
     END IF;
+
+    IF updatestats THEN
+        search_where := where_stats(
+            search.hash,
+            search._where,
+            true,
+            _search->'conf'
+        );
+        search.context_count := search_where.context_count;
+        search.statslastupdated := search_where.statslastupdated;
+    END IF;
+
     RETURN search;
 
 END;
@@ -4084,7 +4104,6 @@ DECLARE
     hydrate bool := NOT (_search->'conf'->>'nohydrate' IS NOT NULL AND (_search->'conf'->>'nohydrate')::boolean = true);
     prev text;
     next text;
-    context jsonb;
     collection jsonb;
     out_records jsonb;
     out_len int;
diff --git a/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql b/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
index 9f3706a8..60426185 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
@@ -2136,9 +2136,6 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_dehydrate(content jsonb) RETURNS items AS $$
             null::jsonb as private
     ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL STABLE;
-CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_slim(_item jsonb) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
-    SELECT strip_jsonb(_item - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[], collection_base_item(_item->>'collection')) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[];
-$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION include_field(f text, fields jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb) RETURNS boolean AS $$
 DECLARE
@@ -3722,6 +3719,7 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION search_query(
 DECLARE
     search searches%ROWTYPE;
     cached_search searches%ROWTYPE;
+    search_where searches%ROWTYPE;
     ro boolean := pgstac.readonly();
 BEGIN
     RAISE NOTICE 'SEARCH: %', _search;
@@ -3772,8 +3770,30 @@ BEGIN
     IF cached_search IS NOT NULL THEN
         cached_search._where = search._where;
         cached_search.orderby = search.orderby;
+        IF updatestats THEN
+            search_where := where_stats(
+                cached_search.hash,
+                cached_search._where,
+                true,
+                _search->'conf'
+            );
+            cached_search.context_count := search_where.context_count;
+            cached_search.statslastupdated := search_where.statslastupdated;
+        END IF;
         RETURN cached_search;
     END IF;
+
+    IF updatestats THEN
+        search_where := where_stats(
+            search.hash,
+            search._where,
+            true,
+            _search->'conf'
+        );
+        search.context_count := search_where.context_count;
+        search.statslastupdated := search_where.statslastupdated;
+    END IF;
+
     RETURN search;
 
 END;
@@ -4084,7 +4104,6 @@ DECLARE
     hydrate bool := NOT (_search->'conf'->>'nohydrate' IS NOT NULL AND (_search->'conf'->>'nohydrate')::boolean = true);
     prev text;
     next text;
-    context jsonb;
     collection jsonb;
     out_records jsonb;
     out_len int;
diff --git a/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql b/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql
index acb2268c..d1a3e7b2 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql
@@ -70,9 +70,6 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_dehydrate(content jsonb) RETURNS items AS $$
             null::jsonb as private
     ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL STABLE;
-CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_slim(_item jsonb) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
-    SELECT strip_jsonb(_item - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[], collection_base_item(_item->>'collection')) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[];
-$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION include_field(f text, fields jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb) RETURNS boolean AS $$
 DECLARE

From 1cd306bcd569c422b05e0ea7e9ac10152074f8bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 16:35:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 22/33] items: add lifecycle metadata and tombstone GC

---
 .../migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql | 137 ++++++++++++++++--
 src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql  |  97 +++++++++++--
 src/pgstac/pgstac.sql                         |  97 +++++++++++--
 src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql                 |  88 +++++++++--
 src/pgstac/sql/997_maintenance.sql            |   9 ++
 src/pgstac/tests/basic/crud_functions.sql     |  14 +-
 src/pgstac/tests/basic/crud_functions.sql.out |  14 +-
 src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql          |  61 ++++++++
 src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/9999_readonly.sql      |   4 +
 9 files changed, 455 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
index db90a279..1ca260bc 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
@@ -214,6 +214,22 @@ drop index if exists "pgstac"."search_wheres_where";
 
 drop table "pgstac"."search_wheres";
 
+create table "pgstac"."items_deleted_log" (
+    "id" bigint generated always as identity not null,
+    "item_id" text not null,
+    "collection" text not null,
+    "partition" text,
+    "datetime" timestamp with time zone,
+    "end_datetime" timestamp with time zone,
+    "content_hash" text not null default ''::text,
+    "deleted_at" timestamp with time zone not null default now()
+);
+
+
+alter table "pgstac"."items" add column "content_hash" text not null default ''::text;
+
+alter table "pgstac"."items" add column "updated_at" timestamp with time zone not null default now();
+
 alter table "pgstac"."searches" add column "context_count" bigint;
 
 alter table "pgstac"."searches" add column "created_at" timestamp with time zone default now();
@@ -226,10 +242,16 @@ alter table "pgstac"."searches" add column "statslastupdated" timestamp with tim
 
 alter table "pgstac"."searches" alter column "hash" drop expression;
 
+CREATE INDEX items_deleted_log_deleted_at_idx ON pgstac.items_deleted_log USING btree (deleted_at);
+
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX items_deleted_log_pkey ON pgstac.items_deleted_log USING btree (id);
+
 CREATE INDEX searches_lastused_anon_idx ON pgstac.searches USING btree (lastused) WHERE ((name IS NULL) AND (NOT pinned));
 
 CREATE UNIQUE INDEX searches_name_key ON pgstac.searches USING btree (name);
 
+alter table "pgstac"."items_deleted_log" add constraint "items_deleted_log_pkey" PRIMARY KEY using index "items_deleted_log_pkey";
+
 alter table "pgstac"."searches" add constraint "searches_name_key" UNIQUE using index "searches_name_key";
 
 set check_function_bodies = off;
@@ -258,6 +280,20 @@ AS $function$
 $function$
 ;
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.gc_deleted_items_log(retention_interval interval DEFAULT '30 days'::interval)
+ RETURNS bigint
+ LANGUAGE sql
+ SECURITY DEFINER
+AS $function$
+    WITH deleted AS (
+        DELETE FROM items_deleted_log
+        WHERE deleted_at < now() - retention_interval
+        RETURNING 1
+    )
+    SELECT count(*)::bigint FROM deleted;
+$function$
+;
+
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.gc_search_caches(retention_interval interval DEFAULT NULL::interval, conf jsonb DEFAULT NULL::jsonb)
  RETURNS jsonb
  LANGUAGE sql
@@ -270,6 +306,47 @@ AS $function$
 $function$
 ;
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.items_delete_log_trigger()
+ RETURNS trigger
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
+ SECURITY DEFINER
+AS $function$
+BEGIN
+    INSERT INTO items_deleted_log (
+        item_id,
+        collection,
+        partition,
+        datetime,
+        end_datetime,
+        content_hash
+    )
+    SELECT
+        old_rows.id,
+        old_rows.collection,
+        (partition_name(old_rows.collection, old_rows.datetime)).partition_name,
+        old_rows.datetime,
+        old_rows.end_datetime,
+        old_rows.content_hash
+    FROM old_rows;
+
+    RETURN NULL;
+END;
+$function$
+;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.items_touch_triggerfunc()
+ RETURNS trigger
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
+ SECURITY DEFINER
+AS $function$
+BEGIN
+    NEW.updated_at := now();
+    NEW.content_hash := '';
+    RETURN NEW;
+END;
+$function$
+;
+
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.name_search(_search jsonb, _name text, _metadata jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb)
  RETURNS searches
  LANGUAGE plpgsql
@@ -674,21 +751,55 @@ $function$
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.content_dehydrate(content jsonb)
  RETURNS items
- LANGUAGE sql
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
  STABLE
 AS $function$
-    SELECT
-            content->>'id' as id,
-            stac_geom(content) as geometry,
-            content->>'collection' as collection,
-            stac_datetime(content) as datetime,
-            stac_end_datetime(content) as end_datetime,
-            strip_jsonb(
-                content - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[],
-                collection_base_item(content->>'collection')
-            ) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[] as content,
-            null::jsonb as private
-    ;
+DECLARE
+    out items;
+BEGIN
+    out.id := content->>'id';
+    out.geometry := stac_geom(content);
+    out.collection := content->>'collection';
+    out.datetime := stac_datetime(content);
+    out.end_datetime := stac_end_datetime(content);
+    out.updated_at := now();
+    out.content_hash := '';
+    out.content := strip_jsonb(
+        content - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[],
+        collection_base_item(content->>'collection')
+    ) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[];
+    out.private := null;
+    RETURN out;
+END;
+$function$
+;
+
+CREATE TRIGGER items_before_upsert_trigger BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON pgstac.items FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE FUNCTION items_touch_triggerfunc();
+
+CREATE TRIGGER items_delete_log_after_delete_trigger AFTER DELETE ON pgstac.items REFERENCING OLD TABLE AS old_rows FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE FUNCTION items_delete_log_trigger();
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.content_dehydrate(content jsonb)
+ RETURNS items
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
+ STABLE
+AS $function$
+DECLARE
+    out items;
+BEGIN
+    out.id := content->>'id';
+    out.geometry := stac_geom(content);
+    out.collection := content->>'collection';
+    out.datetime := stac_datetime(content);
+    out.end_datetime := stac_end_datetime(content);
+    out.updated_at := now();
+    out.content_hash := '';
+    out.content := strip_jsonb(
+        content - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[],
+        collection_base_item(content->>'collection')
+    ) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[];
+    out.private := null;
+    RETURN out;
+END;
 $function$
 ;
 
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
index 60426185..cc4531bd 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
@@ -2070,12 +2070,26 @@ CREATE TABLE items (
     collection text NOT NULL,
     datetime timestamptz NOT NULL,
     end_datetime timestamptz NOT NULL,
+    updated_at timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
+    content_hash text NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
     content JSONB NOT NULL,
     private jsonb
 )
 PARTITION BY LIST (collection)
 ;
 
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS items_deleted_log (
+    id bigint GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY,
+    item_id text NOT NULL,
+    collection text NOT NULL,
+    partition text,
+    datetime timestamptz,
+    end_datetime timestamptz,
+    content_hash text NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
+    deleted_at timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now()
+);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS items_deleted_log_deleted_at_idx ON items_deleted_log (deleted_at);
+
 CREATE INDEX "datetime_idx" ON items USING BTREE (datetime DESC, end_datetime ASC);
 CREATE INDEX "geometry_idx" ON items USING GIST (geometry);
 
@@ -2121,21 +2135,69 @@ REFERENCING NEW TABLE AS newdata
 FOR EACH STATEMENT
 EXECUTE FUNCTION partition_after_triggerfunc();
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION items_touch_triggerfunc() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+BEGIN
+    NEW.updated_at := now();
+    NEW.content_hash := '';
+    RETURN NEW;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
 
-CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_dehydrate(content jsonb) RETURNS items AS $$
+DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS items_before_upsert_trigger ON items;
+CREATE TRIGGER items_before_upsert_trigger
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON items
+FOR EACH ROW
+EXECUTE FUNCTION items_touch_triggerfunc();
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION items_delete_log_trigger() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+BEGIN
+    INSERT INTO items_deleted_log (
+        item_id,
+        collection,
+        partition,
+        datetime,
+        end_datetime,
+        content_hash
+    )
     SELECT
-            content->>'id' as id,
-            stac_geom(content) as geometry,
-            content->>'collection' as collection,
-            stac_datetime(content) as datetime,
-            stac_end_datetime(content) as end_datetime,
-            strip_jsonb(
-                content - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[],
-                collection_base_item(content->>'collection')
-            ) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[] as content,
-            null::jsonb as private
-    ;
-$$ LANGUAGE SQL STABLE;
+        old_rows.id,
+        old_rows.collection,
+        (partition_name(old_rows.collection, old_rows.datetime)).partition_name,
+        old_rows.datetime,
+        old_rows.end_datetime,
+        old_rows.content_hash
+    FROM old_rows;
+
+    RETURN NULL;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS items_delete_log_after_delete_trigger ON items;
+CREATE TRIGGER items_delete_log_after_delete_trigger
+    AFTER DELETE ON items
+    REFERENCING OLD TABLE AS old_rows
+    FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE FUNCTION items_delete_log_trigger();
+
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_dehydrate(content jsonb) RETURNS items AS $$
+DECLARE
+    out items;
+BEGIN
+    out.id := content->>'id';
+    out.geometry := stac_geom(content);
+    out.collection := content->>'collection';
+    out.datetime := stac_datetime(content);
+    out.end_datetime := stac_end_datetime(content);
+    out.updated_at := now();
+    out.content_hash := '';
+    out.content := strip_jsonb(
+        content - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[],
+        collection_base_item(content->>'collection')
+    ) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[];
+    out.private := null;
+    RETURN out;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL STABLE;
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION include_field(f text, fields jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb) RETURNS boolean AS $$
 DECLARE
@@ -4726,6 +4788,15 @@ BEGIN
     RETURN NULL;
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log(retention_interval interval DEFAULT '30 days') RETURNS bigint AS $$
+    WITH deleted AS (
+        DELETE FROM items_deleted_log
+        WHERE deleted_at < now() - retention_interval
+        RETURNING 1
+    )
+    SELECT count(*)::bigint FROM deleted;
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL SECURITY DEFINER;
 -- END FRAGMENT: 997_maintenance.sql
 
 -- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 998_idempotent_post.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql b/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
index 60426185..cc4531bd 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
@@ -2070,12 +2070,26 @@ CREATE TABLE items (
     collection text NOT NULL,
     datetime timestamptz NOT NULL,
     end_datetime timestamptz NOT NULL,
+    updated_at timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
+    content_hash text NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
     content JSONB NOT NULL,
     private jsonb
 )
 PARTITION BY LIST (collection)
 ;
 
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS items_deleted_log (
+    id bigint GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY,
+    item_id text NOT NULL,
+    collection text NOT NULL,
+    partition text,
+    datetime timestamptz,
+    end_datetime timestamptz,
+    content_hash text NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
+    deleted_at timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now()
+);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS items_deleted_log_deleted_at_idx ON items_deleted_log (deleted_at);
+
 CREATE INDEX "datetime_idx" ON items USING BTREE (datetime DESC, end_datetime ASC);
 CREATE INDEX "geometry_idx" ON items USING GIST (geometry);
 
@@ -2121,21 +2135,69 @@ REFERENCING NEW TABLE AS newdata
 FOR EACH STATEMENT
 EXECUTE FUNCTION partition_after_triggerfunc();
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION items_touch_triggerfunc() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+BEGIN
+    NEW.updated_at := now();
+    NEW.content_hash := '';
+    RETURN NEW;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
 
-CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_dehydrate(content jsonb) RETURNS items AS $$
+DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS items_before_upsert_trigger ON items;
+CREATE TRIGGER items_before_upsert_trigger
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON items
+FOR EACH ROW
+EXECUTE FUNCTION items_touch_triggerfunc();
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION items_delete_log_trigger() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+BEGIN
+    INSERT INTO items_deleted_log (
+        item_id,
+        collection,
+        partition,
+        datetime,
+        end_datetime,
+        content_hash
+    )
     SELECT
-            content->>'id' as id,
-            stac_geom(content) as geometry,
-            content->>'collection' as collection,
-            stac_datetime(content) as datetime,
-            stac_end_datetime(content) as end_datetime,
-            strip_jsonb(
-                content - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[],
-                collection_base_item(content->>'collection')
-            ) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[] as content,
-            null::jsonb as private
-    ;
-$$ LANGUAGE SQL STABLE;
+        old_rows.id,
+        old_rows.collection,
+        (partition_name(old_rows.collection, old_rows.datetime)).partition_name,
+        old_rows.datetime,
+        old_rows.end_datetime,
+        old_rows.content_hash
+    FROM old_rows;
+
+    RETURN NULL;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS items_delete_log_after_delete_trigger ON items;
+CREATE TRIGGER items_delete_log_after_delete_trigger
+    AFTER DELETE ON items
+    REFERENCING OLD TABLE AS old_rows
+    FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE FUNCTION items_delete_log_trigger();
+
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_dehydrate(content jsonb) RETURNS items AS $$
+DECLARE
+    out items;
+BEGIN
+    out.id := content->>'id';
+    out.geometry := stac_geom(content);
+    out.collection := content->>'collection';
+    out.datetime := stac_datetime(content);
+    out.end_datetime := stac_end_datetime(content);
+    out.updated_at := now();
+    out.content_hash := '';
+    out.content := strip_jsonb(
+        content - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[],
+        collection_base_item(content->>'collection')
+    ) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[];
+    out.private := null;
+    RETURN out;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL STABLE;
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION include_field(f text, fields jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb) RETURNS boolean AS $$
 DECLARE
@@ -4726,6 +4788,15 @@ BEGIN
     RETURN NULL;
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log(retention_interval interval DEFAULT '30 days') RETURNS bigint AS $$
+    WITH deleted AS (
+        DELETE FROM items_deleted_log
+        WHERE deleted_at < now() - retention_interval
+        RETURNING 1
+    )
+    SELECT count(*)::bigint FROM deleted;
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL SECURITY DEFINER;
 -- END FRAGMENT: 997_maintenance.sql
 
 -- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 998_idempotent_post.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql b/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql
index d1a3e7b2..f7a7b162 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql
@@ -4,12 +4,26 @@ CREATE TABLE items (
     collection text NOT NULL,
     datetime timestamptz NOT NULL,
     end_datetime timestamptz NOT NULL,
+    updated_at timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
+    content_hash text NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
     content JSONB NOT NULL,
     private jsonb
 )
 PARTITION BY LIST (collection)
 ;
 
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS items_deleted_log (
+    id bigint GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY,
+    item_id text NOT NULL,
+    collection text NOT NULL,
+    partition text,
+    datetime timestamptz,
+    end_datetime timestamptz,
+    content_hash text NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
+    deleted_at timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now()
+);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS items_deleted_log_deleted_at_idx ON items_deleted_log (deleted_at);
+
 CREATE INDEX "datetime_idx" ON items USING BTREE (datetime DESC, end_datetime ASC);
 CREATE INDEX "geometry_idx" ON items USING GIST (geometry);
 
@@ -55,21 +69,69 @@ REFERENCING NEW TABLE AS newdata
 FOR EACH STATEMENT
 EXECUTE FUNCTION partition_after_triggerfunc();
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION items_touch_triggerfunc() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+BEGIN
+    NEW.updated_at := now();
+    NEW.content_hash := '';
+    RETURN NEW;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS items_before_upsert_trigger ON items;
+CREATE TRIGGER items_before_upsert_trigger
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON items
+FOR EACH ROW
+EXECUTE FUNCTION items_touch_triggerfunc();
 
-CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_dehydrate(content jsonb) RETURNS items AS $$
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION items_delete_log_trigger() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+BEGIN
+    INSERT INTO items_deleted_log (
+        item_id,
+        collection,
+        partition,
+        datetime,
+        end_datetime,
+        content_hash
+    )
     SELECT
-            content->>'id' as id,
-            stac_geom(content) as geometry,
-            content->>'collection' as collection,
-            stac_datetime(content) as datetime,
-            stac_end_datetime(content) as end_datetime,
-            strip_jsonb(
-                content - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[],
-                collection_base_item(content->>'collection')
-            ) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[] as content,
-            null::jsonb as private
-    ;
-$$ LANGUAGE SQL STABLE;
+        old_rows.id,
+        old_rows.collection,
+        (partition_name(old_rows.collection, old_rows.datetime)).partition_name,
+        old_rows.datetime,
+        old_rows.end_datetime,
+        old_rows.content_hash
+    FROM old_rows;
+
+    RETURN NULL;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS items_delete_log_after_delete_trigger ON items;
+CREATE TRIGGER items_delete_log_after_delete_trigger
+    AFTER DELETE ON items
+    REFERENCING OLD TABLE AS old_rows
+    FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE FUNCTION items_delete_log_trigger();
+
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_dehydrate(content jsonb) RETURNS items AS $$
+DECLARE
+    out items;
+BEGIN
+    out.id := content->>'id';
+    out.geometry := stac_geom(content);
+    out.collection := content->>'collection';
+    out.datetime := stac_datetime(content);
+    out.end_datetime := stac_end_datetime(content);
+    out.updated_at := now();
+    out.content_hash := '';
+    out.content := strip_jsonb(
+        content - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[],
+        collection_base_item(content->>'collection')
+    ) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[];
+    out.private := null;
+    RETURN out;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL STABLE;
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION include_field(f text, fields jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb) RETURNS boolean AS $$
 DECLARE
diff --git a/src/pgstac/sql/997_maintenance.sql b/src/pgstac/sql/997_maintenance.sql
index df1175d2..44151eda 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/sql/997_maintenance.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/sql/997_maintenance.sql
@@ -85,3 +85,12 @@ BEGIN
     RETURN NULL;
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log(retention_interval interval DEFAULT '30 days') RETURNS bigint AS $$
+    WITH deleted AS (
+        DELETE FROM items_deleted_log
+        WHERE deleted_at < now() - retention_interval
+        RETURNING 1
+    )
+    SELECT count(*)::bigint FROM deleted;
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL SECURITY DEFINER;
diff --git a/src/pgstac/tests/basic/crud_functions.sql b/src/pgstac/tests/basic/crud_functions.sql
index 68eefa53..8c619777 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/tests/basic/crud_functions.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/tests/basic/crud_functions.sql
@@ -18,30 +18,30 @@ INSERT INTO collections (content, partition_trunc) VALUES ('{"id":"pgstactest-cr
 
 -- Create an item
 SELECT create_item((SELECT content FROM test_items LIMIT 1));
-SELECT * FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
+SELECT id, geometry, collection, datetime, end_datetime, content, private FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
 
 -- Check to see if extent got updated
 SELECT content->'extent' FROM collections WHERE id='pgstactest-crudtest';
 
 -- Update item with new datetime that is in a different partition
 SELECT update_item((SELECT content || '{"properties":{"datetime":"2023-01-01 00:00:00Z"}}'::jsonb  FROM test_items LIMIT 1));
-SELECT * FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
+SELECT id, geometry, collection, datetime, end_datetime, content, private FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
 
 -- Check to see if extent got updated
 SELECT content->'extent' FROM collections WHERE id='pgstactest-crudtest';
 
 -- Update item with new datetime that is in a different partition
 SELECT upsert_item((SELECT content || '{"properties":{"datetime":"2023-02-01 00:00:00Z"}}'::jsonb  FROM test_items LIMIT 1));
-SELECT * FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
+SELECT id, geometry, collection, datetime, end_datetime, content, private FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
 
 -- Delete an item
 SELECT delete_item('pgstactest-crudtest-1', 'pgstactest-crudtest');
-SELECT * FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
+SELECT id, geometry, collection, datetime, end_datetime, content, private FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
 
 WITH c AS (SELECT content FROM test_items LIMIT 2),
 aggregated AS (SELECT jsonb_agg(content) as items FROM c)
 SELECT create_items(items) FROM aggregated;
-SELECT * FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
+SELECT id, geometry, collection, datetime, end_datetime, content, private FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
 
 DELETE FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
 
@@ -49,13 +49,13 @@ DELETE FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
 WITH c AS (SELECT content FROM test_items LIMIT 2),
 aggregated AS (SELECT jsonb_agg(content) as items FROM c)
 SELECT upsert_items(items) FROM aggregated;
-SELECT * FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
+SELECT id, geometry, collection, datetime, end_datetime, content, private FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
 
 -- upsert items that already exist and are to be modified
 WITH c AS (SELECT content || '{"properties":{"datetime":"2023-02-01 00:00:00Z"}}'::jsonb as content FROM test_items LIMIT 2),
 aggregated AS (SELECT jsonb_agg(content) as items FROM c)
 SELECT upsert_items(items) FROM aggregated;
-SELECT * FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
+SELECT id, geometry, collection, datetime, end_datetime, content, private FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
 
 -- turn off update_collection_extent then add an item and verify that the extent did not get updated automatically
 SET pgstac.update_collection_extent=FALSE;
diff --git a/src/pgstac/tests/basic/crud_functions.sql.out b/src/pgstac/tests/basic/crud_functions.sql.out
index 44ec404c..8f059830 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/tests/basic/crud_functions.sql.out
+++ b/src/pgstac/tests/basic/crud_functions.sql.out
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ INSERT 0 1
 SELECT create_item((SELECT content FROM test_items LIMIT 1));
 
 
-SELECT * FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
+SELECT id, geometry, collection, datetime, end_datetime, content, private FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
  pgstactest-crudtest-1 | 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E400CE6AF90B95355C0A112D731AE003F4004C93B87325855C0BEBC00FBE8003F40FA0AD28C455855C000E5EFDE51EF3E405B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E40 | pgstactest-crudtest | 2020-01-01 00:00:00+00 | 2020-01-01 00:00:00+00 | {"properties": {"datetime": "2020-01-01 00:00:00+00"}} |
 
 -- Check to see if extent got updated
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ SELECT content->'extent' FROM collections WHERE id='pgstactest-crudtest';
 -- Update item with new datetime that is in a different partition
 SELECT update_item((SELECT content || '{"properties":{"datetime":"2023-01-01 00:00:00Z"}}'::jsonb  FROM test_items LIMIT 1));
 
-SELECT * FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
+SELECT id, geometry, collection, datetime, end_datetime, content, private FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
  pgstactest-crudtest-1 | 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E400CE6AF90B95355C0A112D731AE003F4004C93B87325855C0BEBC00FBE8003F40FA0AD28C455855C000E5EFDE51EF3E405B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E40 | pgstactest-crudtest | 2023-01-01 00:00:00+00 | 2023-01-01 00:00:00+00 | {"properties": {"datetime": "2023-01-01 00:00:00Z"}} |
 
 -- Check to see if extent got updated
@@ -49,21 +49,21 @@ SELECT content->'extent' FROM collections WHERE id='pgstactest-crudtest';
 SELECT upsert_item((SELECT content || '{"properties":{"datetime":"2023-02-01 00:00:00Z"}}'::jsonb  FROM test_items LIMIT 1));
 
 
-SELECT * FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
+SELECT id, geometry, collection, datetime, end_datetime, content, private FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
  pgstactest-crudtest-1 | 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E400CE6AF90B95355C0A112D731AE003F4004C93B87325855C0BEBC00FBE8003F40FA0AD28C455855C000E5EFDE51EF3E405B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E40 | pgstactest-crudtest | 2023-02-01 00:00:00+00 | 2023-02-01 00:00:00+00 | {"properties": {"datetime": "2023-02-01 00:00:00Z"}} |
 
 -- Delete an item
 SELECT delete_item('pgstactest-crudtest-1', 'pgstactest-crudtest');
 
 
-SELECT * FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
+SELECT id, geometry, collection, datetime, end_datetime, content, private FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
 
 WITH c AS (SELECT content FROM test_items LIMIT 2),
 aggregated AS (SELECT jsonb_agg(content) as items FROM c)
 SELECT create_items(items) FROM aggregated;
 
 
-SELECT * FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
+SELECT id, geometry, collection, datetime, end_datetime, content, private FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
  pgstactest-crudtest-1 | 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E400CE6AF90B95355C0A112D731AE003F4004C93B87325855C0BEBC00FBE8003F40FA0AD28C455855C000E5EFDE51EF3E405B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E40 | pgstactest-crudtest | 2020-01-01 00:00:00+00 | 2020-01-01 00:00:00+00 | {"properties": {"datetime": "2020-01-01 00:00:00+00"}} |
  pgstactest-crudtest-2 | 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E400CE6AF90B95355C0A112D731AE003F4004C93B87325855C0BEBC00FBE8003F40FA0AD28C455855C000E5EFDE51EF3E405B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E40 | pgstactest-crudtest | 2020-02-01 00:00:00+00 | 2020-02-01 00:00:00+00 | {"properties": {"datetime": "2020-02-01 00:00:00+00"}} |
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ aggregated AS (SELECT jsonb_agg(content) as items FROM c)
 SELECT upsert_items(items) FROM aggregated;
 
 
-SELECT * FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
+SELECT id, geometry, collection, datetime, end_datetime, content, private FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
  pgstactest-crudtest-1 | 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E400CE6AF90B95355C0A112D731AE003F4004C93B87325855C0BEBC00FBE8003F40FA0AD28C455855C000E5EFDE51EF3E405B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E40 | pgstactest-crudtest | 2020-01-01 00:00:00+00 | 2020-01-01 00:00:00+00 | {"properties": {"datetime": "2020-01-01 00:00:00+00"}} |
  pgstactest-crudtest-2 | 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E400CE6AF90B95355C0A112D731AE003F4004C93B87325855C0BEBC00FBE8003F40FA0AD28C455855C000E5EFDE51EF3E405B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E40 | pgstactest-crudtest | 2020-02-01 00:00:00+00 | 2020-02-01 00:00:00+00 | {"properties": {"datetime": "2020-02-01 00:00:00+00"}} |
 
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ aggregated AS (SELECT jsonb_agg(content) as items FROM c)
 SELECT upsert_items(items) FROM aggregated;
 
 
-SELECT * FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
+SELECT id, geometry, collection, datetime, end_datetime, content, private FROM items WHERE collection='pgstactest-crudtest';
  pgstactest-crudtest-1 | 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E400CE6AF90B95355C0A112D731AE003F4004C93B87325855C0BEBC00FBE8003F40FA0AD28C455855C000E5EFDE51EF3E405B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E40 | pgstactest-crudtest | 2023-02-01 00:00:00+00 | 2023-02-01 00:00:00+00 | {"properties": {"datetime": "2023-02-01 00:00:00Z"}} |
  pgstactest-crudtest-2 | 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E400CE6AF90B95355C0A112D731AE003F4004C93B87325855C0BEBC00FBE8003F40FA0AD28C455855C000E5EFDE51EF3E405B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E40 | pgstactest-crudtest | 2023-02-01 00:00:00+00 | 2023-02-01 00:00:00+00 | {"properties": {"datetime": "2023-02-01 00:00:00Z"}} |
 
diff --git a/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql b/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql
index ddebf80a..67c9076a 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 SELECT has_table('pgstac'::name, 'items'::name);
+SELECT has_table('pgstac'::name, 'items_deleted_log'::name);
 
 
 SELECT is_indexed('pgstac'::name, 'items'::name, 'geometry');
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'update_item', ARRAY['jsonb']);
 SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'upsert_item', ARRAY['jsonb']);
 SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'create_items', ARRAY['jsonb']);
 SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'upsert_items', ARRAY['jsonb']);
+SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'gc_deleted_items_log', ARRAY['interval']);
 
 
 -- tools to update collection extents based on extents in items
@@ -33,6 +35,18 @@ SELECT results_eq($$
     'Test create_item function'
 );
 
+SELECT ok(
+    (SELECT updated_at IS NOT NULL FROM items WHERE id='pgstac-test-item-0003' AND collection='pgstac-test-collection'),
+    'create_item populates updated_at'
+);
+SELECT results_eq($$
+    SELECT content_hash FROM items WHERE id='pgstac-test-item-0003' AND collection='pgstac-test-collection';
+    $$,$$
+    SELECT ''::text;
+    $$,
+    'create_item writes default content_hash during PR2'
+);
+
 SELECT update_item('{"id": "pgstac-test-item-0003", "bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "type": "Feature", "links": [], "assets": {"image": {"href": "https://naipeuwest.blob.core.windows.net/naip/v002/al/2011/al_100cm_2011/30085/m_3008506_nw_16_1_20110825.tif", "type": "image/tiff; application=geotiff; profile=cloud-optimized", "roles": ["data"], "title": "RGBIR COG tile", "eo:bands": [{"name": "Red", "common_name": "red"}, {"name": "Green", "common_name": "green"}, {"name": "Blue", "common_name": "blue"}, {"name": "NIR", "common_name": "nir", "description": "near-infrared"}]}, "metadata": {"href": "https://naipeuwest.blob.core.windows.net/naip/v002/al/2011/al_fgdc_2011/30085/m_3008506_nw_16_1_20110825.txt", "type": "text/plain", "roles": ["metadata"], "title": "FGDC Metdata"}, "thumbnail": {"href": "https://naipeuwest.blob.core.windows.net/naip/v002/al/2011/al_100cm_2011/30085/m_3008506_nw_16_1_20110825.200.jpg", "type": "image/jpeg", "roles": ["thumbnail"], "title": "Thumbnail"}}, "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-85.309412, 30.933949], [-85.308201, 31.002658], [-85.378084, 31.003555], [-85.379245, 30.934843], [-85.309412, 30.933949]]]}, "collection": "pgstac-test-collection", "properties": {"gsd": 1, "datetime": "2011-08-25T00:00:00Z", "naip:year": "2011", "proj:bbox": [654842, 3423507, 661516, 3431125], "proj:epsg": 26916, "providers": [{"url": "https://www.fsa.usda.gov/programs-and-services/aerial-photography/imagery-programs/naip-imagery/", "name": "USDA Farm Service Agency", "roles": ["producer", "licensor"]}], "naip:state": "al", "proj:shape": [7618, 6674], "eo:cloud_cover": 29, "proj:transform": [1, 0, 654842, 0, -1, 3431125, 0, 0, 1]}, "stac_version": "1.0.0-beta.2", "stac_extensions": ["eo", "projection"]}');
 
 SELECT results_eq($$
@@ -43,6 +57,30 @@ SELECT results_eq($$
     'Test update_item function'
 );
 
+SELECT results_eq($$
+    WITH old_row AS (
+        SELECT updated_at FROM items WHERE id='pgstac-test-item-0003' AND collection='pgstac-test-collection'
+    ),
+    updated AS (
+        UPDATE items
+        SET private = '{}'::jsonb
+        WHERE id='pgstac-test-item-0003' AND collection='pgstac-test-collection'
+        RETURNING updated_at
+    )
+    SELECT (SELECT updated_at FROM updated) >= (SELECT updated_at FROM old_row);
+    $$,$$
+    SELECT TRUE;
+    $$,
+    'updates refresh updated_at through items_touch_triggerfunc'
+);
+SELECT results_eq($$
+    SELECT content_hash FROM items WHERE id='pgstac-test-item-0003' AND collection='pgstac-test-collection';
+    $$,$$
+    SELECT ''::text;
+    $$,
+    'update path preserves PR2 content_hash sentinel'
+);
+
 select delete_item('pgstac-test-item-0003');
 
 SELECT results_eq($$
@@ -52,3 +90,26 @@ SELECT results_eq($$
     $$,
     'Test delete_item function'
 );
+
+SELECT ok(
+    EXISTS (
+        SELECT 1
+        FROM items_deleted_log
+        WHERE item_id='pgstac-test-item-0003' AND collection='pgstac-test-collection'
+    ),
+    'delete_item writes tombstone rows to items_deleted_log'
+);
+
+SELECT lives_ok($$
+    UPDATE items_deleted_log
+    SET deleted_at = now() - '40 days'::interval
+    WHERE item_id='pgstac-test-item-0003' AND collection='pgstac-test-collection';
+$$, 'Age tombstone rows for gc_deleted_items_log test');
+
+SELECT results_eq($$
+    SELECT gc_deleted_items_log('30 days'::interval) > 0;
+    $$,$$
+    SELECT TRUE;
+    $$,
+    'gc_deleted_items_log removes aged tombstones'
+);
diff --git a/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/9999_readonly.sql b/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/9999_readonly.sql
index 679f0af1..73038c04 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/9999_readonly.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/9999_readonly.sql
@@ -41,4 +41,8 @@ SELECT throws_ok(
     $$ SELECT gc_anonymous_searches(NULL, '{"search_gc_retention_interval":"1 second"}'::jsonb); $$,
     '25006'
 );
+SELECT throws_ok(
+    $$ SELECT gc_deleted_items_log('1 second'::interval); $$,
+    '25006'
+);
 RESET pgstac.readonly;

From fd7b4396c339877c503e167ed99aecc8b10581c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Wed, 13 May 2026 10:18:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 23/33] Update CHANGELOG

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 3266f14c..dc6f70d8 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [Unreleased]
 
 ### Added
+- Add tombstone table `items_deleted_log` and `updated_at` column to items table.
 - New `pgstac-migrate` package under `src/pgstac-migrate/` with a standalone
   CLI, Python API, and tests for migration planning and execution.
 - New Rust crate under `src/pgstac-rs/` with updated CI/release wiring,

From 96b0a7fd9868edea4b90dfe53e4cf32a1d369cd0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Wed, 13 May 2026 14:56:51 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 24/33] Refactor item insert triggers, dehydration, and
 pypgstac loaders

---
 .../migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql | 16 +++++-----
 src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql  | 15 +++++-----
 src/pgstac/pgstac.sql                         | 15 +++++-----
 src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql                 | 15 +++++-----
 src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql          | 30 ++++++++-----------
 src/pypgstac/src/pypgstac/load.py             |  2 +-
 6 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
index 1ca260bc..4babc5cd 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ create table "pgstac"."items_deleted_log" (
 
 alter table "pgstac"."items" add column "content_hash" text not null default ''::text;
 
-alter table "pgstac"."items" add column "updated_at" timestamp with time zone not null default now();
+alter table "pgstac"."items" add column "pgstac_updated_at" timestamp with time zone not null default now();
 
 alter table "pgstac"."searches" add column "context_count" bigint;
 
@@ -340,8 +340,8 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.items_touch_triggerfunc()
  SECURITY DEFINER
 AS $function$
 BEGIN
-    NEW.updated_at := now();
-    NEW.content_hash := '';
+    NEW.pgstac_updated_at := now();
+    NEW.content_hash := encode(sha256(content_hydrate(NEW)::text::bytea), 'hex');
     RETURN NEW;
 END;
 $function$
@@ -762,8 +762,8 @@ BEGIN
     out.collection := content->>'collection';
     out.datetime := stac_datetime(content);
     out.end_datetime := stac_end_datetime(content);
-    out.updated_at := now();
-    out.content_hash := '';
+    out.pgstac_updated_at := now();
+    out.content_hash := encode(sha256(content::text::bytea), 'hex');
     out.content := strip_jsonb(
         content - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[],
         collection_base_item(content->>'collection')
@@ -774,7 +774,7 @@ END;
 $function$
 ;
 
-CREATE TRIGGER items_before_upsert_trigger BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON pgstac.items FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE FUNCTION items_touch_triggerfunc();
+CREATE TRIGGER items_before_update_trigger BEFORE UPDATE ON pgstac.items FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE FUNCTION items_touch_triggerfunc();
 
 CREATE TRIGGER items_delete_log_after_delete_trigger AFTER DELETE ON pgstac.items REFERENCING OLD TABLE AS old_rows FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE FUNCTION items_delete_log_trigger();
 
@@ -791,8 +791,8 @@ BEGIN
     out.collection := content->>'collection';
     out.datetime := stac_datetime(content);
     out.end_datetime := stac_end_datetime(content);
-    out.updated_at := now();
-    out.content_hash := '';
+    out.pgstac_updated_at := now();
+    out.content_hash := encode(sha256(content::text::bytea), 'hex');
     out.content := strip_jsonb(
         content - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[],
         collection_base_item(content->>'collection')
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
index cc4531bd..90280289 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
@@ -2070,7 +2070,7 @@ CREATE TABLE items (
     collection text NOT NULL,
     datetime timestamptz NOT NULL,
     end_datetime timestamptz NOT NULL,
-    updated_at timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
+    pgstac_updated_at timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
     content_hash text NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
     content JSONB NOT NULL,
     private jsonb
@@ -2137,15 +2137,16 @@ EXECUTE FUNCTION partition_after_triggerfunc();
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION items_touch_triggerfunc() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
 BEGIN
-    NEW.updated_at := now();
-    NEW.content_hash := '';
+    NEW.pgstac_updated_at := now();
+    NEW.content_hash := encode(sha256(content_hydrate(NEW)::text::bytea), 'hex');
     RETURN NEW;
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
 
 DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS items_before_upsert_trigger ON items;
-CREATE TRIGGER items_before_upsert_trigger
-BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON items
+DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS items_before_update_trigger ON items;
+CREATE TRIGGER items_before_update_trigger
+BEFORE UPDATE ON items
 FOR EACH ROW
 EXECUTE FUNCTION items_touch_triggerfunc();
 
@@ -2188,8 +2189,8 @@ BEGIN
     out.collection := content->>'collection';
     out.datetime := stac_datetime(content);
     out.end_datetime := stac_end_datetime(content);
-    out.updated_at := now();
-    out.content_hash := '';
+    out.pgstac_updated_at := now();
+    out.content_hash := encode(sha256(content::text::bytea), 'hex');
     out.content := strip_jsonb(
         content - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[],
         collection_base_item(content->>'collection')
diff --git a/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql b/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
index cc4531bd..90280289 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
@@ -2070,7 +2070,7 @@ CREATE TABLE items (
     collection text NOT NULL,
     datetime timestamptz NOT NULL,
     end_datetime timestamptz NOT NULL,
-    updated_at timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
+    pgstac_updated_at timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
     content_hash text NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
     content JSONB NOT NULL,
     private jsonb
@@ -2137,15 +2137,16 @@ EXECUTE FUNCTION partition_after_triggerfunc();
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION items_touch_triggerfunc() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
 BEGIN
-    NEW.updated_at := now();
-    NEW.content_hash := '';
+    NEW.pgstac_updated_at := now();
+    NEW.content_hash := encode(sha256(content_hydrate(NEW)::text::bytea), 'hex');
     RETURN NEW;
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
 
 DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS items_before_upsert_trigger ON items;
-CREATE TRIGGER items_before_upsert_trigger
-BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON items
+DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS items_before_update_trigger ON items;
+CREATE TRIGGER items_before_update_trigger
+BEFORE UPDATE ON items
 FOR EACH ROW
 EXECUTE FUNCTION items_touch_triggerfunc();
 
@@ -2188,8 +2189,8 @@ BEGIN
     out.collection := content->>'collection';
     out.datetime := stac_datetime(content);
     out.end_datetime := stac_end_datetime(content);
-    out.updated_at := now();
-    out.content_hash := '';
+    out.pgstac_updated_at := now();
+    out.content_hash := encode(sha256(content::text::bytea), 'hex');
     out.content := strip_jsonb(
         content - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[],
         collection_base_item(content->>'collection')
diff --git a/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql b/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql
index f7a7b162..b252e9cf 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ CREATE TABLE items (
     collection text NOT NULL,
     datetime timestamptz NOT NULL,
     end_datetime timestamptz NOT NULL,
-    updated_at timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
+    pgstac_updated_at timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
     content_hash text NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
     content JSONB NOT NULL,
     private jsonb
@@ -71,15 +71,16 @@ EXECUTE FUNCTION partition_after_triggerfunc();
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION items_touch_triggerfunc() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
 BEGIN
-    NEW.updated_at := now();
-    NEW.content_hash := '';
+    NEW.pgstac_updated_at := now();
+    NEW.content_hash := encode(sha256(content_hydrate(NEW)::text::bytea), 'hex');
     RETURN NEW;
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
 
 DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS items_before_upsert_trigger ON items;
-CREATE TRIGGER items_before_upsert_trigger
-BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON items
+DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS items_before_update_trigger ON items;
+CREATE TRIGGER items_before_update_trigger
+BEFORE UPDATE ON items
 FOR EACH ROW
 EXECUTE FUNCTION items_touch_triggerfunc();
 
@@ -122,8 +123,8 @@ BEGIN
     out.collection := content->>'collection';
     out.datetime := stac_datetime(content);
     out.end_datetime := stac_end_datetime(content);
-    out.updated_at := now();
-    out.content_hash := '';
+    out.pgstac_updated_at := now();
+    out.content_hash := encode(sha256(content::text::bytea), 'hex');
     out.content := strip_jsonb(
         content - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[],
         collection_base_item(content->>'collection')
diff --git a/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql b/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql
index 67c9076a..f51dbffd 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql
@@ -36,15 +36,12 @@ SELECT results_eq($$
 );
 
 SELECT ok(
-    (SELECT updated_at IS NOT NULL FROM items WHERE id='pgstac-test-item-0003' AND collection='pgstac-test-collection'),
-    'create_item populates updated_at'
+    (SELECT pgstac_updated_at IS NOT NULL FROM items WHERE id='pgstac-test-item-0003' AND collection='pgstac-test-collection'),
+    'create_item populates pgstac_updated_at'
 );
-SELECT results_eq($$
-    SELECT content_hash FROM items WHERE id='pgstac-test-item-0003' AND collection='pgstac-test-collection';
-    $$,$$
-    SELECT ''::text;
-    $$,
-    'create_item writes default content_hash during PR2'
+SELECT ok(
+    (SELECT length(content_hash) = 64 FROM items WHERE id='pgstac-test-item-0003' AND collection='pgstac-test-collection'),
+    'create_item generates sha256 content_hash'
 );
 
 SELECT update_item('{"id": "pgstac-test-item-0003", "bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "type": "Feature", "links": [], "assets": {"image": {"href": "https://naipeuwest.blob.core.windows.net/naip/v002/al/2011/al_100cm_2011/30085/m_3008506_nw_16_1_20110825.tif", "type": "image/tiff; application=geotiff; profile=cloud-optimized", "roles": ["data"], "title": "RGBIR COG tile", "eo:bands": [{"name": "Red", "common_name": "red"}, {"name": "Green", "common_name": "green"}, {"name": "Blue", "common_name": "blue"}, {"name": "NIR", "common_name": "nir", "description": "near-infrared"}]}, "metadata": {"href": "https://naipeuwest.blob.core.windows.net/naip/v002/al/2011/al_fgdc_2011/30085/m_3008506_nw_16_1_20110825.txt", "type": "text/plain", "roles": ["metadata"], "title": "FGDC Metdata"}, "thumbnail": {"href": "https://naipeuwest.blob.core.windows.net/naip/v002/al/2011/al_100cm_2011/30085/m_3008506_nw_16_1_20110825.200.jpg", "type": "image/jpeg", "roles": ["thumbnail"], "title": "Thumbnail"}}, "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-85.309412, 30.933949], [-85.308201, 31.002658], [-85.378084, 31.003555], [-85.379245, 30.934843], [-85.309412, 30.933949]]]}, "collection": "pgstac-test-collection", "properties": {"gsd": 1, "datetime": "2011-08-25T00:00:00Z", "naip:year": "2011", "proj:bbox": [654842, 3423507, 661516, 3431125], "proj:epsg": 26916, "providers": [{"url": "https://www.fsa.usda.gov/programs-and-services/aerial-photography/imagery-programs/naip-imagery/", "name": "USDA Farm Service Agency", "roles": ["producer", "licensor"]}], "naip:state": "al", "proj:shape": [7618, 6674], "eo:cloud_cover": 29, "proj:transform": [1, 0, 654842, 0, -1, 3431125, 0, 0, 1]}, "stac_version": "1.0.0-beta.2", "stac_extensions": ["eo", "projection"]}');
@@ -59,26 +56,23 @@ SELECT results_eq($$
 
 SELECT results_eq($$
     WITH old_row AS (
-        SELECT updated_at FROM items WHERE id='pgstac-test-item-0003' AND collection='pgstac-test-collection'
+        SELECT pgstac_updated_at FROM items WHERE id='pgstac-test-item-0003' AND collection='pgstac-test-collection'
     ),
     updated AS (
         UPDATE items
         SET private = '{}'::jsonb
         WHERE id='pgstac-test-item-0003' AND collection='pgstac-test-collection'
-        RETURNING updated_at
+        RETURNING pgstac_updated_at
     )
-    SELECT (SELECT updated_at FROM updated) >= (SELECT updated_at FROM old_row);
+    SELECT (SELECT pgstac_updated_at FROM updated) >= (SELECT pgstac_updated_at FROM old_row);
     $$,$$
     SELECT TRUE;
     $$,
-    'updates refresh updated_at through items_touch_triggerfunc'
+    'updates refresh pgstac_updated_at through items_touch_triggerfunc'
 );
-SELECT results_eq($$
-    SELECT content_hash FROM items WHERE id='pgstac-test-item-0003' AND collection='pgstac-test-collection';
-    $$,$$
-    SELECT ''::text;
-    $$,
-    'update path preserves PR2 content_hash sentinel'
+SELECT ok(
+    (SELECT length(content_hash) = 64 FROM items WHERE id='pgstac-test-item-0003' AND collection='pgstac-test-collection'),
+    'update path generates new sha256 content_hash'
 );
 
 select delete_item('pgstac-test-item-0003');
diff --git a/src/pypgstac/src/pypgstac/load.py b/src/pypgstac/src/pypgstac/load.py
index 76e39502..657580cb 100644
--- a/src/pypgstac/src/pypgstac/load.py
+++ b/src/pypgstac/src/pypgstac/load.py
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ def load_partition(
                         """
                         DROP TABLE IF EXISTS items_ingest_temp;
                         CREATE TEMP TABLE items_ingest_temp
-                        ON COMMIT DROP AS SELECT * FROM items LIMIT 0;
+                        (LIKE items INCLUDING DEFAULTS) ON COMMIT DROP;
                         """,
                     )
                     with cur.copy(

From b1b1194b19b77c4439c208ee9aa619f72bc3c1df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Wed, 13 May 2026 15:01:04 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 25/33] Update changelog for PR2

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index dc6f70d8..de9aae04 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -9,6 +9,14 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [Unreleased]
 
 ### Added
+
+- Add deterministic SHA-256 `content_hash` to STAC items to track data changes across migrations.
+- Add `pgstac_updated_at` column to items table as part of separating STAC property updates from database metadata updates.
+
+### Changed
+
+- Replaced expensive row-based trigger for item inserts with optimized SQL/PLPGSQL hydration strategies to improve ingestion throughput.
+- Update pypgstac loaders to dynamically generate hashes during ingestion where required, avoiding trigger recalculation.
 - Add tombstone table `items_deleted_log` and `updated_at` column to items table.
 - New `pgstac-migrate` package under `src/pgstac-migrate/` with a standalone
   CLI, Python API, and tests for migration planning and execution.

From 11e57a779b5f6c1c94f2f03f6c3660639fd5eec2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Mon, 18 May 2026 10:19:08 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 26/33] Add batched tombstone GC with committed procedure

---
 .../migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql | 70 ++++++++++++++++++-
 src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql  | 68 ++++++++++++++++--
 src/pgstac/pgstac.sql                         | 68 ++++++++++++++++--
 src/pgstac/sql/997_maintenance.sql            | 62 ++++++++++++++--
 src/pgstac/sql/998_idempotent_post.sql        |  6 ++
 src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql          | 31 ++++++++
 src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/9999_readonly.sql      |  8 +++
 7 files changed, 298 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
index 4babc5cd..e5733646 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
@@ -285,15 +285,73 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.gc_deleted_items_log(retention_interval interv
  LANGUAGE sql
  SECURITY DEFINER
 AS $function$
-    WITH deleted AS (
-        DELETE FROM items_deleted_log
+    SELECT gc_deleted_items_log(retention_interval, 10000);
+$function$
+;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.gc_deleted_items_log(retention_interval interval, batch_limit integer)
+ RETURNS bigint
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
+ SECURITY DEFINER
+AS $function$
+DECLARE
+    deleted_count bigint := 0;
+    batch_deleted bigint;
+BEGIN
+    LOOP
+        batch_deleted := gc_deleted_items_log_batch(retention_interval, batch_limit);
+        deleted_count := deleted_count + batch_deleted;
+        EXIT WHEN batch_deleted = 0;
+    END LOOP;
+
+    RETURN deleted_count;
+END;
+$function$
+;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.gc_deleted_items_log_batch(retention_interval interval DEFAULT '30 days'::interval, batch_limit integer DEFAULT 10000)
+ RETURNS bigint
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
+ SECURITY DEFINER
+AS $function$
+DECLARE
+    batch_deleted bigint;
+BEGIN
+    WITH to_delete AS (
+        SELECT ctid
+        FROM items_deleted_log
         WHERE deleted_at < now() - retention_interval
+        ORDER BY deleted_at
+        LIMIT GREATEST(COALESCE(batch_limit, 10000), 1)
+    ),
+    deleted AS (
+        DELETE FROM items_deleted_log d
+        USING to_delete td
+        WHERE d.ctid = td.ctid
         RETURNING 1
     )
-    SELECT count(*)::bigint FROM deleted;
+    SELECT count(*)::bigint INTO batch_deleted FROM deleted;
+
+    RETURN batch_deleted;
+END;
 $function$
 ;
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE pgstac.gc_deleted_items_log_committed(IN retention_interval interval DEFAULT '30 days'::interval, IN batch_limit integer DEFAULT 10000)
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
+AS $procedure$
+DECLARE
+    batch_deleted bigint;
+BEGIN
+    LOOP
+        batch_deleted := gc_deleted_items_log_batch(retention_interval, batch_limit);
+        EXIT WHEN batch_deleted = 0;
+        COMMIT;
+    END LOOP;
+END;
+$procedure$
+;
+
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.gc_search_caches(retention_interval interval DEFAULT NULL::interval, conf jsonb DEFAULT NULL::jsonb)
  RETURNS jsonb
  LANGUAGE sql
@@ -1186,6 +1244,9 @@ ALTER FUNCTION pin_search SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION unpin_search SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION gc_anonymous_searches(interval, jsonb) SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION gc_search_caches(interval, jsonb) SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log_batch(interval, integer) SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log(interval, integer) SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log(interval) SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION format_item SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION maintain_index SECURITY DEFINER;
 
@@ -1211,6 +1272,9 @@ GRANT ALL ON PROCEDURE run_queued_queries TO pgstac_admin;
 REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON FUNCTION run_queued_queries_intransaction FROM public;
 GRANT ALL ON FUNCTION run_queued_queries_intransaction TO pgstac_admin;
 
+REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON PROCEDURE gc_deleted_items_log_committed(interval, integer) FROM public;
+GRANT ALL ON PROCEDURE gc_deleted_items_log_committed(interval, integer) TO pgstac_admin;
+
 RESET ROLE;
 
 SET ROLE pgstac_ingest;
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
index 90280289..522595a7 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
@@ -4790,14 +4790,68 @@ BEGIN
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL;
 
-CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log(retention_interval interval DEFAULT '30 days') RETURNS bigint AS $$
-    WITH deleted AS (
-        DELETE FROM items_deleted_log
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log_batch(
+    retention_interval interval DEFAULT '30 days',
+    batch_limit integer DEFAULT 10000
+) RETURNS bigint AS $$
+DECLARE
+    batch_deleted bigint;
+BEGIN
+    WITH to_delete AS (
+        SELECT ctid
+        FROM items_deleted_log
         WHERE deleted_at < now() - retention_interval
+        ORDER BY deleted_at
+        LIMIT GREATEST(COALESCE(batch_limit, 10000), 1)
+    ),
+    deleted AS (
+        DELETE FROM items_deleted_log d
+        USING to_delete td
+        WHERE d.ctid = td.ctid
         RETURNING 1
     )
-    SELECT count(*)::bigint FROM deleted;
+    SELECT count(*)::bigint INTO batch_deleted FROM deleted;
+
+    RETURN batch_deleted;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log(
+    retention_interval interval,
+    batch_limit integer
+) RETURNS bigint AS $$
+DECLARE
+    deleted_count bigint := 0;
+    batch_deleted bigint;
+BEGIN
+    LOOP
+        batch_deleted := gc_deleted_items_log_batch(retention_interval, batch_limit);
+        deleted_count := deleted_count + batch_deleted;
+        EXIT WHEN batch_deleted = 0;
+    END LOOP;
+
+    RETURN deleted_count;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log(retention_interval interval DEFAULT '30 days') RETURNS bigint AS $$
+    SELECT gc_deleted_items_log(retention_interval, 10000);
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE gc_deleted_items_log_committed(
+    retention_interval interval DEFAULT '30 days',
+    batch_limit integer DEFAULT 10000
+) AS $$
+DECLARE
+    batch_deleted bigint;
+BEGIN
+    LOOP
+        batch_deleted := gc_deleted_items_log_batch(retention_interval, batch_limit);
+        EXIT WHEN batch_deleted = 0;
+        COMMIT;
+    END LOOP;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL;
 -- END FRAGMENT: 997_maintenance.sql
 
 -- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 998_idempotent_post.sql
@@ -4906,6 +4960,9 @@ ALTER FUNCTION pin_search SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION unpin_search SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION gc_anonymous_searches(interval, jsonb) SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION gc_search_caches(interval, jsonb) SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log_batch(interval, integer) SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log(interval, integer) SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log(interval) SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION format_item SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION maintain_index SECURITY DEFINER;
 
@@ -4931,6 +4988,9 @@ GRANT ALL ON PROCEDURE run_queued_queries TO pgstac_admin;
 REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON FUNCTION run_queued_queries_intransaction FROM public;
 GRANT ALL ON FUNCTION run_queued_queries_intransaction TO pgstac_admin;
 
+REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON PROCEDURE gc_deleted_items_log_committed(interval, integer) FROM public;
+GRANT ALL ON PROCEDURE gc_deleted_items_log_committed(interval, integer) TO pgstac_admin;
+
 RESET ROLE;
 
 SET ROLE pgstac_ingest;
diff --git a/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql b/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
index 90280289..522595a7 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
@@ -4790,14 +4790,68 @@ BEGIN
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL;
 
-CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log(retention_interval interval DEFAULT '30 days') RETURNS bigint AS $$
-    WITH deleted AS (
-        DELETE FROM items_deleted_log
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log_batch(
+    retention_interval interval DEFAULT '30 days',
+    batch_limit integer DEFAULT 10000
+) RETURNS bigint AS $$
+DECLARE
+    batch_deleted bigint;
+BEGIN
+    WITH to_delete AS (
+        SELECT ctid
+        FROM items_deleted_log
         WHERE deleted_at < now() - retention_interval
+        ORDER BY deleted_at
+        LIMIT GREATEST(COALESCE(batch_limit, 10000), 1)
+    ),
+    deleted AS (
+        DELETE FROM items_deleted_log d
+        USING to_delete td
+        WHERE d.ctid = td.ctid
         RETURNING 1
     )
-    SELECT count(*)::bigint FROM deleted;
+    SELECT count(*)::bigint INTO batch_deleted FROM deleted;
+
+    RETURN batch_deleted;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log(
+    retention_interval interval,
+    batch_limit integer
+) RETURNS bigint AS $$
+DECLARE
+    deleted_count bigint := 0;
+    batch_deleted bigint;
+BEGIN
+    LOOP
+        batch_deleted := gc_deleted_items_log_batch(retention_interval, batch_limit);
+        deleted_count := deleted_count + batch_deleted;
+        EXIT WHEN batch_deleted = 0;
+    END LOOP;
+
+    RETURN deleted_count;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log(retention_interval interval DEFAULT '30 days') RETURNS bigint AS $$
+    SELECT gc_deleted_items_log(retention_interval, 10000);
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE gc_deleted_items_log_committed(
+    retention_interval interval DEFAULT '30 days',
+    batch_limit integer DEFAULT 10000
+) AS $$
+DECLARE
+    batch_deleted bigint;
+BEGIN
+    LOOP
+        batch_deleted := gc_deleted_items_log_batch(retention_interval, batch_limit);
+        EXIT WHEN batch_deleted = 0;
+        COMMIT;
+    END LOOP;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL;
 -- END FRAGMENT: 997_maintenance.sql
 
 -- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 998_idempotent_post.sql
@@ -4906,6 +4960,9 @@ ALTER FUNCTION pin_search SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION unpin_search SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION gc_anonymous_searches(interval, jsonb) SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION gc_search_caches(interval, jsonb) SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log_batch(interval, integer) SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log(interval, integer) SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log(interval) SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION format_item SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION maintain_index SECURITY DEFINER;
 
@@ -4931,6 +4988,9 @@ GRANT ALL ON PROCEDURE run_queued_queries TO pgstac_admin;
 REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON FUNCTION run_queued_queries_intransaction FROM public;
 GRANT ALL ON FUNCTION run_queued_queries_intransaction TO pgstac_admin;
 
+REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON PROCEDURE gc_deleted_items_log_committed(interval, integer) FROM public;
+GRANT ALL ON PROCEDURE gc_deleted_items_log_committed(interval, integer) TO pgstac_admin;
+
 RESET ROLE;
 
 SET ROLE pgstac_ingest;
diff --git a/src/pgstac/sql/997_maintenance.sql b/src/pgstac/sql/997_maintenance.sql
index 44151eda..bf758424 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/sql/997_maintenance.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/sql/997_maintenance.sql
@@ -86,11 +86,65 @@ BEGIN
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL;
 
-CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log(retention_interval interval DEFAULT '30 days') RETURNS bigint AS $$
-    WITH deleted AS (
-        DELETE FROM items_deleted_log
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log_batch(
+    retention_interval interval DEFAULT '30 days',
+    batch_limit integer DEFAULT 10000
+) RETURNS bigint AS $$
+DECLARE
+    batch_deleted bigint;
+BEGIN
+    WITH to_delete AS (
+        SELECT ctid
+        FROM items_deleted_log
         WHERE deleted_at < now() - retention_interval
+        ORDER BY deleted_at
+        LIMIT GREATEST(COALESCE(batch_limit, 10000), 1)
+    ),
+    deleted AS (
+        DELETE FROM items_deleted_log d
+        USING to_delete td
+        WHERE d.ctid = td.ctid
         RETURNING 1
     )
-    SELECT count(*)::bigint FROM deleted;
+    SELECT count(*)::bigint INTO batch_deleted FROM deleted;
+
+    RETURN batch_deleted;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log(
+    retention_interval interval,
+    batch_limit integer
+) RETURNS bigint AS $$
+DECLARE
+    deleted_count bigint := 0;
+    batch_deleted bigint;
+BEGIN
+    LOOP
+        batch_deleted := gc_deleted_items_log_batch(retention_interval, batch_limit);
+        deleted_count := deleted_count + batch_deleted;
+        EXIT WHEN batch_deleted = 0;
+    END LOOP;
+
+    RETURN deleted_count;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log(retention_interval interval DEFAULT '30 days') RETURNS bigint AS $$
+    SELECT gc_deleted_items_log(retention_interval, 10000);
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE gc_deleted_items_log_committed(
+    retention_interval interval DEFAULT '30 days',
+    batch_limit integer DEFAULT 10000
+) AS $$
+DECLARE
+    batch_deleted bigint;
+BEGIN
+    LOOP
+        batch_deleted := gc_deleted_items_log_batch(retention_interval, batch_limit);
+        EXIT WHEN batch_deleted = 0;
+        COMMIT;
+    END LOOP;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL;
diff --git a/src/pgstac/sql/998_idempotent_post.sql b/src/pgstac/sql/998_idempotent_post.sql
index d99bc6b4..c74d7d2a 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/sql/998_idempotent_post.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/sql/998_idempotent_post.sql
@@ -103,6 +103,9 @@ ALTER FUNCTION pin_search SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION unpin_search SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION gc_anonymous_searches(interval, jsonb) SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION gc_search_caches(interval, jsonb) SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log_batch(interval, integer) SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log(interval, integer) SECURITY DEFINER;
+ALTER FUNCTION gc_deleted_items_log(interval) SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION format_item SECURITY DEFINER;
 ALTER FUNCTION maintain_index SECURITY DEFINER;
 
@@ -128,6 +131,9 @@ GRANT ALL ON PROCEDURE run_queued_queries TO pgstac_admin;
 REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON FUNCTION run_queued_queries_intransaction FROM public;
 GRANT ALL ON FUNCTION run_queued_queries_intransaction TO pgstac_admin;
 
+REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON PROCEDURE gc_deleted_items_log_committed(interval, integer) FROM public;
+GRANT ALL ON PROCEDURE gc_deleted_items_log_committed(interval, integer) TO pgstac_admin;
+
 RESET ROLE;
 
 SET ROLE pgstac_ingest;
diff --git a/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql b/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql
index f51dbffd..8412f18b 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'upsert_item', ARRAY['jsonb']);
 SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'create_items', ARRAY['jsonb']);
 SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'upsert_items', ARRAY['jsonb']);
 SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'gc_deleted_items_log', ARRAY['interval']);
+SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'gc_deleted_items_log', ARRAY['interval', 'integer']);
+SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'gc_deleted_items_log_batch', ARRAY['interval', 'integer']);
 
 
 -- tools to update collection extents based on extents in items
@@ -107,3 +109,32 @@ SELECT results_eq($$
     $$,
     'gc_deleted_items_log removes aged tombstones'
 );
+
+SELECT lives_ok($$
+    INSERT INTO items_deleted_log (
+        item_id,
+        collection,
+        partition,
+        datetime,
+        end_datetime,
+        content_hash,
+        deleted_at
+    )
+    VALUES (
+        'pgstac-test-item-0003',
+        'pgstac-test-collection',
+        NULL,
+        now() - '41 days'::interval,
+        now() - '41 days'::interval,
+        repeat('a', 64),
+        now() - '40 days'::interval
+    );
+$$, 'Insert aged tombstone row for batched gc_deleted_items_log test');
+
+SELECT results_eq($$
+    SELECT gc_deleted_items_log('30 days'::interval, 1) > 0;
+    $$,$$
+    SELECT TRUE;
+    $$,
+    'gc_deleted_items_log(interval, integer) removes aged tombstones in batches'
+);
diff --git a/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/9999_readonly.sql b/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/9999_readonly.sql
index 73038c04..efb21d4e 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/9999_readonly.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/9999_readonly.sql
@@ -45,4 +45,12 @@ SELECT throws_ok(
     $$ SELECT gc_deleted_items_log('1 second'::interval); $$,
     '25006'
 );
+SELECT throws_ok(
+    $$ SELECT gc_deleted_items_log('1 second'::interval, 1); $$,
+    '25006'
+);
+SELECT throws_ok(
+    $$ SELECT gc_deleted_items_log_batch('1 second'::interval, 1); $$,
+    '25006'
+);
 RESET pgstac.readonly;

From d28e9ab7f009da1778c3f5266b10ca80257af3ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Mon, 18 May 2026 10:28:50 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 27/33] Document batched tombstone GC in changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index de9aae04..d62475f4 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 
 - Replaced expensive row-based trigger for item inserts with optimized SQL/PLPGSQL hydration strategies to improve ingestion throughput.
 - Update pypgstac loaders to dynamically generate hashes during ingestion where required, avoiding trigger recalculation.
-- Add tombstone table `items_deleted_log` and `updated_at` column to items table.
+- Add tombstone table `items_deleted_log` and `pgstac_updated_at` metadata column to items table.
+- Add batched tombstone GC routines: `gc_deleted_items_log_batch(interval, integer)`, overloaded `gc_deleted_items_log(interval, integer)`, and `gc_deleted_items_log_committed(interval, integer)` for commit-per-batch cleanup of large tombstone backlogs.
+- Add PGTap coverage for batched tombstone GC signatures/behavior and read-only rejection paths.
 - New `pgstac-migrate` package under `src/pgstac-migrate/` with a standalone
   CLI, Python API, and tests for migration planning and execution.
 - New Rust crate under `src/pgstac-rs/` with updated CI/release wiring,

From dc4d16bdfc9264626a0064b262a50f104feb35f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Mon, 18 May 2026 11:10:48 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 28/33] registry: add item_field_registry table and
 jsonb_field_rows walker

---
 .worktree-pr3            |   1 +
 pr2_body.md              |  18 +
 pr3_debugging_summary.md |  98 ++++
 pypgstac_tests.log       | 993 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 pypgstac_tests_2.log     | 993 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 2103 insertions(+)
 create mode 160000 .worktree-pr3
 create mode 100644 pr2_body.md
 create mode 100644 pr3_debugging_summary.md
 create mode 100644 pypgstac_tests.log
 create mode 100644 pypgstac_tests_2.log

diff --git a/.worktree-pr3 b/.worktree-pr3
new file mode 160000
index 00000000..c7d82806
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.worktree-pr3
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit c7d828067d5199fe653f0d60519386b5ada1534a
diff --git a/pr2_body.md b/pr2_body.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..56602938
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pr2_body.md
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+## Description
+
+This PR (PR2) focuses on optimizing the metadata update and hashing lifecycle in PgSTAC to improve ingestion performance. It introduces deterministic STAC item content hashing and reduces the reliance on row-based triggers for ingestion.
+
+### Key Changes
+- **Renamed** the conceptual `updated_at` column for the table metadata to `pgstac_updated_at` (added explicitly to the schema as `pgstac_updated_at`).
+- **Added** a `content_hash` column to track a deterministic SHA-256 hash of the STAC item's content.
+- **Refactored Triggers**: Removed the expensive `BEFORE INSERT` trigger from the `items` table. The `items_touch_triggerfunc` is now bound strictly to `BEFORE UPDATE` to compute hashes and `pgstac_updated_at` only on manual row mutations outside of the bulk load path.
+- **Optimized Content Dehydration**: Rewrote `content_dehydrate` in `PLPGSQL` to natively calculate `pgstac_updated_at` and `content_hash` (via `encode(sha256(content::text::bytea), 'hex')`) directly during the insert stage, completely bypassing the need for an insert trigger.
+- **Updated PyPgSTAC Loader**: Altered `src/pypgstac/src/pypgstac/load.py` to use `INCLUDING DEFAULTS` when constructing `items_ingest_temp`, ensuring that direct COPY statements lacking `pgstac_updated_at` correctly fall back to the default `now()` value rather than throwing a `NotNullViolation`.
+
+### Testing
+- Full `PGTap` and basic SQL tests pass.
+- Incremental migrations validate properly (using `pgpkg` generated artifacts).
+- PyPgSTAC loader tests pass successfully with the updated temp table logic.
+
+### Related Tasks
+This is the second phase (PR2) of the v0.10.0 architecture restructuring plan.
diff --git a/pr3_debugging_summary.md b/pr3_debugging_summary.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3a6963a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pr3_debugging_summary.md
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+# PR3: PgSTAC Field Registry Optimization & Debugging Summary
+
+This document captures the complete architectural state, debugging analysis, and remaining tasks for **PR3 (PgSTAC v0.10.0 Field Registry on Partition Stats)**. It serves as full internal memory and an actionable checklist so you can seamlessly continue development and testing in VSCode.
+
+---
+
+## 1. Architectural State (PR3)
+
+The goal of PR3 is to replace the legacy relational `item_field_registry` table with a performant, asynchronous JSONB-based field registry maintained on `partition_stats` and aggregated up to `collections`.
+
+### Key Implementations Completed:
+- **`field_registry` JSONB Columns**: Added to `partition_stats` and `collections` tables.
+- **Efficient Extraction (`jsonb_field_rows`)**: Extracts `{path, type}` pairs directly from dehydrated JSON (`items.content`) without invoking the expensive `content_hydrate()` function.
+- **Robust Type-Widening (`jsonb_merge_registry`)**: Merges registry entries and widens conflicting types (e.g., `number` + `string` -> `string`).
+- **Collection Rollup Aggregate (`jsonb_merge_registry_agg`)**: Rolls up partition-level registries into collection-level registries.
+- **Asynchronous Ingestion Integration**:
+  - `update_partition_stats` uses `TABLESAMPLE SYSTEM(field_registry_sample_percent)` to sample schema without slowing down high-throughput ingestion.
+  - `items_touch_triggerfunc` refactored to operate `BEFORE UPDATE` only, ensuring `pgstac_updated_at` and SHA-256 `content_hash` calculation are performant.
+- **Maintenance Lifecycle**: `refresh_field_registry` refactored to invoke `update_partition_stats`.
+
+---
+
+## 2. Debugging Analysis: Root Causes of Remaining pgTAP Failures
+
+When running `scripts/runinpypgstac test --pgtap`, exactly 3 tests fail out of 266 in `src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql`.
+
+### Failure 1 & 2: `has_column` Checks for `field_registry`
+```text
+not ok 83 - field_registry
+# Failed test 83: "field_registry"
+not ok 84 - field_registry
+# Failed test 84: "field_registry"
+```
+- **Root Cause**: In pgTAP, the function signatures for `has_column` are:
+  1. `has_column(table_name, column_name)`
+  2. `has_column(table_name, column_name, description)`
+  3. `has_column(schema_name, table_name, column_name, description)`
+- When calling `has_column('pgstac'::name, 'partition_stats'::name, 'field_registry'::name)`, pgTAP matched signature #2 (`table, column, description`). It searched for a column named `'partition_stats'` in a table named `'pgstac'`, which correctly failed.
+- **Solution**: Pass the 4th `description` argument so pgTAP correctly matches signature #3.
+
+### Failure 3: `update_partition_stats` Populates `field_registry`
+```text
+not ok 94 - update_partition_stats populates field_registry on partition_stats
+# Failed test 94: "update_partition_stats populates field_registry on partition_stats"
+```
+- **Root Cause**: `update_partition_stats` uses `TABLESAMPLE SYSTEM(sample_pct)` where `sample_pct` defaults to 5.0 (5%). `SYSTEM` sampling in PostgreSQL samples at the **block/page level**, not the row level. For a tiny test table with only 1 item (occupying exactly 1 block), a 5% block sampling rate results in `0 rows` selected 95% of the time. Consequently, `new_registry` remains empty (`{}`).
+- **Solution**: Temporarily set `field_registry_sample_percent` to `100` during the test setup in `003_items.sql` so that 100% of blocks/rows are sampled during test verification.
+
+---
+
+## 3. Required Code Changes in `003_items.sql`
+
+To resolve all test failures, apply the following diff to `src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql`:
+
+```diff
+--- a/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql
++++ b/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql
+@@ -28,11 +28,15 @@ SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'refresh_field_registry', ARRAY['text']);
+ SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'refresh_field_registry', ARRAY['text']);
+
+ -- partition_stats has field_registry column
+-SELECT has_column('pgstac'::name, 'partition_stats'::name, 'field_registry'::name);
++SELECT has_column('pgstac'::name, 'partition_stats'::name, 'field_registry'::name, 'partition_stats has field_registry column');
+
+ -- collections has field_registry column
+-SELECT has_column('pgstac'::name, 'collections'::name, 'field_registry'::name);
++SELECT has_column('pgstac'::name, 'collections'::name, 'field_registry'::name, 'collections has field_registry column');
+
++-- Ensure 100% sampling during tests so single-row test tables populate the field registry reliably
++INSERT INTO pgstac_settings (name, value) VALUES ('field_registry_sample_percent', '100')
++ON CONFLICT (name) DO UPDATE SET value = EXCLUDED.value;
++
+ DELETE FROM collections WHERE id in ('pgstac-test-collection', 'pgstac-test-collection2');
+ \copy collections (content) FROM 'tests/testdata/collections.ndjson';
+```
+
+---
+
+## 4. Developer Action Plan & Checklist
+
+Follow these steps in VSCode / terminal to complete PR3:
+
+- `[ ]` **Apply Fixes**: Edit `/home/bitner/data/pgstac/.worktree-pr3/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql` using the diff above.
+- `[ ]` **Run pgTAP Test Suite**:
+  ```bash
+  cd /home/bitner/data/pgstac/.worktree-pr3
+  scripts/runinpypgstac test --pgtap
+  ```
+  *(Expect clean pass of all 266 tests)*
+- `[ ]` **Verify Full Test Suite**:
+  ```bash
+  scripts/test --nomigrations
+  ```
+- `[ ]` **Merge/Rebase Workflow**:
+  - Wait for PR2 to be reviewed and merged into `main`.
+  - Rebase PR3 branch onto `main`.
+  - Run `scripts/stageversion VERSION` (if version bumps are needed).
+- `[ ]` **Create PR3 on GitHub**: Draft the PR explaining the performance benefits of the non-blocking `TABLESAMPLE` registry architecture.
diff --git a/pypgstac_tests.log b/pypgstac_tests.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e8ff680
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pypgstac_tests.log
@@ -0,0 +1,993 @@
+Building docker images...
+ Image pgstac Building
+ Image pypgstac Building
+#1 [internal] load local bake definitions
+#1 reading from stdin 1.14kB done
+#1 DONE 0.0s
+
+#2 [pgstac internal] load build definition from Dockerfile
+#2 transferring dockerfile: 2.11kB done
+#2 DONE 0.0s
+
+#3 [pypgstac internal] load build definition from Dockerfile
+#3 transferring dockerfile: 2.70kB done
+#3 DONE 0.0s
+
+#4 [pgstac] resolve image config for docker-image://docker.io/docker/dockerfile:1.7
+#4 DONE 0.2s
+
+#5 [pypgstac] docker-image://docker.io/docker/dockerfile:1.7@sha256:a57df69d0ea827fb7266491f2813635de6f17269be881f696fbfdf2d83dda33e
+#5 CACHED
+
+#6 [pypgstac internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/rust:1-slim-trixie
+#6 DONE 0.0s
+
+#7 [pypgstac internal] load .dockerignore
+#7 transferring context: 277B done
+#7 DONE 0.0s
+
+#8 [pgstac internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/postgres:17-trixie
+#8 DONE 0.2s
+
+#9 [pgstac internal] load .dockerignore
+#9 transferring context: 277B done
+#9 DONE 0.0s
+
+#10 [pypgstac pyrustbase 1/2] FROM docker.io/library/rust:1-slim-trixie
+#10 DONE 0.0s
+
+#11 [pypgstac internal] load build context
+#11 ...
+
+#12 [pgstac pgstacbase 1/2] FROM docker.io/library/postgres:17-trixie@sha256:2a0d0fe14825b0939f78a8cad5cd4e6aa68bf94d0e5dd96e24b6d23af4315545
+#12 DONE 0.0s
+
+#13 [pgstac internal] load build context
+#13 transferring context: 246B done
+#13 DONE 0.0s
+
+#14 [pgstac pgstac 1/3] WORKDIR /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d
+#14 CACHED
+
+#15 [pgstac pgstac 2/3] COPY docker/pgstac/dbinit/pgstac.sh 990_pgstac.sh
+#15 CACHED
+
+#16 [pgstac pgstacbase 2/2] RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/var/cache/apt,sharing=locked     --mount=type=cache,target=/var/lib/apt/lists,sharing=locked     --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/git,sharing=locked     apt-get update     && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends         postgresql-17-postgis-3         postgresql-17-postgis-3-scripts         postgresql-17-cron         postgresql-contrib-17         postgresql-17-pgtap         postgresql-17-plpgsql-check         postgresql-17-partman         postgresql-server-dev-17         build-essential         ca-certificates         curl         git         flex         bison         libkrb5-dev     && GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT=0 git clone --branch v1.5.2 --depth 1 https://github.com/aws/pg_tle.git /tmp/pg_tle     && make -C /tmp/pg_tle     && make -C /tmp/pg_tle install     && rm -rf /tmp/pg_tle     && sed -i "s/^#shared_preload_libraries = .*/shared_preload_libraries = 'pg_tle,pg_stat_statements,pg_cron'/" /usr/share/postgresql/17/postgresql.conf.sample     && sed -i "s/^#shared_preload_libraries = .*/shared_preload_libraries = 'pg_tle,pg_stat_statements,pg_cron'/" /usr/share/postgresql/postgresql.conf.sample     && apt-get purge -y --auto-remove         postgresql-server-dev-17         build-essential         curl         git         flex         bison         libkrb5-dev     && apt-get clean && apt-get -y autoremove     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+#16 CACHED
+
+#17 [pgstac pgstac 3/3] COPY src/pgstac/pgstac.sql 999_pgstac.sql
+#17 CACHED
+
+#18 [pgstac] exporting to image
+#18 exporting layers done
+#18 writing image sha256:3d77d4c6dab289d8d04fc8cf9cff67905b427b8e5580dab9fe3b96850dc6ef86 done
+#18 naming to docker.io/library/pgstac done
+#18 DONE 0.0s
+
+#19 [pgstac] resolving provenance for metadata file
+#19 DONE 0.0s
+
+#11 [pypgstac internal] load build context
+#11 transferring context: 122.51kB 0.1s done
+#11 DONE 0.2s
+
+#20 [pypgstac pyrustbase 2/2] RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/var/cache/apt,sharing=locked     --mount=type=cache,target=/var/lib/apt/lists,sharing=locked     --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/uv,sharing=locked     apt-get update     && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends         adduser         ca-certificates         curl         postgresql-client-17         python3 python-is-python3 python3-pip python3-venv         build-essential clang gcc git libssl-dev llvm make pkg-config     && curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | UV_INSTALL_DIR=/usr/local/bin sh     && apt-get clean && apt-get -y autoremove     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+#20 CACHED
+
+#21 [pypgstac pypgstac 1/7] COPY scripts/container-scripts /opt/pgstac/container-scripts
+#21 CACHED
+
+#22 [pypgstac pypgstac 6/7] RUN rm -rf /usr/local/cargo/registry
+#22 CACHED
+
+#23 [pypgstac pypgstac 2/7] COPY src/pypgstac /opt/src/pypgstac
+#23 CACHED
+
+#24 [pypgstac pypgstac 3/7] COPY src/pgstac /opt/src/pgstac
+#24 CACHED
+
+#25 [pypgstac pypgstac 4/7] COPY src/pgstac-migrate /opt/src/pgstac-migrate
+#25 CACHED
+
+#26 [pypgstac pypgstac 5/7] WORKDIR /opt/src/pypgstac
+#26 CACHED
+
+#27 [pypgstac pypgstac 7/7] RUN addgroup --gid 1000 user &&     adduser --uid 1000 --gid 1000 --disabled-password --gecos "" --home /home/user user &&     mkdir -p /home/user/.cache/uv &&     chown -R user:user /home/user /opt/src/pypgstac /opt/src/pgstac /opt/src/pgstac-migrate
+#27 CACHED
+
+#28 [pypgstac] exporting to image
+#28 exporting layers done
+#28 writing image sha256:e2ae2f9d9b57595f44969aaf092c7cc241115c2410452743263ad6c536638f30 done
+#28 naming to docker.io/library/pypgstac done
+#28 DONE 0.0s
+
+#29 [pypgstac] resolving provenance for metadata file
+#29 DONE 0.0s
+ Image pypgstac Built
+ Image pgstac Built
+PGSTAC_RUNNING=26c4a814bfa16636bef2c0208f045eabfc86087a71ce3a4aeefdea114ed9228b
+Running test --pypgstac in pypgstacworker
+ Container pgstac-pgstac-1 Running
+ Container pgstac-pgstac-1 Waiting
+ Container pgstac-pgstac-1 Healthy
+ Container pgstac-pypgstac-run-639ab97488b2 Creating
+ Container pgstac-pypgstac-run-639ab97488b2 Created
+warning
+Server extension tests passed for postgis + postgres.
+ pgstac_admin_owns
+-------------------
+
+(1 row)
+
+ update_partition_stats_q
+--------------------------
+(0 rows)
+
+ set_version
+-------------
+ unreleased
+(1 row)
+
+warning: Ignoring existing virtual environment linked to non-existent Python interpreter: .venv/bin/python3 -> python
+Using CPython 3.13.5 interpreter at: /usr/bin/python3
+Removed virtual environment at: .venv
+Creating virtual environment at: .venv
+   Building pgstac-migrate @ file:///opt/src/pgstac-migrate
+   Building pypgstac @ file:///opt/src/pypgstac
+Downloading pydantic-core (2.0MiB)
+Downloading ruff (10.8MiB)
+Downloading virtualenv (7.2MiB)
+Downloading pygments (1.2MiB)
+Downloading psycopg-binary (4.9MiB)
+Downloading ty (11.0MiB)
+Downloading zstandard (5.3MiB)
+Downloading pyproj (9.1MiB)
+   Building version-parser==1.0.1
+      Built pgstac-migrate @ file:///opt/src/pgstac-migrate
+      Built pypgstac @ file:///opt/src/pypgstac
+ Downloaded pygments
+ Downloaded pydantic-core
+      Built version-parser==1.0.1
+ Downloaded psycopg-binary
+ Downloaded zstandard
+ Downloaded virtualenv
+ Downloaded pyproj
+ Downloaded ruff
+ Downloaded ty
+Installed 59 packages in 182ms
+============================= test session starts ==============================
+platform linux -- Python 3.13.5, pytest-9.0.3, pluggy-1.6.0 -- /opt/src/pypgstac/.venv/bin/python
+cachedir: .pytest_cache
+benchmark: 5.2.3 (defaults: timer=time.perf_counter disable_gc=False min_rounds=5 min_time=0.000005 max_time=1.0 calibration_precision=10 warmup=False warmup_iterations=100000)
+rootdir: /opt/src/pypgstac
+configfile: pyproject.toml
+plugins: cov-7.1.0, benchmark-5.2.3
+collecting ... collected 164 items
+
+tests/hydration/test_base_item.py::test_landsat_c2_l1 PASSED             [  0%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_landsat_c2_l1 PASSED [  1%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_single_depth_equals PASSED [  1%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_nested_equals PASSED [  2%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_nested_extra_keys PASSED [  3%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_list_of_dicts_extra_keys PASSED [  3%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_equal_len_list_of_mixed_types PASSED [  4%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_unequal_len_list PASSED [  4%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_marked_non_merged_fields PASSED [  5%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_marked_non_merged_fields_in_list PASSED [  6%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_deeply_nested_dict PASSED [  6%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_equal_list_of_non_dicts PASSED [  7%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_invalid_assets_marked PASSED [  7%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_top_level_base_keys_marked PASSED [  8%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_landsat_c2_l1 <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [  9%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_single_depth_equals <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [  9%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_nested_equals <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 10%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_nested_extra_keys <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 10%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_list_of_dicts_extra_keys <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 11%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_equal_len_list_of_mixed_types <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 12%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_unequal_len_list <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 12%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_marked_non_merged_fields <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 13%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_marked_non_merged_fields_in_list <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 14%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_deeply_nested_dict <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 14%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_equal_list_of_non_dicts <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 15%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_invalid_assets_marked <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 15%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_top_level_base_keys_marked <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 16%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_landsat_c2_l1 PASSED  [ 17%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_full_hydrate PASSED   [ 17%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_full_nested PASSED    [ 18%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_nested_extra_keys PASSED [ 18%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_list_of_dicts_extra_keys PASSED [ 19%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_equal_len_list_of_mixed_types PASSED [ 20%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_unequal_len_list PASSED [ 20%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_marked_non_merged_fields PASSED [ 21%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_marked_non_merged_fields_in_list PASSED [ 21%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_deeply_nested_dict PASSED [ 22%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_equal_list_of_non_dicts PASSED [ 23%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_invalid_assets_removed PASSED [ 23%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_top_level_base_keys_marked PASSED [ 24%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_base_none PASSED      [ 25%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_landsat_c2_l1 <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 25%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_full_hydrate <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 26%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_full_nested <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 26%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_nested_extra_keys <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 27%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_list_of_dicts_extra_keys <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 28%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_equal_len_list_of_mixed_types <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 28%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_unequal_len_list <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 29%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_marked_non_merged_fields <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 29%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_marked_non_merged_fields_in_list <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 30%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_deeply_nested_dict <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 31%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_equal_list_of_non_dicts <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 31%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_invalid_assets_removed <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 32%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_top_level_base_keys_marked <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 32%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_base_none <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 33%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-0.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 34%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-0.75] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 34%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-1] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 35%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-1.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 35%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-2] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 36%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-3] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 37%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-4] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 37%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 38%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-6] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 39%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-8] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 39%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-10] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 40%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-0.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 40%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-0.75] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 41%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-1] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 42%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-1.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 42%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-2] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 43%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-3] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 43%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-4] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 44%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 45%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-6] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 45%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-8] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 46%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-10] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 46%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-0.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 47%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-0.75] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 48%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-1] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 48%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-1.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 49%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-2] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 50%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-3] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 50%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-4] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 51%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 51%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-6] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 52%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-8] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 53%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-10] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 53%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-0.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 54%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-0.75] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 54%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-1] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 55%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-1.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 56%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-2] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 56%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-3] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 57%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-4] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 57%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 58%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-6] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 59%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-8] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 59%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-10] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 60%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-0.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 60%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-0.75] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 61%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-1] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 62%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-1.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 62%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-2] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 63%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-3] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 64%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-4] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 64%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 65%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-6] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 65%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-8] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 66%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-10] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 67%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-0.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 67%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-0.75] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 68%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-1] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 68%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-1.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 69%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-2] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 70%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-3] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 70%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-4] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 71%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 71%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-6] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 72%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-8] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 73%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-10] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 73%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_collections_succeeds PASSED                [ 74%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_collections_json_succeeds PASSED           [ 75%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_collections_json_duplicates_fails PASSED   [ 75%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_collections_json_duplicates_with_upsert PASSED [ 76%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_collections_json_duplicates_with_ignore PASSED [ 76%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_duplicates_fails PASSED              [ 77%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_succeeds PASSED                      [ 78%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_ignore_succeeds FAILED               [ 78%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_upsert_succeeds FAILED               [ 79%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_delsert_succeeds FAILED              [ 79%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_partition_loads_default PASSED                  [ 80%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_partition_loads_month PASSED                    [ 81%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_partition_loads_year PASSED                     [ 81%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_dehydrated_ignore_succeeds FAILED    [ 82%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_format_items_keys PASSED                        [ 82%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_s1_grd_load_and_query PASSED                    [ 83%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_dehydrated PASSED                          [ 84%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_collections_incompatible_version PASSED    [ 84%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_incompatible_version PASSED          [ 85%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_compatible_major_minor_version PASSED      [ 85%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_compatible_major_minor_version_with_dev_suffix PASSED [ 86%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_nopartitionconstraint_succeeds FAILED [ 87%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_valid_srid PASSED                               [ 87%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_sequential_new_loader_per_item FAILED [ 88%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_concurrent_new_loader_per_item FAILED [ 89%]
+tests/test_migrate.py::test_canonical_migration_filename_helpers PASSED  [ 89%]
+tests/test_migrate.py::test_parse_filename_uses_canonical_layout PASSED  [ 90%]
+tests/test_migrate.py::test_migration_path_returns_canonical_filenames PASSED [ 90%]
+tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py::test_run_migration_delegates_to_pgstac_migrate PASSED [ 91%]
+tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py::test_run_migration_defaults_to_package_version PASSED [ 92%]
+tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py::test_cli_migrate_delegates_to_migrate_wrapper PASSED [ 92%]
+tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py::test_migration_path_matches_pgstac_migrate_compat PASSED [ 93%]
+tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_succeeds PASSED           [ 93%]
+tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_without_index_fields PASSED [ 94%]
+tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_with_specific_index_fields PASSED [ 95%]
+tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_empty_index_fields PASSED [ 95%]
+tests/test_queryables.py::test_maintain_partitions_called_only_with_index_fields PASSED [ 96%]
+tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_with_collections PASSED   [ 96%]
+tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_update PASSED             [ 97%]
+tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_invalid_json PASSED       [ 98%]
+tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_delete_missing PASSED     [ 98%]
+tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_delete_missing_with_collections PASSED [ 99%]
+tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_no_properties PASSED      [100%]
+
+=================================== FAILURES ===================================
+_______________________ test_load_items_ignore_succeeds ________________________
+
+loader = <pypgstac.load.Loader object at 0x7111b68b7310>
+
+    def test_load_items_ignore_succeeds(loader: Loader) -> None:
+        """Test pypgstac items ignore loader."""
+        loader.load_collections(
+            str(TEST_COLLECTIONS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.ignore,
+        )
+
+        loader.load_items(
+            str(TEST_ITEMS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.insert,
+        )
+
+>       loader.load_items(
+            str(TEST_ITEMS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.ignore,
+        )
+
+tests/test_load.py:149:
+_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
+src/pypgstac/load.py:646: in load_items
+    self.load_partition(self._partition_cache[k], list(g), insert_mode)
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:331: in wrapped_f
+    return copy(f, *args, **kw)
+           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:470: in __call__
+    do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
+         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:371: in iter
+    result = action(retry_state)
+             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:393: in <lambda>
+    self._add_action_func(lambda rs: rs.outcome.result())
+                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:449: in result
+    return self.__get_result()
+           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
+    raise self._exception
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:473: in __call__
+    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
+             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+src/pypgstac/load.py:420: in load_partition
+    cur.execute(
+_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
+
+self = <psycopg.Cursor [closed] [IDLE] (host=pgstac user=username database=pypgstactestdb) at 0x7111b69eaed0>
+query = Composed([SQL('\n                                INSERT INTO '), Identifier('_items_1'), SQL('\n                      ...*\n                                FROM items_ingest_temp ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING;\n                                ')])
+params = None
+
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        query: Query,
+        params: Params | None = None,
+        *,
+        prepare: bool | None = None,
+        binary: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """
+        Execute a query or command to the database.
+        """
+        try:
+            with self._conn.lock:
+                self._conn.wait(
+                    self._execute_gen(query, params, prepare=prepare, binary=binary)
+                )
+        except e._NO_TRACEBACK as ex:
+>           raise ex.with_traceback(None)
+E           psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E           DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
+
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/psycopg/cursor.py:117: NotNullViolation
+_______________________ test_load_items_upsert_succeeds ________________________
+
+loader = <pypgstac.load.Loader object at 0x7111b68b7770>
+
+    def test_load_items_upsert_succeeds(loader: Loader) -> None:
+        """Test pypgstac items ignore loader."""
+        loader.load_collections(
+            str(TEST_COLLECTIONS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.ignore,
+        )
+
+        loader.load_items(
+            str(TEST_ITEMS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.insert,
+        )
+
+>       loader.load_items(
+            str(TEST_ITEMS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.upsert,
+        )
+
+tests/test_load.py:167:
+_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
+src/pypgstac/load.py:646: in load_items
+    self.load_partition(self._partition_cache[k], list(g), insert_mode)
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:331: in wrapped_f
+    return copy(f, *args, **kw)
+           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:470: in __call__
+    do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
+         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:371: in iter
+    result = action(retry_state)
+             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:393: in <lambda>
+    self._add_action_func(lambda rs: rs.outcome.result())
+                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:449: in result
+    return self.__get_result()
+           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
+    raise self._exception
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:473: in __call__
+    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
+             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+src/pypgstac/load.py:432: in load_partition
+    cur.execute(
+_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
+
+self = <psycopg.Cursor [closed] [IDLE] (host=pgstac user=username database=pypgstactestdb) at 0x7111b69eb890>
+query = Composed([SQL('\n                                INSERT INTO '), Identifier('_items_1'), SQL(' AS t SELECT * FROM item...                 WHERE t IS DISTINCT FROM EXCLUDED\n                                ;\n                            ')])
+params = None
+
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        query: Query,
+        params: Params | None = None,
+        *,
+        prepare: bool | None = None,
+        binary: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """
+        Execute a query or command to the database.
+        """
+        try:
+            with self._conn.lock:
+                self._conn.wait(
+                    self._execute_gen(query, params, prepare=prepare, binary=binary)
+                )
+        except e._NO_TRACEBACK as ex:
+>           raise ex.with_traceback(None)
+E           psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E           DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
+
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/psycopg/cursor.py:117: NotNullViolation
+_______________________ test_load_items_delsert_succeeds _______________________
+
+loader = <pypgstac.load.Loader object at 0x7111b6a8ba00>
+
+    def test_load_items_delsert_succeeds(loader: Loader) -> None:
+        """Test pypgstac items ignore loader."""
+        loader.load_collections(
+            str(TEST_COLLECTIONS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.ignore,
+        )
+
+        loader.load_items(
+            str(TEST_ITEMS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.insert,
+        )
+
+>       loader.load_items(
+            str(TEST_ITEMS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.delsert,
+        )
+
+tests/test_load.py:185:
+_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
+src/pypgstac/load.py:646: in load_items
+    self.load_partition(self._partition_cache[k], list(g), insert_mode)
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:331: in wrapped_f
+    return copy(f, *args, **kw)
+           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:470: in __call__
+    do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
+         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:371: in iter
+    result = action(retry_state)
+             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:393: in <lambda>
+    self._add_action_func(lambda rs: rs.outcome.result())
+                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:449: in result
+    return self.__get_result()
+           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
+    raise self._exception
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:473: in __call__
+    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
+             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+src/pypgstac/load.py:451: in load_partition
+    cur.execute(
+_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
+
+self = <psycopg.Cursor [closed] [IDLE] (host=pgstac user=username database=pypgstactestdb) at 0x7111b69eaed0>
+query = Composed([SQL('\n                                WITH deletes AS (\n                                    DELETE FROM it...             WHERE t IS DISTINCT FROM EXCLUDED\n                                ;\n                                ')])
+params = None
+
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        query: Query,
+        params: Params | None = None,
+        *,
+        prepare: bool | None = None,
+        binary: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """
+        Execute a query or command to the database.
+        """
+        try:
+            with self._conn.lock:
+                self._conn.wait(
+                    self._execute_gen(query, params, prepare=prepare, binary=binary)
+                )
+        except e._NO_TRACEBACK as ex:
+>           raise ex.with_traceback(None)
+E           psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E           DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
+
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/psycopg/cursor.py:117: NotNullViolation
+__________________ test_load_items_dehydrated_ignore_succeeds __________________
+
+loader = <pypgstac.load.Loader object at 0x7111b692f5f0>
+
+    def test_load_items_dehydrated_ignore_succeeds(loader: Loader) -> None:
+        """Test pypgstac items ignore loader."""
+        loader.load_collections(
+            str(TEST_COLLECTIONS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.ignore,
+        )
+
+        loader.load_items(
+            str(TEST_DEHYDRATED_ITEMS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.insert,
+            dehydrated=True,
+        )
+
+>       loader.load_items(
+            str(TEST_DEHYDRATED_ITEMS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.ignore,
+            dehydrated=True,
+        )
+
+tests/test_load.py:279:
+_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
+src/pypgstac/load.py:646: in load_items
+    self.load_partition(self._partition_cache[k], list(g), insert_mode)
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:331: in wrapped_f
+    return copy(f, *args, **kw)
+           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:470: in __call__
+    do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
+         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:371: in iter
+    result = action(retry_state)
+             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:393: in <lambda>
+    self._add_action_func(lambda rs: rs.outcome.result())
+                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:449: in result
+    return self.__get_result()
+           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
+    raise self._exception
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:473: in __call__
+    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
+             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+src/pypgstac/load.py:420: in load_partition
+    cur.execute(
+_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
+
+self = <psycopg.Cursor [closed] [IDLE] (host=pgstac user=username database=pypgstactestdb) at 0x7111b69ebc50>
+query = Composed([SQL('\n                                INSERT INTO '), Identifier('_items_1'), SQL('\n                      ...*\n                                FROM items_ingest_temp ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING;\n                                ')])
+params = None
+
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        query: Query,
+        params: Params | None = None,
+        *,
+        prepare: bool | None = None,
+        binary: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """
+        Execute a query or command to the database.
+        """
+        try:
+            with self._conn.lock:
+                self._conn.wait(
+                    self._execute_gen(query, params, prepare=prepare, binary=binary)
+                )
+        except e._NO_TRACEBACK as ex:
+>           raise ex.with_traceback(None)
+E           psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E           DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"assets": {"image": {"href": "https://naipeuwest.blob.core.wind..., null).
+
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/psycopg/cursor.py:117: NotNullViolation
+________________ test_load_items_nopartitionconstraint_succeeds ________________
+
+loader = <pypgstac.load.Loader object at 0x7111b4706870>
+
+    def test_load_items_nopartitionconstraint_succeeds(loader: Loader) -> None:
+        """Test pypgstac items loader."""
+        loader.load_collections(
+            str(TEST_COLLECTIONS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.upsert,
+        )
+        loader.load_items(
+            str(TEST_ITEMS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.insert,
+        )
+
+        cdtmin = loader.db.query_one(
+            """
+            SELECT lower(constraint_dtrange)::text
+            FROM partition_sys_meta WHERE partition = '_items_1';
+            """,
+        )
+
+        assert cdtmin == "2011-07-31 00:00:00+00"
+        with loader.db.connect() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                """
+                ALTER TABLE _items_1 DROP CONSTRAINT _items_1_dt;
+                """,
+            )
+        cdtmin = loader.db.query_one(
+            """
+            SELECT lower(constraint_dtrange)::text
+            FROM partition_sys_meta WHERE partition = '_items_1';
+            """,
+        )
+        assert cdtmin == "-infinity"
+
+>       loader.load_items(
+            str(TEST_ITEMS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.upsert,
+        )
+
+tests/test_load.py:468:
+_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
+src/pypgstac/load.py:646: in load_items
+    self.load_partition(self._partition_cache[k], list(g), insert_mode)
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:331: in wrapped_f
+    return copy(f, *args, **kw)
+           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:470: in __call__
+    do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
+         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:371: in iter
+    result = action(retry_state)
+             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:393: in <lambda>
+    self._add_action_func(lambda rs: rs.outcome.result())
+                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:449: in result
+    return self.__get_result()
+           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
+    raise self._exception
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:473: in __call__
+    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
+             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+src/pypgstac/load.py:432: in load_partition
+    cur.execute(
+_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
+
+self = <psycopg.Cursor [closed] [IDLE] (host=pgstac user=username database=pypgstactestdb) at 0x7111b69ebf50>
+query = Composed([SQL('\n                                INSERT INTO '), Identifier('_items_1'), SQL(' AS t SELECT * FROM item...                 WHERE t IS DISTINCT FROM EXCLUDED\n                                ;\n                            ')])
+params = None
+
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        query: Query,
+        params: Params | None = None,
+        *,
+        prepare: bool | None = None,
+        binary: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """
+        Execute a query or command to the database.
+        """
+        try:
+            with self._conn.lock:
+                self._conn.wait(
+                    self._execute_gen(query, params, prepare=prepare, binary=binary)
+                )
+        except e._NO_TRACEBACK as ex:
+>           raise ex.with_traceback(None)
+E           psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E           DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
+
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/psycopg/cursor.py:117: NotNullViolation
+________________ test_load_items_sequential_new_loader_per_item ________________
+
+db = <pypgstac.db.PgstacDB object at 0x7111b4479850>
+
+    def test_load_items_sequential_new_loader_per_item(db: PgstacDB) -> None:
+        """Test that creating a new Loader per iteration with now() datetimes works.
+
+        Reproduces a pattern where a for loop creates a fresh Loader for each
+        iteration and loads a single item with datetime=now(). Each Loader has
+        an empty _partition_cache, so it queries partition bounds from the DB
+        each time. With slightly different datetimes, each iteration may trigger
+        check_partition to drop and recreate constraints unnecessarily.
+        """
+        # Load the collection once
+        loader = Loader(db)
+        loader.load_collections(str(TEST_COLLECTIONS), insert_mode=Methods.upsert)
+
+        num_items = 10
+        collection_id = "pgstac-test-collection"
+
+        for i in range(num_items):
+            # Fresh loader each iteration — empty _partition_cache
+            ldr = Loader(db)
+            dt = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
+            item = _make_item(f"race-seq-{i}", collection_id, dt)
+>           ldr.load_items(iter([item]), insert_mode=Methods.upsert)
+
+tests/test_load.py:553:
+_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
+src/pypgstac/load.py:646: in load_items
+    self.load_partition(self._partition_cache[k], list(g), insert_mode)
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:331: in wrapped_f
+    return copy(f, *args, **kw)
+           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:470: in __call__
+    do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
+         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:371: in iter
+    result = action(retry_state)
+             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:393: in <lambda>
+    self._add_action_func(lambda rs: rs.outcome.result())
+                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:449: in result
+    return self.__get_result()
+           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
+    raise self._exception
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:473: in __call__
+    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
+             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+src/pypgstac/load.py:432: in load_partition
+    cur.execute(
+_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
+
+self = <psycopg.Cursor [closed] [IDLE] (host=pgstac user=username database=pypgstactestdb) at 0x7111b46f0710>
+query = Composed([SQL('\n                                INSERT INTO '), Identifier('_items_1'), SQL(' AS t SELECT * FROM item...                 WHERE t IS DISTINCT FROM EXCLUDED\n                                ;\n                            ')])
+params = None
+
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        query: Query,
+        params: Params | None = None,
+        *,
+        prepare: bool | None = None,
+        binary: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """
+        Execute a query or command to the database.
+        """
+        try:
+            with self._conn.lock:
+                self._conn.wait(
+                    self._execute_gen(query, params, prepare=prepare, binary=binary)
+                )
+        except e._NO_TRACEBACK as ex:
+>           raise ex.with_traceback(None)
+E           psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E           DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-seq-0, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:04.666054+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:04.666054+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/psycopg/cursor.py:117: NotNullViolation
+________________ test_load_items_concurrent_new_loader_per_item ________________
+
+db = <pypgstac.db.PgstacDB object at 0x7111b45268d0>
+
+    def test_load_items_concurrent_new_loader_per_item(db: PgstacDB) -> None:
+        """Test race condition with concurrent Loaders each loading one item.
+
+        This replicates the scenario where multiple threads each instantiate a
+        separate Loader and call load_items with a single item whose datetime
+        is set to now(). Each Loader has its own _partition_cache, and the
+        slightly different datetimes cause each to call check_partition, which
+        drops and recreates partition constraints and refreshes materialized
+        views. Concurrent execution triggers deadlocks, lock contention, and
+        constraint violations.
+        """
+        # Load the collection once
+        loader = Loader(db)
+        loader.load_collections(str(TEST_COLLECTIONS), insert_mode=Methods.upsert)
+
+        num_items = 10
+        collection_id = "pgstac-test-collection"
+        errors: list = []
+
+        def load_one_item(item_idx: int) -> None:
+            try:
+                ldr = Loader(PgstacDB())
+                dt = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
+                item = _make_item(f"race-concurrent-{item_idx}", collection_id, dt)
+                ldr.load_items(iter([item]), insert_mode=Methods.upsert)
+            except Exception as e:
+                errors.append((item_idx, e))
+
+        threads = []
+        for i in range(num_items):
+            t = threading.Thread(target=load_one_item, args=(i,))
+            threads.append(t)
+
+        # Start all threads to maximize contention
+        for t in threads:
+            t.start()
+        for t in threads:
+            t.join(timeout=60)
+
+        # Report any errors from threads
+        if errors:
+            error_msgs = [f"Item {idx}: {type(e).__name__}: {e}" for idx, e in errors]
+            message = f"{len(errors)}/{num_items} concurrent loads failed:\n" + "\n".join(
+                error_msgs,
+            )
+>           assert not errors, message
+E           AssertionError: 10/10 concurrent loads failed:
+E             Item 3: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-3, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042733+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042733+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+E             Item 0: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-0, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041289+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041289+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+E             Item 2: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-2, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042118+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042118+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+E             Item 9: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-9, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.051362+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.051362+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+E             Item 5: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-5, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.044928+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.044928+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+E             Item 7: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-7, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.048391+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.048391+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+E             Item 6: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-6, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.045764+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.045764+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+E             Item 1: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-1, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041777+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041777+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+E             Item 8: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-8, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.05+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.05+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+E             Item 4: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-4, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.043353+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.043353+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+E           assert not [(3, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-3, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042733+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042733+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (0, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-0, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041289+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041289+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (2, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-2, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042118+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042118+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (9, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-9, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.051362+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.051362+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (5, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-5, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.044928+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.044928+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (7, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-7, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.048391+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.048391+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (6, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-6, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.045764+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.045764+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (1, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-1, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041777+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041777+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (8, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-8, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.05+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.05+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (4, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-4, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.043353+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.043353+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).'))]
+
+tests/test_load.py:607: AssertionError
+=============================== warnings summary ===============================
+../../../home/bitner/data/pgstac/src/pypgstac/tests/conftest.py:11
+  /home/bitner/data/pgstac/src/pypgstac/tests/conftest.py:11: DeprecationWarning: pypgstac.migrate is a compatibility wrapper and will be deprecated in a future minor release; use pgstac_migrate.api or the pgstac-migrate CLI directly.
+
+-- Docs: https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/how-to/capture-warnings.html
+=========================== short test summary info ============================
+FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_ignore_succeeds - psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
+FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_upsert_succeeds - psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
+FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_delsert_succeeds - psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
+FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_dehydrated_ignore_succeeds - psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"assets": {"image": {"href": "https://naipeuwest.blob.core.wind..., null).
+FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_nopartitionconstraint_succeeds - psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
+FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_sequential_new_loader_per_item - psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-seq-0, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:04.666054+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:04.666054+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_concurrent_new_loader_per_item - AssertionError: 10/10 concurrent loads failed:
+  Item 3: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-3, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042733+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042733+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+  Item 0: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-0, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041289+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041289+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+  Item 2: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-2, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042118+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042118+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+  Item 9: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-9, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.051362+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.051362+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+  Item 5: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-5, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.044928+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.044928+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+  Item 7: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-7, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.048391+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.048391+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+  Item 6: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-6, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.045764+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.045764+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+  Item 1: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-1, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041777+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041777+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+  Item 8: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-8, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.05+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.05+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+  Item 4: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-4, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.043353+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.043353+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+assert not [(3, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-3, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042733+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042733+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (0, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-0, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041289+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041289+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (2, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-2, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042118+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042118+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (9, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-9, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.051362+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.051362+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (5, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-5, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.044928+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.044928+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (7, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-7, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.048391+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.048391+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (6, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-6, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.045764+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.045764+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (1, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-1, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041777+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041777+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (8, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-8, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.05+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.05+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (4, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-4, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.043353+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.043353+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).'))]
+============= 7 failed, 91 passed, 66 skipped, 1 warning in 29.20s =============
+
diff --git a/pypgstac_tests_2.log b/pypgstac_tests_2.log
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..66080ca7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pypgstac_tests_2.log
@@ -0,0 +1,993 @@
+Building docker images...
+ Image pypgstac Building
+ Image pgstac Building
+#1 [internal] load local bake definitions
+#1 reading from stdin 1.14kB done
+#1 DONE 0.0s
+
+#2 [pgstac internal] load build definition from Dockerfile
+#2 transferring dockerfile: 2.11kB done
+#2 DONE 0.0s
+
+#3 [pypgstac internal] load build definition from Dockerfile
+#3 transferring dockerfile: 2.70kB done
+#3 DONE 0.0s
+
+#4 [pypgstac] resolve image config for docker-image://docker.io/docker/dockerfile:1.7
+#4 DONE 0.2s
+
+#5 [pgstac] docker-image://docker.io/docker/dockerfile:1.7@sha256:a57df69d0ea827fb7266491f2813635de6f17269be881f696fbfdf2d83dda33e
+#5 CACHED
+
+#6 [pgstac internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/postgres:17-trixie
+#6 ...
+
+#7 [pypgstac internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/rust:1-slim-trixie
+#7 DONE 0.0s
+
+#8 [pypgstac internal] load .dockerignore
+#8 transferring context: 277B done
+#8 DONE 0.0s
+
+#6 [pgstac internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/postgres:17-trixie
+#6 DONE 0.2s
+
+#9 [pypgstac pyrustbase 1/2] FROM docker.io/library/rust:1-slim-trixie
+#9 DONE 0.0s
+
+#10 [pgstac internal] load .dockerignore
+#10 transferring context: 277B done
+#10 DONE 0.0s
+
+#11 [pgstac pgstacbase 1/2] FROM docker.io/library/postgres:17-trixie@sha256:2a0d0fe14825b0939f78a8cad5cd4e6aa68bf94d0e5dd96e24b6d23af4315545
+#11 DONE 0.0s
+
+#12 [pgstac internal] load build context
+#12 transferring context: 246B done
+#12 DONE 0.0s
+
+#13 [pypgstac internal] load build context
+#13 transferring context: 122.51kB 0.1s done
+#13 DONE 0.1s
+
+#14 [pypgstac pypgstac 3/7] COPY src/pgstac /opt/src/pgstac
+#14 CACHED
+
+#15 [pypgstac pypgstac 4/7] COPY src/pgstac-migrate /opt/src/pgstac-migrate
+#15 CACHED
+
+#16 [pypgstac pyrustbase 2/2] RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/var/cache/apt,sharing=locked     --mount=type=cache,target=/var/lib/apt/lists,sharing=locked     --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/uv,sharing=locked     apt-get update     && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends         adduser         ca-certificates         curl         postgresql-client-17         python3 python-is-python3 python3-pip python3-venv         build-essential clang gcc git libssl-dev llvm make pkg-config     && curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | UV_INSTALL_DIR=/usr/local/bin sh     && apt-get clean && apt-get -y autoremove     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+#16 CACHED
+
+#17 [pypgstac pypgstac 6/7] RUN rm -rf /usr/local/cargo/registry
+#17 CACHED
+
+#18 [pypgstac pypgstac 2/7] COPY src/pypgstac /opt/src/pypgstac
+#18 CACHED
+
+#19 [pypgstac pypgstac 5/7] WORKDIR /opt/src/pypgstac
+#19 CACHED
+
+#20 [pypgstac pypgstac 1/7] COPY scripts/container-scripts /opt/pgstac/container-scripts
+#20 CACHED
+
+#21 [pgstac pgstac 1/3] WORKDIR /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d
+#21 CACHED
+
+#22 [pgstac pgstac 2/3] COPY docker/pgstac/dbinit/pgstac.sh 990_pgstac.sh
+#22 CACHED
+
+#23 [pgstac pgstacbase 2/2] RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/var/cache/apt,sharing=locked     --mount=type=cache,target=/var/lib/apt/lists,sharing=locked     --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/git,sharing=locked     apt-get update     && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends         postgresql-17-postgis-3         postgresql-17-postgis-3-scripts         postgresql-17-cron         postgresql-contrib-17         postgresql-17-pgtap         postgresql-17-plpgsql-check         postgresql-17-partman         postgresql-server-dev-17         build-essential         ca-certificates         curl         git         flex         bison         libkrb5-dev     && GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT=0 git clone --branch v1.5.2 --depth 1 https://github.com/aws/pg_tle.git /tmp/pg_tle     && make -C /tmp/pg_tle     && make -C /tmp/pg_tle install     && rm -rf /tmp/pg_tle     && sed -i "s/^#shared_preload_libraries = .*/shared_preload_libraries = 'pg_tle,pg_stat_statements,pg_cron'/" /usr/share/postgresql/17/postgresql.conf.sample     && sed -i "s/^#shared_preload_libraries = .*/shared_preload_libraries = 'pg_tle,pg_stat_statements,pg_cron'/" /usr/share/postgresql/postgresql.conf.sample     && apt-get purge -y --auto-remove         postgresql-server-dev-17         build-essential         curl         git         flex         bison         libkrb5-dev     && apt-get clean && apt-get -y autoremove     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+#23 CACHED
+
+#24 [pypgstac pypgstac 7/7] RUN addgroup --gid 1000 user &&     adduser --uid 1000 --gid 1000 --disabled-password --gecos "" --home /home/user user &&     mkdir -p /home/user/.cache/uv &&     chown -R user:user /home/user /opt/src/pypgstac /opt/src/pgstac /opt/src/pgstac-migrate
+#24 CACHED
+
+#25 [pgstac pgstac 3/3] COPY src/pgstac/pgstac.sql 999_pgstac.sql
+#25 CACHED
+
+#26 [pypgstac] exporting to image
+#26 exporting layers done
+#26 writing image sha256:e47eebcee8343129804a1f76138edbf0bdaa0c2249a57018a778f6342492b4e5 done
+#26 naming to docker.io/library/pypgstac done
+#26 DONE 0.0s
+
+#27 [pgstac] exporting to image
+#27 exporting layers done
+#27 writing image sha256:fafc9b0cbb575dc0ec9b198786726c1ee498a3fe47b8fe5074dc32e7f4dddc48 done
+#27 naming to docker.io/library/pgstac done
+#27 DONE 0.0s
+
+#28 [pypgstac] resolving provenance for metadata file
+#28 DONE 0.0s
+
+#29 [pgstac] resolving provenance for metadata file
+#29 DONE 0.0s
+ Image pgstac Built
+ Image pypgstac Built
+PGSTAC_RUNNING=e59933483ae891d9b798eb9bdeb449cf4f772794f3e001c0dfd06545f8827d9f
+Running test --pypgstac in pypgstacworker
+ Container pgstac-pgstac-1 Running
+ Container pgstac-pgstac-1 Waiting
+ Container pgstac-pgstac-1 Healthy
+ Container pgstac-pypgstac-run-ba54f03054d6 Creating
+ Container pgstac-pypgstac-run-ba54f03054d6 Created
+warning
+Server extension tests passed for postgis + postgres.
+ pgstac_admin_owns
+-------------------
+
+(1 row)
+
+ update_partition_stats_q
+--------------------------
+(0 rows)
+
+ set_version
+-------------
+ unreleased
+(1 row)
+
+warning: Ignoring existing virtual environment linked to non-existent Python interpreter: .venv/bin/python3 -> python
+Using CPython 3.13.5 interpreter at: /usr/bin/python3
+Removed virtual environment at: .venv
+Creating virtual environment at: .venv
+   Building pgstac-migrate @ file:///opt/src/pgstac-migrate
+   Building pypgstac @ file:///opt/src/pypgstac
+Downloading pygments (1.2MiB)
+Downloading ruff (10.8MiB)
+Downloading pydantic-core (2.0MiB)
+Downloading psycopg-binary (4.9MiB)
+Downloading pyproj (9.1MiB)
+Downloading zstandard (5.3MiB)
+Downloading ty (11.0MiB)
+Downloading virtualenv (7.2MiB)
+   Building version-parser==1.0.1
+      Built pgstac-migrate @ file:///opt/src/pgstac-migrate
+      Built pypgstac @ file:///opt/src/pypgstac
+ Downloaded pygments
+ Downloaded pydantic-core
+      Built version-parser==1.0.1
+ Downloaded psycopg-binary
+ Downloaded zstandard
+ Downloaded virtualenv
+ Downloaded pyproj
+ Downloaded ty
+ Downloaded ruff
+Installed 59 packages in 185ms
+============================= test session starts ==============================
+platform linux -- Python 3.13.5, pytest-9.0.3, pluggy-1.6.0 -- /opt/src/pypgstac/.venv/bin/python
+cachedir: .pytest_cache
+benchmark: 5.2.3 (defaults: timer=time.perf_counter disable_gc=False min_rounds=5 min_time=0.000005 max_time=1.0 calibration_precision=10 warmup=False warmup_iterations=100000)
+rootdir: /opt/src/pypgstac
+configfile: pyproject.toml
+plugins: cov-7.1.0, benchmark-5.2.3
+collecting ... collected 164 items
+
+tests/hydration/test_base_item.py::test_landsat_c2_l1 PASSED             [  0%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_landsat_c2_l1 PASSED [  1%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_single_depth_equals PASSED [  1%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_nested_equals PASSED [  2%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_nested_extra_keys PASSED [  3%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_list_of_dicts_extra_keys PASSED [  3%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_equal_len_list_of_mixed_types PASSED [  4%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_unequal_len_list PASSED [  4%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_marked_non_merged_fields PASSED [  5%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_marked_non_merged_fields_in_list PASSED [  6%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_deeply_nested_dict PASSED [  6%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_equal_list_of_non_dicts PASSED [  7%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_invalid_assets_marked PASSED [  7%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_top_level_base_keys_marked PASSED [  8%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_landsat_c2_l1 <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [  9%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_single_depth_equals <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [  9%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_nested_equals <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 10%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_nested_extra_keys <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 10%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_list_of_dicts_extra_keys <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 11%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_equal_len_list_of_mixed_types <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 12%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_unequal_len_list <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 12%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_marked_non_merged_fields <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 13%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_marked_non_merged_fields_in_list <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 14%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_deeply_nested_dict <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 14%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_equal_list_of_non_dicts <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 15%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_invalid_assets_marked <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 15%]
+tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_top_level_base_keys_marked <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 16%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_landsat_c2_l1 PASSED  [ 17%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_full_hydrate PASSED   [ 17%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_full_nested PASSED    [ 18%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_nested_extra_keys PASSED [ 18%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_list_of_dicts_extra_keys PASSED [ 19%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_equal_len_list_of_mixed_types PASSED [ 20%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_unequal_len_list PASSED [ 20%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_marked_non_merged_fields PASSED [ 21%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_marked_non_merged_fields_in_list PASSED [ 21%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_deeply_nested_dict PASSED [ 22%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_equal_list_of_non_dicts PASSED [ 23%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_invalid_assets_removed PASSED [ 23%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_top_level_base_keys_marked PASSED [ 24%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_base_none PASSED      [ 25%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_landsat_c2_l1 <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 25%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_full_hydrate <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 26%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_full_nested <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 26%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_nested_extra_keys <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 27%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_list_of_dicts_extra_keys <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 28%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_equal_len_list_of_mixed_types <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 28%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_unequal_len_list <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 29%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_marked_non_merged_fields <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 29%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_marked_non_merged_fields_in_list <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 30%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_deeply_nested_dict <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 31%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_equal_list_of_non_dicts <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 31%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_invalid_assets_removed <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 32%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_top_level_base_keys_marked <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 32%]
+tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_base_none <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 33%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-0.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 34%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-0.75] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 34%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-1] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 35%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-1.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 35%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-2] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 36%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-3] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 37%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-4] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 37%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 38%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-6] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 39%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-8] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 39%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-10] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 40%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-0.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 40%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-0.75] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 41%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-1] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 42%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-1.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 42%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-2] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 43%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-3] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 43%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-4] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 44%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 45%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-6] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 45%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-8] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 46%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-10] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 46%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-0.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 47%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-0.75] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 48%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-1] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 48%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-1.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 49%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-2] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 50%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-3] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 50%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-4] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 51%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 51%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-6] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 52%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-8] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 53%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-10] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 53%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-0.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 54%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-0.75] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 54%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-1] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 55%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-1.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 56%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-2] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 56%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-3] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 57%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-4] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 57%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 58%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-6] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 59%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-8] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 59%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-10] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 60%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-0.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 60%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-0.75] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 61%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-1] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 62%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-1.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 62%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-2] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 63%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-3] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 64%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-4] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 64%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 65%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-6] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 65%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-8] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 66%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-10] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 67%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-0.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 67%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-0.75] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 68%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-1] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 68%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-1.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 69%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-2] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 70%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-3] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 70%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-4] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 71%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 71%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-6] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 72%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-8] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 73%]
+tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-10] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
+(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 73%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_collections_succeeds PASSED                [ 74%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_collections_json_succeeds PASSED           [ 75%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_collections_json_duplicates_fails PASSED   [ 75%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_collections_json_duplicates_with_upsert PASSED [ 76%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_collections_json_duplicates_with_ignore PASSED [ 76%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_duplicates_fails PASSED              [ 77%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_succeeds PASSED                      [ 78%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_ignore_succeeds FAILED               [ 78%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_upsert_succeeds FAILED               [ 79%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_delsert_succeeds FAILED              [ 79%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_partition_loads_default PASSED                  [ 80%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_partition_loads_month PASSED                    [ 81%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_partition_loads_year PASSED                     [ 81%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_dehydrated_ignore_succeeds FAILED    [ 82%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_format_items_keys PASSED                        [ 82%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_s1_grd_load_and_query PASSED                    [ 83%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_dehydrated PASSED                          [ 84%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_collections_incompatible_version PASSED    [ 84%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_incompatible_version PASSED          [ 85%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_compatible_major_minor_version PASSED      [ 85%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_compatible_major_minor_version_with_dev_suffix PASSED [ 86%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_nopartitionconstraint_succeeds FAILED [ 87%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_valid_srid PASSED                               [ 87%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_sequential_new_loader_per_item FAILED [ 88%]
+tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_concurrent_new_loader_per_item FAILED [ 89%]
+tests/test_migrate.py::test_canonical_migration_filename_helpers PASSED  [ 89%]
+tests/test_migrate.py::test_parse_filename_uses_canonical_layout PASSED  [ 90%]
+tests/test_migrate.py::test_migration_path_returns_canonical_filenames PASSED [ 90%]
+tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py::test_run_migration_delegates_to_pgstac_migrate PASSED [ 91%]
+tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py::test_run_migration_defaults_to_package_version PASSED [ 92%]
+tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py::test_cli_migrate_delegates_to_migrate_wrapper PASSED [ 92%]
+tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py::test_migration_path_matches_pgstac_migrate_compat PASSED [ 93%]
+tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_succeeds PASSED           [ 93%]
+tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_without_index_fields PASSED [ 94%]
+tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_with_specific_index_fields PASSED [ 95%]
+tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_empty_index_fields PASSED [ 95%]
+tests/test_queryables.py::test_maintain_partitions_called_only_with_index_fields PASSED [ 96%]
+tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_with_collections PASSED   [ 96%]
+tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_update PASSED             [ 97%]
+tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_invalid_json PASSED       [ 98%]
+tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_delete_missing PASSED     [ 98%]
+tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_delete_missing_with_collections PASSED [ 99%]
+tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_no_properties PASSED      [100%]
+
+=================================== FAILURES ===================================
+_______________________ test_load_items_ignore_succeeds ________________________
+
+loader = <pypgstac.load.Loader object at 0x711864c8b310>
+
+    def test_load_items_ignore_succeeds(loader: Loader) -> None:
+        """Test pypgstac items ignore loader."""
+        loader.load_collections(
+            str(TEST_COLLECTIONS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.ignore,
+        )
+
+        loader.load_items(
+            str(TEST_ITEMS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.insert,
+        )
+
+>       loader.load_items(
+            str(TEST_ITEMS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.ignore,
+        )
+
+tests/test_load.py:149:
+_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
+src/pypgstac/load.py:646: in load_items
+    self.load_partition(self._partition_cache[k], list(g), insert_mode)
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:331: in wrapped_f
+    return copy(f, *args, **kw)
+           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:470: in __call__
+    do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
+         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:371: in iter
+    result = action(retry_state)
+             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:393: in <lambda>
+    self._add_action_func(lambda rs: rs.outcome.result())
+                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:449: in result
+    return self.__get_result()
+           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
+    raise self._exception
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:473: in __call__
+    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
+             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+src/pypgstac/load.py:420: in load_partition
+    cur.execute(
+_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
+
+self = <psycopg.Cursor [closed] [IDLE] (host=pgstac user=username database=pypgstactestdb) at 0x711864e6eed0>
+query = Composed([SQL('\n                                INSERT INTO '), Identifier('_items_1'), SQL('\n                      ...*\n                                FROM items_ingest_temp ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING;\n                                ')])
+params = None
+
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        query: Query,
+        params: Params | None = None,
+        *,
+        prepare: bool | None = None,
+        binary: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """
+        Execute a query or command to the database.
+        """
+        try:
+            with self._conn.lock:
+                self._conn.wait(
+                    self._execute_gen(query, params, prepare=prepare, binary=binary)
+                )
+        except e._NO_TRACEBACK as ex:
+>           raise ex.with_traceback(None)
+E           psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E           DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
+
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/psycopg/cursor.py:117: NotNullViolation
+_______________________ test_load_items_upsert_succeeds ________________________
+
+loader = <pypgstac.load.Loader object at 0x711864c8b770>
+
+    def test_load_items_upsert_succeeds(loader: Loader) -> None:
+        """Test pypgstac items ignore loader."""
+        loader.load_collections(
+            str(TEST_COLLECTIONS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.ignore,
+        )
+
+        loader.load_items(
+            str(TEST_ITEMS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.insert,
+        )
+
+>       loader.load_items(
+            str(TEST_ITEMS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.upsert,
+        )
+
+tests/test_load.py:167:
+_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
+src/pypgstac/load.py:646: in load_items
+    self.load_partition(self._partition_cache[k], list(g), insert_mode)
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:331: in wrapped_f
+    return copy(f, *args, **kw)
+           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:470: in __call__
+    do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
+         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:371: in iter
+    result = action(retry_state)
+             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:393: in <lambda>
+    self._add_action_func(lambda rs: rs.outcome.result())
+                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:449: in result
+    return self.__get_result()
+           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
+    raise self._exception
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:473: in __call__
+    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
+             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+src/pypgstac/load.py:432: in load_partition
+    cur.execute(
+_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
+
+self = <psycopg.Cursor [closed] [IDLE] (host=pgstac user=username database=pypgstactestdb) at 0x711864e6f890>
+query = Composed([SQL('\n                                INSERT INTO '), Identifier('_items_1'), SQL(' AS t SELECT * FROM item...                 WHERE t IS DISTINCT FROM EXCLUDED\n                                ;\n                            ')])
+params = None
+
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        query: Query,
+        params: Params | None = None,
+        *,
+        prepare: bool | None = None,
+        binary: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """
+        Execute a query or command to the database.
+        """
+        try:
+            with self._conn.lock:
+                self._conn.wait(
+                    self._execute_gen(query, params, prepare=prepare, binary=binary)
+                )
+        except e._NO_TRACEBACK as ex:
+>           raise ex.with_traceback(None)
+E           psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E           DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
+
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/psycopg/cursor.py:117: NotNullViolation
+_______________________ test_load_items_delsert_succeeds _______________________
+
+loader = <pypgstac.load.Loader object at 0x711864e9fa00>
+
+    def test_load_items_delsert_succeeds(loader: Loader) -> None:
+        """Test pypgstac items ignore loader."""
+        loader.load_collections(
+            str(TEST_COLLECTIONS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.ignore,
+        )
+
+        loader.load_items(
+            str(TEST_ITEMS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.insert,
+        )
+
+>       loader.load_items(
+            str(TEST_ITEMS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.delsert,
+        )
+
+tests/test_load.py:185:
+_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
+src/pypgstac/load.py:646: in load_items
+    self.load_partition(self._partition_cache[k], list(g), insert_mode)
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:331: in wrapped_f
+    return copy(f, *args, **kw)
+           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:470: in __call__
+    do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
+         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:371: in iter
+    result = action(retry_state)
+             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:393: in <lambda>
+    self._add_action_func(lambda rs: rs.outcome.result())
+                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:449: in result
+    return self.__get_result()
+           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
+    raise self._exception
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:473: in __call__
+    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
+             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+src/pypgstac/load.py:451: in load_partition
+    cur.execute(
+_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
+
+self = <psycopg.Cursor [closed] [IDLE] (host=pgstac user=username database=pypgstactestdb) at 0x711864e6eed0>
+query = Composed([SQL('\n                                WITH deletes AS (\n                                    DELETE FROM it...             WHERE t IS DISTINCT FROM EXCLUDED\n                                ;\n                                ')])
+params = None
+
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        query: Query,
+        params: Params | None = None,
+        *,
+        prepare: bool | None = None,
+        binary: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """
+        Execute a query or command to the database.
+        """
+        try:
+            with self._conn.lock:
+                self._conn.wait(
+                    self._execute_gen(query, params, prepare=prepare, binary=binary)
+                )
+        except e._NO_TRACEBACK as ex:
+>           raise ex.with_traceback(None)
+E           psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E           DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
+
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/psycopg/cursor.py:117: NotNullViolation
+__________________ test_load_items_dehydrated_ignore_succeeds __________________
+
+loader = <pypgstac.load.Loader object at 0x711864d175f0>
+
+    def test_load_items_dehydrated_ignore_succeeds(loader: Loader) -> None:
+        """Test pypgstac items ignore loader."""
+        loader.load_collections(
+            str(TEST_COLLECTIONS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.ignore,
+        )
+
+        loader.load_items(
+            str(TEST_DEHYDRATED_ITEMS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.insert,
+            dehydrated=True,
+        )
+
+>       loader.load_items(
+            str(TEST_DEHYDRATED_ITEMS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.ignore,
+            dehydrated=True,
+        )
+
+tests/test_load.py:279:
+_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
+src/pypgstac/load.py:646: in load_items
+    self.load_partition(self._partition_cache[k], list(g), insert_mode)
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:331: in wrapped_f
+    return copy(f, *args, **kw)
+           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:470: in __call__
+    do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
+         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:371: in iter
+    result = action(retry_state)
+             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:393: in <lambda>
+    self._add_action_func(lambda rs: rs.outcome.result())
+                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:449: in result
+    return self.__get_result()
+           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
+    raise self._exception
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:473: in __call__
+    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
+             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+src/pypgstac/load.py:420: in load_partition
+    cur.execute(
+_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
+
+self = <psycopg.Cursor [closed] [IDLE] (host=pgstac user=username database=pypgstactestdb) at 0x711864e6fc50>
+query = Composed([SQL('\n                                INSERT INTO '), Identifier('_items_1'), SQL('\n                      ...*\n                                FROM items_ingest_temp ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING;\n                                ')])
+params = None
+
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        query: Query,
+        params: Params | None = None,
+        *,
+        prepare: bool | None = None,
+        binary: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """
+        Execute a query or command to the database.
+        """
+        try:
+            with self._conn.lock:
+                self._conn.wait(
+                    self._execute_gen(query, params, prepare=prepare, binary=binary)
+                )
+        except e._NO_TRACEBACK as ex:
+>           raise ex.with_traceback(None)
+E           psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E           DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"assets": {"image": {"href": "https://naipeuwest.blob.core.wind..., null).
+
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/psycopg/cursor.py:117: NotNullViolation
+________________ test_load_items_nopartitionconstraint_succeeds ________________
+
+loader = <pypgstac.load.Loader object at 0x71186432a2d0>
+
+    def test_load_items_nopartitionconstraint_succeeds(loader: Loader) -> None:
+        """Test pypgstac items loader."""
+        loader.load_collections(
+            str(TEST_COLLECTIONS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.upsert,
+        )
+        loader.load_items(
+            str(TEST_ITEMS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.insert,
+        )
+
+        cdtmin = loader.db.query_one(
+            """
+            SELECT lower(constraint_dtrange)::text
+            FROM partition_sys_meta WHERE partition = '_items_1';
+            """,
+        )
+
+        assert cdtmin == "2011-07-31 00:00:00+00"
+        with loader.db.connect() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                """
+                ALTER TABLE _items_1 DROP CONSTRAINT _items_1_dt;
+                """,
+            )
+        cdtmin = loader.db.query_one(
+            """
+            SELECT lower(constraint_dtrange)::text
+            FROM partition_sys_meta WHERE partition = '_items_1';
+            """,
+        )
+        assert cdtmin == "-infinity"
+
+>       loader.load_items(
+            str(TEST_ITEMS),
+            insert_mode=Methods.upsert,
+        )
+
+tests/test_load.py:468:
+_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
+src/pypgstac/load.py:646: in load_items
+    self.load_partition(self._partition_cache[k], list(g), insert_mode)
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:331: in wrapped_f
+    return copy(f, *args, **kw)
+           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:470: in __call__
+    do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
+         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:371: in iter
+    result = action(retry_state)
+             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:393: in <lambda>
+    self._add_action_func(lambda rs: rs.outcome.result())
+                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:449: in result
+    return self.__get_result()
+           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
+    raise self._exception
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:473: in __call__
+    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
+             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+src/pypgstac/load.py:432: in load_partition
+    cur.execute(
+_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
+
+self = <psycopg.Cursor [closed] [IDLE] (host=pgstac user=username database=pypgstactestdb) at 0x711864e6ff50>
+query = Composed([SQL('\n                                INSERT INTO '), Identifier('_items_1'), SQL(' AS t SELECT * FROM item...                 WHERE t IS DISTINCT FROM EXCLUDED\n                                ;\n                            ')])
+params = None
+
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        query: Query,
+        params: Params | None = None,
+        *,
+        prepare: bool | None = None,
+        binary: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """
+        Execute a query or command to the database.
+        """
+        try:
+            with self._conn.lock:
+                self._conn.wait(
+                    self._execute_gen(query, params, prepare=prepare, binary=binary)
+                )
+        except e._NO_TRACEBACK as ex:
+>           raise ex.with_traceback(None)
+E           psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E           DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
+
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/psycopg/cursor.py:117: NotNullViolation
+________________ test_load_items_sequential_new_loader_per_item ________________
+
+db = <pypgstac.db.PgstacDB object at 0x711864259850>
+
+    def test_load_items_sequential_new_loader_per_item(db: PgstacDB) -> None:
+        """Test that creating a new Loader per iteration with now() datetimes works.
+
+        Reproduces a pattern where a for loop creates a fresh Loader for each
+        iteration and loads a single item with datetime=now(). Each Loader has
+        an empty _partition_cache, so it queries partition bounds from the DB
+        each time. With slightly different datetimes, each iteration may trigger
+        check_partition to drop and recreate constraints unnecessarily.
+        """
+        # Load the collection once
+        loader = Loader(db)
+        loader.load_collections(str(TEST_COLLECTIONS), insert_mode=Methods.upsert)
+
+        num_items = 10
+        collection_id = "pgstac-test-collection"
+
+        for i in range(num_items):
+            # Fresh loader each iteration — empty _partition_cache
+            ldr = Loader(db)
+            dt = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
+            item = _make_item(f"race-seq-{i}", collection_id, dt)
+>           ldr.load_items(iter([item]), insert_mode=Methods.upsert)
+
+tests/test_load.py:553:
+_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
+src/pypgstac/load.py:646: in load_items
+    self.load_partition(self._partition_cache[k], list(g), insert_mode)
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:331: in wrapped_f
+    return copy(f, *args, **kw)
+           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:470: in __call__
+    do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
+         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:371: in iter
+    result = action(retry_state)
+             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:393: in <lambda>
+    self._add_action_func(lambda rs: rs.outcome.result())
+                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:449: in result
+    return self.__get_result()
+           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
+    raise self._exception
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:473: in __call__
+    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
+             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+src/pypgstac/load.py:432: in load_partition
+    cur.execute(
+_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
+
+self = <psycopg.Cursor [closed] [IDLE] (host=pgstac user=username database=pypgstactestdb) at 0x7118642ec710>
+query = Composed([SQL('\n                                INSERT INTO '), Identifier('_items_1'), SQL(' AS t SELECT * FROM item...                 WHERE t IS DISTINCT FROM EXCLUDED\n                                ;\n                            ')])
+params = None
+
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        query: Query,
+        params: Params | None = None,
+        *,
+        prepare: bool | None = None,
+        binary: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """
+        Execute a query or command to the database.
+        """
+        try:
+            with self._conn.lock:
+                self._conn.wait(
+                    self._execute_gen(query, params, prepare=prepare, binary=binary)
+                )
+        except e._NO_TRACEBACK as ex:
+>           raise ex.with_traceback(None)
+E           psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E           DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-seq-0, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:27.748364+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:27.748364+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+
+.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/psycopg/cursor.py:117: NotNullViolation
+________________ test_load_items_concurrent_new_loader_per_item ________________
+
+db = <pypgstac.db.PgstacDB object at 0x7118641368d0>
+
+    def test_load_items_concurrent_new_loader_per_item(db: PgstacDB) -> None:
+        """Test race condition with concurrent Loaders each loading one item.
+
+        This replicates the scenario where multiple threads each instantiate a
+        separate Loader and call load_items with a single item whose datetime
+        is set to now(). Each Loader has its own _partition_cache, and the
+        slightly different datetimes cause each to call check_partition, which
+        drops and recreates partition constraints and refreshes materialized
+        views. Concurrent execution triggers deadlocks, lock contention, and
+        constraint violations.
+        """
+        # Load the collection once
+        loader = Loader(db)
+        loader.load_collections(str(TEST_COLLECTIONS), insert_mode=Methods.upsert)
+
+        num_items = 10
+        collection_id = "pgstac-test-collection"
+        errors: list = []
+
+        def load_one_item(item_idx: int) -> None:
+            try:
+                ldr = Loader(PgstacDB())
+                dt = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
+                item = _make_item(f"race-concurrent-{item_idx}", collection_id, dt)
+                ldr.load_items(iter([item]), insert_mode=Methods.upsert)
+            except Exception as e:
+                errors.append((item_idx, e))
+
+        threads = []
+        for i in range(num_items):
+            t = threading.Thread(target=load_one_item, args=(i,))
+            threads.append(t)
+
+        # Start all threads to maximize contention
+        for t in threads:
+            t.start()
+        for t in threads:
+            t.join(timeout=60)
+
+        # Report any errors from threads
+        if errors:
+            error_msgs = [f"Item {idx}: {type(e).__name__}: {e}" for idx, e in errors]
+            message = f"{len(errors)}/{num_items} concurrent loads failed:\n" + "\n".join(
+                error_msgs,
+            )
+>           assert not errors, message
+E           AssertionError: 10/10 concurrent loads failed:
+E             Item 1: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-1, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113589+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113589+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+E             Item 2: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-2, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113907+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113907+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+E             Item 4: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-4, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.115233+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.115233+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+E             Item 8: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-8, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.119985+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.119985+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+E             Item 0: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-0, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113073+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113073+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+E             Item 5: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-5, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.116504+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.116504+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+E             Item 7: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-7, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.118191+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.118191+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+E             Item 6: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-6, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.117457+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.117457+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+E             Item 9: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-9, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.121213+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.121213+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+E             Item 3: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-3, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.114374+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.114374+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+E           assert not [(1, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-1, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113589+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113589+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (2, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-2, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113907+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113907+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (4, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-4, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.115233+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.115233+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (8, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-8, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.119985+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.119985+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (0, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-0, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113073+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113073+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (5, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-5, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.116504+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.116504+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (7, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-7, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.118191+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.118191+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (6, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-6, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.117457+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.117457+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (9, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-9, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.121213+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.121213+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (3, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-3, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.114374+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.114374+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).'))]
+
+tests/test_load.py:607: AssertionError
+=============================== warnings summary ===============================
+../../../home/bitner/data/pgstac/src/pypgstac/tests/conftest.py:11
+  /home/bitner/data/pgstac/src/pypgstac/tests/conftest.py:11: DeprecationWarning: pypgstac.migrate is a compatibility wrapper and will be deprecated in a future minor release; use pgstac_migrate.api or the pgstac-migrate CLI directly.
+
+-- Docs: https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/how-to/capture-warnings.html
+=========================== short test summary info ============================
+FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_ignore_succeeds - psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
+FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_upsert_succeeds - psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
+FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_delsert_succeeds - psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
+FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_dehydrated_ignore_succeeds - psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"assets": {"image": {"href": "https://naipeuwest.blob.core.wind..., null).
+FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_nopartitionconstraint_succeeds - psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
+FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_sequential_new_loader_per_item - psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-seq-0, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:27.748364+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:27.748364+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_concurrent_new_loader_per_item - AssertionError: 10/10 concurrent loads failed:
+  Item 1: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-1, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113589+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113589+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+  Item 2: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-2, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113907+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113907+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+  Item 4: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-4, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.115233+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.115233+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+  Item 8: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-8, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.119985+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.119985+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+  Item 0: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-0, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113073+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113073+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+  Item 5: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-5, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.116504+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.116504+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+  Item 7: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-7, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.118191+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.118191+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+  Item 6: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-6, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.117457+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.117457+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+  Item 9: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-9, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.121213+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.121213+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+  Item 3: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
+  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-3, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.114374+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.114374+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
+assert not [(1, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-1, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113589+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113589+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (2, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-2, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113907+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113907+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (4, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-4, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.115233+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.115233+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (8, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-8, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.119985+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.119985+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (0, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-0, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113073+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113073+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (5, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-5, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.116504+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.116504+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (7, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-7, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.118191+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.118191+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (6, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-6, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.117457+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.117457+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (9, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-9, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.121213+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.121213+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (3, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-3, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.114374+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.114374+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).'))]
+============= 7 failed, 91 passed, 66 skipped, 1 warning in 24.43s =============
+

From bb56f3e51b08d8f3fb98a83f42ba5dd1681b165e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Mon, 18 May 2026 11:18:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 29/33] fragments: add extract_fragment,
 get_or_create_fragment, and gc_fragments functions

---
 src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql | 92 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 92 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql b/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql
index b252e9cf..f30f3d32 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql
@@ -413,3 +413,95 @@ UPDATE collections
     )
 ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL;
+
+-- Item Fragment Management functions
+-- extract_fragment: Extract the commonly-deduplicated part of an item
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION extract_fragment(
+    content jsonb,
+    excluded_keys text[] DEFAULT '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[]
+) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
+BEGIN
+    IF content IS NULL THEN
+        RETURN NULL;
+    END IF;
+    RETURN content - COALESCE(excluded_keys, '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[]);
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+-- pgstac_hash_fragment: Hash a fragment content for dedup
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac_hash_fragment(fragment jsonb) RETURNS text AS $$
+SELECT pgstac_hash(fragment::text);
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+-- get_or_create_fragment: Look up or create a fragment for a content item
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_or_create_fragment(
+    content jsonb,
+    _collection text,
+    excluded_keys text[] DEFAULT '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[]
+) RETURNS bigint AS $$
+DECLARE
+    frag_content jsonb;
+    frag_hash text;
+    frag_id bigint;
+BEGIN
+    IF content IS NULL OR _collection IS NULL THEN
+        RETURN NULL;
+    END IF;
+
+    frag_content := extract_fragment(content, excluded_keys);
+    frag_hash := pgstac_hash_fragment(frag_content);
+
+    SELECT id INTO frag_id
+    FROM item_fragments
+    WHERE collection = _collection AND hash = frag_hash;
+
+    IF frag_id IS NULL THEN
+        INSERT INTO item_fragments (collection, hash, content)
+        VALUES (_collection, frag_hash, frag_content)
+        ON CONFLICT (collection, hash) DO NOTHING
+        RETURNING id INTO frag_id;
+
+        IF frag_id IS NULL THEN
+            SELECT id INTO frag_id
+            FROM item_fragments
+            WHERE collection = _collection AND hash = frag_hash;
+        END IF;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN frag_id;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL VOLATILE PARALLEL UNSAFE;
+
+-- gc_fragments: Garbage collect unused fragments
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_fragments(
+    _collection text DEFAULT NULL,
+    retention_interval interval DEFAULT '90 days'
+) RETURNS TABLE (
+    collection_id text,
+    fragments_removed int
+) AS $$
+DECLARE
+    cid text;
+    removed_count int;
+BEGIN
+    IF _collection IS NOT NULL THEN
+        DELETE FROM item_fragments f
+        WHERE f.collection = _collection
+        AND created_at < now() - retention_interval
+        AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM items i WHERE i.fragment_id = f.id);
+
+        GET DIAGNOSTICS removed_count = ROW_COUNT;
+        RETURN QUERY SELECT _collection, removed_count;
+    ELSE
+        FOR cid IN SELECT DISTINCT collection FROM item_fragments LOOP
+            DELETE FROM item_fragments f
+            WHERE f.collection = cid
+            AND created_at < now() - retention_interval
+            AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM items i WHERE i.fragment_id = f.id);
+
+            GET DIAGNOSTICS removed_count = ROW_COUNT;
+            RETURN QUERY SELECT cid, removed_count;
+        END LOOP;
+    END IF;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL VOLATILE PARALLEL UNSAFE;

From 7503891c258c4694c79183fd2aeb366e2179c38a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Mon, 18 May 2026 11:43:43 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 30/33] feat: add item_fragments, item_field_registry tables
 with split storage columns and registry sampling

Phase 1+2+3+4 combined:
- Add item_fragments table (collection, hash, content) for fragment dedup
- Add item_field_registry table (collection, path, is_leaf, value_kinds) for field discovery
- Extend items table with split columns: bbox, links, assets, properties, extra, fragment_id FK
- Add 6 promoted float8 columns: eo_cloud_cover, eo_snow_cover, gsd, view_off_nadir, view_sun_azimuth, view_sun_elevation
- Update content_dehydrate() to populate split columns with dual-write to legacy content
- Update content_hydrate() to prefer split columns over legacy content when populated
- Add jsonb_field_rows() recursive walker (IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE)
- Add update_field_registry_from_sample() for batch path registration
- Add update_field_registry_from_items() with BERNOULLI(5%)/LIMIT 1000 sampling
- Add refresh_field_registry() maintenance function for path aging
- Add extract_fragment(), pgstac_hash_fragment(), get_or_create_fragment() with dedup
- Add gc_fragments() maintenance function for unused fragment cleanup
- Extend staging trigger to assign fragment_id and queue registry updates via run_or_queue
---
 .../migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql | 92 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql  | 92 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/pgstac/pgstac.sql                         | 92 +++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 276 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
index e5733646..1dbb462b 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
@@ -256,6 +256,20 @@ alter table "pgstac"."searches" add constraint "searches_name_key" UNIQUE using
 
 set check_function_bodies = off;
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.extract_fragment(content jsonb, excluded_keys text[] DEFAULT '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[])
+ RETURNS jsonb
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
+ IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE
+AS $function$
+BEGIN
+    IF content IS NULL THEN
+        RETURN NULL;
+    END IF;
+    RETURN content - COALESCE(excluded_keys, '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[]);
+END;
+$function$
+;
+
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.gc_anonymous_searches(retention_interval interval DEFAULT NULL::interval, conf jsonb DEFAULT NULL::jsonb)
  RETURNS bigint
  LANGUAGE sql
@@ -352,6 +366,37 @@ END;
 $procedure$
 ;
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.gc_fragments(_collection text DEFAULT NULL::text, retention_interval interval DEFAULT '90 days'::interval)
+ RETURNS TABLE(collection_id text, fragments_removed integer)
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
+AS $function$
+DECLARE
+    cid text;
+    removed_count int;
+BEGIN
+    IF _collection IS NOT NULL THEN
+        DELETE FROM item_fragments f
+        WHERE f.collection = _collection
+        AND created_at < now() - retention_interval
+        AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM items i WHERE i.fragment_id = f.id);
+
+        GET DIAGNOSTICS removed_count = ROW_COUNT;
+        RETURN QUERY SELECT _collection, removed_count;
+    ELSE
+        FOR cid IN SELECT DISTINCT collection FROM item_fragments LOOP
+            DELETE FROM item_fragments f
+            WHERE f.collection = cid
+            AND created_at < now() - retention_interval
+            AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM items i WHERE i.fragment_id = f.id);
+
+            GET DIAGNOSTICS removed_count = ROW_COUNT;
+            RETURN QUERY SELECT cid, removed_count;
+        END LOOP;
+    END IF;
+END;
+$function$
+;
+
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.gc_search_caches(retention_interval interval DEFAULT NULL::interval, conf jsonb DEFAULT NULL::jsonb)
  RETURNS jsonb
  LANGUAGE sql
@@ -364,6 +409,44 @@ AS $function$
 $function$
 ;
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.get_or_create_fragment(content jsonb, _collection text, excluded_keys text[] DEFAULT '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[])
+ RETURNS bigint
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
+AS $function$
+DECLARE
+    frag_content jsonb;
+    frag_hash text;
+    frag_id bigint;
+BEGIN
+    IF content IS NULL OR _collection IS NULL THEN
+        RETURN NULL;
+    END IF;
+
+    frag_content := extract_fragment(content, excluded_keys);
+    frag_hash := pgstac_hash_fragment(frag_content);
+
+    SELECT id INTO frag_id
+    FROM item_fragments
+    WHERE collection = _collection AND hash = frag_hash;
+
+    IF frag_id IS NULL THEN
+        INSERT INTO item_fragments (collection, hash, content)
+        VALUES (_collection, frag_hash, frag_content)
+        ON CONFLICT (collection, hash) DO NOTHING
+        RETURNING id INTO frag_id;
+
+        IF frag_id IS NULL THEN
+            SELECT id INTO frag_id
+            FROM item_fragments
+            WHERE collection = _collection AND hash = frag_hash;
+        END IF;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN frag_id;
+END;
+$function$
+;
+
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.items_delete_log_trigger()
  RETURNS trigger
  LANGUAGE plpgsql
@@ -440,6 +523,15 @@ AS $function$
 $function$
 ;
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.pgstac_hash_fragment(fragment jsonb)
+ RETURNS text
+ LANGUAGE sql
+ IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE
+AS $function$
+SELECT pgstac_hash(fragment::text);
+$function$
+;
+
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.pin_search(_name text)
  RETURNS searches
  LANGUAGE plpgsql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
index 522595a7..de6ae1b4 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
@@ -2479,6 +2479,98 @@ UPDATE collections
     )
 ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL;
+
+-- Item Fragment Management functions
+-- extract_fragment: Extract the commonly-deduplicated part of an item
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION extract_fragment(
+    content jsonb,
+    excluded_keys text[] DEFAULT '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[]
+) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
+BEGIN
+    IF content IS NULL THEN
+        RETURN NULL;
+    END IF;
+    RETURN content - COALESCE(excluded_keys, '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[]);
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+-- pgstac_hash_fragment: Hash a fragment content for dedup
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac_hash_fragment(fragment jsonb) RETURNS text AS $$
+SELECT pgstac_hash(fragment::text);
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+-- get_or_create_fragment: Look up or create a fragment for a content item
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_or_create_fragment(
+    content jsonb,
+    _collection text,
+    excluded_keys text[] DEFAULT '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[]
+) RETURNS bigint AS $$
+DECLARE
+    frag_content jsonb;
+    frag_hash text;
+    frag_id bigint;
+BEGIN
+    IF content IS NULL OR _collection IS NULL THEN
+        RETURN NULL;
+    END IF;
+
+    frag_content := extract_fragment(content, excluded_keys);
+    frag_hash := pgstac_hash_fragment(frag_content);
+
+    SELECT id INTO frag_id
+    FROM item_fragments
+    WHERE collection = _collection AND hash = frag_hash;
+
+    IF frag_id IS NULL THEN
+        INSERT INTO item_fragments (collection, hash, content)
+        VALUES (_collection, frag_hash, frag_content)
+        ON CONFLICT (collection, hash) DO NOTHING
+        RETURNING id INTO frag_id;
+
+        IF frag_id IS NULL THEN
+            SELECT id INTO frag_id
+            FROM item_fragments
+            WHERE collection = _collection AND hash = frag_hash;
+        END IF;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN frag_id;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL VOLATILE PARALLEL UNSAFE;
+
+-- gc_fragments: Garbage collect unused fragments
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_fragments(
+    _collection text DEFAULT NULL,
+    retention_interval interval DEFAULT '90 days'
+) RETURNS TABLE (
+    collection_id text,
+    fragments_removed int
+) AS $$
+DECLARE
+    cid text;
+    removed_count int;
+BEGIN
+    IF _collection IS NOT NULL THEN
+        DELETE FROM item_fragments f
+        WHERE f.collection = _collection
+        AND created_at < now() - retention_interval
+        AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM items i WHERE i.fragment_id = f.id);
+
+        GET DIAGNOSTICS removed_count = ROW_COUNT;
+        RETURN QUERY SELECT _collection, removed_count;
+    ELSE
+        FOR cid IN SELECT DISTINCT collection FROM item_fragments LOOP
+            DELETE FROM item_fragments f
+            WHERE f.collection = cid
+            AND created_at < now() - retention_interval
+            AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM items i WHERE i.fragment_id = f.id);
+
+            GET DIAGNOSTICS removed_count = ROW_COUNT;
+            RETURN QUERY SELECT cid, removed_count;
+        END LOOP;
+    END IF;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL VOLATILE PARALLEL UNSAFE;
 -- END FRAGMENT: 003a_items.sql
 
 -- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 003b_partitions.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql b/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
index 522595a7..de6ae1b4 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
@@ -2479,6 +2479,98 @@ UPDATE collections
     )
 ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL;
+
+-- Item Fragment Management functions
+-- extract_fragment: Extract the commonly-deduplicated part of an item
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION extract_fragment(
+    content jsonb,
+    excluded_keys text[] DEFAULT '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[]
+) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
+BEGIN
+    IF content IS NULL THEN
+        RETURN NULL;
+    END IF;
+    RETURN content - COALESCE(excluded_keys, '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[]);
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+-- pgstac_hash_fragment: Hash a fragment content for dedup
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac_hash_fragment(fragment jsonb) RETURNS text AS $$
+SELECT pgstac_hash(fragment::text);
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+-- get_or_create_fragment: Look up or create a fragment for a content item
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_or_create_fragment(
+    content jsonb,
+    _collection text,
+    excluded_keys text[] DEFAULT '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[]
+) RETURNS bigint AS $$
+DECLARE
+    frag_content jsonb;
+    frag_hash text;
+    frag_id bigint;
+BEGIN
+    IF content IS NULL OR _collection IS NULL THEN
+        RETURN NULL;
+    END IF;
+
+    frag_content := extract_fragment(content, excluded_keys);
+    frag_hash := pgstac_hash_fragment(frag_content);
+
+    SELECT id INTO frag_id
+    FROM item_fragments
+    WHERE collection = _collection AND hash = frag_hash;
+
+    IF frag_id IS NULL THEN
+        INSERT INTO item_fragments (collection, hash, content)
+        VALUES (_collection, frag_hash, frag_content)
+        ON CONFLICT (collection, hash) DO NOTHING
+        RETURNING id INTO frag_id;
+
+        IF frag_id IS NULL THEN
+            SELECT id INTO frag_id
+            FROM item_fragments
+            WHERE collection = _collection AND hash = frag_hash;
+        END IF;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN frag_id;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL VOLATILE PARALLEL UNSAFE;
+
+-- gc_fragments: Garbage collect unused fragments
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_fragments(
+    _collection text DEFAULT NULL,
+    retention_interval interval DEFAULT '90 days'
+) RETURNS TABLE (
+    collection_id text,
+    fragments_removed int
+) AS $$
+DECLARE
+    cid text;
+    removed_count int;
+BEGIN
+    IF _collection IS NOT NULL THEN
+        DELETE FROM item_fragments f
+        WHERE f.collection = _collection
+        AND created_at < now() - retention_interval
+        AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM items i WHERE i.fragment_id = f.id);
+
+        GET DIAGNOSTICS removed_count = ROW_COUNT;
+        RETURN QUERY SELECT _collection, removed_count;
+    ELSE
+        FOR cid IN SELECT DISTINCT collection FROM item_fragments LOOP
+            DELETE FROM item_fragments f
+            WHERE f.collection = cid
+            AND created_at < now() - retention_interval
+            AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM items i WHERE i.fragment_id = f.id);
+
+            GET DIAGNOSTICS removed_count = ROW_COUNT;
+            RETURN QUERY SELECT cid, removed_count;
+        END LOOP;
+    END IF;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL VOLATILE PARALLEL UNSAFE;
 -- END FRAGMENT: 003a_items.sql
 
 -- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 003b_partitions.sql

From 5674549c8d0c6578ed0bfee4954f41483674c053 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Mon, 18 May 2026 12:31:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 31/33] feat: item_fragments, item_field_registry, split
 columns, and field registry functions

- Add item_fragments table for deduplicated fragment storage (collection, hash, content)
- Add item_field_registry table for tracking JSONB field paths per collection
- Add split columns to items table (bbox, links, assets, properties, extra,
  eo_cloud_cover, eo_snow_cover, gsd, view_off_nadir, view_sun_azimuth,
  view_sun_elevation, fragment_id)
- content_dehydrate: populates split columns + dual-write legacy content field
- content_hydrate: prefers split columns when fragment_id IS NOT NULL
- Batch fragment ops in staging trigger: O(1) bulk INSERT + UPDATE JOIN
- extract_fragment: pure SQL function (IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE)
- get_or_create_fragment: INSERT-first 2-query pattern
- gc_fragments: single set-based DELETE (no FOR LOOP)
- jsonb_field_rows: recursive JSONB path walker with max_depth guard
- update_field_registry_from_sample: batch UPSERT from caller-supplied array
- update_field_registry_from_items: BERNOULLI(5) sampling for large tables
- refresh_field_registry: expire stale paths older than retention_interval
- items_before_update_trigger: WHEN guard prevents re-hashing on non-content updates
- Fix staging trigger DELETE: use TG_TABLE_NAME instead of hard-coded items_staging
- Migration: fix items_fragment_id_fkey to not use NOT VALID (unsupported on partitioned tables)
---
 .../migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql | 542 ++++++++++++++++--
 src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql  | 423 ++++++++++++--
 src/pgstac/pgstac.sql                         | 423 ++++++++++++--
 src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql                 | 423 ++++++++++++--
 4 files changed, 1577 insertions(+), 234 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
index 1dbb462b..2a60392d 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
@@ -197,6 +197,8 @@ RETURNS timestamptz AS $$
         END
     ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT;
+create sequence "pgstac"."item_fragments_id_seq";
+
 drop function if exists "pgstac"."content_slim"(_item jsonb);
 
 
@@ -214,6 +216,25 @@ drop index if exists "pgstac"."search_wheres_where";
 
 drop table "pgstac"."search_wheres";
 
+create table "pgstac"."item_field_registry" (
+    "collection" text not null,
+    "path" text not null,
+    "is_leaf" boolean default true,
+    "value_kinds" text[] default '{}'::text[],
+    "first_seen" timestamp with time zone not null default now(),
+    "last_seen" timestamp with time zone not null default now()
+);
+
+
+create table "pgstac"."item_fragments" (
+    "id" bigint not null default nextval('item_fragments_id_seq'::regclass),
+    "collection" text not null,
+    "hash" text not null,
+    "content" jsonb not null,
+    "created_at" timestamp with time zone not null default now()
+);
+
+
 create table "pgstac"."items_deleted_log" (
     "id" bigint generated always as identity not null,
     "item_id" text not null,
@@ -226,10 +247,34 @@ create table "pgstac"."items_deleted_log" (
 );
 
 
+alter table "pgstac"."items" add column "assets" jsonb default '{}'::jsonb;
+
+alter table "pgstac"."items" add column "bbox" jsonb;
+
 alter table "pgstac"."items" add column "content_hash" text not null default ''::text;
 
+alter table "pgstac"."items" add column "eo_cloud_cover" double precision;
+
+alter table "pgstac"."items" add column "eo_snow_cover" double precision;
+
+alter table "pgstac"."items" add column "extra" jsonb;
+
+alter table "pgstac"."items" add column "fragment_id" bigint;
+
+alter table "pgstac"."items" add column "gsd" double precision;
+
+alter table "pgstac"."items" add column "links" jsonb default '[]'::jsonb;
+
 alter table "pgstac"."items" add column "pgstac_updated_at" timestamp with time zone not null default now();
 
+alter table "pgstac"."items" add column "properties" jsonb default '{}'::jsonb;
+
+alter table "pgstac"."items" add column "view_off_nadir" double precision;
+
+alter table "pgstac"."items" add column "view_sun_azimuth" double precision;
+
+alter table "pgstac"."items" add column "view_sun_elevation" double precision;
+
 alter table "pgstac"."searches" add column "context_count" bigint;
 
 alter table "pgstac"."searches" add column "created_at" timestamp with time zone default now();
@@ -242,6 +287,18 @@ alter table "pgstac"."searches" add column "statslastupdated" timestamp with tim
 
 alter table "pgstac"."searches" alter column "hash" drop expression;
 
+alter sequence "pgstac"."item_fragments_id_seq" owned by "pgstac"."item_fragments"."id";
+
+CREATE INDEX item_field_registry_path_idx ON pgstac.item_field_registry USING btree (path);
+
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX item_field_registry_pkey ON pgstac.item_field_registry USING btree (collection, path);
+
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX item_fragments_collection_hash_key ON pgstac.item_fragments USING btree (collection, hash);
+
+CREATE INDEX item_fragments_collection_idx ON pgstac.item_fragments USING btree (collection);
+
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX item_fragments_pkey ON pgstac.item_fragments USING btree (id);
+
 CREATE INDEX items_deleted_log_deleted_at_idx ON pgstac.items_deleted_log USING btree (deleted_at);
 
 CREATE UNIQUE INDEX items_deleted_log_pkey ON pgstac.items_deleted_log USING btree (id);
@@ -250,23 +307,37 @@ CREATE INDEX searches_lastused_anon_idx ON pgstac.searches USING btree (lastused
 
 CREATE UNIQUE INDEX searches_name_key ON pgstac.searches USING btree (name);
 
+alter table "pgstac"."item_field_registry" add constraint "item_field_registry_pkey" PRIMARY KEY using index "item_field_registry_pkey";
+
+alter table "pgstac"."item_fragments" add constraint "item_fragments_pkey" PRIMARY KEY using index "item_fragments_pkey";
+
 alter table "pgstac"."items_deleted_log" add constraint "items_deleted_log_pkey" PRIMARY KEY using index "items_deleted_log_pkey";
 
+alter table "pgstac"."item_field_registry" add constraint "item_field_registry_collection_fkey" FOREIGN KEY ("collection") REFERENCES "pgstac"."collections"("id") ON DELETE CASCADE NOT VALID;
+
+alter table "pgstac"."item_field_registry" validate constraint "item_field_registry_collection_fkey";
+
+alter table "pgstac"."item_fragments" add constraint "item_fragments_collection_fkey" FOREIGN KEY ("collection") REFERENCES "pgstac"."collections"("id") ON DELETE CASCADE NOT VALID;
+
+alter table "pgstac"."item_fragments" validate constraint "item_fragments_collection_fkey";
+
+alter table "pgstac"."item_fragments" add constraint "item_fragments_collection_hash_key" UNIQUE using index "item_fragments_collection_hash_key";
+
+-- items.fragment_id FK: added as VALID (not NOT VALID) because PostgreSQL does
+-- not support NOT VALID foreign key constraints on partitioned tables.
+-- All existing rows have fragment_id = NULL so there is no data to validate.
+alter table "pgstac"."items" add constraint "items_fragment_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY ("fragment_id") REFERENCES "pgstac"."item_fragments"("id");
+
 alter table "pgstac"."searches" add constraint "searches_name_key" UNIQUE using index "searches_name_key";
 
 set check_function_bodies = off;
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.extract_fragment(content jsonb, excluded_keys text[] DEFAULT '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[])
  RETURNS jsonb
- LANGUAGE plpgsql
+ LANGUAGE sql
  IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE
 AS $function$
-BEGIN
-    IF content IS NULL THEN
-        RETURN NULL;
-    END IF;
-    RETURN content - COALESCE(excluded_keys, '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[]);
-END;
+    SELECT content - COALESCE(excluded_keys, '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[]);
 $function$
 ;
 
@@ -368,32 +439,19 @@ $procedure$
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.gc_fragments(_collection text DEFAULT NULL::text, retention_interval interval DEFAULT '90 days'::interval)
  RETURNS TABLE(collection_id text, fragments_removed integer)
- LANGUAGE plpgsql
+ LANGUAGE sql
 AS $function$
-DECLARE
-    cid text;
-    removed_count int;
-BEGIN
-    IF _collection IS NOT NULL THEN
+    WITH deleted AS (
         DELETE FROM item_fragments f
-        WHERE f.collection = _collection
-        AND created_at < now() - retention_interval
-        AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM items i WHERE i.fragment_id = f.id);
-
-        GET DIAGNOSTICS removed_count = ROW_COUNT;
-        RETURN QUERY SELECT _collection, removed_count;
-    ELSE
-        FOR cid IN SELECT DISTINCT collection FROM item_fragments LOOP
-            DELETE FROM item_fragments f
-            WHERE f.collection = cid
-            AND created_at < now() - retention_interval
-            AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM items i WHERE i.fragment_id = f.id);
-
-            GET DIAGNOSTICS removed_count = ROW_COUNT;
-            RETURN QUERY SELECT cid, removed_count;
-        END LOOP;
-    END IF;
-END;
+        WHERE
+            (_collection IS NULL OR f.collection = _collection)
+            AND f.created_at < now() - retention_interval
+            AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM items i WHERE i.fragment_id = f.id)
+        RETURNING f.collection
+    )
+    SELECT collection, count(*)::int
+    FROM deleted
+    GROUP BY collection;
 $function$
 ;
 
@@ -415,31 +473,30 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.get_or_create_fragment(content jsonb, _collect
 AS $function$
 DECLARE
     frag_content jsonb;
-    frag_hash text;
-    frag_id bigint;
+    frag_hash    text;
+    frag_id      bigint;
 BEGIN
     IF content IS NULL OR _collection IS NULL THEN
         RETURN NULL;
     END IF;
 
     frag_content := extract_fragment(content, excluded_keys);
-    frag_hash := pgstac_hash_fragment(frag_content);
+    frag_hash    := pgstac_hash_fragment(frag_content);
 
-    SELECT id INTO frag_id
-    FROM item_fragments
-    WHERE collection = _collection AND hash = frag_hash;
-
-    IF frag_id IS NULL THEN
+    -- Insert-first: one round trip when the fragment is new.
+    WITH ins AS (
         INSERT INTO item_fragments (collection, hash, content)
         VALUES (_collection, frag_hash, frag_content)
         ON CONFLICT (collection, hash) DO NOTHING
-        RETURNING id INTO frag_id;
+        RETURNING id
+    )
+    SELECT id INTO frag_id FROM ins;
 
-        IF frag_id IS NULL THEN
-            SELECT id INTO frag_id
-            FROM item_fragments
-            WHERE collection = _collection AND hash = frag_hash;
-        END IF;
+    -- Fallback SELECT: one extra round trip only on the conflict path.
+    IF frag_id IS NULL THEN
+        SELECT id INTO frag_id
+        FROM item_fragments
+        WHERE collection = _collection AND hash = frag_hash;
     END IF;
 
     RETURN frag_id;
@@ -488,6 +545,44 @@ END;
 $function$
 ;
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.jsonb_field_rows(data jsonb, parent_path text DEFAULT ''::text, max_depth integer DEFAULT 20)
+ RETURNS TABLE(path text, is_leaf boolean, value_kind text)
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
+ IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE
+AS $function$
+DECLARE
+    k text;
+    v jsonb;
+    current_path text;
+    jtype text;
+BEGIN
+    IF data IS NULL OR max_depth <= 0 THEN
+        RETURN;
+    END IF;
+    jtype := jsonb_typeof(data);
+    IF jtype = 'object' THEN
+        FOR k, v IN SELECT * FROM jsonb_each(data) LOOP
+            current_path := CASE WHEN parent_path = '' THEN k ELSE parent_path || '.' || k END;
+            IF jsonb_typeof(v) IN ('object', 'array') THEN
+                RETURN QUERY SELECT current_path, FALSE, jsonb_typeof(v);
+                RETURN QUERY SELECT * FROM jsonb_field_rows(v, current_path, max_depth - 1);
+            ELSE
+                RETURN QUERY SELECT current_path, TRUE, jsonb_typeof(v);
+            END IF;
+        END LOOP;
+    ELSIF jtype = 'array' THEN
+        -- Walk array elements (e.g. arrays of nested objects); arrays of scalars
+        -- are already handled as leaves in the object branch above.
+        FOR v IN SELECT jsonb_array_elements(data) LOOP
+            IF jsonb_typeof(v) = 'object' THEN
+                RETURN QUERY SELECT * FROM jsonb_field_rows(v, parent_path, max_depth - 1);
+            END IF;
+        END LOOP;
+    END IF;
+END;
+$function$
+;
+
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.name_search(_search jsonb, _name text, _metadata jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb)
  RETURNS searches
  LANGUAGE plpgsql
@@ -557,6 +652,22 @@ END;
 $function$
 ;
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.refresh_field_registry(_collection text DEFAULT NULL::text, retention_interval interval DEFAULT '90 days'::interval)
+ RETURNS TABLE(collection_id text, expired_paths integer)
+ LANGUAGE sql
+AS $function$
+    WITH deleted AS (
+        DELETE FROM item_field_registry
+        WHERE (_collection IS NULL OR collection = _collection)
+          AND last_seen < now() - retention_interval
+        RETURNING collection
+    )
+    SELECT collection, count(*)::int
+    FROM deleted
+    GROUP BY collection;
+$function$
+;
+
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.rename_search(_old_name text, _new_name text)
  RETURNS searches
  LANGUAGE plpgsql
@@ -773,6 +884,113 @@ END;
 $function$
 ;
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.update_field_registry_from_items(_collection text)
+ RETURNS TABLE(registered_paths integer, rows_processed integer)
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
+ SECURITY DEFINER
+AS $function$
+DECLARE
+    est_rows bigint;
+    nrows    int;
+    npaths   int;
+BEGIN
+    -- Sum reltuples across all partitions for this collection.
+    -- reltuples can be -1 (never analyzed); treat negative values as zero.
+    SELECT COALESCE(sum(GREATEST(c.reltuples::bigint, 0)), 0) INTO est_rows
+    FROM pg_class c
+    JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
+    WHERE n.nspname = 'pgstac'
+      AND c.relkind = 'r'
+      AND c.relname LIKE '_items_%'
+      AND c.relname LIKE '%' || regexp_replace(_collection, '[^a-zA-Z0-9_-]', '', 'g') || '%';
+
+    IF est_rows > 10000 THEN
+        -- Large collection: use statistical sampling to avoid full seq-scan.
+        WITH sampled AS (
+            SELECT content FROM items TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI(5) WHERE collection = _collection
+        ),
+        upserted AS (
+            INSERT INTO item_field_registry (collection, path, is_leaf, value_kinds, first_seen, last_seen)
+            SELECT
+                _collection,
+                r.path,
+                bool_and(r.is_leaf)                                                       AS is_leaf,
+                array_agg(DISTINCT r.value_kind) FILTER (WHERE r.value_kind IS NOT NULL)  AS value_kinds,
+                now(), now()
+            FROM sampled
+            CROSS JOIN LATERAL jsonb_field_rows(content) AS r(path, is_leaf, value_kind)
+            GROUP BY r.path
+            ON CONFLICT (collection, path) DO UPDATE SET
+                is_leaf     = EXCLUDED.is_leaf,
+                value_kinds = (
+                    SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT v)
+                    FROM unnest(item_field_registry.value_kinds || EXCLUDED.value_kinds) t(v)
+                ),
+                last_seen   = now()
+            RETURNING 1
+        )
+        SELECT count(*) INTO nrows FROM sampled;
+        GET DIAGNOSTICS npaths = ROW_COUNT;
+    ELSE
+        -- Small collection: process up to 1000 rows to avoid BERNOULLI returning 0 rows.
+        WITH sampled AS (
+            SELECT content FROM items WHERE collection = _collection LIMIT 1000
+        ),
+        upserted AS (
+            INSERT INTO item_field_registry (collection, path, is_leaf, value_kinds, first_seen, last_seen)
+            SELECT
+                _collection,
+                r.path,
+                bool_and(r.is_leaf)                                                       AS is_leaf,
+                array_agg(DISTINCT r.value_kind) FILTER (WHERE r.value_kind IS NOT NULL)  AS value_kinds,
+                now(), now()
+            FROM sampled
+            CROSS JOIN LATERAL jsonb_field_rows(content) AS r(path, is_leaf, value_kind)
+            GROUP BY r.path
+            ON CONFLICT (collection, path) DO UPDATE SET
+                is_leaf     = EXCLUDED.is_leaf,
+                value_kinds = (
+                    SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT v)
+                    FROM unnest(item_field_registry.value_kinds || EXCLUDED.value_kinds) t(v)
+                ),
+                last_seen   = now()
+            RETURNING 1
+        )
+        SELECT count(*) INTO nrows FROM sampled;
+        GET DIAGNOSTICS npaths = ROW_COUNT;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN QUERY SELECT npaths, nrows;
+END;
+$function$
+;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.update_field_registry_from_sample(_collection text, item_contents jsonb[])
+ RETURNS void
+ LANGUAGE sql
+AS $function$
+    INSERT INTO item_field_registry (collection, path, is_leaf, value_kinds, first_seen, last_seen)
+    SELECT
+        _collection,
+        r.path,
+        bool_and(r.is_leaf)                                                       AS is_leaf,
+        array_agg(DISTINCT r.value_kind) FILTER (WHERE r.value_kind IS NOT NULL)  AS value_kinds,
+        now(),
+        now()
+    FROM unnest(item_contents) AS item(content)
+    CROSS JOIN LATERAL jsonb_field_rows(item.content) AS r(path, is_leaf, value_kind)
+    GROUP BY r.path
+    ON CONFLICT (collection, path) DO UPDATE SET
+        is_leaf     = EXCLUDED.is_leaf,
+        value_kinds = (
+            SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT v)
+            FROM unnest(item_field_registry.value_kinds || EXCLUDED.value_kinds) t(v)
+        ),
+        last_seen   = now()
+    WHERE item_field_registry.last_seen < now() - interval '1 hour';
+$function$
+;
+
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.where_stats(inhash text, inwhere text, updatestats boolean DEFAULT false, conf jsonb DEFAULT NULL::jsonb)
  RETURNS searches
  LANGUAGE plpgsql
@@ -906,6 +1124,8 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.content_dehydrate(content jsonb)
 AS $function$
 DECLARE
     out items;
+    props jsonb;
+    base_item jsonb;
 BEGIN
     out.id := content->>'id';
     out.geometry := stac_geom(content);
@@ -914,17 +1134,46 @@ BEGIN
     out.end_datetime := stac_end_datetime(content);
     out.pgstac_updated_at := now();
     out.content_hash := encode(sha256(content::text::bytea), 'hex');
+
+    base_item := collection_base_item(content->>'collection');
+    props := content->'properties';
+
+    -- Split columns: dedicated storage for standard top-level STAC fields.
+    -- These enable index-only scans on promoted queryables and avoid JSONB parse
+    -- on the hot SELECT path once the legacy content column is retired.
+    out.bbox       := content->'bbox';
+    out.links      := COALESCE(content->'links', '[]'::jsonb);
+    out.assets     := COALESCE(content->'assets', '{}'::jsonb);
+    out.properties := COALESCE(props, '{}'::jsonb);
+    -- extra: non-standard top-level fields not in id/geometry/collection/type/bbox/links/assets/properties
+    out.extra      := content - '{id,geometry,collection,type,bbox,links,assets,properties}'::text[];
+
+    -- Promoted queryable columns: direct float8 storage avoids JSONB parse on range queries.
+    out.eo_cloud_cover    := (props->>'eo:cloud_cover')::float8;
+    out.eo_snow_cover     := (props->>'eo:snow_cover')::float8;
+    out.gsd               := (props->>'gsd')::float8;
+    out.view_off_nadir    := (props->>'view:off_nadir')::float8;
+    out.view_sun_azimuth  := (props->>'view:sun_azimuth')::float8;
+    out.view_sun_elevation := (props->>'view:sun_elevation')::float8;
+
+    -- Legacy content column: kept for backwards compatibility with clients that
+    -- read items.content directly. Contains all fields except id/geometry/collection/type,
+    -- with base_item fields stripped out for dedup storage.
+    -- NOTE: content_hash above hashes the raw incoming JSONB (pre-strip), which is
+    -- intentional for change detection; it differs from the hash produced by
+    -- items_touch_triggerfunc (which hashes the hydrated form on UPDATE).
     out.content := strip_jsonb(
         content - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[],
-        collection_base_item(content->>'collection')
+        base_item
     ) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[];
+
     out.private := null;
     RETURN out;
 END;
 $function$
 ;
 
-CREATE TRIGGER items_before_update_trigger BEFORE UPDATE ON pgstac.items FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE FUNCTION items_touch_triggerfunc();
+CREATE TRIGGER items_before_update_trigger BEFORE UPDATE ON pgstac.items FOR EACH ROW WHEN (((old.content IS DISTINCT FROM new.content) OR (old.bbox IS DISTINCT FROM new.bbox) OR (old.links IS DISTINCT FROM new.links) OR (old.assets IS DISTINCT FROM new.assets) OR (old.properties IS DISTINCT FROM new.properties) OR (old.extra IS DISTINCT FROM new.extra))) EXECUTE FUNCTION items_touch_triggerfunc();
 
 CREATE TRIGGER items_delete_log_after_delete_trigger AFTER DELETE ON pgstac.items REFERENCING OLD TABLE AS old_rows FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE FUNCTION items_delete_log_trigger();
 
@@ -935,6 +1184,8 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.content_dehydrate(content jsonb)
 AS $function$
 DECLARE
     out items;
+    props jsonb;
+    base_item jsonb;
 BEGIN
     out.id := content->>'id';
     out.geometry := stac_geom(content);
@@ -943,16 +1194,211 @@ BEGIN
     out.end_datetime := stac_end_datetime(content);
     out.pgstac_updated_at := now();
     out.content_hash := encode(sha256(content::text::bytea), 'hex');
+
+    base_item := collection_base_item(content->>'collection');
+    props := content->'properties';
+
+    -- Split columns: dedicated storage for standard top-level STAC fields.
+    -- These enable index-only scans on promoted queryables and avoid JSONB parse
+    -- on the hot SELECT path once the legacy content column is retired.
+    out.bbox       := content->'bbox';
+    out.links      := COALESCE(content->'links', '[]'::jsonb);
+    out.assets     := COALESCE(content->'assets', '{}'::jsonb);
+    out.properties := COALESCE(props, '{}'::jsonb);
+    -- extra: non-standard top-level fields not in id/geometry/collection/type/bbox/links/assets/properties
+    out.extra      := content - '{id,geometry,collection,type,bbox,links,assets,properties}'::text[];
+
+    -- Promoted queryable columns: direct float8 storage avoids JSONB parse on range queries.
+    out.eo_cloud_cover    := (props->>'eo:cloud_cover')::float8;
+    out.eo_snow_cover     := (props->>'eo:snow_cover')::float8;
+    out.gsd               := (props->>'gsd')::float8;
+    out.view_off_nadir    := (props->>'view:off_nadir')::float8;
+    out.view_sun_azimuth  := (props->>'view:sun_azimuth')::float8;
+    out.view_sun_elevation := (props->>'view:sun_elevation')::float8;
+
+    -- Legacy content column: kept for backwards compatibility with clients that
+    -- read items.content directly. Contains all fields except id/geometry/collection/type,
+    -- with base_item fields stripped out for dedup storage.
+    -- NOTE: content_hash above hashes the raw incoming JSONB (pre-strip), which is
+    -- intentional for change detection; it differs from the hash produced by
+    -- items_touch_triggerfunc (which hashes the hydrated form on UPDATE).
     out.content := strip_jsonb(
         content - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[],
-        collection_base_item(content->>'collection')
+        base_item
     ) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[];
+
     out.private := null;
     RETURN out;
 END;
 $function$
 ;
 
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.content_hydrate(_item items, _collection collections, fields jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb)
+ RETURNS jsonb
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
+ STABLE PARALLEL SAFE
+AS $function$
+DECLARE
+    geom jsonb;
+    output jsonb;
+    content jsonb;
+BEGIN
+    IF include_field('geometry', fields) THEN
+        geom := ST_ASGeoJson(_item.geometry, 20)::jsonb;
+    END IF;
+
+    IF _item.fragment_id IS NOT NULL THEN
+        -- Preferred path: reconstruct item from split columns.
+        -- fragment_id IS NOT NULL is the canonical indicator that split columns
+        -- are populated; checking a nullable bigint is cheaper than a JSONB equality.
+        content := jsonb_build_object(
+            'id',         _item.id,
+            'geometry',   geom,
+            'collection', _item.collection,
+            'type',       'Feature'
+        );
+        IF _item.bbox IS NOT NULL THEN
+            content := content || jsonb_build_object('bbox', _item.bbox);
+        END IF;
+        IF _item.links IS NOT NULL THEN
+            content := content || jsonb_build_object('links', _item.links);
+        END IF;
+        IF _item.assets IS NOT NULL THEN
+            content := content || jsonb_build_object('assets', _item.assets);
+        END IF;
+        IF _item.properties IS NOT NULL THEN
+            content := content || jsonb_build_object('properties', _item.properties);
+        END IF;
+        IF _item.extra IS NOT NULL THEN
+            content := content || _item.extra;
+        END IF;
+    ELSE
+        -- Legacy fallback: reconstruct from the content column (pre-v0.10 rows).
+        content := jsonb_build_object(
+            'id',         _item.id,
+            'geometry',   geom,
+            'collection', _item.collection,
+            'type',       'Feature'
+        ) || _item.content;
+    END IF;
+
+    output := content_hydrate(content, _collection.base_item, fields);
+    RETURN output;
+END;
+$function$
+;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.items_staging_triggerfunc()
+ RETURNS trigger
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
+AS $function$
+DECLARE
+    p record;
+    _partitions text[];
+    part text;
+    ts timestamptz := clock_timestamp();
+    nrows int;
+BEGIN
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Creating Partitions. %', clock_timestamp() - ts;
+
+    FOR part IN WITH t AS (
+        SELECT
+            n.content->>'collection' as collection,
+            stac_daterange(n.content->'properties') as dtr,
+            partition_trunc
+        FROM newdata n JOIN collections ON (n.content->>'collection'=collections.id)
+    ), p AS (
+        SELECT
+            collection,
+            COALESCE(date_trunc(partition_trunc::text, lower(dtr)),'-infinity') as d,
+            tstzrange(min(lower(dtr)),max(lower(dtr)),'[]') as dtrange,
+            tstzrange(min(upper(dtr)),max(upper(dtr)),'[]') as edtrange
+        FROM t
+        GROUP BY 1,2
+    ) SELECT check_partition(collection, dtrange, edtrange) FROM p LOOP
+        RAISE NOTICE 'Partition %', part;
+    END LOOP;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Creating temp table with data to be added. %', clock_timestamp() - ts;
+    DROP TABLE IF EXISTS tmpdata;
+    CREATE TEMP TABLE tmpdata ON COMMIT DROP AS
+    SELECT
+        (content_dehydrate(content)).*
+    FROM newdata;
+    GET DIAGNOSTICS nrows = ROW_COUNT;
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Added % rows to tmpdata. %', nrows, clock_timestamp() - ts;
+
+    -- Batch fragment dedup: insert all unique fragments in one statement rather than
+    -- calling get_or_create_fragment() per row (which is O(N) round-trips).
+    -- pgstac_hash_fragment(content) is computed twice (once for insert, once for the
+    -- join update) but both calls are IMMUTABLE so the planner can CSE them; the net
+    -- cost is far lower than N individual PL/pgSQL function round-trips.
+    -- Concurrent inserts of identical fragments are safe: ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING means
+    -- both sides succeed with the same row; the join below finds it for either winner.
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Batch inserting fragments. %', clock_timestamp() - ts;
+    INSERT INTO item_fragments (collection, hash, content)
+    SELECT DISTINCT ON (collection, pgstac_hash_fragment(content))
+        collection,
+        pgstac_hash_fragment(content) AS hash,
+        content
+    FROM tmpdata
+    WHERE content IS NOT NULL AND content != '{}'::jsonb
+    ON CONFLICT (collection, hash) DO NOTHING;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Assigning fragment_id. %', clock_timestamp() - ts;
+    UPDATE tmpdata t
+    SET fragment_id = f.id
+    FROM item_fragments f
+    WHERE f.collection = t.collection
+      AND f.hash = pgstac_hash_fragment(t.content)
+      AND t.content IS NOT NULL AND t.content != '{}'::jsonb;
+
+    -- Queue registry sampling per collection (async via run_or_queue so it does not
+    -- block the ingest transaction).  One queued call per distinct collection in the batch.
+    PERFORM run_or_queue(format('SELECT update_field_registry_from_items(%L);', c))
+    FROM (SELECT DISTINCT collection FROM tmpdata) AS cte(c);
+
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Doing the insert. %', clock_timestamp() - ts;
+    IF TG_TABLE_NAME = 'items_staging' THEN
+        INSERT INTO items
+        SELECT * FROM tmpdata;
+        GET DIAGNOSTICS nrows = ROW_COUNT;
+        RAISE NOTICE 'Inserted % rows to items. %', nrows, clock_timestamp() - ts;
+    ELSIF TG_TABLE_NAME = 'items_staging_ignore' THEN
+        INSERT INTO items
+        SELECT * FROM tmpdata
+        ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING;
+        GET DIAGNOSTICS nrows = ROW_COUNT;
+        RAISE NOTICE 'Inserted % rows to items. %', nrows, clock_timestamp() - ts;
+    ELSIF TG_TABLE_NAME = 'items_staging_upsert' THEN
+        DELETE FROM items i USING tmpdata s
+            WHERE
+                i.id = s.id
+                AND i.collection = s.collection
+                AND i IS DISTINCT FROM s
+        ;
+        GET DIAGNOSTICS nrows = ROW_COUNT;
+        RAISE NOTICE 'Deleted % rows from items. %', nrows, clock_timestamp() - ts;
+        INSERT INTO items AS t
+        SELECT * FROM tmpdata
+        ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING;
+        GET DIAGNOSTICS nrows = ROW_COUNT;
+        RAISE NOTICE 'Inserted % rows to items. %', nrows, clock_timestamp() - ts;
+    END IF;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Deleting data from staging table. %', clock_timestamp() - ts;
+    -- Use TG_TABLE_NAME so the correct staging table is cleared.
+    -- The previous hard-coded 'DELETE FROM items_staging' was a bug that left
+    -- items_staging_ignore and items_staging_upsert un-cleared after processing.
+    EXECUTE format('DELETE FROM %I', TG_TABLE_NAME);
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Done. %', clock_timestamp() - ts;
+
+    RETURN NULL;
+
+END;
+$function$
+;
+
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac.search(_search jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb)
  RETURNS jsonb
  LANGUAGE plpgsql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
index de6ae1b4..e18c5eae 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
@@ -2064,6 +2064,17 @@ $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL STABLE STRICT;
 -- END FRAGMENT: 002b_cql.sql
 
 -- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 003a_items.sql
+-- Item fragments: deduplicated part of item content (shared across items in a collection)
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS item_fragments (
+    id bigserial PRIMARY KEY,
+    collection text NOT NULL REFERENCES collections(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    hash text NOT NULL,
+    content jsonb NOT NULL,
+    created_at timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
+    UNIQUE (collection, hash)
+);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS item_fragments_collection_idx ON item_fragments (collection);
+
 CREATE TABLE items (
     id text NOT NULL,
     geometry geometry NOT NULL,
@@ -2073,7 +2084,21 @@ CREATE TABLE items (
     pgstac_updated_at timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
     content_hash text NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
     content JSONB NOT NULL,
-    private jsonb
+    private jsonb,
+    -- Split columns (populated from v0.10+; item_fragments must exist first)
+    fragment_id bigint REFERENCES item_fragments(id),
+    bbox jsonb,
+    links jsonb DEFAULT '[]',
+    assets jsonb DEFAULT '{}',
+    properties jsonb DEFAULT '{}',
+    extra jsonb,
+    -- Promoted queryable columns (redundant copies for index-only scans)
+    eo_cloud_cover float8,
+    eo_snow_cover float8,
+    gsd float8,
+    view_off_nadir float8,
+    view_sun_azimuth float8,
+    view_sun_elevation float8
 )
 PARTITION BY LIST (collection)
 ;
@@ -2090,6 +2115,18 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS items_deleted_log (
 );
 CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS items_deleted_log_deleted_at_idx ON items_deleted_log (deleted_at);
 
+-- Field registry: tracks which JSON paths exist in each collection (for queryables)
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS item_field_registry (
+    collection text NOT NULL REFERENCES collections(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    path text NOT NULL,
+    is_leaf boolean DEFAULT true,
+    value_kinds text[] DEFAULT '{}',
+    first_seen timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
+    last_seen timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
+    PRIMARY KEY (collection, path)
+);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS item_field_registry_path_idx ON item_field_registry (path);
+
 CREATE INDEX "datetime_idx" ON items USING BTREE (datetime DESC, end_datetime ASC);
 CREATE INDEX "geometry_idx" ON items USING GIST (geometry);
 
@@ -2145,9 +2182,19 @@ $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
 
 DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS items_before_upsert_trigger ON items;
 DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS items_before_update_trigger ON items;
+-- WHEN guard: skip the expensive content_hydrate hash recomputation when only
+-- non-content fields change (e.g. fragment_id assignment, pgstac_updated_at).
 CREATE TRIGGER items_before_update_trigger
 BEFORE UPDATE ON items
 FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (
+    OLD.content IS DISTINCT FROM NEW.content
+    OR OLD.bbox IS DISTINCT FROM NEW.bbox
+    OR OLD.links IS DISTINCT FROM NEW.links
+    OR OLD.assets IS DISTINCT FROM NEW.assets
+    OR OLD.properties IS DISTINCT FROM NEW.properties
+    OR OLD.extra IS DISTINCT FROM NEW.extra
+)
 EXECUTE FUNCTION items_touch_triggerfunc();
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION items_delete_log_trigger() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
@@ -2183,6 +2230,8 @@ CREATE TRIGGER items_delete_log_after_delete_trigger
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_dehydrate(content jsonb) RETURNS items AS $$
 DECLARE
     out items;
+    props jsonb;
+    base_item jsonb;
 BEGIN
     out.id := content->>'id';
     out.geometry := stac_geom(content);
@@ -2191,10 +2240,39 @@ BEGIN
     out.end_datetime := stac_end_datetime(content);
     out.pgstac_updated_at := now();
     out.content_hash := encode(sha256(content::text::bytea), 'hex');
+
+    base_item := collection_base_item(content->>'collection');
+    props := content->'properties';
+
+    -- Split columns: dedicated storage for standard top-level STAC fields.
+    -- These enable index-only scans on promoted queryables and avoid JSONB parse
+    -- on the hot SELECT path once the legacy content column is retired.
+    out.bbox       := content->'bbox';
+    out.links      := COALESCE(content->'links', '[]'::jsonb);
+    out.assets     := COALESCE(content->'assets', '{}'::jsonb);
+    out.properties := COALESCE(props, '{}'::jsonb);
+    -- extra: non-standard top-level fields not in id/geometry/collection/type/bbox/links/assets/properties
+    out.extra      := content - '{id,geometry,collection,type,bbox,links,assets,properties}'::text[];
+
+    -- Promoted queryable columns: direct float8 storage avoids JSONB parse on range queries.
+    out.eo_cloud_cover    := (props->>'eo:cloud_cover')::float8;
+    out.eo_snow_cover     := (props->>'eo:snow_cover')::float8;
+    out.gsd               := (props->>'gsd')::float8;
+    out.view_off_nadir    := (props->>'view:off_nadir')::float8;
+    out.view_sun_azimuth  := (props->>'view:sun_azimuth')::float8;
+    out.view_sun_elevation := (props->>'view:sun_elevation')::float8;
+
+    -- Legacy content column: kept for backwards compatibility with clients that
+    -- read items.content directly. Contains all fields except id/geometry/collection/type,
+    -- with base_item fields stripped out for dedup storage.
+    -- NOTE: content_hash above hashes the raw incoming JSONB (pre-strip), which is
+    -- intentional for change detection; it differs from the hash produced by
+    -- items_touch_triggerfunc (which hashes the hydrated form on UPDATE).
     out.content := strip_jsonb(
         content - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[],
-        collection_base_item(content->>'collection')
+        base_item
     ) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[];
+
     out.private := null;
     RETURN out;
 END;
@@ -2254,25 +2332,49 @@ $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_hydrate(_item items, _collection collections, fields jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
 DECLARE
     geom jsonb;
-    bbox jsonb;
     output jsonb;
     content jsonb;
-    base_item jsonb := _collection.base_item;
 BEGIN
     IF include_field('geometry', fields) THEN
         geom := ST_ASGeoJson(_item.geometry, 20)::jsonb;
     END IF;
-    output := content_hydrate(
-        jsonb_build_object(
-            'id', _item.id,
-            'geometry', geom,
+
+    IF _item.fragment_id IS NOT NULL THEN
+        -- Preferred path: reconstruct item from split columns.
+        -- fragment_id IS NOT NULL is the canonical indicator that split columns
+        -- are populated; checking a nullable bigint is cheaper than a JSONB equality.
+        content := jsonb_build_object(
+            'id',         _item.id,
+            'geometry',   geom,
             'collection', _item.collection,
-            'type', 'Feature'
-        ) || _item.content,
-        _collection.base_item,
-        fields
-    );
+            'type',       'Feature'
+        );
+        IF _item.bbox IS NOT NULL THEN
+            content := content || jsonb_build_object('bbox', _item.bbox);
+        END IF;
+        IF _item.links IS NOT NULL THEN
+            content := content || jsonb_build_object('links', _item.links);
+        END IF;
+        IF _item.assets IS NOT NULL THEN
+            content := content || jsonb_build_object('assets', _item.assets);
+        END IF;
+        IF _item.properties IS NOT NULL THEN
+            content := content || jsonb_build_object('properties', _item.properties);
+        END IF;
+        IF _item.extra IS NOT NULL THEN
+            content := content || _item.extra;
+        END IF;
+    ELSE
+        -- Legacy fallback: reconstruct from the content column (pre-v0.10 rows).
+        content := jsonb_build_object(
+            'id',         _item.id,
+            'geometry',   geom,
+            'collection', _item.collection,
+            'type',       'Feature'
+        ) || _item.content;
+    END IF;
 
+    output := content_hydrate(content, _collection.base_item, fields);
     RETURN output;
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL STABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
@@ -2355,6 +2457,36 @@ BEGIN
     GET DIAGNOSTICS nrows = ROW_COUNT;
     RAISE NOTICE 'Added % rows to tmpdata. %', nrows, clock_timestamp() - ts;
 
+    -- Batch fragment dedup: insert all unique fragments in one statement rather than
+    -- calling get_or_create_fragment() per row (which is O(N) round-trips).
+    -- pgstac_hash_fragment(content) is computed twice (once for insert, once for the
+    -- join update) but both calls are IMMUTABLE so the planner can CSE them; the net
+    -- cost is far lower than N individual PL/pgSQL function round-trips.
+    -- Concurrent inserts of identical fragments are safe: ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING means
+    -- both sides succeed with the same row; the join below finds it for either winner.
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Batch inserting fragments. %', clock_timestamp() - ts;
+    INSERT INTO item_fragments (collection, hash, content)
+    SELECT DISTINCT ON (collection, pgstac_hash_fragment(content))
+        collection,
+        pgstac_hash_fragment(content) AS hash,
+        content
+    FROM tmpdata
+    WHERE content IS NOT NULL AND content != '{}'::jsonb
+    ON CONFLICT (collection, hash) DO NOTHING;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Assigning fragment_id. %', clock_timestamp() - ts;
+    UPDATE tmpdata t
+    SET fragment_id = f.id
+    FROM item_fragments f
+    WHERE f.collection = t.collection
+      AND f.hash = pgstac_hash_fragment(t.content)
+      AND t.content IS NOT NULL AND t.content != '{}'::jsonb;
+
+    -- Queue registry sampling per collection (async via run_or_queue so it does not
+    -- block the ingest transaction).  One queued call per distinct collection in the batch.
+    PERFORM run_or_queue(format('SELECT update_field_registry_from_items(%L);', c))
+    FROM (SELECT DISTINCT collection FROM tmpdata) AS cte(c);
+
     RAISE NOTICE 'Doing the insert. %', clock_timestamp() - ts;
     IF TG_TABLE_NAME = 'items_staging' THEN
         INSERT INTO items
@@ -2384,7 +2516,10 @@ BEGIN
     END IF;
 
     RAISE NOTICE 'Deleting data from staging table. %', clock_timestamp() - ts;
-    DELETE FROM items_staging;
+    -- Use TG_TABLE_NAME so the correct staging table is cleared.
+    -- The previous hard-coded 'DELETE FROM items_staging' was a bug that left
+    -- items_staging_ignore and items_staging_upsert un-cleared after processing.
+    EXECUTE format('DELETE FROM %I', TG_TABLE_NAME);
     RAISE NOTICE 'Done. %', clock_timestamp() - ts;
 
     RETURN NULL;
@@ -2480,26 +2615,200 @@ UPDATE collections
 ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL;
 
+-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Field Registry: walks JSONB item content to track which paths exist in each
+-- collection.  Used to auto-populate queryables and support schema inference.
+-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-- jsonb_field_rows: Recursively walk a JSONB document and emit one row per field path.
+-- max_depth guards against runaway recursion on pathologically nested documents.
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION jsonb_field_rows(
+    data jsonb,
+    parent_path text DEFAULT '',
+    max_depth int DEFAULT 20
+) RETURNS TABLE (path text, is_leaf boolean, value_kind text) AS $$
+DECLARE
+    k text;
+    v jsonb;
+    current_path text;
+    jtype text;
+BEGIN
+    IF data IS NULL OR max_depth <= 0 THEN
+        RETURN;
+    END IF;
+    jtype := jsonb_typeof(data);
+    IF jtype = 'object' THEN
+        FOR k, v IN SELECT * FROM jsonb_each(data) LOOP
+            current_path := CASE WHEN parent_path = '' THEN k ELSE parent_path || '.' || k END;
+            IF jsonb_typeof(v) IN ('object', 'array') THEN
+                RETURN QUERY SELECT current_path, FALSE, jsonb_typeof(v);
+                RETURN QUERY SELECT * FROM jsonb_field_rows(v, current_path, max_depth - 1);
+            ELSE
+                RETURN QUERY SELECT current_path, TRUE, jsonb_typeof(v);
+            END IF;
+        END LOOP;
+    ELSIF jtype = 'array' THEN
+        -- Walk array elements (e.g. arrays of nested objects); arrays of scalars
+        -- are already handled as leaves in the object branch above.
+        FOR v IN SELECT jsonb_array_elements(data) LOOP
+            IF jsonb_typeof(v) = 'object' THEN
+                RETURN QUERY SELECT * FROM jsonb_field_rows(v, parent_path, max_depth - 1);
+            END IF;
+        END LOOP;
+    END IF;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+-- update_field_registry_from_sample: UPSERT registry rows from a pre-selected array of
+-- raw item content JSONBs.  Callers supply the sample to decouple sampling strategy
+-- from the registry write; merge value_kinds to accumulate observed types over time.
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION update_field_registry_from_sample(
+    _collection text,
+    item_contents jsonb[]
+) RETURNS void AS $$
+    INSERT INTO item_field_registry (collection, path, is_leaf, value_kinds, first_seen, last_seen)
+    SELECT
+        _collection,
+        r.path,
+        bool_and(r.is_leaf)                                                       AS is_leaf,
+        array_agg(DISTINCT r.value_kind) FILTER (WHERE r.value_kind IS NOT NULL)  AS value_kinds,
+        now(),
+        now()
+    FROM unnest(item_contents) AS item(content)
+    CROSS JOIN LATERAL jsonb_field_rows(item.content) AS r(path, is_leaf, value_kind)
+    GROUP BY r.path
+    ON CONFLICT (collection, path) DO UPDATE SET
+        is_leaf     = EXCLUDED.is_leaf,
+        value_kinds = (
+            SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT v)
+            FROM unnest(item_field_registry.value_kinds || EXCLUDED.value_kinds) t(v)
+        ),
+        last_seen   = now()
+    WHERE item_field_registry.last_seen < now() - interval '1 hour';
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL VOLATILE;
+
+-- update_field_registry_from_items: Sample a live collection and UPSERT registry rows.
+-- Uses TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI(5) for large collections (>10k rows by pg_class estimate)
+-- and LIMIT 1000 for smaller ones to avoid a full seq-scan for tiny collections.
+-- pg_class.reltuples is an estimate (may be stale); its only role is threshold selection.
+-- Returns (registered_paths, rows_processed) for observability.
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION update_field_registry_from_items(
+    _collection text
+) RETURNS TABLE (registered_paths int, rows_processed int) AS $$
+DECLARE
+    est_rows bigint;
+    nrows    int;
+    npaths   int;
+BEGIN
+    -- Sum reltuples across all partitions for this collection.
+    -- reltuples can be -1 (never analyzed); treat negative values as zero.
+    SELECT COALESCE(sum(GREATEST(c.reltuples::bigint, 0)), 0) INTO est_rows
+    FROM pg_class c
+    JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
+    WHERE n.nspname = 'pgstac'
+      AND c.relkind = 'r'
+      AND c.relname LIKE '_items_%'
+      AND c.relname LIKE '%' || regexp_replace(_collection, '[^a-zA-Z0-9_-]', '', 'g') || '%';
+
+    IF est_rows > 10000 THEN
+        -- Large collection: use statistical sampling to avoid full seq-scan.
+        WITH sampled AS (
+            SELECT content FROM items TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI(5) WHERE collection = _collection
+        ),
+        upserted AS (
+            INSERT INTO item_field_registry (collection, path, is_leaf, value_kinds, first_seen, last_seen)
+            SELECT
+                _collection,
+                r.path,
+                bool_and(r.is_leaf)                                                       AS is_leaf,
+                array_agg(DISTINCT r.value_kind) FILTER (WHERE r.value_kind IS NOT NULL)  AS value_kinds,
+                now(), now()
+            FROM sampled
+            CROSS JOIN LATERAL jsonb_field_rows(content) AS r(path, is_leaf, value_kind)
+            GROUP BY r.path
+            ON CONFLICT (collection, path) DO UPDATE SET
+                is_leaf     = EXCLUDED.is_leaf,
+                value_kinds = (
+                    SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT v)
+                    FROM unnest(item_field_registry.value_kinds || EXCLUDED.value_kinds) t(v)
+                ),
+                last_seen   = now()
+            RETURNING 1
+        )
+        SELECT count(*) INTO nrows FROM sampled;
+        GET DIAGNOSTICS npaths = ROW_COUNT;
+    ELSE
+        -- Small collection: process up to 1000 rows to avoid BERNOULLI returning 0 rows.
+        WITH sampled AS (
+            SELECT content FROM items WHERE collection = _collection LIMIT 1000
+        ),
+        upserted AS (
+            INSERT INTO item_field_registry (collection, path, is_leaf, value_kinds, first_seen, last_seen)
+            SELECT
+                _collection,
+                r.path,
+                bool_and(r.is_leaf)                                                       AS is_leaf,
+                array_agg(DISTINCT r.value_kind) FILTER (WHERE r.value_kind IS NOT NULL)  AS value_kinds,
+                now(), now()
+            FROM sampled
+            CROSS JOIN LATERAL jsonb_field_rows(content) AS r(path, is_leaf, value_kind)
+            GROUP BY r.path
+            ON CONFLICT (collection, path) DO UPDATE SET
+                is_leaf     = EXCLUDED.is_leaf,
+                value_kinds = (
+                    SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT v)
+                    FROM unnest(item_field_registry.value_kinds || EXCLUDED.value_kinds) t(v)
+                ),
+                last_seen   = now()
+            RETURNING 1
+        )
+        SELECT count(*) INTO nrows FROM sampled;
+        GET DIAGNOSTICS npaths = ROW_COUNT;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN QUERY SELECT npaths, nrows;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL VOLATILE SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+-- refresh_field_registry: Expire stale registry entries that haven't been seen recently.
+-- Intended for scheduled maintenance (e.g. pg_cron daily job).
+-- Returns (collection, expired_paths) for each collection affected.
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION refresh_field_registry(
+    _collection text DEFAULT NULL,
+    retention_interval interval DEFAULT '90 days'
+) RETURNS TABLE (collection_id text, expired_paths int) AS $$
+    WITH deleted AS (
+        DELETE FROM item_field_registry
+        WHERE (_collection IS NULL OR collection = _collection)
+          AND last_seen < now() - retention_interval
+        RETURNING collection
+    )
+    SELECT collection, count(*)::int
+    FROM deleted
+    GROUP BY collection;
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL VOLATILE;
+
 -- Item Fragment Management functions
--- extract_fragment: Extract the commonly-deduplicated part of an item
+-- extract_fragment: Strip the per-item keys from content to get the dedup-eligible portion.
+-- Pure SQL so PostgreSQL can inline and constant-fold it; avoid PLPGSQL wrapper overhead.
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION extract_fragment(
     content jsonb,
     excluded_keys text[] DEFAULT '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[]
 ) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
-BEGIN
-    IF content IS NULL THEN
-        RETURN NULL;
-    END IF;
-    RETURN content - COALESCE(excluded_keys, '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[]);
-END;
-$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+    SELECT content - COALESCE(excluded_keys, '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[]);
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
 
 -- pgstac_hash_fragment: Hash a fragment content for dedup
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac_hash_fragment(fragment jsonb) RETURNS text AS $$
 SELECT pgstac_hash(fragment::text);
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
 
--- get_or_create_fragment: Look up or create a fragment for a content item
+-- get_or_create_fragment: Look up or insert a fragment, returning its id.
+-- Uses INSERT … ON CONFLICT … RETURNING to avoid a redundant pre-check SELECT;
+-- only falls back to a SELECT when the conflict path suppresses the RETURNING row.
+-- This is safe under concurrent inserts: two transactions racing to create the same
+-- fragment both see ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING; the loser's RETURNING is empty so it
+-- falls through to the SELECT which finds the winner's row.
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_or_create_fragment(
     content jsonb,
     _collection text,
@@ -2507,38 +2816,41 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_or_create_fragment(
 ) RETURNS bigint AS $$
 DECLARE
     frag_content jsonb;
-    frag_hash text;
-    frag_id bigint;
+    frag_hash    text;
+    frag_id      bigint;
 BEGIN
     IF content IS NULL OR _collection IS NULL THEN
         RETURN NULL;
     END IF;
 
     frag_content := extract_fragment(content, excluded_keys);
-    frag_hash := pgstac_hash_fragment(frag_content);
+    frag_hash    := pgstac_hash_fragment(frag_content);
 
-    SELECT id INTO frag_id
-    FROM item_fragments
-    WHERE collection = _collection AND hash = frag_hash;
-
-    IF frag_id IS NULL THEN
+    -- Insert-first: one round trip when the fragment is new.
+    WITH ins AS (
         INSERT INTO item_fragments (collection, hash, content)
         VALUES (_collection, frag_hash, frag_content)
         ON CONFLICT (collection, hash) DO NOTHING
-        RETURNING id INTO frag_id;
+        RETURNING id
+    )
+    SELECT id INTO frag_id FROM ins;
 
-        IF frag_id IS NULL THEN
-            SELECT id INTO frag_id
-            FROM item_fragments
-            WHERE collection = _collection AND hash = frag_hash;
-        END IF;
+    -- Fallback SELECT: one extra round trip only on the conflict path.
+    IF frag_id IS NULL THEN
+        SELECT id INTO frag_id
+        FROM item_fragments
+        WHERE collection = _collection AND hash = frag_hash;
     END IF;
 
     RETURN frag_id;
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL VOLATILE PARALLEL UNSAFE;
 
--- gc_fragments: Garbage collect unused fragments
+-- gc_fragments: Garbage collect orphaned fragments using a single set-based DELETE.
+-- Replaces the previous per-collection FOR LOOP with a single statement that lets
+-- the planner choose the optimal join/anti-join strategy across all collections.
+-- The NOT EXISTS sub-select is evaluated per fragment; with an index on items.fragment_id
+-- this is an efficient anti-join rather than a full seq-scan.
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_fragments(
     _collection text DEFAULT NULL,
     retention_interval interval DEFAULT '90 days'
@@ -2546,31 +2858,18 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_fragments(
     collection_id text,
     fragments_removed int
 ) AS $$
-DECLARE
-    cid text;
-    removed_count int;
-BEGIN
-    IF _collection IS NOT NULL THEN
+    WITH deleted AS (
         DELETE FROM item_fragments f
-        WHERE f.collection = _collection
-        AND created_at < now() - retention_interval
-        AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM items i WHERE i.fragment_id = f.id);
-
-        GET DIAGNOSTICS removed_count = ROW_COUNT;
-        RETURN QUERY SELECT _collection, removed_count;
-    ELSE
-        FOR cid IN SELECT DISTINCT collection FROM item_fragments LOOP
-            DELETE FROM item_fragments f
-            WHERE f.collection = cid
-            AND created_at < now() - retention_interval
-            AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM items i WHERE i.fragment_id = f.id);
-
-            GET DIAGNOSTICS removed_count = ROW_COUNT;
-            RETURN QUERY SELECT cid, removed_count;
-        END LOOP;
-    END IF;
-END;
-$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL VOLATILE PARALLEL UNSAFE;
+        WHERE
+            (_collection IS NULL OR f.collection = _collection)
+            AND f.created_at < now() - retention_interval
+            AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM items i WHERE i.fragment_id = f.id)
+        RETURNING f.collection
+    )
+    SELECT collection, count(*)::int
+    FROM deleted
+    GROUP BY collection;
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL VOLATILE PARALLEL UNSAFE;
 -- END FRAGMENT: 003a_items.sql
 
 -- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 003b_partitions.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql b/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
index de6ae1b4..e18c5eae 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
@@ -2064,6 +2064,17 @@ $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL STABLE STRICT;
 -- END FRAGMENT: 002b_cql.sql
 
 -- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 003a_items.sql
+-- Item fragments: deduplicated part of item content (shared across items in a collection)
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS item_fragments (
+    id bigserial PRIMARY KEY,
+    collection text NOT NULL REFERENCES collections(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    hash text NOT NULL,
+    content jsonb NOT NULL,
+    created_at timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
+    UNIQUE (collection, hash)
+);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS item_fragments_collection_idx ON item_fragments (collection);
+
 CREATE TABLE items (
     id text NOT NULL,
     geometry geometry NOT NULL,
@@ -2073,7 +2084,21 @@ CREATE TABLE items (
     pgstac_updated_at timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
     content_hash text NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
     content JSONB NOT NULL,
-    private jsonb
+    private jsonb,
+    -- Split columns (populated from v0.10+; item_fragments must exist first)
+    fragment_id bigint REFERENCES item_fragments(id),
+    bbox jsonb,
+    links jsonb DEFAULT '[]',
+    assets jsonb DEFAULT '{}',
+    properties jsonb DEFAULT '{}',
+    extra jsonb,
+    -- Promoted queryable columns (redundant copies for index-only scans)
+    eo_cloud_cover float8,
+    eo_snow_cover float8,
+    gsd float8,
+    view_off_nadir float8,
+    view_sun_azimuth float8,
+    view_sun_elevation float8
 )
 PARTITION BY LIST (collection)
 ;
@@ -2090,6 +2115,18 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS items_deleted_log (
 );
 CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS items_deleted_log_deleted_at_idx ON items_deleted_log (deleted_at);
 
+-- Field registry: tracks which JSON paths exist in each collection (for queryables)
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS item_field_registry (
+    collection text NOT NULL REFERENCES collections(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    path text NOT NULL,
+    is_leaf boolean DEFAULT true,
+    value_kinds text[] DEFAULT '{}',
+    first_seen timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
+    last_seen timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
+    PRIMARY KEY (collection, path)
+);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS item_field_registry_path_idx ON item_field_registry (path);
+
 CREATE INDEX "datetime_idx" ON items USING BTREE (datetime DESC, end_datetime ASC);
 CREATE INDEX "geometry_idx" ON items USING GIST (geometry);
 
@@ -2145,9 +2182,19 @@ $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
 
 DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS items_before_upsert_trigger ON items;
 DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS items_before_update_trigger ON items;
+-- WHEN guard: skip the expensive content_hydrate hash recomputation when only
+-- non-content fields change (e.g. fragment_id assignment, pgstac_updated_at).
 CREATE TRIGGER items_before_update_trigger
 BEFORE UPDATE ON items
 FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (
+    OLD.content IS DISTINCT FROM NEW.content
+    OR OLD.bbox IS DISTINCT FROM NEW.bbox
+    OR OLD.links IS DISTINCT FROM NEW.links
+    OR OLD.assets IS DISTINCT FROM NEW.assets
+    OR OLD.properties IS DISTINCT FROM NEW.properties
+    OR OLD.extra IS DISTINCT FROM NEW.extra
+)
 EXECUTE FUNCTION items_touch_triggerfunc();
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION items_delete_log_trigger() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
@@ -2183,6 +2230,8 @@ CREATE TRIGGER items_delete_log_after_delete_trigger
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_dehydrate(content jsonb) RETURNS items AS $$
 DECLARE
     out items;
+    props jsonb;
+    base_item jsonb;
 BEGIN
     out.id := content->>'id';
     out.geometry := stac_geom(content);
@@ -2191,10 +2240,39 @@ BEGIN
     out.end_datetime := stac_end_datetime(content);
     out.pgstac_updated_at := now();
     out.content_hash := encode(sha256(content::text::bytea), 'hex');
+
+    base_item := collection_base_item(content->>'collection');
+    props := content->'properties';
+
+    -- Split columns: dedicated storage for standard top-level STAC fields.
+    -- These enable index-only scans on promoted queryables and avoid JSONB parse
+    -- on the hot SELECT path once the legacy content column is retired.
+    out.bbox       := content->'bbox';
+    out.links      := COALESCE(content->'links', '[]'::jsonb);
+    out.assets     := COALESCE(content->'assets', '{}'::jsonb);
+    out.properties := COALESCE(props, '{}'::jsonb);
+    -- extra: non-standard top-level fields not in id/geometry/collection/type/bbox/links/assets/properties
+    out.extra      := content - '{id,geometry,collection,type,bbox,links,assets,properties}'::text[];
+
+    -- Promoted queryable columns: direct float8 storage avoids JSONB parse on range queries.
+    out.eo_cloud_cover    := (props->>'eo:cloud_cover')::float8;
+    out.eo_snow_cover     := (props->>'eo:snow_cover')::float8;
+    out.gsd               := (props->>'gsd')::float8;
+    out.view_off_nadir    := (props->>'view:off_nadir')::float8;
+    out.view_sun_azimuth  := (props->>'view:sun_azimuth')::float8;
+    out.view_sun_elevation := (props->>'view:sun_elevation')::float8;
+
+    -- Legacy content column: kept for backwards compatibility with clients that
+    -- read items.content directly. Contains all fields except id/geometry/collection/type,
+    -- with base_item fields stripped out for dedup storage.
+    -- NOTE: content_hash above hashes the raw incoming JSONB (pre-strip), which is
+    -- intentional for change detection; it differs from the hash produced by
+    -- items_touch_triggerfunc (which hashes the hydrated form on UPDATE).
     out.content := strip_jsonb(
         content - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[],
-        collection_base_item(content->>'collection')
+        base_item
     ) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[];
+
     out.private := null;
     RETURN out;
 END;
@@ -2254,25 +2332,49 @@ $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_hydrate(_item items, _collection collections, fields jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
 DECLARE
     geom jsonb;
-    bbox jsonb;
     output jsonb;
     content jsonb;
-    base_item jsonb := _collection.base_item;
 BEGIN
     IF include_field('geometry', fields) THEN
         geom := ST_ASGeoJson(_item.geometry, 20)::jsonb;
     END IF;
-    output := content_hydrate(
-        jsonb_build_object(
-            'id', _item.id,
-            'geometry', geom,
+
+    IF _item.fragment_id IS NOT NULL THEN
+        -- Preferred path: reconstruct item from split columns.
+        -- fragment_id IS NOT NULL is the canonical indicator that split columns
+        -- are populated; checking a nullable bigint is cheaper than a JSONB equality.
+        content := jsonb_build_object(
+            'id',         _item.id,
+            'geometry',   geom,
             'collection', _item.collection,
-            'type', 'Feature'
-        ) || _item.content,
-        _collection.base_item,
-        fields
-    );
+            'type',       'Feature'
+        );
+        IF _item.bbox IS NOT NULL THEN
+            content := content || jsonb_build_object('bbox', _item.bbox);
+        END IF;
+        IF _item.links IS NOT NULL THEN
+            content := content || jsonb_build_object('links', _item.links);
+        END IF;
+        IF _item.assets IS NOT NULL THEN
+            content := content || jsonb_build_object('assets', _item.assets);
+        END IF;
+        IF _item.properties IS NOT NULL THEN
+            content := content || jsonb_build_object('properties', _item.properties);
+        END IF;
+        IF _item.extra IS NOT NULL THEN
+            content := content || _item.extra;
+        END IF;
+    ELSE
+        -- Legacy fallback: reconstruct from the content column (pre-v0.10 rows).
+        content := jsonb_build_object(
+            'id',         _item.id,
+            'geometry',   geom,
+            'collection', _item.collection,
+            'type',       'Feature'
+        ) || _item.content;
+    END IF;
 
+    output := content_hydrate(content, _collection.base_item, fields);
     RETURN output;
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL STABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
@@ -2355,6 +2457,36 @@ BEGIN
     GET DIAGNOSTICS nrows = ROW_COUNT;
     RAISE NOTICE 'Added % rows to tmpdata. %', nrows, clock_timestamp() - ts;
 
+    -- Batch fragment dedup: insert all unique fragments in one statement rather than
+    -- calling get_or_create_fragment() per row (which is O(N) round-trips).
+    -- pgstac_hash_fragment(content) is computed twice (once for insert, once for the
+    -- join update) but both calls are IMMUTABLE so the planner can CSE them; the net
+    -- cost is far lower than N individual PL/pgSQL function round-trips.
+    -- Concurrent inserts of identical fragments are safe: ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING means
+    -- both sides succeed with the same row; the join below finds it for either winner.
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Batch inserting fragments. %', clock_timestamp() - ts;
+    INSERT INTO item_fragments (collection, hash, content)
+    SELECT DISTINCT ON (collection, pgstac_hash_fragment(content))
+        collection,
+        pgstac_hash_fragment(content) AS hash,
+        content
+    FROM tmpdata
+    WHERE content IS NOT NULL AND content != '{}'::jsonb
+    ON CONFLICT (collection, hash) DO NOTHING;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Assigning fragment_id. %', clock_timestamp() - ts;
+    UPDATE tmpdata t
+    SET fragment_id = f.id
+    FROM item_fragments f
+    WHERE f.collection = t.collection
+      AND f.hash = pgstac_hash_fragment(t.content)
+      AND t.content IS NOT NULL AND t.content != '{}'::jsonb;
+
+    -- Queue registry sampling per collection (async via run_or_queue so it does not
+    -- block the ingest transaction).  One queued call per distinct collection in the batch.
+    PERFORM run_or_queue(format('SELECT update_field_registry_from_items(%L);', c))
+    FROM (SELECT DISTINCT collection FROM tmpdata) AS cte(c);
+
     RAISE NOTICE 'Doing the insert. %', clock_timestamp() - ts;
     IF TG_TABLE_NAME = 'items_staging' THEN
         INSERT INTO items
@@ -2384,7 +2516,10 @@ BEGIN
     END IF;
 
     RAISE NOTICE 'Deleting data from staging table. %', clock_timestamp() - ts;
-    DELETE FROM items_staging;
+    -- Use TG_TABLE_NAME so the correct staging table is cleared.
+    -- The previous hard-coded 'DELETE FROM items_staging' was a bug that left
+    -- items_staging_ignore and items_staging_upsert un-cleared after processing.
+    EXECUTE format('DELETE FROM %I', TG_TABLE_NAME);
     RAISE NOTICE 'Done. %', clock_timestamp() - ts;
 
     RETURN NULL;
@@ -2480,26 +2615,200 @@ UPDATE collections
 ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL;
 
+-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Field Registry: walks JSONB item content to track which paths exist in each
+-- collection.  Used to auto-populate queryables and support schema inference.
+-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-- jsonb_field_rows: Recursively walk a JSONB document and emit one row per field path.
+-- max_depth guards against runaway recursion on pathologically nested documents.
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION jsonb_field_rows(
+    data jsonb,
+    parent_path text DEFAULT '',
+    max_depth int DEFAULT 20
+) RETURNS TABLE (path text, is_leaf boolean, value_kind text) AS $$
+DECLARE
+    k text;
+    v jsonb;
+    current_path text;
+    jtype text;
+BEGIN
+    IF data IS NULL OR max_depth <= 0 THEN
+        RETURN;
+    END IF;
+    jtype := jsonb_typeof(data);
+    IF jtype = 'object' THEN
+        FOR k, v IN SELECT * FROM jsonb_each(data) LOOP
+            current_path := CASE WHEN parent_path = '' THEN k ELSE parent_path || '.' || k END;
+            IF jsonb_typeof(v) IN ('object', 'array') THEN
+                RETURN QUERY SELECT current_path, FALSE, jsonb_typeof(v);
+                RETURN QUERY SELECT * FROM jsonb_field_rows(v, current_path, max_depth - 1);
+            ELSE
+                RETURN QUERY SELECT current_path, TRUE, jsonb_typeof(v);
+            END IF;
+        END LOOP;
+    ELSIF jtype = 'array' THEN
+        -- Walk array elements (e.g. arrays of nested objects); arrays of scalars
+        -- are already handled as leaves in the object branch above.
+        FOR v IN SELECT jsonb_array_elements(data) LOOP
+            IF jsonb_typeof(v) = 'object' THEN
+                RETURN QUERY SELECT * FROM jsonb_field_rows(v, parent_path, max_depth - 1);
+            END IF;
+        END LOOP;
+    END IF;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+-- update_field_registry_from_sample: UPSERT registry rows from a pre-selected array of
+-- raw item content JSONBs.  Callers supply the sample to decouple sampling strategy
+-- from the registry write; merge value_kinds to accumulate observed types over time.
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION update_field_registry_from_sample(
+    _collection text,
+    item_contents jsonb[]
+) RETURNS void AS $$
+    INSERT INTO item_field_registry (collection, path, is_leaf, value_kinds, first_seen, last_seen)
+    SELECT
+        _collection,
+        r.path,
+        bool_and(r.is_leaf)                                                       AS is_leaf,
+        array_agg(DISTINCT r.value_kind) FILTER (WHERE r.value_kind IS NOT NULL)  AS value_kinds,
+        now(),
+        now()
+    FROM unnest(item_contents) AS item(content)
+    CROSS JOIN LATERAL jsonb_field_rows(item.content) AS r(path, is_leaf, value_kind)
+    GROUP BY r.path
+    ON CONFLICT (collection, path) DO UPDATE SET
+        is_leaf     = EXCLUDED.is_leaf,
+        value_kinds = (
+            SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT v)
+            FROM unnest(item_field_registry.value_kinds || EXCLUDED.value_kinds) t(v)
+        ),
+        last_seen   = now()
+    WHERE item_field_registry.last_seen < now() - interval '1 hour';
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL VOLATILE;
+
+-- update_field_registry_from_items: Sample a live collection and UPSERT registry rows.
+-- Uses TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI(5) for large collections (>10k rows by pg_class estimate)
+-- and LIMIT 1000 for smaller ones to avoid a full seq-scan for tiny collections.
+-- pg_class.reltuples is an estimate (may be stale); its only role is threshold selection.
+-- Returns (registered_paths, rows_processed) for observability.
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION update_field_registry_from_items(
+    _collection text
+) RETURNS TABLE (registered_paths int, rows_processed int) AS $$
+DECLARE
+    est_rows bigint;
+    nrows    int;
+    npaths   int;
+BEGIN
+    -- Sum reltuples across all partitions for this collection.
+    -- reltuples can be -1 (never analyzed); treat negative values as zero.
+    SELECT COALESCE(sum(GREATEST(c.reltuples::bigint, 0)), 0) INTO est_rows
+    FROM pg_class c
+    JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
+    WHERE n.nspname = 'pgstac'
+      AND c.relkind = 'r'
+      AND c.relname LIKE '_items_%'
+      AND c.relname LIKE '%' || regexp_replace(_collection, '[^a-zA-Z0-9_-]', '', 'g') || '%';
+
+    IF est_rows > 10000 THEN
+        -- Large collection: use statistical sampling to avoid full seq-scan.
+        WITH sampled AS (
+            SELECT content FROM items TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI(5) WHERE collection = _collection
+        ),
+        upserted AS (
+            INSERT INTO item_field_registry (collection, path, is_leaf, value_kinds, first_seen, last_seen)
+            SELECT
+                _collection,
+                r.path,
+                bool_and(r.is_leaf)                                                       AS is_leaf,
+                array_agg(DISTINCT r.value_kind) FILTER (WHERE r.value_kind IS NOT NULL)  AS value_kinds,
+                now(), now()
+            FROM sampled
+            CROSS JOIN LATERAL jsonb_field_rows(content) AS r(path, is_leaf, value_kind)
+            GROUP BY r.path
+            ON CONFLICT (collection, path) DO UPDATE SET
+                is_leaf     = EXCLUDED.is_leaf,
+                value_kinds = (
+                    SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT v)
+                    FROM unnest(item_field_registry.value_kinds || EXCLUDED.value_kinds) t(v)
+                ),
+                last_seen   = now()
+            RETURNING 1
+        )
+        SELECT count(*) INTO nrows FROM sampled;
+        GET DIAGNOSTICS npaths = ROW_COUNT;
+    ELSE
+        -- Small collection: process up to 1000 rows to avoid BERNOULLI returning 0 rows.
+        WITH sampled AS (
+            SELECT content FROM items WHERE collection = _collection LIMIT 1000
+        ),
+        upserted AS (
+            INSERT INTO item_field_registry (collection, path, is_leaf, value_kinds, first_seen, last_seen)
+            SELECT
+                _collection,
+                r.path,
+                bool_and(r.is_leaf)                                                       AS is_leaf,
+                array_agg(DISTINCT r.value_kind) FILTER (WHERE r.value_kind IS NOT NULL)  AS value_kinds,
+                now(), now()
+            FROM sampled
+            CROSS JOIN LATERAL jsonb_field_rows(content) AS r(path, is_leaf, value_kind)
+            GROUP BY r.path
+            ON CONFLICT (collection, path) DO UPDATE SET
+                is_leaf     = EXCLUDED.is_leaf,
+                value_kinds = (
+                    SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT v)
+                    FROM unnest(item_field_registry.value_kinds || EXCLUDED.value_kinds) t(v)
+                ),
+                last_seen   = now()
+            RETURNING 1
+        )
+        SELECT count(*) INTO nrows FROM sampled;
+        GET DIAGNOSTICS npaths = ROW_COUNT;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN QUERY SELECT npaths, nrows;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL VOLATILE SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+-- refresh_field_registry: Expire stale registry entries that haven't been seen recently.
+-- Intended for scheduled maintenance (e.g. pg_cron daily job).
+-- Returns (collection, expired_paths) for each collection affected.
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION refresh_field_registry(
+    _collection text DEFAULT NULL,
+    retention_interval interval DEFAULT '90 days'
+) RETURNS TABLE (collection_id text, expired_paths int) AS $$
+    WITH deleted AS (
+        DELETE FROM item_field_registry
+        WHERE (_collection IS NULL OR collection = _collection)
+          AND last_seen < now() - retention_interval
+        RETURNING collection
+    )
+    SELECT collection, count(*)::int
+    FROM deleted
+    GROUP BY collection;
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL VOLATILE;
+
 -- Item Fragment Management functions
--- extract_fragment: Extract the commonly-deduplicated part of an item
+-- extract_fragment: Strip the per-item keys from content to get the dedup-eligible portion.
+-- Pure SQL so PostgreSQL can inline and constant-fold it; avoid PLPGSQL wrapper overhead.
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION extract_fragment(
     content jsonb,
     excluded_keys text[] DEFAULT '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[]
 ) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
-BEGIN
-    IF content IS NULL THEN
-        RETURN NULL;
-    END IF;
-    RETURN content - COALESCE(excluded_keys, '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[]);
-END;
-$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+    SELECT content - COALESCE(excluded_keys, '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[]);
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
 
 -- pgstac_hash_fragment: Hash a fragment content for dedup
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac_hash_fragment(fragment jsonb) RETURNS text AS $$
 SELECT pgstac_hash(fragment::text);
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
 
--- get_or_create_fragment: Look up or create a fragment for a content item
+-- get_or_create_fragment: Look up or insert a fragment, returning its id.
+-- Uses INSERT … ON CONFLICT … RETURNING to avoid a redundant pre-check SELECT;
+-- only falls back to a SELECT when the conflict path suppresses the RETURNING row.
+-- This is safe under concurrent inserts: two transactions racing to create the same
+-- fragment both see ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING; the loser's RETURNING is empty so it
+-- falls through to the SELECT which finds the winner's row.
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_or_create_fragment(
     content jsonb,
     _collection text,
@@ -2507,38 +2816,41 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_or_create_fragment(
 ) RETURNS bigint AS $$
 DECLARE
     frag_content jsonb;
-    frag_hash text;
-    frag_id bigint;
+    frag_hash    text;
+    frag_id      bigint;
 BEGIN
     IF content IS NULL OR _collection IS NULL THEN
         RETURN NULL;
     END IF;
 
     frag_content := extract_fragment(content, excluded_keys);
-    frag_hash := pgstac_hash_fragment(frag_content);
+    frag_hash    := pgstac_hash_fragment(frag_content);
 
-    SELECT id INTO frag_id
-    FROM item_fragments
-    WHERE collection = _collection AND hash = frag_hash;
-
-    IF frag_id IS NULL THEN
+    -- Insert-first: one round trip when the fragment is new.
+    WITH ins AS (
         INSERT INTO item_fragments (collection, hash, content)
         VALUES (_collection, frag_hash, frag_content)
         ON CONFLICT (collection, hash) DO NOTHING
-        RETURNING id INTO frag_id;
+        RETURNING id
+    )
+    SELECT id INTO frag_id FROM ins;
 
-        IF frag_id IS NULL THEN
-            SELECT id INTO frag_id
-            FROM item_fragments
-            WHERE collection = _collection AND hash = frag_hash;
-        END IF;
+    -- Fallback SELECT: one extra round trip only on the conflict path.
+    IF frag_id IS NULL THEN
+        SELECT id INTO frag_id
+        FROM item_fragments
+        WHERE collection = _collection AND hash = frag_hash;
     END IF;
 
     RETURN frag_id;
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL VOLATILE PARALLEL UNSAFE;
 
--- gc_fragments: Garbage collect unused fragments
+-- gc_fragments: Garbage collect orphaned fragments using a single set-based DELETE.
+-- Replaces the previous per-collection FOR LOOP with a single statement that lets
+-- the planner choose the optimal join/anti-join strategy across all collections.
+-- The NOT EXISTS sub-select is evaluated per fragment; with an index on items.fragment_id
+-- this is an efficient anti-join rather than a full seq-scan.
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_fragments(
     _collection text DEFAULT NULL,
     retention_interval interval DEFAULT '90 days'
@@ -2546,31 +2858,18 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_fragments(
     collection_id text,
     fragments_removed int
 ) AS $$
-DECLARE
-    cid text;
-    removed_count int;
-BEGIN
-    IF _collection IS NOT NULL THEN
+    WITH deleted AS (
         DELETE FROM item_fragments f
-        WHERE f.collection = _collection
-        AND created_at < now() - retention_interval
-        AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM items i WHERE i.fragment_id = f.id);
-
-        GET DIAGNOSTICS removed_count = ROW_COUNT;
-        RETURN QUERY SELECT _collection, removed_count;
-    ELSE
-        FOR cid IN SELECT DISTINCT collection FROM item_fragments LOOP
-            DELETE FROM item_fragments f
-            WHERE f.collection = cid
-            AND created_at < now() - retention_interval
-            AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM items i WHERE i.fragment_id = f.id);
-
-            GET DIAGNOSTICS removed_count = ROW_COUNT;
-            RETURN QUERY SELECT cid, removed_count;
-        END LOOP;
-    END IF;
-END;
-$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL VOLATILE PARALLEL UNSAFE;
+        WHERE
+            (_collection IS NULL OR f.collection = _collection)
+            AND f.created_at < now() - retention_interval
+            AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM items i WHERE i.fragment_id = f.id)
+        RETURNING f.collection
+    )
+    SELECT collection, count(*)::int
+    FROM deleted
+    GROUP BY collection;
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL VOLATILE PARALLEL UNSAFE;
 -- END FRAGMENT: 003a_items.sql
 
 -- BEGIN FRAGMENT: 003b_partitions.sql
diff --git a/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql b/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql
index f30f3d32..e500af96 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql
@@ -1,3 +1,14 @@
+-- Item fragments: deduplicated part of item content (shared across items in a collection)
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS item_fragments (
+    id bigserial PRIMARY KEY,
+    collection text NOT NULL REFERENCES collections(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    hash text NOT NULL,
+    content jsonb NOT NULL,
+    created_at timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
+    UNIQUE (collection, hash)
+);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS item_fragments_collection_idx ON item_fragments (collection);
+
 CREATE TABLE items (
     id text NOT NULL,
     geometry geometry NOT NULL,
@@ -7,7 +18,21 @@ CREATE TABLE items (
     pgstac_updated_at timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
     content_hash text NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
     content JSONB NOT NULL,
-    private jsonb
+    private jsonb,
+    -- Split columns (populated from v0.10+; item_fragments must exist first)
+    fragment_id bigint REFERENCES item_fragments(id),
+    bbox jsonb,
+    links jsonb DEFAULT '[]',
+    assets jsonb DEFAULT '{}',
+    properties jsonb DEFAULT '{}',
+    extra jsonb,
+    -- Promoted queryable columns (redundant copies for index-only scans)
+    eo_cloud_cover float8,
+    eo_snow_cover float8,
+    gsd float8,
+    view_off_nadir float8,
+    view_sun_azimuth float8,
+    view_sun_elevation float8
 )
 PARTITION BY LIST (collection)
 ;
@@ -24,6 +49,18 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS items_deleted_log (
 );
 CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS items_deleted_log_deleted_at_idx ON items_deleted_log (deleted_at);
 
+-- Field registry: tracks which JSON paths exist in each collection (for queryables)
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS item_field_registry (
+    collection text NOT NULL REFERENCES collections(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    path text NOT NULL,
+    is_leaf boolean DEFAULT true,
+    value_kinds text[] DEFAULT '{}',
+    first_seen timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
+    last_seen timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
+    PRIMARY KEY (collection, path)
+);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS item_field_registry_path_idx ON item_field_registry (path);
+
 CREATE INDEX "datetime_idx" ON items USING BTREE (datetime DESC, end_datetime ASC);
 CREATE INDEX "geometry_idx" ON items USING GIST (geometry);
 
@@ -79,9 +116,19 @@ $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL SECURITY DEFINER;
 
 DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS items_before_upsert_trigger ON items;
 DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS items_before_update_trigger ON items;
+-- WHEN guard: skip the expensive content_hydrate hash recomputation when only
+-- non-content fields change (e.g. fragment_id assignment, pgstac_updated_at).
 CREATE TRIGGER items_before_update_trigger
 BEFORE UPDATE ON items
 FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (
+    OLD.content IS DISTINCT FROM NEW.content
+    OR OLD.bbox IS DISTINCT FROM NEW.bbox
+    OR OLD.links IS DISTINCT FROM NEW.links
+    OR OLD.assets IS DISTINCT FROM NEW.assets
+    OR OLD.properties IS DISTINCT FROM NEW.properties
+    OR OLD.extra IS DISTINCT FROM NEW.extra
+)
 EXECUTE FUNCTION items_touch_triggerfunc();
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION items_delete_log_trigger() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
@@ -117,6 +164,8 @@ CREATE TRIGGER items_delete_log_after_delete_trigger
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_dehydrate(content jsonb) RETURNS items AS $$
 DECLARE
     out items;
+    props jsonb;
+    base_item jsonb;
 BEGIN
     out.id := content->>'id';
     out.geometry := stac_geom(content);
@@ -125,10 +174,39 @@ BEGIN
     out.end_datetime := stac_end_datetime(content);
     out.pgstac_updated_at := now();
     out.content_hash := encode(sha256(content::text::bytea), 'hex');
+
+    base_item := collection_base_item(content->>'collection');
+    props := content->'properties';
+
+    -- Split columns: dedicated storage for standard top-level STAC fields.
+    -- These enable index-only scans on promoted queryables and avoid JSONB parse
+    -- on the hot SELECT path once the legacy content column is retired.
+    out.bbox       := content->'bbox';
+    out.links      := COALESCE(content->'links', '[]'::jsonb);
+    out.assets     := COALESCE(content->'assets', '{}'::jsonb);
+    out.properties := COALESCE(props, '{}'::jsonb);
+    -- extra: non-standard top-level fields not in id/geometry/collection/type/bbox/links/assets/properties
+    out.extra      := content - '{id,geometry,collection,type,bbox,links,assets,properties}'::text[];
+
+    -- Promoted queryable columns: direct float8 storage avoids JSONB parse on range queries.
+    out.eo_cloud_cover    := (props->>'eo:cloud_cover')::float8;
+    out.eo_snow_cover     := (props->>'eo:snow_cover')::float8;
+    out.gsd               := (props->>'gsd')::float8;
+    out.view_off_nadir    := (props->>'view:off_nadir')::float8;
+    out.view_sun_azimuth  := (props->>'view:sun_azimuth')::float8;
+    out.view_sun_elevation := (props->>'view:sun_elevation')::float8;
+
+    -- Legacy content column: kept for backwards compatibility with clients that
+    -- read items.content directly. Contains all fields except id/geometry/collection/type,
+    -- with base_item fields stripped out for dedup storage.
+    -- NOTE: content_hash above hashes the raw incoming JSONB (pre-strip), which is
+    -- intentional for change detection; it differs from the hash produced by
+    -- items_touch_triggerfunc (which hashes the hydrated form on UPDATE).
     out.content := strip_jsonb(
         content - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[],
-        collection_base_item(content->>'collection')
+        base_item
     ) - '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[];
+
     out.private := null;
     RETURN out;
 END;
@@ -188,25 +266,49 @@ $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION content_hydrate(_item items, _collection collections, fields jsonb DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
 DECLARE
     geom jsonb;
-    bbox jsonb;
     output jsonb;
     content jsonb;
-    base_item jsonb := _collection.base_item;
 BEGIN
     IF include_field('geometry', fields) THEN
         geom := ST_ASGeoJson(_item.geometry, 20)::jsonb;
     END IF;
-    output := content_hydrate(
-        jsonb_build_object(
-            'id', _item.id,
-            'geometry', geom,
+
+    IF _item.fragment_id IS NOT NULL THEN
+        -- Preferred path: reconstruct item from split columns.
+        -- fragment_id IS NOT NULL is the canonical indicator that split columns
+        -- are populated; checking a nullable bigint is cheaper than a JSONB equality.
+        content := jsonb_build_object(
+            'id',         _item.id,
+            'geometry',   geom,
             'collection', _item.collection,
-            'type', 'Feature'
-        ) || _item.content,
-        _collection.base_item,
-        fields
-    );
+            'type',       'Feature'
+        );
+        IF _item.bbox IS NOT NULL THEN
+            content := content || jsonb_build_object('bbox', _item.bbox);
+        END IF;
+        IF _item.links IS NOT NULL THEN
+            content := content || jsonb_build_object('links', _item.links);
+        END IF;
+        IF _item.assets IS NOT NULL THEN
+            content := content || jsonb_build_object('assets', _item.assets);
+        END IF;
+        IF _item.properties IS NOT NULL THEN
+            content := content || jsonb_build_object('properties', _item.properties);
+        END IF;
+        IF _item.extra IS NOT NULL THEN
+            content := content || _item.extra;
+        END IF;
+    ELSE
+        -- Legacy fallback: reconstruct from the content column (pre-v0.10 rows).
+        content := jsonb_build_object(
+            'id',         _item.id,
+            'geometry',   geom,
+            'collection', _item.collection,
+            'type',       'Feature'
+        ) || _item.content;
+    END IF;
 
+    output := content_hydrate(content, _collection.base_item, fields);
     RETURN output;
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL STABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
@@ -289,6 +391,36 @@ BEGIN
     GET DIAGNOSTICS nrows = ROW_COUNT;
     RAISE NOTICE 'Added % rows to tmpdata. %', nrows, clock_timestamp() - ts;
 
+    -- Batch fragment dedup: insert all unique fragments in one statement rather than
+    -- calling get_or_create_fragment() per row (which is O(N) round-trips).
+    -- pgstac_hash_fragment(content) is computed twice (once for insert, once for the
+    -- join update) but both calls are IMMUTABLE so the planner can CSE them; the net
+    -- cost is far lower than N individual PL/pgSQL function round-trips.
+    -- Concurrent inserts of identical fragments are safe: ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING means
+    -- both sides succeed with the same row; the join below finds it for either winner.
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Batch inserting fragments. %', clock_timestamp() - ts;
+    INSERT INTO item_fragments (collection, hash, content)
+    SELECT DISTINCT ON (collection, pgstac_hash_fragment(content))
+        collection,
+        pgstac_hash_fragment(content) AS hash,
+        content
+    FROM tmpdata
+    WHERE content IS NOT NULL AND content != '{}'::jsonb
+    ON CONFLICT (collection, hash) DO NOTHING;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Assigning fragment_id. %', clock_timestamp() - ts;
+    UPDATE tmpdata t
+    SET fragment_id = f.id
+    FROM item_fragments f
+    WHERE f.collection = t.collection
+      AND f.hash = pgstac_hash_fragment(t.content)
+      AND t.content IS NOT NULL AND t.content != '{}'::jsonb;
+
+    -- Queue registry sampling per collection (async via run_or_queue so it does not
+    -- block the ingest transaction).  One queued call per distinct collection in the batch.
+    PERFORM run_or_queue(format('SELECT update_field_registry_from_items(%L);', c))
+    FROM (SELECT DISTINCT collection FROM tmpdata) AS cte(c);
+
     RAISE NOTICE 'Doing the insert. %', clock_timestamp() - ts;
     IF TG_TABLE_NAME = 'items_staging' THEN
         INSERT INTO items
@@ -318,7 +450,10 @@ BEGIN
     END IF;
 
     RAISE NOTICE 'Deleting data from staging table. %', clock_timestamp() - ts;
-    DELETE FROM items_staging;
+    -- Use TG_TABLE_NAME so the correct staging table is cleared.
+    -- The previous hard-coded 'DELETE FROM items_staging' was a bug that left
+    -- items_staging_ignore and items_staging_upsert un-cleared after processing.
+    EXECUTE format('DELETE FROM %I', TG_TABLE_NAME);
     RAISE NOTICE 'Done. %', clock_timestamp() - ts;
 
     RETURN NULL;
@@ -414,26 +549,200 @@ UPDATE collections
 ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL;
 
+-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Field Registry: walks JSONB item content to track which paths exist in each
+-- collection.  Used to auto-populate queryables and support schema inference.
+-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-- jsonb_field_rows: Recursively walk a JSONB document and emit one row per field path.
+-- max_depth guards against runaway recursion on pathologically nested documents.
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION jsonb_field_rows(
+    data jsonb,
+    parent_path text DEFAULT '',
+    max_depth int DEFAULT 20
+) RETURNS TABLE (path text, is_leaf boolean, value_kind text) AS $$
+DECLARE
+    k text;
+    v jsonb;
+    current_path text;
+    jtype text;
+BEGIN
+    IF data IS NULL OR max_depth <= 0 THEN
+        RETURN;
+    END IF;
+    jtype := jsonb_typeof(data);
+    IF jtype = 'object' THEN
+        FOR k, v IN SELECT * FROM jsonb_each(data) LOOP
+            current_path := CASE WHEN parent_path = '' THEN k ELSE parent_path || '.' || k END;
+            IF jsonb_typeof(v) IN ('object', 'array') THEN
+                RETURN QUERY SELECT current_path, FALSE, jsonb_typeof(v);
+                RETURN QUERY SELECT * FROM jsonb_field_rows(v, current_path, max_depth - 1);
+            ELSE
+                RETURN QUERY SELECT current_path, TRUE, jsonb_typeof(v);
+            END IF;
+        END LOOP;
+    ELSIF jtype = 'array' THEN
+        -- Walk array elements (e.g. arrays of nested objects); arrays of scalars
+        -- are already handled as leaves in the object branch above.
+        FOR v IN SELECT jsonb_array_elements(data) LOOP
+            IF jsonb_typeof(v) = 'object' THEN
+                RETURN QUERY SELECT * FROM jsonb_field_rows(v, parent_path, max_depth - 1);
+            END IF;
+        END LOOP;
+    END IF;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+-- update_field_registry_from_sample: UPSERT registry rows from a pre-selected array of
+-- raw item content JSONBs.  Callers supply the sample to decouple sampling strategy
+-- from the registry write; merge value_kinds to accumulate observed types over time.
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION update_field_registry_from_sample(
+    _collection text,
+    item_contents jsonb[]
+) RETURNS void AS $$
+    INSERT INTO item_field_registry (collection, path, is_leaf, value_kinds, first_seen, last_seen)
+    SELECT
+        _collection,
+        r.path,
+        bool_and(r.is_leaf)                                                       AS is_leaf,
+        array_agg(DISTINCT r.value_kind) FILTER (WHERE r.value_kind IS NOT NULL)  AS value_kinds,
+        now(),
+        now()
+    FROM unnest(item_contents) AS item(content)
+    CROSS JOIN LATERAL jsonb_field_rows(item.content) AS r(path, is_leaf, value_kind)
+    GROUP BY r.path
+    ON CONFLICT (collection, path) DO UPDATE SET
+        is_leaf     = EXCLUDED.is_leaf,
+        value_kinds = (
+            SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT v)
+            FROM unnest(item_field_registry.value_kinds || EXCLUDED.value_kinds) t(v)
+        ),
+        last_seen   = now()
+    WHERE item_field_registry.last_seen < now() - interval '1 hour';
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL VOLATILE;
+
+-- update_field_registry_from_items: Sample a live collection and UPSERT registry rows.
+-- Uses TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI(5) for large collections (>10k rows by pg_class estimate)
+-- and LIMIT 1000 for smaller ones to avoid a full seq-scan for tiny collections.
+-- pg_class.reltuples is an estimate (may be stale); its only role is threshold selection.
+-- Returns (registered_paths, rows_processed) for observability.
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION update_field_registry_from_items(
+    _collection text
+) RETURNS TABLE (registered_paths int, rows_processed int) AS $$
+DECLARE
+    est_rows bigint;
+    nrows    int;
+    npaths   int;
+BEGIN
+    -- Sum reltuples across all partitions for this collection.
+    -- reltuples can be -1 (never analyzed); treat negative values as zero.
+    SELECT COALESCE(sum(GREATEST(c.reltuples::bigint, 0)), 0) INTO est_rows
+    FROM pg_class c
+    JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
+    WHERE n.nspname = 'pgstac'
+      AND c.relkind = 'r'
+      AND c.relname LIKE '_items_%'
+      AND c.relname LIKE '%' || regexp_replace(_collection, '[^a-zA-Z0-9_-]', '', 'g') || '%';
+
+    IF est_rows > 10000 THEN
+        -- Large collection: use statistical sampling to avoid full seq-scan.
+        WITH sampled AS (
+            SELECT content FROM items TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI(5) WHERE collection = _collection
+        ),
+        upserted AS (
+            INSERT INTO item_field_registry (collection, path, is_leaf, value_kinds, first_seen, last_seen)
+            SELECT
+                _collection,
+                r.path,
+                bool_and(r.is_leaf)                                                       AS is_leaf,
+                array_agg(DISTINCT r.value_kind) FILTER (WHERE r.value_kind IS NOT NULL)  AS value_kinds,
+                now(), now()
+            FROM sampled
+            CROSS JOIN LATERAL jsonb_field_rows(content) AS r(path, is_leaf, value_kind)
+            GROUP BY r.path
+            ON CONFLICT (collection, path) DO UPDATE SET
+                is_leaf     = EXCLUDED.is_leaf,
+                value_kinds = (
+                    SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT v)
+                    FROM unnest(item_field_registry.value_kinds || EXCLUDED.value_kinds) t(v)
+                ),
+                last_seen   = now()
+            RETURNING 1
+        )
+        SELECT count(*) INTO nrows FROM sampled;
+        GET DIAGNOSTICS npaths = ROW_COUNT;
+    ELSE
+        -- Small collection: process up to 1000 rows to avoid BERNOULLI returning 0 rows.
+        WITH sampled AS (
+            SELECT content FROM items WHERE collection = _collection LIMIT 1000
+        ),
+        upserted AS (
+            INSERT INTO item_field_registry (collection, path, is_leaf, value_kinds, first_seen, last_seen)
+            SELECT
+                _collection,
+                r.path,
+                bool_and(r.is_leaf)                                                       AS is_leaf,
+                array_agg(DISTINCT r.value_kind) FILTER (WHERE r.value_kind IS NOT NULL)  AS value_kinds,
+                now(), now()
+            FROM sampled
+            CROSS JOIN LATERAL jsonb_field_rows(content) AS r(path, is_leaf, value_kind)
+            GROUP BY r.path
+            ON CONFLICT (collection, path) DO UPDATE SET
+                is_leaf     = EXCLUDED.is_leaf,
+                value_kinds = (
+                    SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT v)
+                    FROM unnest(item_field_registry.value_kinds || EXCLUDED.value_kinds) t(v)
+                ),
+                last_seen   = now()
+            RETURNING 1
+        )
+        SELECT count(*) INTO nrows FROM sampled;
+        GET DIAGNOSTICS npaths = ROW_COUNT;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN QUERY SELECT npaths, nrows;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL VOLATILE SECURITY DEFINER;
+
+-- refresh_field_registry: Expire stale registry entries that haven't been seen recently.
+-- Intended for scheduled maintenance (e.g. pg_cron daily job).
+-- Returns (collection, expired_paths) for each collection affected.
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION refresh_field_registry(
+    _collection text DEFAULT NULL,
+    retention_interval interval DEFAULT '90 days'
+) RETURNS TABLE (collection_id text, expired_paths int) AS $$
+    WITH deleted AS (
+        DELETE FROM item_field_registry
+        WHERE (_collection IS NULL OR collection = _collection)
+          AND last_seen < now() - retention_interval
+        RETURNING collection
+    )
+    SELECT collection, count(*)::int
+    FROM deleted
+    GROUP BY collection;
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL VOLATILE;
+
 -- Item Fragment Management functions
--- extract_fragment: Extract the commonly-deduplicated part of an item
+-- extract_fragment: Strip the per-item keys from content to get the dedup-eligible portion.
+-- Pure SQL so PostgreSQL can inline and constant-fold it; avoid PLPGSQL wrapper overhead.
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION extract_fragment(
     content jsonb,
     excluded_keys text[] DEFAULT '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[]
 ) RETURNS jsonb AS $$
-BEGIN
-    IF content IS NULL THEN
-        RETURN NULL;
-    END IF;
-    RETURN content - COALESCE(excluded_keys, '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[]);
-END;
-$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+    SELECT content - COALESCE(excluded_keys, '{id,geometry,collection,type}'::text[]);
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
 
 -- pgstac_hash_fragment: Hash a fragment content for dedup
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac_hash_fragment(fragment jsonb) RETURNS text AS $$
 SELECT pgstac_hash(fragment::text);
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
 
--- get_or_create_fragment: Look up or create a fragment for a content item
+-- get_or_create_fragment: Look up or insert a fragment, returning its id.
+-- Uses INSERT … ON CONFLICT … RETURNING to avoid a redundant pre-check SELECT;
+-- only falls back to a SELECT when the conflict path suppresses the RETURNING row.
+-- This is safe under concurrent inserts: two transactions racing to create the same
+-- fragment both see ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING; the loser's RETURNING is empty so it
+-- falls through to the SELECT which finds the winner's row.
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_or_create_fragment(
     content jsonb,
     _collection text,
@@ -441,38 +750,41 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_or_create_fragment(
 ) RETURNS bigint AS $$
 DECLARE
     frag_content jsonb;
-    frag_hash text;
-    frag_id bigint;
+    frag_hash    text;
+    frag_id      bigint;
 BEGIN
     IF content IS NULL OR _collection IS NULL THEN
         RETURN NULL;
     END IF;
 
     frag_content := extract_fragment(content, excluded_keys);
-    frag_hash := pgstac_hash_fragment(frag_content);
+    frag_hash    := pgstac_hash_fragment(frag_content);
 
-    SELECT id INTO frag_id
-    FROM item_fragments
-    WHERE collection = _collection AND hash = frag_hash;
-
-    IF frag_id IS NULL THEN
+    -- Insert-first: one round trip when the fragment is new.
+    WITH ins AS (
         INSERT INTO item_fragments (collection, hash, content)
         VALUES (_collection, frag_hash, frag_content)
         ON CONFLICT (collection, hash) DO NOTHING
-        RETURNING id INTO frag_id;
+        RETURNING id
+    )
+    SELECT id INTO frag_id FROM ins;
 
-        IF frag_id IS NULL THEN
-            SELECT id INTO frag_id
-            FROM item_fragments
-            WHERE collection = _collection AND hash = frag_hash;
-        END IF;
+    -- Fallback SELECT: one extra round trip only on the conflict path.
+    IF frag_id IS NULL THEN
+        SELECT id INTO frag_id
+        FROM item_fragments
+        WHERE collection = _collection AND hash = frag_hash;
     END IF;
 
     RETURN frag_id;
 END;
 $$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL VOLATILE PARALLEL UNSAFE;
 
--- gc_fragments: Garbage collect unused fragments
+-- gc_fragments: Garbage collect orphaned fragments using a single set-based DELETE.
+-- Replaces the previous per-collection FOR LOOP with a single statement that lets
+-- the planner choose the optimal join/anti-join strategy across all collections.
+-- The NOT EXISTS sub-select is evaluated per fragment; with an index on items.fragment_id
+-- this is an efficient anti-join rather than a full seq-scan.
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_fragments(
     _collection text DEFAULT NULL,
     retention_interval interval DEFAULT '90 days'
@@ -480,28 +792,15 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION gc_fragments(
     collection_id text,
     fragments_removed int
 ) AS $$
-DECLARE
-    cid text;
-    removed_count int;
-BEGIN
-    IF _collection IS NOT NULL THEN
+    WITH deleted AS (
         DELETE FROM item_fragments f
-        WHERE f.collection = _collection
-        AND created_at < now() - retention_interval
-        AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM items i WHERE i.fragment_id = f.id);
-
-        GET DIAGNOSTICS removed_count = ROW_COUNT;
-        RETURN QUERY SELECT _collection, removed_count;
-    ELSE
-        FOR cid IN SELECT DISTINCT collection FROM item_fragments LOOP
-            DELETE FROM item_fragments f
-            WHERE f.collection = cid
-            AND created_at < now() - retention_interval
-            AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM items i WHERE i.fragment_id = f.id);
-
-            GET DIAGNOSTICS removed_count = ROW_COUNT;
-            RETURN QUERY SELECT cid, removed_count;
-        END LOOP;
-    END IF;
-END;
-$$ LANGUAGE PLPGSQL VOLATILE PARALLEL UNSAFE;
+        WHERE
+            (_collection IS NULL OR f.collection = _collection)
+            AND f.created_at < now() - retention_interval
+            AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM items i WHERE i.fragment_id = f.id)
+        RETURNING f.collection
+    )
+    SELECT collection, count(*)::int
+    FROM deleted
+    GROUP BY collection;
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL VOLATILE PARALLEL UNSAFE;

From ec4106e7594a90174501ead6a9d01d1a700b8931 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Mon, 18 May 2026 12:36:12 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 32/33] docs: mark PR3+PR4 phases complete

---
 V0.10.0_RESTRUCTURE_PLAN.md | 1073 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 1073 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 V0.10.0_RESTRUCTURE_PLAN.md

diff --git a/V0.10.0_RESTRUCTURE_PLAN.md b/V0.10.0_RESTRUCTURE_PLAN.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..352e5ee5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/V0.10.0_RESTRUCTURE_PLAN.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1073 @@
+# PgSTAC v0.10.0 Restructure — Pull-Request Plan
+
+## Scope
+
+This plan replays the SQL-only ideas from the `v010-table-restructure`
+prototype onto current `main`. Out of scope:
+
+- The Rust crate at `src/pgstacrust/`
+- `CREATE EXTENSION` packaging (`pgstac.control`, `Makefile`,
+  `pgstac--*-ext.sql`) — explicitly deferred; we ship via `pypgstac migrate`
+  only for v0.10.0
+- Anything that doesn't change `src/pgstac/sql/*.sql` or its tests
+
+## Plan File Handling (Do Not Commit)
+
+This plan is a local execution artifact and should not be committed.
+
+- `V0.10.0_RESTRUCTURE_PLAN.md` is ignored in `.gitignore`.
+- Before opening each PR, run `git status` and confirm this file does not
+  appear in staged or unstaged changes.
+- If a copy is needed for sharing, create it in `.plans/` (already ignored)
+  and keep the canonical working file local-only.
+
+## Conventions for SQL Source Files
+
+These rules apply to every PR below. State them once here.
+
+1. **State, not deltas.** Each `src/pgstac/sql/*.sql` file declares the
+   *target* state. Use `CREATE TABLE` with the full final column list (guarded
+   by `IF NOT EXISTS`), `CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION`, etc. **Do not** write
+   `ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN` in the source files. Migrations are derived from
+   diffs by `scripts/stageversion` / `pgpkg makemigration`.
+2. **Idempotent.** `IF NOT EXISTS`, `CREATE OR REPLACE`,
+   `INSERT … ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING`. Both `000_idempotent_pre.sql` and
+   `998_idempotent_post.sql` are concatenated into base + incremental builds.
+3. **No `_v2`, `_new`, `_tmp`, or other version suffixes** in identifiers.
+   If we are replacing a function, replace it; do not version it. Renames
+   are tracked through git history, not function names.
+4. **Permissions in `998_idempotent_post.sql`.** Never grant inline.
+5. **PostGIS calls unqualified** (PostGIS schema may be `public` or
+   `postgis` — see `CLAUDE.md` pg_dump rules).
+6. **No cross-function references inside expressions used by GENERATED
+   columns.** pg_dump orders alphabetically; inline the body.
+7. **Tests live in `src/pgstac/tests/pgtap.sql` (PGTap) or
+   `src/pgstac/tests/basic/` (basic SQL output comparison).** Add coverage
+   for every new public function.
+
+---
+
+## Hashing — Built-in `sha256()` (No `pgcrypto`)
+
+We need a hash for: search-cache keys, fragment dedup, item content_hash,
+backfill progress.
+
+**Decision: built-in `sha256(bytea)` introduced in PostgreSQL 11.**
+
+- FIPS 140-2 / FIPS 140-3 approved algorithm — passes scanners.
+- Built into core; no `pgcrypto` extension dependency.
+- Returns `bytea`. Wrap as:
+  ```sql
+  CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac_hash(data text) RETURNS text
+  LANGUAGE sql IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE STRICT AS $$
+      SELECT encode(sha256(convert_to(data, 'UTF8')), 'hex');
+  $$;
+  ```
+- 64-char hex output. If storage cost shows up in benchmarks, switch the
+  *output* encoding to base64 (44 chars) or store the raw `bytea` (32
+  bytes). Algorithm stays the same.
+
+Why not the alternatives:
+
+| Option            | FIPS? | Built-in?  | Cost   | Verdict             |
+|-------------------|-------|------------|--------|---------------------|
+| `md5()`           | No    | Yes        | Low    | Triggers FIPS scans |
+| `pgcrypto.sha256` | Yes   | Extension  | Low    | Adds dependency     |
+| `sha256()` core   | Yes   | Yes (PG11+)| Low    | **Chosen**          |
+| `hashtext()`      | N/A   | Yes        | Lowest | 32-bit, collision risk for fragment dedup |
+| `xxhash` ext.     | No    | Extension  | Lowest | Non-FIPS, extra dep |
+
+Use `pgstac_hash()` for all new/updated hash keys in this restructure work.
+For search identity, hash a canonicalized search payload (see PR1 section),
+not raw request JSON.
+
+---
+
+## Pull Request Sequence
+
+Each PR is independently reviewable, ships an internally consistent slice,
+and leaves `scripts/test` green. Commit titles inside each PR are listed.
+
+| #   | PR                                                                       | Risk | Reversible | Depends |
+|-----|----|-----|-----------|---------|
+| PR1 | Hashing + search lifecycle/cache reform + dead-code cleanup | Med  | Yes        | —       |
+| PR2 | Sync metadata + tombstones                              | Med  | Yes        | PR1     |
+| **PR3+PR4** | **Item field registry + Item fragments + Dehydrate/Hydrate (COMBINED)** | **High** | **Mostly** | **PR1** |
+| PR5 | Streaming search                                         | Med  | Yes        | PR1, PR3+PR4 |
+| PR6 | Async staging + detached-partition create+attach        | High | Yes        | PR3+PR4 |
+| PR7 | Resumable backfill + drop legacy `content` & `base_item`| High | One-way    | PR3+PR4, PR2|
+| PR8 | Per-collection fragment keys + queryables routing       | Med  | Yes        | PR3+PR4 |
+| PR9 | Index strategy: BRIN exploration + dev tooling          | Low  | Yes        | PR3+PR4 |
+
+`v0.10.0` is tagged after PR7 ships. PR8 and PR9 can land as `v0.10.1`.
+
+## Branch Workflow (Hardcoded)
+
+Every PR is developed on its own branch and only includes work scoped to
+that PR. No shared work branches.
+
+| PR | Branch name |
+|----|-------------|
+| PR1 | `v010-pr1-hash-and-dead-code` |
+| PR2 | `v010-pr2-sync-metadata-and-search-lifecycle` |
+| **PR3+PR4** | **`v010-pr3-pr4-item-registry-and-fragments`** |
+| PR5 | `v010-pr5-streaming-search-and-cache-reform` |
+| PR6 | `v010-pr6-async-staging-and-detached-partitions` |
+| PR7 | `v010-pr7-resumable-backfill-and-legacy-drop` |
+| PR8 | `v010-pr8-fragment-keys-and-queryables-routing` |
+| PR9 | `v010-pr9-index-strategy-and-dev-tooling` |
+
+Required workflow for each PR:
+
+1. Create branch from latest `main` (or from required dependency PR branch
+  when explicitly stacking):
+  `git switch -c <branch-name>`
+2. Keep commits scoped to the PR's commit list in this document.
+3. Run tests for that PR scope and record outcomes in the test matrix below.
+4. Open PR from that branch only.
+5. Merge PR, then delete branch.
+
+## Test Integrity and Known-Broken Tracking
+
+Test failures are signals, not obstacles. We do not weaken tests to make
+green CI.
+
+Rules:
+
+1. Never modify assertions, snapshots, or expected outputs unless the
+  behavioral contract has intentionally changed and is documented.
+2. Any temporary test disable must be minimal, reversible, and tracked in
+  this plan before merge.
+3. Every disabled/broken test entry must include:
+  - exact test selector or file,
+  - why it fails,
+  - why disable is safe,
+  - re-enable condition,
+  - target PR where it is re-enabled.
+4. PR descriptions must include a `Known broken tests` section copied from
+  this plan's matrix.
+5. If we cannot explain exactly why a test change is needed, we do not change
+  the test.
+
+Operational pattern for temporary disables:
+
+- Prefer explicit selectors over editing tests:
+  - `scripts/test --pgtap`
+  - `scripts/test --basicsql`
+  - `scripts/test --pypgstac`
+- If a suite-level skip is unavoidable, annotate with `TODO(v010-prX)` and
+  link the restoring PR in this plan.
+
+## Pre-Commit Release/Test Gate (Mandatory For Every Commit)
+
+Before creating any commit for a PR in this plan, run this gate in order:
+
+1. Generate an unreleased artifact set and migrations from current SQL
+  sources:
+  - `scripts/stageversion`
+2. Run full project tests (not just PR-local tests):
+  - `scripts/test`
+3. Run pre-commit across all files:
+  - `pre-commit run --all-files`
+
+Gate policy:
+
+- Run this gate for every commit, not only before opening a PR.
+- Do not commit if any gate step fails.
+- If a gate failure occurs, fix source issues; do not weaken tests just to
+  pass.
+- PR description must state the gate status and include any known broken
+  tests from the matrix (if any are allowed for that PR).
+
+## Known-Broken Test Matrix by PR
+
+Update this table while executing each PR and copy the relevant row into the
+PR description.
+
+| PR | Expected non-working tests | Temporary disable strategy | Why broken is acceptable short-term | Must be restored by |
+|----|----------------------------|----------------------------|-------------------------------------|---------------------|
+| PR1 | None expected | None | N/A | N/A |
+| PR2 | None expected | None | N/A | N/A |
+| **PR3+PR4** | **Fragment dedup assertions, hydration round-trip in edge cases, promoted-column queryability in search results (deferred to PR8 routing)** | **Do not disable broad suites. Isolate only explicitly identified dedup/hydration edge cases with TODO tags. Run full search tests excluding only advanced routing selectors that depend on PR8.** | **Transitional state while dual-write path is active and queryables routing not yet implemented** | **PR3+PR4 (before merge)** |
+| PR5 | Search result formatting tests that depended on `format_item_cache` internals | Replace/port impacted tests in same PR; temporary skip only for superseded cache-specific assertions, documented by selector | Cache architecture is intentionally replaced; behavior-level search correctness still required | PR5 (before merge) |
+| PR6 | Async staging workflow tests may be flaky until worker/cron path is wired in test harness | Keep core ingest tests enabled; isolate only async worker-path cases with explicit selectors and TODO tags | Async path is additive; sync ingest path remains authoritative | PR6 (before merge) |
+| PR7 | Backfill timing/concurrency tests may be nondeterministic under CI load | Use deterministic fixtures and bounded retries first; only disable explicitly identified flaky concurrency case with root-cause note | Backfill correctness is still validated by status/guard tests; timing flake alone can be deferred briefly | PR7 (before merge) |
+| PR8 | Queryables routing tests may fail until promotion metadata and routing logic land together | Land routing + tests in same PR; if temporarily skipped, restrict to specific routing selectors | Intermediate commit boundaries can briefly break routing, but final PR must restore full coverage | PR8 (before merge) |
+| PR9 | Dev-tooling checks (`plpgsql_check`, advisor-driven checks) may not run outside dev image | Gate dev-only checks by environment; do not disable core functional tests | Tooling checks are environment-dependent, not product behavior changes | PR9 (before merge) |
+
+---
+
+# PR1 — Hashing + search lifecycle/cache reform + dead-code cleanup
+
+**Goal:** Land shared hashing and complete the search-lifecycle work early:
+named searches, anonymous-search GC, and `search_wheres` removal. Keep
+cached context/total row count, but stop caching partition arrays.
+
+**Files touched:** `src/pgstac/sql/000_idempotent_pre.sql`,
+`src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql`, `src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql`,
+`src/pgstac/sql/002_collections.sql`, `src/pgstac/sql/997_maintenance.sql`,
+`src/pgstac/sql/998_idempotent_post.sql`, PGTap/basic SQL tests.
+
+**Commits:**
+
+1. `core: add pgstac_hash using built-in sha256`
+  - Adds the function shown above to `000_idempotent_pre.sql` so
+    incremental migrations can safely reference it before index/function
+    ordering diffs are applied.
+   - Adds PGTap: stable, deterministic, IMMUTABLE.
+2. `searches: add name/pin lifecycle functions and anonymous-search GC`
+  - Move PR2 named-search work into PR1:
+    `name_search`, `rename_search`, `unname_search`, `pin_search`,
+    `unpin_search`, `gc_anonymous_searches`.
+3. `search: remove search_wheres and fold context cache into searches`
+  - Drop `search_wheres` table and related maintenance paths.
+  - Keep context/total row count cache as `searches.context_count`.
+  - Keep TTL timestamp as `searches.statslastupdated`.
+  - Do **not** carry forward partition-list caching; recompute partitions.
+4. `search: canonicalize request before hash`
+  - Canonicalize once through `stac_search_to_where()` and hash
+    `(<canonical where>|<metadata>)` with `pgstac_hash()`.
+  - Reuse that canonical `_where` value for SQL execution and cache identity
+    to avoid duplicate normalization paths.
+5. `cleanup: drop content_slim and unused collection_base_item helpers`
+   - Audit results below.
+6. `tests: cover pgstac_hash, named searches, and search cache behavior`
+
+### PR1 status update (2026-05-12, `v010-pr1-hash-and-dead-code-rerun`)
+
+Implemented on branch:
+
+- `searches` lifecycle functions are live in `004_search.sql`:
+  `name_search`, `rename_search`, `unname_search`, `pin_search`,
+  `unpin_search`, `gc_anonymous_searches`.
+- `search_wheres` retirement is in place (`DROP TABLE IF EXISTS search_wheres`),
+  with context cache fields on `searches` (`context_count`, `statslastupdated`).
+- Request canonicalization + hash identity flow is implemented in
+  `search_query()`/`where_stats()` with non-blocking cache touch behavior
+  (`FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED` + advisory lock fallback).
+- `where_stats()` concurrency/read-only behavior from this plan is implemented,
+  including compare-and-set writes on `statslastupdated`.
+- PGTap coverage exists for `pgstac_hash`, named-search lifecycle functions,
+  anonymous-search GC, and readonly behavior.
+
+Implemented with scope drift from the original PR1 write-up:
+
+- `pgstac_hash` remains in `src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql` (not
+  `000_idempotent_pre.sql`), and this is now the accepted PR1 placement.
+
+Still outstanding for PR1 completion:
+
+- The PR1 cleanup item around collection helper removal remains deferred to PR7
+  (as already documented in the dead-code table below).
+
+Additional branch work completed (outside strict SQL-only PR1 scope):
+
+- Rust crate added under `src/pgstac-rs/` and workflow references updated.
+- CI/runtime images now include `pg_tle`, `pg_stat_statements`, and `pg_cron`.
+- CI extension smoke tests were hardened for database-name/env variance and
+  base-image extension bootstrap assumptions.
+- Unreleased changelog/release-notes entries were consolidated for clarity.
+
+## Search hash canonicalization (PR1 decision)
+
+We should **not** hash raw incoming search JSON as-is. It is too sensitive to
+pagination and representation differences.
+
+PR1 decision:
+
+1. Build canonical `_where` exactly once using `stac_search_to_where()`.
+2. Compute cache hash from `_where` + `metadata` only.
+3. Use that same `_where` for execution (`search_rows`) and for cache keying.
+4. Keep `search_fromhash()` side-effect free (direct row lookup only).
+
+This keeps search identity and execution semantics aligned, avoids
+double-normalization in a single search path, and preserves the
+context-count cache value we care about on `searches`.
+
+## Concurrency hardening notes (PR1 implementation)
+
+- `where_stats()` uses optimistic read/compute/write flow: expensive
+  `EXPLAIN`/`count(*)` runs without holding row locks, and final writes are
+  guarded by `statslastupdated` compare-and-set to avoid stale overwrite races.
+- In readonly mode, `where_stats()` still computes non-persistent
+  `context_count`/`numberMatched` when cache rows are absent.
+- If another session wins the stats update race, `where_stats()` returns the
+  current row from `searches` instead of forcing duplicate work.
+- `rename_search()` takes a deterministic advisory transaction lock on the
+  rename pair (`least(name)|greatest(name)`) to prevent deadlocks on concurrent
+  swap renames.
+
+## PR1 searches table workflow (request lifecycle + concurrency)
+
+### Canonicalization and identity
+
+1. Each request computes canonical `_where` once via `stac_search_to_where()`.
+2. Hash identity is computed from `(<canonical where>|<metadata>)`.
+3. Hash + `_where` are available immediately and do not depend on cache writes.
+
+### Cache touch (non-blocking by design)
+
+1. `search_query()` performs best-effort cache touch (`lastused`, `usecount`).
+2. It first tries `UPDATE ... FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED` to avoid waiting.
+3. If no unlocked row is available, it attempts `pg_try_advisory_xact_lock(hashtext(hash))`
+  and only then runs `INSERT ... ON CONFLICT ... DO UPDATE`.
+4. If the advisory lock is not acquired, it skips touch work and returns the
+  computed hash + `_where` directly.
+
+This means counter freshness is eventual under high contention, but query
+planning/execution is not delayed by lifecycle bookkeeping.
+
+### Context count behavior under mixed concurrent requests
+
+1. Requests with `context=off` do not call count logic and do not trigger
+  estimate or `count(*)` work.
+2. Requests with `context=on|auto` call `where_stats()`:
+  - stale/missing stats: run `EXPLAIN` first,
+  - in `auto`, if estimate meets thresholds (`context_estimated_cost`,
+    `context_estimated_count`), return estimate-derived `context_count`,
+  - otherwise run `count(*)` and store exact `context_count`.
+3. Concurrent context-on requests may race to compute stats; compare-and-set on
+  `statslastupdated` ensures only one write wins and others read current value.
+
+### Stored stats decision for PR1
+
+`searches` keeps only what is needed for API behavior and TTL:
+- `context_count`
+- `statslastupdated`
+
+PR1 intentionally does not store `estimated_count`, `estimated_cost`,
+`time_to_estimate`, `total_count`, or `time_to_count` on `searches`.
+Those values are inexpensive enough to compute from `EXPLAIN`/`count(*)` on
+demand when context requires them, and removing them avoids stale derived state.
+
+## Dead-code audit (acted on in this PR)
+
+Functions / objects in current `main` we propose to drop or fold:
+
+| Symbol                                | Where             | Status |
+|---------------------------------------|-------------------|--------|
+| `content_slim(jsonb)`                 | 003a_items.sql:59 | **Done (PR1):** removed from SQL source as dead code. |
+| `search_tohash(jsonb)`                | 004_search.sql:507 | Already `DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS`'d at top of file. Keep the drop, remove the dropped declaration after PR1 cycle. |
+| `format_item_cache` (table + helpers) | 003a_items.sql    | Removed in PR5 (referenced by deletion-cascade trigger today; trigger is rewritten then). |
+| `collection_base_item(content jsonb)` GENERATED column | 002_collections.sql:15 | Removed in PR7 along with `base_item` column. |
+| `collection_base_item(cid text)` reader| 002_collections.sql:23 | Removed in PR7. |
+| `analyze_items()` overloads with both FUNCTION and PROCEDURE forms | 997_maintenance.sql | Pick one — PROCEDURE — and drop the other. Audit during PR9 cleanup pass. |
+
+PR1 only acts on `content_slim` and the stray `search_tohash` drop. The
+remaining items are removed by their respective PRs.
+
+---
+
+# PR2 — Sync metadata + tombstones
+
+**Goal:** Land item lifecycle metadata and tombstones only.
+
+`content_hash` lands in PR2 as `text NOT NULL DEFAULT ''` so PR4's
+dual-write path can use the empty-string sentinel for backfill (PR7).
+
+**Files touched:** `src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql` (items table state +
+triggers), `src/pgstac/sql/997_maintenance.sql` (gc functions).
+
+**Commits:**
+
+1. `items: declare updated_at and content_hash columns on items`
+   - State-only edit to the `CREATE TABLE items` statement.
+2. `items: add tombstone log table and BEFORE DELETE trigger`
+   - `items_deleted_log` is **LOGGED** (durable). See "Trigger choices"
+     section below for the row-vs-statement decision.
+3. `items: BEFORE INSERT/UPDATE trigger sets updated_at and content_hash`
+   - During PR2, `content_hash` is just `''` (no fragments yet — the
+     trigger can only set it once PR4 introduces `content_hydrate()`).
+     Trigger writes `updated_at` only in PR2; PR4 extends it to write
+     `content_hash`.
+4. `maintenance: gc_deleted_items_log cron entry point`
+5. `tests: tombstones and updated_at write-through`
+
+### PR2 status update (2026-05-12, `v010-pr2-sync-metadata-and-search-lifecycle`)
+
+Implemented on branch:
+
+- `items` now declares `updated_at timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now()` and
+  `content_hash text NOT NULL DEFAULT ''` in `003a_items.sql`.
+- `items_deleted_log` (LOGGED) is in place with index on `deleted_at`.
+- Trigger coverage is in place for:
+  - row-level lifecycle mutation (`items_before_upsert_trigger`),
+  - statement-level tombstone logging using transition table
+    (`items_delete_log_after_delete_trigger` + `items_delete_log_trigger()`).
+- `gc_deleted_items_log(retention_interval interval DEFAULT '30 days')` is
+  implemented in `997_maintenance.sql`.
+- Tests added/updated:
+  - PGTap assertions for lifecycle columns and tombstone behavior,
+  - readonly guard coverage for `gc_deleted_items_log`,
+  - deterministic basic SQL CRUD snapshots (explicit stable column projection).
+
+Migration/runtime compatibility hardening:
+
+- `content_dehydrate(content jsonb)` was rewritten to assign fields by name via
+  a composite variable (`out items`) instead of positional SQL projection.
+  This avoids column-order mismatch between fresh installs and incremental
+  migration paths.
+
+Validation status (mandatory gate):
+
+- `scripts/stageversion`: passed
+- `scripts/test`: passed (formatting, PGTap, basic SQL, pypgstac pytest,
+  pgstac-migrate pytest, migration chain, pg_dump/pg_restore)
+- `pre-commit run --all-files`: passed
+
+Known broken tests for PR2: none.
+
+## Cron entry points (documented; operator runs them)
+
+| Function                                | Suggested cadence | Purpose |
+|-----------------------------------------|-------------------|---------|
+| `gc_deleted_items_log('30 days')`       | daily             | Trim tombstones |
+
+These are documented in `docs/src/pgstac.md` under a new "Maintenance
+Cron" section added in this PR. Operators wire them up via `pg_cron`, an
+external scheduler, or `pgstac maintain` (a future pypgstac CLI).
+
+## Trigger choices — performance reasoning
+
+Three new triggers are introduced across PR2/PR3/PR4. Decision rationale:
+
+| Trigger                                     | Granularity        | Why |
+|---------------------------------------------|--------------------|-----|
+| `items` BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE (PR2/PR4)   | **FOR EACH ROW**   | Must mutate `NEW.updated_at` and `NEW.content_hash` per row. No statement-level option. |
+| `items` BEFORE DELETE (PR2)                 | **FOR EACH STATEMENT** with `REFERENCING OLD TABLE` | Tombstones inserted in a single set-based `INSERT … SELECT FROM old_rows`. ~10× cheaper than per-row trigger on bulk deletes. |
+| `items_staging_*` AFTER INSERT (existing)   | **FOR EACH STATEMENT** | Already statement-level; preserved. Calls `items_staging_triggerfunc()` once per batch. |
+| `item_field_registry` ingest hook (PR3)     | **FOR EACH STATEMENT** | Sample-based; one queued job per insert batch is enough. |
+| `collections` AFTER UPDATE OF private (PR8) | **FOR EACH ROW**   | One row per collection; per-row is fine. |
+
+Statement-level deletes use:
+```sql
+CREATE TRIGGER items_before_delete_trigger
+    BEFORE DELETE ON items
+    REFERENCING OLD TABLE AS old_rows
+    FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE FUNCTION items_delete_log_trigger();
+```
+This requires PG 10+ (we already require PG 14+).
+
+---
+
+# PR3+PR4 Combined — Item field registry + Item fragments + Dehydrate/Hydrate
+
+**Goal (PR3):** Schema discovery — for each (collection, JSONB path) record
+observed type kinds and timestamps. Used by:
+
+- `missing_queryables()` — suggests indexable fields
+- Future `sync_queryables_from_field_registry()` (PR8)
+- Documentation generators
+
+**Goal (PR4):** The core restructure. Add `item_fragments`, split JSONB columns
+on `items`, the six promoted columns. Dehydrate/hydrate functions.
+Dual-write to `content` until PR7 drops it.
+
+**Combined rationale:** PR3 needs PR4's fragments infrastructure for dedup keys;
+PR4's dual-write path needs PR3's registry to avoid expensive per-row JSONB walks.
+Both add triggers and index strategies that benefit from unified performance review.
+
+**Files touched:** `src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql` (large; fragments + registry +
+split columns + triggers), `src/pgstac/sql/002_collections.sql` (registry cleanup),
+`src/pgstac/sql/002a_queryables.sql` (fragment_excluded_keys),
+`src/pgstac/sql/998_idempotent_post.sql`.
+
+**Branch:** `v010-pr3-pr4-item-registry-and-fragments` (off v010-pr2-*)
+
+**Commits:**
+
+### PR3 commits:
+1. `registry: add item_field_registry table (LOGGED) and jsonb_field_rows walker`
+   - Define schema discovery for (collection, path) → {type_kinds[], first_seen, last_seen}
+   - `jsonb_field_rows(jsonb, parent_path text DEFAULT '')` is a recursive walker
+     that avoids expensive JSONB traversal by using `jsonb_each_recursive`
+     (Postgres 14+) or a bounded iterative approach if < PG14.
+   - Index on `(path)` for discovery queries.
+   - **Performance note:** Registry sampling must use statistical sampling (not 100%),
+     batched per collection, to avoid per-item overhead.
+
+2. `registry: update_field_registry_from_items sampling function`
+   - Sampling logic: `TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI(5)` over a collection's items OR
+     fixed `LIMIT 1000 per collection` — choose based on collection size in registry.
+   - Upserts `first_seen` on new paths, updates `last_seen` on hits.
+   - Runs via `run_or_queue()` from staging trigger (async, statement-level).
+
+3. `registry: enqueue update from items_staging_triggerfunc via run_or_queue`
+   - Statement-level trigger hook (not row-level) on `items_staging_typed`
+     AFTER INSERT.
+   - Calls `run_or_queue('registry', 'update_field_registry_from_items',
+     collection_id)` to batch updates per collection.
+
+4. `registry: cleanup on collection delete via cascade + explicit DELETE`
+   - `ON DELETE CASCADE` on the FK; also explicit `DELETE FROM item_field_registry
+     WHERE collection = cid` in `delete_collection()` for explicit control.
+
+5. `registry: add refresh_field_registry maintenance function`
+   - Ages out stale paths: `DELETE FROM item_field_registry WHERE last_seen <
+     now() - '90 days'`.
+   - Can be cron'd weekly; keeps registry lean.
+
+### PR4 commits:
+6. `fragments: declare item_fragments table and dedup infrastructure`
+   - Table: `item_fragments` (LOGGED, per-collection)
+     - `(id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY, collection text FK, hash text, content jsonb)`
+     - Unique constraint on `(collection, hash)` for dedup.
+     - Index on `(collection, hash)` for fast lookups.
+     - **Performance:** Keep small relative to items; expected << 1% of items count.
+
+7. `fragments: implement extract_fragment and get_or_create_fragment`
+   - `extract_fragment(content jsonb, excluded_keys text[])` returns the split
+     JSONB (fragments); excludes known-expensive keys.
+   - `get_or_create_fragment(content jsonb, collection text, excluded_keys text[])`
+     → fragment_id: queries `item_fragments` by hash, inserts if missing, returns id.
+   - **Performance:** Use raw hash (sha256 bytea) internally, expose hex string
+     only when needed.
+
+8. `items: declare split-row columns on items (state update)`
+   - Updates `CREATE TABLE items` statement to include:
+     ```
+     bbox jsonb,
+     links jsonb DEFAULT '[]',
+     assets jsonb DEFAULT '{}',
+     properties jsonb DEFAULT '{}',
+     extra jsonb,
+     fragment_id bigint REFERENCES item_fragments(id),
+     (six promoted columns: eo_cloud_cover, eo_snow_cover, gsd, view_off_nadir,
+      view_sun_azimuth, view_sun_elevation all float8)
+     ```
+   - Keep `content` column (state, not altered until PR7).
+   - **No new indexes yet** — promoted columns are indexed in PR8 when queryables
+     routing lands.
+
+9. `items: implement content_dehydrate and content_hydrate`
+   - `content_dehydrate(content jsonb)` → (bbox, links, assets, properties, extra)
+     as separate columns.
+   - `content_hydrate(items, collections, excluded_keys) RETURNS jsonb` reassembles
+     the final STAC item for API response.
+   - Use parameterized column extraction to avoid column-order brittleness (already
+     improved in PR2).
+
+10. `items: extend BEFORE INSERT/UPDATE trigger to compute content_hash`
+    - Row-level trigger (required for per-row mutation).
+    - Computes `NEW.content_hash = pgstac_hash(content_hydrate(NEW, collections,
+      ...))` when `fragment_id IS NOT NULL`, else `''`.
+    - On INSERT from staging: calls `get_or_create_fragment()` to populate
+      `fragment_id` and split columns.
+    - **Performance:** Defer expensive hydration until hash is needed; use `WHEN
+      (OLD IS NULL)` guards to skip UPDATE path unless content actually changed.
+
+11. `items: dual-write during staging trigger`
+    - Statement-level trigger on items_staging AFTER INSERT (existing pattern).
+    - After inserting split columns, also writes to legacy `content` column
+      (computed via `content_hydrate()`).
+    - Keeps v0.9 read paths working; dropped in PR7.
+
+12. `search: avoid hydrating fragments for every search result set**
+    - Search hydration deferred to PR5 (streaming), but add foundation:
+      `content_hydrate(items, collections, NULL)` overload that works on
+      split columns without touching `content`.
+
+13. `tests: round-trip dehydrate/hydrate; fragment dedup; promoted columns`
+    - PGTap: `content_dehydrate()` + `content_hydrate()` = original (lossless).
+    - PGTap: Fragment lookup dedup — same content → same fragment_id.
+    - PGTap: Promoted columns are indexed and queryable (basic test only;
+      full coverage in PR8).
+    - Basic SQL: Search results with split storage match old STAC JSON shape.
+
+---
+
+## Performance refinements for PR3+PR4:
+
+### Registry sampling strategy (PR3)
+- **Avoid 100% scan:** Use `TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI(5)` on large collections
+  (>100K items), fixed `LIMIT 1000` on small ones.
+- **Batch updates:** One `run_or_queue()` call per collection per staging batch,
+  not per item.
+- **Aging:** Cron-based `refresh_field_registry()` removes stale paths weekly,
+  keeping the table lean.
+
+### Fragment lookup & creation (PR4)
+- **Hash-based dedup:** Use raw `sha256(convert_to(content, 'UTF8'))` as internal
+  hash; PostgreSQL native, no dependency.
+- **Index strategy:** Unique `(collection, hash)` constraint acts as a lookup
+  index; no separate B-tree needed for most workloads.
+- **Bulk inserts:** Fragment creation is a byproduct of item insert; expect
+  insert batches to create fragments in bulk, naturally.
+
+### Hydration memory management (PR4)
+- `content_hydrate()` constructs a full STAC item; for large responses
+  (>1000 items), this allocates significant `work_mem`.
+- **Recommendation (for docs, not enforced in SQL):** `work_mem ≥ 32 MB`
+  for catalogs that return >1000 features per search.
+- **Streaming alternative:** `search_cursor()` (PR5) avoids materializing
+  entire result set in `work_mem`.
+
+### Trigger cohesion
+- **Row-level (PR4):** Only `items` BEFORE INSERT/UPDATE for content_hash
+  and split-column population — cannot be statement-level.
+- **Statement-level (PR3):** Registry updates via `run_or_queue()` —
+  async, cheap, deferred.
+- **Existing pattern (items_staging):** Statement-level trigger +
+  `run_or_queue()` for queue-driven work.
+
+### Index strategy (deferred to PR8)
+- **PR3+PR4 do NOT add indexes on promoted columns.** Indexing strategy
+  (B-tree vs BRIN) depends on operator choice (PR8/PR9).
+- **PR3+PR4 DO add:**
+  - `item_field_registry(path)` for schema discovery
+  - `item_fragments(collection, hash)` unique constraint (implicit index)
+
+---
+
+## PR3+PR4 Status Update (2026-05-18, `v010-pr3-pr4-item-registry-and-fragments`)
+
+**Status:** Phases 1-4 complete and tested ✓
+
+**Completed work:**
+
+Phase 1 (Registry Foundation):
+- ✓ `item_field_registry` table with collection/path PK
+- ✓ `jsonb_field_rows(jsonb, parent_path)` recursive walker function
+- ✓ `update_field_registry_from_items(collection)` with BERNOULLI sampling
+- ✓ `refresh_field_registry(collection, retention_interval)` aging function
+- ✓ All tests passing
+
+Phase 2 (Fragments Foundation):
+- ✓ `item_fragments` table with collection/hash unique constraint
+- ✓ `extract_fragment(content, excluded_keys)` extraction function
+- ✓ `pgstac_hash_fragment(fragment)` hashing utility
+- ✓ `get_or_create_fragment(content, collection, excluded_keys)` with dedup
+- ✓ `gc_fragments(collection, retention_interval)` cleanup function
+- ✓ All tests passing
+
+**Commits:**
+- `dc4d16bd` - registry: add item_field_registry table and jsonb_field_rows walker
+- `bb56f3e5` - fragments: add extract_fragment, get_or_create_fragment, and gc_fragments functions
+- `5674549c` - feat: item_fragments, item_field_registry, split columns, and field registry functions
+
+**Test results (all green ✓):**
+- PGTap: Server extension tests passed
+- Basic SQL: All 8 collections/searches/CRUD/partition tests passed
+- PyTest (pypgstac): 98 passed, 66 skipped
+- PyTest (pgstac-migrate): 16 passed
+- pg_dump/pg_restore: Round-trip verified (2 collections, 100 items)
+- Pre-commit hooks: All passed (SQL validation, Docker build)
+
+**Validation results for Phases 3-4:**
+
+- ✓ `items` table now includes fragment and split storage columns
+- ✓ `content_dehydrate()` and `content_hydrate()` support split storage
+- ✓ Staging trigger batches fragment work and queues registry refreshes
+- ✓ Incremental migration updated to avoid unsupported `NOT VALID` FK on partitioned table
+- ✓ Pre-commit migration test passes with `--no-cache`
+
+**Next steps (Phase 5):**
+
+Phase 3 (Split Storage Schema):
+1. Complete
+2. Complete
+3. Complete
+
+Phase 4 (Trigger Integration):
+1. Complete
+2. Complete
+
+Phase 5 (Validation):
+1. End-to-end ingest test
+2. Full `scripts/test` suite validation
+3. Benchmark fragment dedup ratio and hydration overhead
+
+**Implementation approach:**
+- All phases maintain state-based SQL (not ALTER TABLE in source files)
+- Registry sampling uses BERNOULLI(5%) or LIMIT 1000 to avoid per-item overhead
+- Fragment dedup is per-collection (not global) for multi-tenant scaling
+- Dual-write path in PR3+PR4 is backwards compatible; removed in PR7
+- Performance focus: statement-level async triggers, indexed dedup, efficient hydration
+
+**Branch:** `v010-pr3-pr4-item-registry-and-fragments`
+**Depends on:** PR1, PR2 (both merged)
+**Estimate:** Phases 3-5 will be implemented in follow-up sessions with same rigor
+
+
+
+---
+
+# PR5 — Streaming search
+
+**Goal:** Remove `format_item_cache` and switch search response assembly to
+streaming aggregation.
+
+**Files touched:** `src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql`,
+`src/pgstac/sql/997_maintenance.sql`.
+
+**Commits:**
+
+1. `search: drop format_item_cache table and references`
+   - The `items` AFTER UPDATE trigger that maintained this cache goes too.
+2. `search: rewrite search() to use streaming jsonb_agg over content_hydrate`
+3. `search: add search_cursor() returning refcursor of split rows`
+
+`search_wheres` removal and search lifecycle GC moved to PR1.
+
+---
+
+# PR6 — Async staging path + detached partitions
+
+**Goal:** Bulk-load path that doesn't lock the parent table. Used by
+Rust loader and any high-throughput pipeline. Sync path stays default.
+
+**Files touched:** `src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql` (staging tables),
+`src/pgstac/sql/003b_partitions.sql` (detached partition + lock guard),
+`src/pgstac/sql/997_maintenance.sql` (`process_staged_batches`).
+
+**Commits:**
+
+1. `staging: declare items_staging_typed and items_staging_batch_meta`
+2. `partitions: create_detached_partition and attach_partition with lock_timeout`
+3. `staging: process_staged_batches worker function`
+4. `partitions: gc_orphan_partitions janitor for failed attaches`
+5. `tests: end-to-end async batch lifecycle`
+
+## Cron entry points
+
+| Function                                    | Cadence    | Purpose |
+|---------------------------------------------|------------|---------|
+| `process_staged_batches(_max_batches int DEFAULT 10)` | every 30s  | Drains staging into items |
+| `gc_orphan_partitions()`                    | hourly     | Drops detached tables whose attach failed |
+| `update_partition_stats_q(...)` (existing)  | every 5min | Already cron'd; flush stats queue |
+
+We do **not** ship a worker process in pypgstac as part of this PR. The
+operator wires `process_staged_batches()` into `pg_cron` or external
+scheduler. A `pypgstac maintain` CLI is on the roadmap but separate.
+
+## Lock-timeout guard
+
+```sql
+SELECT set_config('lock_timeout',
+    coalesce(current_setting('pgstac.partition_lock_timeout', true), '5s'),
+    true);
+```
+
+Set inside `attach_partition()` and any function that does
+`ALTER TABLE items …`. Setting via `pgstac_settings`:
+
+```sql
+INSERT INTO pgstac_settings(name, value)
+VALUES ('partition_lock_timeout', '5s')
+ON CONFLICT (name) DO NOTHING;
+```
+
+---
+
+# PR7 — Resumable backfill + drop legacy `content` and `base_item`
+
+**Goal:** Migrate v0.9 rows in-place; once verified complete, drop the
+legacy columns.
+
+**Files touched:** `src/pgstac/sql/997_maintenance.sql` (backfill
+functions), `src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql` (items state — `content`
+removed), `src/pgstac/sql/002_collections.sql` (collections state —
+`base_item` removed; `collection_base_item` helpers removed).
+
+**Commits:**
+
+1. `backfill: backfill_partition / backfill_collection / backfill_all`
+2. `backfill: status, pending, is_complete, assert_complete helpers`
+3. `backfill: drop_items_content_column_if_ready guarded helper`
+4. `items: remove content column from items declaration (state)`
+5. `collections: remove base_item column and helper functions (state)`
+6. `tests: backfill resumability under concurrent workers; assertion failure mode`
+
+## Operator runbook (documented in `docs/src/pgstac.md`)
+
+```
+1. apply v0.10.0 migration                     → schema in place, dual-write active
+2. SELECT backfill_all();                       (parallel-safe; run from N psql sessions)
+3. SELECT * FROM backfill_status();             (poll until pending = 0)
+4. pause writes (application layer)
+5. SELECT drop_items_content_column_if_ready(); (raises EXCEPTION if anything pending)
+6. resume writes
+```
+
+Steps 1–3 are **online**: the dual-write path means reads of
+un-backfilled rows can still hydrate from `content`, and writes update
+both. The offline window is steps 4–6 only — typically minutes.
+
+## The "ghost partition" question — answered here
+
+> **Q:** Could we keep a parallel data-less partitioned table whose
+> check constraints we update from real-data min/max, then run our
+> planner-only EXPLAIN against the ghost to discover candidate
+> partitions?
+
+**Answer: Yes, and it has real upside.** Two variants:
+
+### Variant A — empty mirror, tight constraints
+
+A second table `items_planner` PARTITIONED BY identical to `items`, with
+zero rows. Its child partitions carry CHECK constraints derived from
+real min/max scanned on a schedule:
+
+```sql
+ALTER TABLE items_planner_<key>
+    ADD CONSTRAINT items_planner_<key>_dt_check
+    CHECK (datetime >= '2024-03-01' AND datetime < '2024-04-01'
+           AND end_datetime <= '2024-04-15');
+```
+
+The actual `items` partitions keep only the partition-key constraint
+(loose). To resolve which partitions a search would hit, we run
+`EXPLAIN (FORMAT JSON) SELECT 1 FROM items_planner WHERE <filter>` and
+read out the surviving partitions.
+
+**Advantages:**
+
+- Constraint refresh becomes cheap and decoupled from data: no
+  `ALTER TABLE … VALIDATE CONSTRAINT` on real partitions, no risk of
+  blocking ingest.
+- Planning EXPLAIN against an empty table is sub-millisecond regardless
+  of catalog size — pages don't have to be visited.
+- We already do `update_partition_stats()` on a cadence; that job
+  becomes "compute min/max → swap CHECK constraint on the planner's
+  partition" — pure DDL on an empty table, fast and safe.
+- Works hand-in-glove with the detached-partition flow from PR6: a new
+  detached partition appears in `items_planner` immediately with
+  generously-loose constraints, gets tightened later.
+
+**Disadvantages:**
+
+- Two partition trees to keep in lockstep. Every new/dropped partition
+  on `items` must be mirrored on `items_planner`. Manageable via the
+  existing `check_partition()` and `attach_partition()` (extend them to
+  mirror).
+- Postgres planner cost on the real `items` query is usually small —
+  the win is in *hot-path planning* on huge partition trees (1000+
+  child partitions), not on small catalogs.
+
+### Variant B — virtual rows in real table
+
+Keep one partition tree. Add an internal column `is_constraint_proxy
+boolean DEFAULT false`. Use child-partition CHECK constraints derived
+from real min/max as today. Avoids the mirror but provides nothing new
+vs the status quo.
+
+**Recommendation:** Adopt Variant A in **PR9** as an *optional* feature
+gated by `pgstac_settings.use_planner_mirror = 'true'`. We do not
+require it for v0.10.0 ship. It's an excellent benchmark target —
+measure planning latency on a 2000-partition catalog with and without
+the mirror.
+
+## Migration script review checklist (for the .staged file from `stageversion`)
+
+- [ ] All ADD COLUMN are nullable or have DEFAULT (no rewrite of large
+      items)
+- [ ] No DROP TABLE except: `search_wheres` (PR1), `format_item_cache` (PR5)
+- [ ] No DROP COLUMN except: `items.content`, `collections.base_item`
+- [ ] All CREATE FUNCTION are CREATE OR REPLACE
+- [ ] All CREATE INDEX are IF NOT EXISTS (and CONCURRENTLY where the
+      index is on a hot table — note: cannot do CONCURRENTLY inside a
+      transaction block; for huge installs document a manual reindex
+      step)
+- [ ] `set_version('0.10.0')` at end
+- [ ] Idempotent pre + post blocks present
+
+---
+
+# PR8 — Per-collection fragment keys + queryables routing to promoted columns
+
+**Goal:** Operator-tunable fragment composition; queryables that
+resolve to promoted columns generate column-direct WHERE clauses.
+
+**Files touched:** `src/pgstac/sql/002a_queryables.sql`,
+`src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql` (`fragment_extract_prop_keys` reads
+`collections.private`).
+
+**Commits:**
+
+1. `queryables: declare is_promoted, promoted_column_name, promoted_column_type`
+2. `queryables: queryable() returns promoted column path when applicable`
+3. `queryables: promote_field / demote_field admin functions`
+4. `queryables: sync_queryables_from_field_registry()`
+5. `fragments: fragment_extract_prop_keys reads collections.private->fragment_prop_keys`
+6. `fragments: refragment_collection() — re-runs dehydrate after key change`
+7. `tests: queryable routing; refragment correctness`
+
+## Per-collection promotion is global at the column level
+
+`promote_field()` adds a column to the parent `items` table. The
+`_collection_ids` argument was a prototype remnant suggesting per-
+collection scope; in reality the column exists on every partition.
+**Drop the parameter.** Document promotion as a database-wide operation
+requiring a maintenance window (ACCESS EXCLUSIVE on parent during
+ALTER).
+
+---
+
+# PR9 — Index strategy: BRIN exploration + dev tooling
+
+**Goal:** Make informed decisions about index types for queryables;
+wire in `plpgsql_check`, `pg_profile`, `hypopg`, `index_advisor` as
+**dev / test-only** dependencies.
+
+**Files touched:** `src/pgstac/sql/002a_queryables.sql` (BRIN as an
+indexable type), `scripts/test`, `docker/pgstac/Dockerfile` (dev image
+adds the extensions; production image does not).
+
+**Commits:**
+
+1. `queryables: support BRIN as a property_index_type`
+2. `dev: install plpgsql_check, hypopg, index_advisor, pg_profile in test image`
+3. `tests: plpgsql_check sweep over all functions in CI`
+4. `docs: BRIN guidance, planner-mirror feasibility notes`
+5. `(optional) partitions: opt-in items_planner mirror`
+
+## Should we put blanket BRIN indexes on every queryable field?
+
+**Short answer: no, but BRIN is the right default for a specific
+subset.**
+
+BRIN excels when values correlate strongly with physical storage order.
+In PgSTAC items partitioned by collection then datetime:
+
+- `datetime`, `end_datetime`, `created`, `updated` — **excellent BRIN
+  candidates**. Already partition keys or correlate tightly with insert
+  order. A BRIN index over a 100M-row partition is ~10KB vs ~3GB for a
+  B-tree. Lookups skip ~95% of pages.
+- `eo_cloud_cover`, `gsd` and similar properties — random distribution
+  within a partition. BRIN here gives **worse** performance than no
+  index (sequential scan) because the planner trusts BRIN summaries
+  that don't prune anything. **Use B-tree.**
+- `geometry` — **GIST** stays the right choice; BRIN + box ops exists
+  (`brin_inclusion_ops`) but has substantially worse selectivity than
+  GIST for STAC-shaped data.
+- Array properties (`instruments`, `roles`) — **GIN**, no BRIN.
+
+**Decision:** BRIN becomes a `property_index_type` value alongside
+`BTREE`, `GIN`, `GIST`. We add BRIN by default for the time-series
+properties (`datetime`, `end_datetime`) **only**. Everything else stays
+operator-choice. Document the heuristic in `pgstac.md`.
+
+## Robustness pass — `plpgsql_check`
+
+In CI, run:
+
+```sql
+SELECT plpgsql_check_function(p.oid)
+FROM pg_proc p
+JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = p.pronamespace
+WHERE n.nspname = 'pgstac' AND p.prolang = (
+    SELECT oid FROM pg_language WHERE lanname = 'plpgsql'
+);
+```
+
+Fail the build on any error. This catches: misspelled column
+references, unreachable code, ambiguous variable names,
+NULL-in-strict-context, etc.
+
+`plpgsql_check` is dev/test-only — not loaded in production.
+
+## Performance pass — `pg_profile`, `hypopg`, `index_advisor`
+
+- `pg_profile` runs in the perf test database on a sample workload; we
+  capture before/after deltas across the v0.10 PRs and attach to the
+  release notes.
+- `hypopg` lets us simulate index changes without building them — used
+  to vet the BRIN-on-time-series claim above before committing.
+- `index_advisor` (the `dexter`-style extension) suggests indexes from
+  observed `pg_stat_statements` data on a representative workload.
+
+None of these ship in the production image. The
+`docker/pgstac/Dockerfile` gets a build arg `INSTALL_DEV_TOOLS=false`
+(default) that gates them.
+
+## Memory-pass recommendations (documented; not enforced in SQL)
+
+For a healthy PgSTAC deployment of 10M+ items:
+
+| Setting          | Recommended    | Why |
+|------------------|----------------|-----|
+| `shared_buffers` | ≥ 25% of RAM   | Keep `item_fragments`, `searches`, hot partition pages resident |
+| `work_mem`       | 32–64 MB       | `jsonb_agg` in `search()`; sort+hash for cql2 filters |
+| `temp_buffers`   | 16 MB          | Cursor materialization in `search_cursor()` |
+| `maintenance_work_mem` | 1 GB     | `backfill_*` operations; index builds during attach |
+| `max_parallel_workers_per_gather` | 4 | partition-aware parallel seq scan during planner-mirror EXPLAIN |
+
+---
+
+# Cross-cutting Reference
+
+## File map after all PRs
+
+```
+src/pgstac/sql/
+  000_idempotent_pre.sql        # search_path, ownership, default privs
+  001_core.sql                  # settings, run_or_queue
+  001a_jsonutils.sql            # unchanged
+  001s_stacutils.sql            # unchanged
+  002_collections.sql           # collections (no base_item), delete trigger cascade
+  002a_queryables.sql           # promoted-column routing; BRIN as index type
+  002b_cql.sql                  # unchanged
+  003a_items.sql                # items + fragments + staging + triggers + registry
+  003b_partitions.sql           # detached partitions; (optional) planner mirror
+  004_search.sql                # streaming search; named searches; no search_wheres
+  004a_collectionsearch.sql     # unchanged
+  005_tileutils.sql             # unchanged
+  006_tilesearch.sql            # unchanged
+  997_maintenance.sql           # backfill + gc cron functions + process_staged_batches
+  998_idempotent_post.sql       # all GRANTs
+  999_version.sql               # SELECT set_version('0.10.0')
+```
+
+## All cron entry points (single reference)
+
+| Function                                       | Cadence | Owner |
+|------------------------------------------------|---------|-------|
+| `process_staged_batches(10)`                   | 30s     | pgstac_admin |
+| `gc_orphan_partitions()`                       | hourly  | pgstac_admin |
+| `gc_search_caches('7 days')`                   | hourly  | pgstac_admin |
+| `gc_deleted_items_log('30 days')`              | daily   | pgstac_admin |
+| `refresh_field_registry()`                     | weekly  | pgstac_admin |
+| `update_partition_stats_q(...)` queue flush    | 5 min   | pgstac_admin (existing) |
+| `analyze_items()` (procedure form)             | weekly  | pgstac_admin (existing) |
+
+Ship a `docs/src/cron.md` page in PR2 listing these with example
+`pg_cron` snippets.
+
+## All new tables
+
+| Table                          | Logged?  | Purpose |
+|--------------------------------|----------|---------|
+| `item_fragments`               | LOGGED   | Per-collection deduplicated metadata |
+| `item_field_registry`          | LOGGED   | Schema discovery |
+| `items_deleted_log`            | LOGGED   | Tombstones for CDC |
+| `items_staging_typed`          | UNLOGGED | Async ingest payload |
+| `items_staging_batch_meta`     | LOGGED   | Async ingest lifecycle (durable) |
+| `items_planner` (PR9 optional) | LOGGED   | Empty mirror for partition pruning |
+
+`sync_log` and `partition_load_locks` from the prototype are **not**
+included. They were scaffolding without consumers; ship when needed.
+
+## Benchmarks gating release
+
+| What                                              | When |
+|---------------------------------------------------|------|
+| Fragment join cost: search 1000 items / 10M coll. | Before PR4 merge |
+| Streaming search vs prior cache: tile workload    | Before PR5 merge |
+| Backfill throughput: 10M rows, 1 vs 4 workers     | Before PR7 merge |
+| Planner-mirror EXPLAIN latency: 2000 partitions   | Before PR9 (if mirror ships) |
+| BRIN-only-on-time-series sanity check via hypopg  | Before PR9 merge |
+
+## Open questions remaining
+
+These are the only unresolved decisions:
+
+- **OQ1 (PR4):** Default `fragment_prop_keys` set. The Sentinel/SAR-
+  biased list is one option; an empty default +
+  `sync_queryables_from_field_registry()`-driven autopopulation is
+  another. Decide after PR3 ships and we have registry data.
+- **OQ2 (PR1):** If dropping `search_wheres` regresses count-paged
+  workloads in benchmark, add back the narrow
+  `(hash, context_count, last_computed)` cache table. Decide on
+  benchmark evidence.
+- **OQ3 (PR9):** Ship the `items_planner` mirror in v0.10.0/v0.10.1 or
+  defer further. Decide on the 2000-partition planning bench.

From 763634bfe6715e069587777d50a93f43135ba4f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David W Bitner <bitner@dbspatial.com>
Date: Mon, 18 May 2026 14:03:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 33/33] fix migration FK and add PR3/PR4 coverage

---
 .worktree-pr3                                 |    1 -
 V0.10.0_RESTRUCTURE_PLAN.md                   | 1073 -----------------
 pr2_body.md                                   |   18 -
 pr3_debugging_summary.md                      |   98 --
 pypgstac_tests.log                            |  993 ---------------
 pypgstac_tests_2.log                          |  993 ---------------
 .../migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql |   19 +-
 src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql  |   14 +-
 src/pgstac/pgstac.sql                         |   14 +-
 src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql                 |   14 +-
 src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql          |  205 ++++
 11 files changed, 243 insertions(+), 3199 deletions(-)
 delete mode 160000 .worktree-pr3
 delete mode 100644 V0.10.0_RESTRUCTURE_PLAN.md
 delete mode 100644 pr2_body.md
 delete mode 100644 pr3_debugging_summary.md
 delete mode 100644 pypgstac_tests.log
 delete mode 100644 pypgstac_tests_2.log

diff --git a/.worktree-pr3 b/.worktree-pr3
deleted file mode 160000
index c7d82806..00000000
--- a/.worktree-pr3
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Subproject commit c7d828067d5199fe653f0d60519386b5ada1534a
diff --git a/V0.10.0_RESTRUCTURE_PLAN.md b/V0.10.0_RESTRUCTURE_PLAN.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 352e5ee5..00000000
--- a/V0.10.0_RESTRUCTURE_PLAN.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1073 +0,0 @@
-# PgSTAC v0.10.0 Restructure — Pull-Request Plan
-
-## Scope
-
-This plan replays the SQL-only ideas from the `v010-table-restructure`
-prototype onto current `main`. Out of scope:
-
-- The Rust crate at `src/pgstacrust/`
-- `CREATE EXTENSION` packaging (`pgstac.control`, `Makefile`,
-  `pgstac--*-ext.sql`) — explicitly deferred; we ship via `pypgstac migrate`
-  only for v0.10.0
-- Anything that doesn't change `src/pgstac/sql/*.sql` or its tests
-
-## Plan File Handling (Do Not Commit)
-
-This plan is a local execution artifact and should not be committed.
-
-- `V0.10.0_RESTRUCTURE_PLAN.md` is ignored in `.gitignore`.
-- Before opening each PR, run `git status` and confirm this file does not
-  appear in staged or unstaged changes.
-- If a copy is needed for sharing, create it in `.plans/` (already ignored)
-  and keep the canonical working file local-only.
-
-## Conventions for SQL Source Files
-
-These rules apply to every PR below. State them once here.
-
-1. **State, not deltas.** Each `src/pgstac/sql/*.sql` file declares the
-   *target* state. Use `CREATE TABLE` with the full final column list (guarded
-   by `IF NOT EXISTS`), `CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION`, etc. **Do not** write
-   `ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN` in the source files. Migrations are derived from
-   diffs by `scripts/stageversion` / `pgpkg makemigration`.
-2. **Idempotent.** `IF NOT EXISTS`, `CREATE OR REPLACE`,
-   `INSERT … ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING`. Both `000_idempotent_pre.sql` and
-   `998_idempotent_post.sql` are concatenated into base + incremental builds.
-3. **No `_v2`, `_new`, `_tmp`, or other version suffixes** in identifiers.
-   If we are replacing a function, replace it; do not version it. Renames
-   are tracked through git history, not function names.
-4. **Permissions in `998_idempotent_post.sql`.** Never grant inline.
-5. **PostGIS calls unqualified** (PostGIS schema may be `public` or
-   `postgis` — see `CLAUDE.md` pg_dump rules).
-6. **No cross-function references inside expressions used by GENERATED
-   columns.** pg_dump orders alphabetically; inline the body.
-7. **Tests live in `src/pgstac/tests/pgtap.sql` (PGTap) or
-   `src/pgstac/tests/basic/` (basic SQL output comparison).** Add coverage
-   for every new public function.
-
----
-
-## Hashing — Built-in `sha256()` (No `pgcrypto`)
-
-We need a hash for: search-cache keys, fragment dedup, item content_hash,
-backfill progress.
-
-**Decision: built-in `sha256(bytea)` introduced in PostgreSQL 11.**
-
-- FIPS 140-2 / FIPS 140-3 approved algorithm — passes scanners.
-- Built into core; no `pgcrypto` extension dependency.
-- Returns `bytea`. Wrap as:
-  ```sql
-  CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pgstac_hash(data text) RETURNS text
-  LANGUAGE sql IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE STRICT AS $$
-      SELECT encode(sha256(convert_to(data, 'UTF8')), 'hex');
-  $$;
-  ```
-- 64-char hex output. If storage cost shows up in benchmarks, switch the
-  *output* encoding to base64 (44 chars) or store the raw `bytea` (32
-  bytes). Algorithm stays the same.
-
-Why not the alternatives:
-
-| Option            | FIPS? | Built-in?  | Cost   | Verdict             |
-|-------------------|-------|------------|--------|---------------------|
-| `md5()`           | No    | Yes        | Low    | Triggers FIPS scans |
-| `pgcrypto.sha256` | Yes   | Extension  | Low    | Adds dependency     |
-| `sha256()` core   | Yes   | Yes (PG11+)| Low    | **Chosen**          |
-| `hashtext()`      | N/A   | Yes        | Lowest | 32-bit, collision risk for fragment dedup |
-| `xxhash` ext.     | No    | Extension  | Lowest | Non-FIPS, extra dep |
-
-Use `pgstac_hash()` for all new/updated hash keys in this restructure work.
-For search identity, hash a canonicalized search payload (see PR1 section),
-not raw request JSON.
-
----
-
-## Pull Request Sequence
-
-Each PR is independently reviewable, ships an internally consistent slice,
-and leaves `scripts/test` green. Commit titles inside each PR are listed.
-
-| #   | PR                                                                       | Risk | Reversible | Depends |
-|-----|----|-----|-----------|---------|
-| PR1 | Hashing + search lifecycle/cache reform + dead-code cleanup | Med  | Yes        | —       |
-| PR2 | Sync metadata + tombstones                              | Med  | Yes        | PR1     |
-| **PR3+PR4** | **Item field registry + Item fragments + Dehydrate/Hydrate (COMBINED)** | **High** | **Mostly** | **PR1** |
-| PR5 | Streaming search                                         | Med  | Yes        | PR1, PR3+PR4 |
-| PR6 | Async staging + detached-partition create+attach        | High | Yes        | PR3+PR4 |
-| PR7 | Resumable backfill + drop legacy `content` & `base_item`| High | One-way    | PR3+PR4, PR2|
-| PR8 | Per-collection fragment keys + queryables routing       | Med  | Yes        | PR3+PR4 |
-| PR9 | Index strategy: BRIN exploration + dev tooling          | Low  | Yes        | PR3+PR4 |
-
-`v0.10.0` is tagged after PR7 ships. PR8 and PR9 can land as `v0.10.1`.
-
-## Branch Workflow (Hardcoded)
-
-Every PR is developed on its own branch and only includes work scoped to
-that PR. No shared work branches.
-
-| PR | Branch name |
-|----|-------------|
-| PR1 | `v010-pr1-hash-and-dead-code` |
-| PR2 | `v010-pr2-sync-metadata-and-search-lifecycle` |
-| **PR3+PR4** | **`v010-pr3-pr4-item-registry-and-fragments`** |
-| PR5 | `v010-pr5-streaming-search-and-cache-reform` |
-| PR6 | `v010-pr6-async-staging-and-detached-partitions` |
-| PR7 | `v010-pr7-resumable-backfill-and-legacy-drop` |
-| PR8 | `v010-pr8-fragment-keys-and-queryables-routing` |
-| PR9 | `v010-pr9-index-strategy-and-dev-tooling` |
-
-Required workflow for each PR:
-
-1. Create branch from latest `main` (or from required dependency PR branch
-  when explicitly stacking):
-  `git switch -c <branch-name>`
-2. Keep commits scoped to the PR's commit list in this document.
-3. Run tests for that PR scope and record outcomes in the test matrix below.
-4. Open PR from that branch only.
-5. Merge PR, then delete branch.
-
-## Test Integrity and Known-Broken Tracking
-
-Test failures are signals, not obstacles. We do not weaken tests to make
-green CI.
-
-Rules:
-
-1. Never modify assertions, snapshots, or expected outputs unless the
-  behavioral contract has intentionally changed and is documented.
-2. Any temporary test disable must be minimal, reversible, and tracked in
-  this plan before merge.
-3. Every disabled/broken test entry must include:
-  - exact test selector or file,
-  - why it fails,
-  - why disable is safe,
-  - re-enable condition,
-  - target PR where it is re-enabled.
-4. PR descriptions must include a `Known broken tests` section copied from
-  this plan's matrix.
-5. If we cannot explain exactly why a test change is needed, we do not change
-  the test.
-
-Operational pattern for temporary disables:
-
-- Prefer explicit selectors over editing tests:
-  - `scripts/test --pgtap`
-  - `scripts/test --basicsql`
-  - `scripts/test --pypgstac`
-- If a suite-level skip is unavoidable, annotate with `TODO(v010-prX)` and
-  link the restoring PR in this plan.
-
-## Pre-Commit Release/Test Gate (Mandatory For Every Commit)
-
-Before creating any commit for a PR in this plan, run this gate in order:
-
-1. Generate an unreleased artifact set and migrations from current SQL
-  sources:
-  - `scripts/stageversion`
-2. Run full project tests (not just PR-local tests):
-  - `scripts/test`
-3. Run pre-commit across all files:
-  - `pre-commit run --all-files`
-
-Gate policy:
-
-- Run this gate for every commit, not only before opening a PR.
-- Do not commit if any gate step fails.
-- If a gate failure occurs, fix source issues; do not weaken tests just to
-  pass.
-- PR description must state the gate status and include any known broken
-  tests from the matrix (if any are allowed for that PR).
-
-## Known-Broken Test Matrix by PR
-
-Update this table while executing each PR and copy the relevant row into the
-PR description.
-
-| PR | Expected non-working tests | Temporary disable strategy | Why broken is acceptable short-term | Must be restored by |
-|----|----------------------------|----------------------------|-------------------------------------|---------------------|
-| PR1 | None expected | None | N/A | N/A |
-| PR2 | None expected | None | N/A | N/A |
-| **PR3+PR4** | **Fragment dedup assertions, hydration round-trip in edge cases, promoted-column queryability in search results (deferred to PR8 routing)** | **Do not disable broad suites. Isolate only explicitly identified dedup/hydration edge cases with TODO tags. Run full search tests excluding only advanced routing selectors that depend on PR8.** | **Transitional state while dual-write path is active and queryables routing not yet implemented** | **PR3+PR4 (before merge)** |
-| PR5 | Search result formatting tests that depended on `format_item_cache` internals | Replace/port impacted tests in same PR; temporary skip only for superseded cache-specific assertions, documented by selector | Cache architecture is intentionally replaced; behavior-level search correctness still required | PR5 (before merge) |
-| PR6 | Async staging workflow tests may be flaky until worker/cron path is wired in test harness | Keep core ingest tests enabled; isolate only async worker-path cases with explicit selectors and TODO tags | Async path is additive; sync ingest path remains authoritative | PR6 (before merge) |
-| PR7 | Backfill timing/concurrency tests may be nondeterministic under CI load | Use deterministic fixtures and bounded retries first; only disable explicitly identified flaky concurrency case with root-cause note | Backfill correctness is still validated by status/guard tests; timing flake alone can be deferred briefly | PR7 (before merge) |
-| PR8 | Queryables routing tests may fail until promotion metadata and routing logic land together | Land routing + tests in same PR; if temporarily skipped, restrict to specific routing selectors | Intermediate commit boundaries can briefly break routing, but final PR must restore full coverage | PR8 (before merge) |
-| PR9 | Dev-tooling checks (`plpgsql_check`, advisor-driven checks) may not run outside dev image | Gate dev-only checks by environment; do not disable core functional tests | Tooling checks are environment-dependent, not product behavior changes | PR9 (before merge) |
-
----
-
-# PR1 — Hashing + search lifecycle/cache reform + dead-code cleanup
-
-**Goal:** Land shared hashing and complete the search-lifecycle work early:
-named searches, anonymous-search GC, and `search_wheres` removal. Keep
-cached context/total row count, but stop caching partition arrays.
-
-**Files touched:** `src/pgstac/sql/000_idempotent_pre.sql`,
-`src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql`, `src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql`,
-`src/pgstac/sql/002_collections.sql`, `src/pgstac/sql/997_maintenance.sql`,
-`src/pgstac/sql/998_idempotent_post.sql`, PGTap/basic SQL tests.
-
-**Commits:**
-
-1. `core: add pgstac_hash using built-in sha256`
-  - Adds the function shown above to `000_idempotent_pre.sql` so
-    incremental migrations can safely reference it before index/function
-    ordering diffs are applied.
-   - Adds PGTap: stable, deterministic, IMMUTABLE.
-2. `searches: add name/pin lifecycle functions and anonymous-search GC`
-  - Move PR2 named-search work into PR1:
-    `name_search`, `rename_search`, `unname_search`, `pin_search`,
-    `unpin_search`, `gc_anonymous_searches`.
-3. `search: remove search_wheres and fold context cache into searches`
-  - Drop `search_wheres` table and related maintenance paths.
-  - Keep context/total row count cache as `searches.context_count`.
-  - Keep TTL timestamp as `searches.statslastupdated`.
-  - Do **not** carry forward partition-list caching; recompute partitions.
-4. `search: canonicalize request before hash`
-  - Canonicalize once through `stac_search_to_where()` and hash
-    `(<canonical where>|<metadata>)` with `pgstac_hash()`.
-  - Reuse that canonical `_where` value for SQL execution and cache identity
-    to avoid duplicate normalization paths.
-5. `cleanup: drop content_slim and unused collection_base_item helpers`
-   - Audit results below.
-6. `tests: cover pgstac_hash, named searches, and search cache behavior`
-
-### PR1 status update (2026-05-12, `v010-pr1-hash-and-dead-code-rerun`)
-
-Implemented on branch:
-
-- `searches` lifecycle functions are live in `004_search.sql`:
-  `name_search`, `rename_search`, `unname_search`, `pin_search`,
-  `unpin_search`, `gc_anonymous_searches`.
-- `search_wheres` retirement is in place (`DROP TABLE IF EXISTS search_wheres`),
-  with context cache fields on `searches` (`context_count`, `statslastupdated`).
-- Request canonicalization + hash identity flow is implemented in
-  `search_query()`/`where_stats()` with non-blocking cache touch behavior
-  (`FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED` + advisory lock fallback).
-- `where_stats()` concurrency/read-only behavior from this plan is implemented,
-  including compare-and-set writes on `statslastupdated`.
-- PGTap coverage exists for `pgstac_hash`, named-search lifecycle functions,
-  anonymous-search GC, and readonly behavior.
-
-Implemented with scope drift from the original PR1 write-up:
-
-- `pgstac_hash` remains in `src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql` (not
-  `000_idempotent_pre.sql`), and this is now the accepted PR1 placement.
-
-Still outstanding for PR1 completion:
-
-- The PR1 cleanup item around collection helper removal remains deferred to PR7
-  (as already documented in the dead-code table below).
-
-Additional branch work completed (outside strict SQL-only PR1 scope):
-
-- Rust crate added under `src/pgstac-rs/` and workflow references updated.
-- CI/runtime images now include `pg_tle`, `pg_stat_statements`, and `pg_cron`.
-- CI extension smoke tests were hardened for database-name/env variance and
-  base-image extension bootstrap assumptions.
-- Unreleased changelog/release-notes entries were consolidated for clarity.
-
-## Search hash canonicalization (PR1 decision)
-
-We should **not** hash raw incoming search JSON as-is. It is too sensitive to
-pagination and representation differences.
-
-PR1 decision:
-
-1. Build canonical `_where` exactly once using `stac_search_to_where()`.
-2. Compute cache hash from `_where` + `metadata` only.
-3. Use that same `_where` for execution (`search_rows`) and for cache keying.
-4. Keep `search_fromhash()` side-effect free (direct row lookup only).
-
-This keeps search identity and execution semantics aligned, avoids
-double-normalization in a single search path, and preserves the
-context-count cache value we care about on `searches`.
-
-## Concurrency hardening notes (PR1 implementation)
-
-- `where_stats()` uses optimistic read/compute/write flow: expensive
-  `EXPLAIN`/`count(*)` runs without holding row locks, and final writes are
-  guarded by `statslastupdated` compare-and-set to avoid stale overwrite races.
-- In readonly mode, `where_stats()` still computes non-persistent
-  `context_count`/`numberMatched` when cache rows are absent.
-- If another session wins the stats update race, `where_stats()` returns the
-  current row from `searches` instead of forcing duplicate work.
-- `rename_search()` takes a deterministic advisory transaction lock on the
-  rename pair (`least(name)|greatest(name)`) to prevent deadlocks on concurrent
-  swap renames.
-
-## PR1 searches table workflow (request lifecycle + concurrency)
-
-### Canonicalization and identity
-
-1. Each request computes canonical `_where` once via `stac_search_to_where()`.
-2. Hash identity is computed from `(<canonical where>|<metadata>)`.
-3. Hash + `_where` are available immediately and do not depend on cache writes.
-
-### Cache touch (non-blocking by design)
-
-1. `search_query()` performs best-effort cache touch (`lastused`, `usecount`).
-2. It first tries `UPDATE ... FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED` to avoid waiting.
-3. If no unlocked row is available, it attempts `pg_try_advisory_xact_lock(hashtext(hash))`
-  and only then runs `INSERT ... ON CONFLICT ... DO UPDATE`.
-4. If the advisory lock is not acquired, it skips touch work and returns the
-  computed hash + `_where` directly.
-
-This means counter freshness is eventual under high contention, but query
-planning/execution is not delayed by lifecycle bookkeeping.
-
-### Context count behavior under mixed concurrent requests
-
-1. Requests with `context=off` do not call count logic and do not trigger
-  estimate or `count(*)` work.
-2. Requests with `context=on|auto` call `where_stats()`:
-  - stale/missing stats: run `EXPLAIN` first,
-  - in `auto`, if estimate meets thresholds (`context_estimated_cost`,
-    `context_estimated_count`), return estimate-derived `context_count`,
-  - otherwise run `count(*)` and store exact `context_count`.
-3. Concurrent context-on requests may race to compute stats; compare-and-set on
-  `statslastupdated` ensures only one write wins and others read current value.
-
-### Stored stats decision for PR1
-
-`searches` keeps only what is needed for API behavior and TTL:
-- `context_count`
-- `statslastupdated`
-
-PR1 intentionally does not store `estimated_count`, `estimated_cost`,
-`time_to_estimate`, `total_count`, or `time_to_count` on `searches`.
-Those values are inexpensive enough to compute from `EXPLAIN`/`count(*)` on
-demand when context requires them, and removing them avoids stale derived state.
-
-## Dead-code audit (acted on in this PR)
-
-Functions / objects in current `main` we propose to drop or fold:
-
-| Symbol                                | Where             | Status |
-|---------------------------------------|-------------------|--------|
-| `content_slim(jsonb)`                 | 003a_items.sql:59 | **Done (PR1):** removed from SQL source as dead code. |
-| `search_tohash(jsonb)`                | 004_search.sql:507 | Already `DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS`'d at top of file. Keep the drop, remove the dropped declaration after PR1 cycle. |
-| `format_item_cache` (table + helpers) | 003a_items.sql    | Removed in PR5 (referenced by deletion-cascade trigger today; trigger is rewritten then). |
-| `collection_base_item(content jsonb)` GENERATED column | 002_collections.sql:15 | Removed in PR7 along with `base_item` column. |
-| `collection_base_item(cid text)` reader| 002_collections.sql:23 | Removed in PR7. |
-| `analyze_items()` overloads with both FUNCTION and PROCEDURE forms | 997_maintenance.sql | Pick one — PROCEDURE — and drop the other. Audit during PR9 cleanup pass. |
-
-PR1 only acts on `content_slim` and the stray `search_tohash` drop. The
-remaining items are removed by their respective PRs.
-
----
-
-# PR2 — Sync metadata + tombstones
-
-**Goal:** Land item lifecycle metadata and tombstones only.
-
-`content_hash` lands in PR2 as `text NOT NULL DEFAULT ''` so PR4's
-dual-write path can use the empty-string sentinel for backfill (PR7).
-
-**Files touched:** `src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql` (items table state +
-triggers), `src/pgstac/sql/997_maintenance.sql` (gc functions).
-
-**Commits:**
-
-1. `items: declare updated_at and content_hash columns on items`
-   - State-only edit to the `CREATE TABLE items` statement.
-2. `items: add tombstone log table and BEFORE DELETE trigger`
-   - `items_deleted_log` is **LOGGED** (durable). See "Trigger choices"
-     section below for the row-vs-statement decision.
-3. `items: BEFORE INSERT/UPDATE trigger sets updated_at and content_hash`
-   - During PR2, `content_hash` is just `''` (no fragments yet — the
-     trigger can only set it once PR4 introduces `content_hydrate()`).
-     Trigger writes `updated_at` only in PR2; PR4 extends it to write
-     `content_hash`.
-4. `maintenance: gc_deleted_items_log cron entry point`
-5. `tests: tombstones and updated_at write-through`
-
-### PR2 status update (2026-05-12, `v010-pr2-sync-metadata-and-search-lifecycle`)
-
-Implemented on branch:
-
-- `items` now declares `updated_at timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now()` and
-  `content_hash text NOT NULL DEFAULT ''` in `003a_items.sql`.
-- `items_deleted_log` (LOGGED) is in place with index on `deleted_at`.
-- Trigger coverage is in place for:
-  - row-level lifecycle mutation (`items_before_upsert_trigger`),
-  - statement-level tombstone logging using transition table
-    (`items_delete_log_after_delete_trigger` + `items_delete_log_trigger()`).
-- `gc_deleted_items_log(retention_interval interval DEFAULT '30 days')` is
-  implemented in `997_maintenance.sql`.
-- Tests added/updated:
-  - PGTap assertions for lifecycle columns and tombstone behavior,
-  - readonly guard coverage for `gc_deleted_items_log`,
-  - deterministic basic SQL CRUD snapshots (explicit stable column projection).
-
-Migration/runtime compatibility hardening:
-
-- `content_dehydrate(content jsonb)` was rewritten to assign fields by name via
-  a composite variable (`out items`) instead of positional SQL projection.
-  This avoids column-order mismatch between fresh installs and incremental
-  migration paths.
-
-Validation status (mandatory gate):
-
-- `scripts/stageversion`: passed
-- `scripts/test`: passed (formatting, PGTap, basic SQL, pypgstac pytest,
-  pgstac-migrate pytest, migration chain, pg_dump/pg_restore)
-- `pre-commit run --all-files`: passed
-
-Known broken tests for PR2: none.
-
-## Cron entry points (documented; operator runs them)
-
-| Function                                | Suggested cadence | Purpose |
-|-----------------------------------------|-------------------|---------|
-| `gc_deleted_items_log('30 days')`       | daily             | Trim tombstones |
-
-These are documented in `docs/src/pgstac.md` under a new "Maintenance
-Cron" section added in this PR. Operators wire them up via `pg_cron`, an
-external scheduler, or `pgstac maintain` (a future pypgstac CLI).
-
-## Trigger choices — performance reasoning
-
-Three new triggers are introduced across PR2/PR3/PR4. Decision rationale:
-
-| Trigger                                     | Granularity        | Why |
-|---------------------------------------------|--------------------|-----|
-| `items` BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE (PR2/PR4)   | **FOR EACH ROW**   | Must mutate `NEW.updated_at` and `NEW.content_hash` per row. No statement-level option. |
-| `items` BEFORE DELETE (PR2)                 | **FOR EACH STATEMENT** with `REFERENCING OLD TABLE` | Tombstones inserted in a single set-based `INSERT … SELECT FROM old_rows`. ~10× cheaper than per-row trigger on bulk deletes. |
-| `items_staging_*` AFTER INSERT (existing)   | **FOR EACH STATEMENT** | Already statement-level; preserved. Calls `items_staging_triggerfunc()` once per batch. |
-| `item_field_registry` ingest hook (PR3)     | **FOR EACH STATEMENT** | Sample-based; one queued job per insert batch is enough. |
-| `collections` AFTER UPDATE OF private (PR8) | **FOR EACH ROW**   | One row per collection; per-row is fine. |
-
-Statement-level deletes use:
-```sql
-CREATE TRIGGER items_before_delete_trigger
-    BEFORE DELETE ON items
-    REFERENCING OLD TABLE AS old_rows
-    FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE FUNCTION items_delete_log_trigger();
-```
-This requires PG 10+ (we already require PG 14+).
-
----
-
-# PR3+PR4 Combined — Item field registry + Item fragments + Dehydrate/Hydrate
-
-**Goal (PR3):** Schema discovery — for each (collection, JSONB path) record
-observed type kinds and timestamps. Used by:
-
-- `missing_queryables()` — suggests indexable fields
-- Future `sync_queryables_from_field_registry()` (PR8)
-- Documentation generators
-
-**Goal (PR4):** The core restructure. Add `item_fragments`, split JSONB columns
-on `items`, the six promoted columns. Dehydrate/hydrate functions.
-Dual-write to `content` until PR7 drops it.
-
-**Combined rationale:** PR3 needs PR4's fragments infrastructure for dedup keys;
-PR4's dual-write path needs PR3's registry to avoid expensive per-row JSONB walks.
-Both add triggers and index strategies that benefit from unified performance review.
-
-**Files touched:** `src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql` (large; fragments + registry +
-split columns + triggers), `src/pgstac/sql/002_collections.sql` (registry cleanup),
-`src/pgstac/sql/002a_queryables.sql` (fragment_excluded_keys),
-`src/pgstac/sql/998_idempotent_post.sql`.
-
-**Branch:** `v010-pr3-pr4-item-registry-and-fragments` (off v010-pr2-*)
-
-**Commits:**
-
-### PR3 commits:
-1. `registry: add item_field_registry table (LOGGED) and jsonb_field_rows walker`
-   - Define schema discovery for (collection, path) → {type_kinds[], first_seen, last_seen}
-   - `jsonb_field_rows(jsonb, parent_path text DEFAULT '')` is a recursive walker
-     that avoids expensive JSONB traversal by using `jsonb_each_recursive`
-     (Postgres 14+) or a bounded iterative approach if < PG14.
-   - Index on `(path)` for discovery queries.
-   - **Performance note:** Registry sampling must use statistical sampling (not 100%),
-     batched per collection, to avoid per-item overhead.
-
-2. `registry: update_field_registry_from_items sampling function`
-   - Sampling logic: `TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI(5)` over a collection's items OR
-     fixed `LIMIT 1000 per collection` — choose based on collection size in registry.
-   - Upserts `first_seen` on new paths, updates `last_seen` on hits.
-   - Runs via `run_or_queue()` from staging trigger (async, statement-level).
-
-3. `registry: enqueue update from items_staging_triggerfunc via run_or_queue`
-   - Statement-level trigger hook (not row-level) on `items_staging_typed`
-     AFTER INSERT.
-   - Calls `run_or_queue('registry', 'update_field_registry_from_items',
-     collection_id)` to batch updates per collection.
-
-4. `registry: cleanup on collection delete via cascade + explicit DELETE`
-   - `ON DELETE CASCADE` on the FK; also explicit `DELETE FROM item_field_registry
-     WHERE collection = cid` in `delete_collection()` for explicit control.
-
-5. `registry: add refresh_field_registry maintenance function`
-   - Ages out stale paths: `DELETE FROM item_field_registry WHERE last_seen <
-     now() - '90 days'`.
-   - Can be cron'd weekly; keeps registry lean.
-
-### PR4 commits:
-6. `fragments: declare item_fragments table and dedup infrastructure`
-   - Table: `item_fragments` (LOGGED, per-collection)
-     - `(id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY, collection text FK, hash text, content jsonb)`
-     - Unique constraint on `(collection, hash)` for dedup.
-     - Index on `(collection, hash)` for fast lookups.
-     - **Performance:** Keep small relative to items; expected << 1% of items count.
-
-7. `fragments: implement extract_fragment and get_or_create_fragment`
-   - `extract_fragment(content jsonb, excluded_keys text[])` returns the split
-     JSONB (fragments); excludes known-expensive keys.
-   - `get_or_create_fragment(content jsonb, collection text, excluded_keys text[])`
-     → fragment_id: queries `item_fragments` by hash, inserts if missing, returns id.
-   - **Performance:** Use raw hash (sha256 bytea) internally, expose hex string
-     only when needed.
-
-8. `items: declare split-row columns on items (state update)`
-   - Updates `CREATE TABLE items` statement to include:
-     ```
-     bbox jsonb,
-     links jsonb DEFAULT '[]',
-     assets jsonb DEFAULT '{}',
-     properties jsonb DEFAULT '{}',
-     extra jsonb,
-     fragment_id bigint REFERENCES item_fragments(id),
-     (six promoted columns: eo_cloud_cover, eo_snow_cover, gsd, view_off_nadir,
-      view_sun_azimuth, view_sun_elevation all float8)
-     ```
-   - Keep `content` column (state, not altered until PR7).
-   - **No new indexes yet** — promoted columns are indexed in PR8 when queryables
-     routing lands.
-
-9. `items: implement content_dehydrate and content_hydrate`
-   - `content_dehydrate(content jsonb)` → (bbox, links, assets, properties, extra)
-     as separate columns.
-   - `content_hydrate(items, collections, excluded_keys) RETURNS jsonb` reassembles
-     the final STAC item for API response.
-   - Use parameterized column extraction to avoid column-order brittleness (already
-     improved in PR2).
-
-10. `items: extend BEFORE INSERT/UPDATE trigger to compute content_hash`
-    - Row-level trigger (required for per-row mutation).
-    - Computes `NEW.content_hash = pgstac_hash(content_hydrate(NEW, collections,
-      ...))` when `fragment_id IS NOT NULL`, else `''`.
-    - On INSERT from staging: calls `get_or_create_fragment()` to populate
-      `fragment_id` and split columns.
-    - **Performance:** Defer expensive hydration until hash is needed; use `WHEN
-      (OLD IS NULL)` guards to skip UPDATE path unless content actually changed.
-
-11. `items: dual-write during staging trigger`
-    - Statement-level trigger on items_staging AFTER INSERT (existing pattern).
-    - After inserting split columns, also writes to legacy `content` column
-      (computed via `content_hydrate()`).
-    - Keeps v0.9 read paths working; dropped in PR7.
-
-12. `search: avoid hydrating fragments for every search result set**
-    - Search hydration deferred to PR5 (streaming), but add foundation:
-      `content_hydrate(items, collections, NULL)` overload that works on
-      split columns without touching `content`.
-
-13. `tests: round-trip dehydrate/hydrate; fragment dedup; promoted columns`
-    - PGTap: `content_dehydrate()` + `content_hydrate()` = original (lossless).
-    - PGTap: Fragment lookup dedup — same content → same fragment_id.
-    - PGTap: Promoted columns are indexed and queryable (basic test only;
-      full coverage in PR8).
-    - Basic SQL: Search results with split storage match old STAC JSON shape.
-
----
-
-## Performance refinements for PR3+PR4:
-
-### Registry sampling strategy (PR3)
-- **Avoid 100% scan:** Use `TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI(5)` on large collections
-  (>100K items), fixed `LIMIT 1000` on small ones.
-- **Batch updates:** One `run_or_queue()` call per collection per staging batch,
-  not per item.
-- **Aging:** Cron-based `refresh_field_registry()` removes stale paths weekly,
-  keeping the table lean.
-
-### Fragment lookup & creation (PR4)
-- **Hash-based dedup:** Use raw `sha256(convert_to(content, 'UTF8'))` as internal
-  hash; PostgreSQL native, no dependency.
-- **Index strategy:** Unique `(collection, hash)` constraint acts as a lookup
-  index; no separate B-tree needed for most workloads.
-- **Bulk inserts:** Fragment creation is a byproduct of item insert; expect
-  insert batches to create fragments in bulk, naturally.
-
-### Hydration memory management (PR4)
-- `content_hydrate()` constructs a full STAC item; for large responses
-  (>1000 items), this allocates significant `work_mem`.
-- **Recommendation (for docs, not enforced in SQL):** `work_mem ≥ 32 MB`
-  for catalogs that return >1000 features per search.
-- **Streaming alternative:** `search_cursor()` (PR5) avoids materializing
-  entire result set in `work_mem`.
-
-### Trigger cohesion
-- **Row-level (PR4):** Only `items` BEFORE INSERT/UPDATE for content_hash
-  and split-column population — cannot be statement-level.
-- **Statement-level (PR3):** Registry updates via `run_or_queue()` —
-  async, cheap, deferred.
-- **Existing pattern (items_staging):** Statement-level trigger +
-  `run_or_queue()` for queue-driven work.
-
-### Index strategy (deferred to PR8)
-- **PR3+PR4 do NOT add indexes on promoted columns.** Indexing strategy
-  (B-tree vs BRIN) depends on operator choice (PR8/PR9).
-- **PR3+PR4 DO add:**
-  - `item_field_registry(path)` for schema discovery
-  - `item_fragments(collection, hash)` unique constraint (implicit index)
-
----
-
-## PR3+PR4 Status Update (2026-05-18, `v010-pr3-pr4-item-registry-and-fragments`)
-
-**Status:** Phases 1-4 complete and tested ✓
-
-**Completed work:**
-
-Phase 1 (Registry Foundation):
-- ✓ `item_field_registry` table with collection/path PK
-- ✓ `jsonb_field_rows(jsonb, parent_path)` recursive walker function
-- ✓ `update_field_registry_from_items(collection)` with BERNOULLI sampling
-- ✓ `refresh_field_registry(collection, retention_interval)` aging function
-- ✓ All tests passing
-
-Phase 2 (Fragments Foundation):
-- ✓ `item_fragments` table with collection/hash unique constraint
-- ✓ `extract_fragment(content, excluded_keys)` extraction function
-- ✓ `pgstac_hash_fragment(fragment)` hashing utility
-- ✓ `get_or_create_fragment(content, collection, excluded_keys)` with dedup
-- ✓ `gc_fragments(collection, retention_interval)` cleanup function
-- ✓ All tests passing
-
-**Commits:**
-- `dc4d16bd` - registry: add item_field_registry table and jsonb_field_rows walker
-- `bb56f3e5` - fragments: add extract_fragment, get_or_create_fragment, and gc_fragments functions
-- `5674549c` - feat: item_fragments, item_field_registry, split columns, and field registry functions
-
-**Test results (all green ✓):**
-- PGTap: Server extension tests passed
-- Basic SQL: All 8 collections/searches/CRUD/partition tests passed
-- PyTest (pypgstac): 98 passed, 66 skipped
-- PyTest (pgstac-migrate): 16 passed
-- pg_dump/pg_restore: Round-trip verified (2 collections, 100 items)
-- Pre-commit hooks: All passed (SQL validation, Docker build)
-
-**Validation results for Phases 3-4:**
-
-- ✓ `items` table now includes fragment and split storage columns
-- ✓ `content_dehydrate()` and `content_hydrate()` support split storage
-- ✓ Staging trigger batches fragment work and queues registry refreshes
-- ✓ Incremental migration updated to avoid unsupported `NOT VALID` FK on partitioned table
-- ✓ Pre-commit migration test passes with `--no-cache`
-
-**Next steps (Phase 5):**
-
-Phase 3 (Split Storage Schema):
-1. Complete
-2. Complete
-3. Complete
-
-Phase 4 (Trigger Integration):
-1. Complete
-2. Complete
-
-Phase 5 (Validation):
-1. End-to-end ingest test
-2. Full `scripts/test` suite validation
-3. Benchmark fragment dedup ratio and hydration overhead
-
-**Implementation approach:**
-- All phases maintain state-based SQL (not ALTER TABLE in source files)
-- Registry sampling uses BERNOULLI(5%) or LIMIT 1000 to avoid per-item overhead
-- Fragment dedup is per-collection (not global) for multi-tenant scaling
-- Dual-write path in PR3+PR4 is backwards compatible; removed in PR7
-- Performance focus: statement-level async triggers, indexed dedup, efficient hydration
-
-**Branch:** `v010-pr3-pr4-item-registry-and-fragments`
-**Depends on:** PR1, PR2 (both merged)
-**Estimate:** Phases 3-5 will be implemented in follow-up sessions with same rigor
-
-
-
----
-
-# PR5 — Streaming search
-
-**Goal:** Remove `format_item_cache` and switch search response assembly to
-streaming aggregation.
-
-**Files touched:** `src/pgstac/sql/004_search.sql`,
-`src/pgstac/sql/997_maintenance.sql`.
-
-**Commits:**
-
-1. `search: drop format_item_cache table and references`
-   - The `items` AFTER UPDATE trigger that maintained this cache goes too.
-2. `search: rewrite search() to use streaming jsonb_agg over content_hydrate`
-3. `search: add search_cursor() returning refcursor of split rows`
-
-`search_wheres` removal and search lifecycle GC moved to PR1.
-
----
-
-# PR6 — Async staging path + detached partitions
-
-**Goal:** Bulk-load path that doesn't lock the parent table. Used by
-Rust loader and any high-throughput pipeline. Sync path stays default.
-
-**Files touched:** `src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql` (staging tables),
-`src/pgstac/sql/003b_partitions.sql` (detached partition + lock guard),
-`src/pgstac/sql/997_maintenance.sql` (`process_staged_batches`).
-
-**Commits:**
-
-1. `staging: declare items_staging_typed and items_staging_batch_meta`
-2. `partitions: create_detached_partition and attach_partition with lock_timeout`
-3. `staging: process_staged_batches worker function`
-4. `partitions: gc_orphan_partitions janitor for failed attaches`
-5. `tests: end-to-end async batch lifecycle`
-
-## Cron entry points
-
-| Function                                    | Cadence    | Purpose |
-|---------------------------------------------|------------|---------|
-| `process_staged_batches(_max_batches int DEFAULT 10)` | every 30s  | Drains staging into items |
-| `gc_orphan_partitions()`                    | hourly     | Drops detached tables whose attach failed |
-| `update_partition_stats_q(...)` (existing)  | every 5min | Already cron'd; flush stats queue |
-
-We do **not** ship a worker process in pypgstac as part of this PR. The
-operator wires `process_staged_batches()` into `pg_cron` or external
-scheduler. A `pypgstac maintain` CLI is on the roadmap but separate.
-
-## Lock-timeout guard
-
-```sql
-SELECT set_config('lock_timeout',
-    coalesce(current_setting('pgstac.partition_lock_timeout', true), '5s'),
-    true);
-```
-
-Set inside `attach_partition()` and any function that does
-`ALTER TABLE items …`. Setting via `pgstac_settings`:
-
-```sql
-INSERT INTO pgstac_settings(name, value)
-VALUES ('partition_lock_timeout', '5s')
-ON CONFLICT (name) DO NOTHING;
-```
-
----
-
-# PR7 — Resumable backfill + drop legacy `content` and `base_item`
-
-**Goal:** Migrate v0.9 rows in-place; once verified complete, drop the
-legacy columns.
-
-**Files touched:** `src/pgstac/sql/997_maintenance.sql` (backfill
-functions), `src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql` (items state — `content`
-removed), `src/pgstac/sql/002_collections.sql` (collections state —
-`base_item` removed; `collection_base_item` helpers removed).
-
-**Commits:**
-
-1. `backfill: backfill_partition / backfill_collection / backfill_all`
-2. `backfill: status, pending, is_complete, assert_complete helpers`
-3. `backfill: drop_items_content_column_if_ready guarded helper`
-4. `items: remove content column from items declaration (state)`
-5. `collections: remove base_item column and helper functions (state)`
-6. `tests: backfill resumability under concurrent workers; assertion failure mode`
-
-## Operator runbook (documented in `docs/src/pgstac.md`)
-
-```
-1. apply v0.10.0 migration                     → schema in place, dual-write active
-2. SELECT backfill_all();                       (parallel-safe; run from N psql sessions)
-3. SELECT * FROM backfill_status();             (poll until pending = 0)
-4. pause writes (application layer)
-5. SELECT drop_items_content_column_if_ready(); (raises EXCEPTION if anything pending)
-6. resume writes
-```
-
-Steps 1–3 are **online**: the dual-write path means reads of
-un-backfilled rows can still hydrate from `content`, and writes update
-both. The offline window is steps 4–6 only — typically minutes.
-
-## The "ghost partition" question — answered here
-
-> **Q:** Could we keep a parallel data-less partitioned table whose
-> check constraints we update from real-data min/max, then run our
-> planner-only EXPLAIN against the ghost to discover candidate
-> partitions?
-
-**Answer: Yes, and it has real upside.** Two variants:
-
-### Variant A — empty mirror, tight constraints
-
-A second table `items_planner` PARTITIONED BY identical to `items`, with
-zero rows. Its child partitions carry CHECK constraints derived from
-real min/max scanned on a schedule:
-
-```sql
-ALTER TABLE items_planner_<key>
-    ADD CONSTRAINT items_planner_<key>_dt_check
-    CHECK (datetime >= '2024-03-01' AND datetime < '2024-04-01'
-           AND end_datetime <= '2024-04-15');
-```
-
-The actual `items` partitions keep only the partition-key constraint
-(loose). To resolve which partitions a search would hit, we run
-`EXPLAIN (FORMAT JSON) SELECT 1 FROM items_planner WHERE <filter>` and
-read out the surviving partitions.
-
-**Advantages:**
-
-- Constraint refresh becomes cheap and decoupled from data: no
-  `ALTER TABLE … VALIDATE CONSTRAINT` on real partitions, no risk of
-  blocking ingest.
-- Planning EXPLAIN against an empty table is sub-millisecond regardless
-  of catalog size — pages don't have to be visited.
-- We already do `update_partition_stats()` on a cadence; that job
-  becomes "compute min/max → swap CHECK constraint on the planner's
-  partition" — pure DDL on an empty table, fast and safe.
-- Works hand-in-glove with the detached-partition flow from PR6: a new
-  detached partition appears in `items_planner` immediately with
-  generously-loose constraints, gets tightened later.
-
-**Disadvantages:**
-
-- Two partition trees to keep in lockstep. Every new/dropped partition
-  on `items` must be mirrored on `items_planner`. Manageable via the
-  existing `check_partition()` and `attach_partition()` (extend them to
-  mirror).
-- Postgres planner cost on the real `items` query is usually small —
-  the win is in *hot-path planning* on huge partition trees (1000+
-  child partitions), not on small catalogs.
-
-### Variant B — virtual rows in real table
-
-Keep one partition tree. Add an internal column `is_constraint_proxy
-boolean DEFAULT false`. Use child-partition CHECK constraints derived
-from real min/max as today. Avoids the mirror but provides nothing new
-vs the status quo.
-
-**Recommendation:** Adopt Variant A in **PR9** as an *optional* feature
-gated by `pgstac_settings.use_planner_mirror = 'true'`. We do not
-require it for v0.10.0 ship. It's an excellent benchmark target —
-measure planning latency on a 2000-partition catalog with and without
-the mirror.
-
-## Migration script review checklist (for the .staged file from `stageversion`)
-
-- [ ] All ADD COLUMN are nullable or have DEFAULT (no rewrite of large
-      items)
-- [ ] No DROP TABLE except: `search_wheres` (PR1), `format_item_cache` (PR5)
-- [ ] No DROP COLUMN except: `items.content`, `collections.base_item`
-- [ ] All CREATE FUNCTION are CREATE OR REPLACE
-- [ ] All CREATE INDEX are IF NOT EXISTS (and CONCURRENTLY where the
-      index is on a hot table — note: cannot do CONCURRENTLY inside a
-      transaction block; for huge installs document a manual reindex
-      step)
-- [ ] `set_version('0.10.0')` at end
-- [ ] Idempotent pre + post blocks present
-
----
-
-# PR8 — Per-collection fragment keys + queryables routing to promoted columns
-
-**Goal:** Operator-tunable fragment composition; queryables that
-resolve to promoted columns generate column-direct WHERE clauses.
-
-**Files touched:** `src/pgstac/sql/002a_queryables.sql`,
-`src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql` (`fragment_extract_prop_keys` reads
-`collections.private`).
-
-**Commits:**
-
-1. `queryables: declare is_promoted, promoted_column_name, promoted_column_type`
-2. `queryables: queryable() returns promoted column path when applicable`
-3. `queryables: promote_field / demote_field admin functions`
-4. `queryables: sync_queryables_from_field_registry()`
-5. `fragments: fragment_extract_prop_keys reads collections.private->fragment_prop_keys`
-6. `fragments: refragment_collection() — re-runs dehydrate after key change`
-7. `tests: queryable routing; refragment correctness`
-
-## Per-collection promotion is global at the column level
-
-`promote_field()` adds a column to the parent `items` table. The
-`_collection_ids` argument was a prototype remnant suggesting per-
-collection scope; in reality the column exists on every partition.
-**Drop the parameter.** Document promotion as a database-wide operation
-requiring a maintenance window (ACCESS EXCLUSIVE on parent during
-ALTER).
-
----
-
-# PR9 — Index strategy: BRIN exploration + dev tooling
-
-**Goal:** Make informed decisions about index types for queryables;
-wire in `plpgsql_check`, `pg_profile`, `hypopg`, `index_advisor` as
-**dev / test-only** dependencies.
-
-**Files touched:** `src/pgstac/sql/002a_queryables.sql` (BRIN as an
-indexable type), `scripts/test`, `docker/pgstac/Dockerfile` (dev image
-adds the extensions; production image does not).
-
-**Commits:**
-
-1. `queryables: support BRIN as a property_index_type`
-2. `dev: install plpgsql_check, hypopg, index_advisor, pg_profile in test image`
-3. `tests: plpgsql_check sweep over all functions in CI`
-4. `docs: BRIN guidance, planner-mirror feasibility notes`
-5. `(optional) partitions: opt-in items_planner mirror`
-
-## Should we put blanket BRIN indexes on every queryable field?
-
-**Short answer: no, but BRIN is the right default for a specific
-subset.**
-
-BRIN excels when values correlate strongly with physical storage order.
-In PgSTAC items partitioned by collection then datetime:
-
-- `datetime`, `end_datetime`, `created`, `updated` — **excellent BRIN
-  candidates**. Already partition keys or correlate tightly with insert
-  order. A BRIN index over a 100M-row partition is ~10KB vs ~3GB for a
-  B-tree. Lookups skip ~95% of pages.
-- `eo_cloud_cover`, `gsd` and similar properties — random distribution
-  within a partition. BRIN here gives **worse** performance than no
-  index (sequential scan) because the planner trusts BRIN summaries
-  that don't prune anything. **Use B-tree.**
-- `geometry` — **GIST** stays the right choice; BRIN + box ops exists
-  (`brin_inclusion_ops`) but has substantially worse selectivity than
-  GIST for STAC-shaped data.
-- Array properties (`instruments`, `roles`) — **GIN**, no BRIN.
-
-**Decision:** BRIN becomes a `property_index_type` value alongside
-`BTREE`, `GIN`, `GIST`. We add BRIN by default for the time-series
-properties (`datetime`, `end_datetime`) **only**. Everything else stays
-operator-choice. Document the heuristic in `pgstac.md`.
-
-## Robustness pass — `plpgsql_check`
-
-In CI, run:
-
-```sql
-SELECT plpgsql_check_function(p.oid)
-FROM pg_proc p
-JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = p.pronamespace
-WHERE n.nspname = 'pgstac' AND p.prolang = (
-    SELECT oid FROM pg_language WHERE lanname = 'plpgsql'
-);
-```
-
-Fail the build on any error. This catches: misspelled column
-references, unreachable code, ambiguous variable names,
-NULL-in-strict-context, etc.
-
-`plpgsql_check` is dev/test-only — not loaded in production.
-
-## Performance pass — `pg_profile`, `hypopg`, `index_advisor`
-
-- `pg_profile` runs in the perf test database on a sample workload; we
-  capture before/after deltas across the v0.10 PRs and attach to the
-  release notes.
-- `hypopg` lets us simulate index changes without building them — used
-  to vet the BRIN-on-time-series claim above before committing.
-- `index_advisor` (the `dexter`-style extension) suggests indexes from
-  observed `pg_stat_statements` data on a representative workload.
-
-None of these ship in the production image. The
-`docker/pgstac/Dockerfile` gets a build arg `INSTALL_DEV_TOOLS=false`
-(default) that gates them.
-
-## Memory-pass recommendations (documented; not enforced in SQL)
-
-For a healthy PgSTAC deployment of 10M+ items:
-
-| Setting          | Recommended    | Why |
-|------------------|----------------|-----|
-| `shared_buffers` | ≥ 25% of RAM   | Keep `item_fragments`, `searches`, hot partition pages resident |
-| `work_mem`       | 32–64 MB       | `jsonb_agg` in `search()`; sort+hash for cql2 filters |
-| `temp_buffers`   | 16 MB          | Cursor materialization in `search_cursor()` |
-| `maintenance_work_mem` | 1 GB     | `backfill_*` operations; index builds during attach |
-| `max_parallel_workers_per_gather` | 4 | partition-aware parallel seq scan during planner-mirror EXPLAIN |
-
----
-
-# Cross-cutting Reference
-
-## File map after all PRs
-
-```
-src/pgstac/sql/
-  000_idempotent_pre.sql        # search_path, ownership, default privs
-  001_core.sql                  # settings, run_or_queue
-  001a_jsonutils.sql            # unchanged
-  001s_stacutils.sql            # unchanged
-  002_collections.sql           # collections (no base_item), delete trigger cascade
-  002a_queryables.sql           # promoted-column routing; BRIN as index type
-  002b_cql.sql                  # unchanged
-  003a_items.sql                # items + fragments + staging + triggers + registry
-  003b_partitions.sql           # detached partitions; (optional) planner mirror
-  004_search.sql                # streaming search; named searches; no search_wheres
-  004a_collectionsearch.sql     # unchanged
-  005_tileutils.sql             # unchanged
-  006_tilesearch.sql            # unchanged
-  997_maintenance.sql           # backfill + gc cron functions + process_staged_batches
-  998_idempotent_post.sql       # all GRANTs
-  999_version.sql               # SELECT set_version('0.10.0')
-```
-
-## All cron entry points (single reference)
-
-| Function                                       | Cadence | Owner |
-|------------------------------------------------|---------|-------|
-| `process_staged_batches(10)`                   | 30s     | pgstac_admin |
-| `gc_orphan_partitions()`                       | hourly  | pgstac_admin |
-| `gc_search_caches('7 days')`                   | hourly  | pgstac_admin |
-| `gc_deleted_items_log('30 days')`              | daily   | pgstac_admin |
-| `refresh_field_registry()`                     | weekly  | pgstac_admin |
-| `update_partition_stats_q(...)` queue flush    | 5 min   | pgstac_admin (existing) |
-| `analyze_items()` (procedure form)             | weekly  | pgstac_admin (existing) |
-
-Ship a `docs/src/cron.md` page in PR2 listing these with example
-`pg_cron` snippets.
-
-## All new tables
-
-| Table                          | Logged?  | Purpose |
-|--------------------------------|----------|---------|
-| `item_fragments`               | LOGGED   | Per-collection deduplicated metadata |
-| `item_field_registry`          | LOGGED   | Schema discovery |
-| `items_deleted_log`            | LOGGED   | Tombstones for CDC |
-| `items_staging_typed`          | UNLOGGED | Async ingest payload |
-| `items_staging_batch_meta`     | LOGGED   | Async ingest lifecycle (durable) |
-| `items_planner` (PR9 optional) | LOGGED   | Empty mirror for partition pruning |
-
-`sync_log` and `partition_load_locks` from the prototype are **not**
-included. They were scaffolding without consumers; ship when needed.
-
-## Benchmarks gating release
-
-| What                                              | When |
-|---------------------------------------------------|------|
-| Fragment join cost: search 1000 items / 10M coll. | Before PR4 merge |
-| Streaming search vs prior cache: tile workload    | Before PR5 merge |
-| Backfill throughput: 10M rows, 1 vs 4 workers     | Before PR7 merge |
-| Planner-mirror EXPLAIN latency: 2000 partitions   | Before PR9 (if mirror ships) |
-| BRIN-only-on-time-series sanity check via hypopg  | Before PR9 merge |
-
-## Open questions remaining
-
-These are the only unresolved decisions:
-
-- **OQ1 (PR4):** Default `fragment_prop_keys` set. The Sentinel/SAR-
-  biased list is one option; an empty default +
-  `sync_queryables_from_field_registry()`-driven autopopulation is
-  another. Decide after PR3 ships and we have registry data.
-- **OQ2 (PR1):** If dropping `search_wheres` regresses count-paged
-  workloads in benchmark, add back the narrow
-  `(hash, context_count, last_computed)` cache table. Decide on
-  benchmark evidence.
-- **OQ3 (PR9):** Ship the `items_planner` mirror in v0.10.0/v0.10.1 or
-  defer further. Decide on the 2000-partition planning bench.
diff --git a/pr2_body.md b/pr2_body.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 56602938..00000000
--- a/pr2_body.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-## Description
-
-This PR (PR2) focuses on optimizing the metadata update and hashing lifecycle in PgSTAC to improve ingestion performance. It introduces deterministic STAC item content hashing and reduces the reliance on row-based triggers for ingestion.
-
-### Key Changes
-- **Renamed** the conceptual `updated_at` column for the table metadata to `pgstac_updated_at` (added explicitly to the schema as `pgstac_updated_at`).
-- **Added** a `content_hash` column to track a deterministic SHA-256 hash of the STAC item's content.
-- **Refactored Triggers**: Removed the expensive `BEFORE INSERT` trigger from the `items` table. The `items_touch_triggerfunc` is now bound strictly to `BEFORE UPDATE` to compute hashes and `pgstac_updated_at` only on manual row mutations outside of the bulk load path.
-- **Optimized Content Dehydration**: Rewrote `content_dehydrate` in `PLPGSQL` to natively calculate `pgstac_updated_at` and `content_hash` (via `encode(sha256(content::text::bytea), 'hex')`) directly during the insert stage, completely bypassing the need for an insert trigger.
-- **Updated PyPgSTAC Loader**: Altered `src/pypgstac/src/pypgstac/load.py` to use `INCLUDING DEFAULTS` when constructing `items_ingest_temp`, ensuring that direct COPY statements lacking `pgstac_updated_at` correctly fall back to the default `now()` value rather than throwing a `NotNullViolation`.
-
-### Testing
-- Full `PGTap` and basic SQL tests pass.
-- Incremental migrations validate properly (using `pgpkg` generated artifacts).
-- PyPgSTAC loader tests pass successfully with the updated temp table logic.
-
-### Related Tasks
-This is the second phase (PR2) of the v0.10.0 architecture restructuring plan.
diff --git a/pr3_debugging_summary.md b/pr3_debugging_summary.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 3a6963a3..00000000
--- a/pr3_debugging_summary.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,98 +0,0 @@
-# PR3: PgSTAC Field Registry Optimization & Debugging Summary
-
-This document captures the complete architectural state, debugging analysis, and remaining tasks for **PR3 (PgSTAC v0.10.0 Field Registry on Partition Stats)**. It serves as full internal memory and an actionable checklist so you can seamlessly continue development and testing in VSCode.
-
----
-
-## 1. Architectural State (PR3)
-
-The goal of PR3 is to replace the legacy relational `item_field_registry` table with a performant, asynchronous JSONB-based field registry maintained on `partition_stats` and aggregated up to `collections`.
-
-### Key Implementations Completed:
-- **`field_registry` JSONB Columns**: Added to `partition_stats` and `collections` tables.
-- **Efficient Extraction (`jsonb_field_rows`)**: Extracts `{path, type}` pairs directly from dehydrated JSON (`items.content`) without invoking the expensive `content_hydrate()` function.
-- **Robust Type-Widening (`jsonb_merge_registry`)**: Merges registry entries and widens conflicting types (e.g., `number` + `string` -> `string`).
-- **Collection Rollup Aggregate (`jsonb_merge_registry_agg`)**: Rolls up partition-level registries into collection-level registries.
-- **Asynchronous Ingestion Integration**:
-  - `update_partition_stats` uses `TABLESAMPLE SYSTEM(field_registry_sample_percent)` to sample schema without slowing down high-throughput ingestion.
-  - `items_touch_triggerfunc` refactored to operate `BEFORE UPDATE` only, ensuring `pgstac_updated_at` and SHA-256 `content_hash` calculation are performant.
-- **Maintenance Lifecycle**: `refresh_field_registry` refactored to invoke `update_partition_stats`.
-
----
-
-## 2. Debugging Analysis: Root Causes of Remaining pgTAP Failures
-
-When running `scripts/runinpypgstac test --pgtap`, exactly 3 tests fail out of 266 in `src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql`.
-
-### Failure 1 & 2: `has_column` Checks for `field_registry`
-```text
-not ok 83 - field_registry
-# Failed test 83: "field_registry"
-not ok 84 - field_registry
-# Failed test 84: "field_registry"
-```
-- **Root Cause**: In pgTAP, the function signatures for `has_column` are:
-  1. `has_column(table_name, column_name)`
-  2. `has_column(table_name, column_name, description)`
-  3. `has_column(schema_name, table_name, column_name, description)`
-- When calling `has_column('pgstac'::name, 'partition_stats'::name, 'field_registry'::name)`, pgTAP matched signature #2 (`table, column, description`). It searched for a column named `'partition_stats'` in a table named `'pgstac'`, which correctly failed.
-- **Solution**: Pass the 4th `description` argument so pgTAP correctly matches signature #3.
-
-### Failure 3: `update_partition_stats` Populates `field_registry`
-```text
-not ok 94 - update_partition_stats populates field_registry on partition_stats
-# Failed test 94: "update_partition_stats populates field_registry on partition_stats"
-```
-- **Root Cause**: `update_partition_stats` uses `TABLESAMPLE SYSTEM(sample_pct)` where `sample_pct` defaults to 5.0 (5%). `SYSTEM` sampling in PostgreSQL samples at the **block/page level**, not the row level. For a tiny test table with only 1 item (occupying exactly 1 block), a 5% block sampling rate results in `0 rows` selected 95% of the time. Consequently, `new_registry` remains empty (`{}`).
-- **Solution**: Temporarily set `field_registry_sample_percent` to `100` during the test setup in `003_items.sql` so that 100% of blocks/rows are sampled during test verification.
-
----
-
-## 3. Required Code Changes in `003_items.sql`
-
-To resolve all test failures, apply the following diff to `src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql`:
-
-```diff
---- a/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql
-+++ b/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql
-@@ -28,11 +28,15 @@ SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'refresh_field_registry', ARRAY['text']);
- SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'refresh_field_registry', ARRAY['text']);
-
- -- partition_stats has field_registry column
--SELECT has_column('pgstac'::name, 'partition_stats'::name, 'field_registry'::name);
-+SELECT has_column('pgstac'::name, 'partition_stats'::name, 'field_registry'::name, 'partition_stats has field_registry column');
-
- -- collections has field_registry column
--SELECT has_column('pgstac'::name, 'collections'::name, 'field_registry'::name);
-+SELECT has_column('pgstac'::name, 'collections'::name, 'field_registry'::name, 'collections has field_registry column');
-
-+-- Ensure 100% sampling during tests so single-row test tables populate the field registry reliably
-+INSERT INTO pgstac_settings (name, value) VALUES ('field_registry_sample_percent', '100')
-+ON CONFLICT (name) DO UPDATE SET value = EXCLUDED.value;
-+
- DELETE FROM collections WHERE id in ('pgstac-test-collection', 'pgstac-test-collection2');
- \copy collections (content) FROM 'tests/testdata/collections.ndjson';
-```
-
----
-
-## 4. Developer Action Plan & Checklist
-
-Follow these steps in VSCode / terminal to complete PR3:
-
-- `[ ]` **Apply Fixes**: Edit `/home/bitner/data/pgstac/.worktree-pr3/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql` using the diff above.
-- `[ ]` **Run pgTAP Test Suite**:
-  ```bash
-  cd /home/bitner/data/pgstac/.worktree-pr3
-  scripts/runinpypgstac test --pgtap
-  ```
-  *(Expect clean pass of all 266 tests)*
-- `[ ]` **Verify Full Test Suite**:
-  ```bash
-  scripts/test --nomigrations
-  ```
-- `[ ]` **Merge/Rebase Workflow**:
-  - Wait for PR2 to be reviewed and merged into `main`.
-  - Rebase PR3 branch onto `main`.
-  - Run `scripts/stageversion VERSION` (if version bumps are needed).
-- `[ ]` **Create PR3 on GitHub**: Draft the PR explaining the performance benefits of the non-blocking `TABLESAMPLE` registry architecture.
diff --git a/pypgstac_tests.log b/pypgstac_tests.log
deleted file mode 100644
index 6e8ff680..00000000
--- a/pypgstac_tests.log
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,993 +0,0 @@
-Building docker images...
- Image pgstac Building
- Image pypgstac Building
-#1 [internal] load local bake definitions
-#1 reading from stdin 1.14kB done
-#1 DONE 0.0s
-
-#2 [pgstac internal] load build definition from Dockerfile
-#2 transferring dockerfile: 2.11kB done
-#2 DONE 0.0s
-
-#3 [pypgstac internal] load build definition from Dockerfile
-#3 transferring dockerfile: 2.70kB done
-#3 DONE 0.0s
-
-#4 [pgstac] resolve image config for docker-image://docker.io/docker/dockerfile:1.7
-#4 DONE 0.2s
-
-#5 [pypgstac] docker-image://docker.io/docker/dockerfile:1.7@sha256:a57df69d0ea827fb7266491f2813635de6f17269be881f696fbfdf2d83dda33e
-#5 CACHED
-
-#6 [pypgstac internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/rust:1-slim-trixie
-#6 DONE 0.0s
-
-#7 [pypgstac internal] load .dockerignore
-#7 transferring context: 277B done
-#7 DONE 0.0s
-
-#8 [pgstac internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/postgres:17-trixie
-#8 DONE 0.2s
-
-#9 [pgstac internal] load .dockerignore
-#9 transferring context: 277B done
-#9 DONE 0.0s
-
-#10 [pypgstac pyrustbase 1/2] FROM docker.io/library/rust:1-slim-trixie
-#10 DONE 0.0s
-
-#11 [pypgstac internal] load build context
-#11 ...
-
-#12 [pgstac pgstacbase 1/2] FROM docker.io/library/postgres:17-trixie@sha256:2a0d0fe14825b0939f78a8cad5cd4e6aa68bf94d0e5dd96e24b6d23af4315545
-#12 DONE 0.0s
-
-#13 [pgstac internal] load build context
-#13 transferring context: 246B done
-#13 DONE 0.0s
-
-#14 [pgstac pgstac 1/3] WORKDIR /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d
-#14 CACHED
-
-#15 [pgstac pgstac 2/3] COPY docker/pgstac/dbinit/pgstac.sh 990_pgstac.sh
-#15 CACHED
-
-#16 [pgstac pgstacbase 2/2] RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/var/cache/apt,sharing=locked     --mount=type=cache,target=/var/lib/apt/lists,sharing=locked     --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/git,sharing=locked     apt-get update     && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends         postgresql-17-postgis-3         postgresql-17-postgis-3-scripts         postgresql-17-cron         postgresql-contrib-17         postgresql-17-pgtap         postgresql-17-plpgsql-check         postgresql-17-partman         postgresql-server-dev-17         build-essential         ca-certificates         curl         git         flex         bison         libkrb5-dev     && GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT=0 git clone --branch v1.5.2 --depth 1 https://github.com/aws/pg_tle.git /tmp/pg_tle     && make -C /tmp/pg_tle     && make -C /tmp/pg_tle install     && rm -rf /tmp/pg_tle     && sed -i "s/^#shared_preload_libraries = .*/shared_preload_libraries = 'pg_tle,pg_stat_statements,pg_cron'/" /usr/share/postgresql/17/postgresql.conf.sample     && sed -i "s/^#shared_preload_libraries = .*/shared_preload_libraries = 'pg_tle,pg_stat_statements,pg_cron'/" /usr/share/postgresql/postgresql.conf.sample     && apt-get purge -y --auto-remove         postgresql-server-dev-17         build-essential         curl         git         flex         bison         libkrb5-dev     && apt-get clean && apt-get -y autoremove     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
-#16 CACHED
-
-#17 [pgstac pgstac 3/3] COPY src/pgstac/pgstac.sql 999_pgstac.sql
-#17 CACHED
-
-#18 [pgstac] exporting to image
-#18 exporting layers done
-#18 writing image sha256:3d77d4c6dab289d8d04fc8cf9cff67905b427b8e5580dab9fe3b96850dc6ef86 done
-#18 naming to docker.io/library/pgstac done
-#18 DONE 0.0s
-
-#19 [pgstac] resolving provenance for metadata file
-#19 DONE 0.0s
-
-#11 [pypgstac internal] load build context
-#11 transferring context: 122.51kB 0.1s done
-#11 DONE 0.2s
-
-#20 [pypgstac pyrustbase 2/2] RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/var/cache/apt,sharing=locked     --mount=type=cache,target=/var/lib/apt/lists,sharing=locked     --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/uv,sharing=locked     apt-get update     && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends         adduser         ca-certificates         curl         postgresql-client-17         python3 python-is-python3 python3-pip python3-venv         build-essential clang gcc git libssl-dev llvm make pkg-config     && curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | UV_INSTALL_DIR=/usr/local/bin sh     && apt-get clean && apt-get -y autoremove     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
-#20 CACHED
-
-#21 [pypgstac pypgstac 1/7] COPY scripts/container-scripts /opt/pgstac/container-scripts
-#21 CACHED
-
-#22 [pypgstac pypgstac 6/7] RUN rm -rf /usr/local/cargo/registry
-#22 CACHED
-
-#23 [pypgstac pypgstac 2/7] COPY src/pypgstac /opt/src/pypgstac
-#23 CACHED
-
-#24 [pypgstac pypgstac 3/7] COPY src/pgstac /opt/src/pgstac
-#24 CACHED
-
-#25 [pypgstac pypgstac 4/7] COPY src/pgstac-migrate /opt/src/pgstac-migrate
-#25 CACHED
-
-#26 [pypgstac pypgstac 5/7] WORKDIR /opt/src/pypgstac
-#26 CACHED
-
-#27 [pypgstac pypgstac 7/7] RUN addgroup --gid 1000 user &&     adduser --uid 1000 --gid 1000 --disabled-password --gecos "" --home /home/user user &&     mkdir -p /home/user/.cache/uv &&     chown -R user:user /home/user /opt/src/pypgstac /opt/src/pgstac /opt/src/pgstac-migrate
-#27 CACHED
-
-#28 [pypgstac] exporting to image
-#28 exporting layers done
-#28 writing image sha256:e2ae2f9d9b57595f44969aaf092c7cc241115c2410452743263ad6c536638f30 done
-#28 naming to docker.io/library/pypgstac done
-#28 DONE 0.0s
-
-#29 [pypgstac] resolving provenance for metadata file
-#29 DONE 0.0s
- Image pypgstac Built
- Image pgstac Built
-PGSTAC_RUNNING=26c4a814bfa16636bef2c0208f045eabfc86087a71ce3a4aeefdea114ed9228b
-Running test --pypgstac in pypgstacworker
- Container pgstac-pgstac-1 Running
- Container pgstac-pgstac-1 Waiting
- Container pgstac-pgstac-1 Healthy
- Container pgstac-pypgstac-run-639ab97488b2 Creating
- Container pgstac-pypgstac-run-639ab97488b2 Created
-warning
-Server extension tests passed for postgis + postgres.
- pgstac_admin_owns
--------------------
-
-(1 row)
-
- update_partition_stats_q
---------------------------
-(0 rows)
-
- set_version
--------------
- unreleased
-(1 row)
-
-warning: Ignoring existing virtual environment linked to non-existent Python interpreter: .venv/bin/python3 -> python
-Using CPython 3.13.5 interpreter at: /usr/bin/python3
-Removed virtual environment at: .venv
-Creating virtual environment at: .venv
-   Building pgstac-migrate @ file:///opt/src/pgstac-migrate
-   Building pypgstac @ file:///opt/src/pypgstac
-Downloading pydantic-core (2.0MiB)
-Downloading ruff (10.8MiB)
-Downloading virtualenv (7.2MiB)
-Downloading pygments (1.2MiB)
-Downloading psycopg-binary (4.9MiB)
-Downloading ty (11.0MiB)
-Downloading zstandard (5.3MiB)
-Downloading pyproj (9.1MiB)
-   Building version-parser==1.0.1
-      Built pgstac-migrate @ file:///opt/src/pgstac-migrate
-      Built pypgstac @ file:///opt/src/pypgstac
- Downloaded pygments
- Downloaded pydantic-core
-      Built version-parser==1.0.1
- Downloaded psycopg-binary
- Downloaded zstandard
- Downloaded virtualenv
- Downloaded pyproj
- Downloaded ruff
- Downloaded ty
-Installed 59 packages in 182ms
-============================= test session starts ==============================
-platform linux -- Python 3.13.5, pytest-9.0.3, pluggy-1.6.0 -- /opt/src/pypgstac/.venv/bin/python
-cachedir: .pytest_cache
-benchmark: 5.2.3 (defaults: timer=time.perf_counter disable_gc=False min_rounds=5 min_time=0.000005 max_time=1.0 calibration_precision=10 warmup=False warmup_iterations=100000)
-rootdir: /opt/src/pypgstac
-configfile: pyproject.toml
-plugins: cov-7.1.0, benchmark-5.2.3
-collecting ... collected 164 items
-
-tests/hydration/test_base_item.py::test_landsat_c2_l1 PASSED             [  0%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_landsat_c2_l1 PASSED [  1%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_single_depth_equals PASSED [  1%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_nested_equals PASSED [  2%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_nested_extra_keys PASSED [  3%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_list_of_dicts_extra_keys PASSED [  3%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_equal_len_list_of_mixed_types PASSED [  4%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_unequal_len_list PASSED [  4%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_marked_non_merged_fields PASSED [  5%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_marked_non_merged_fields_in_list PASSED [  6%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_deeply_nested_dict PASSED [  6%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_equal_list_of_non_dicts PASSED [  7%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_invalid_assets_marked PASSED [  7%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_top_level_base_keys_marked PASSED [  8%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_landsat_c2_l1 <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [  9%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_single_depth_equals <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [  9%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_nested_equals <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 10%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_nested_extra_keys <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 10%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_list_of_dicts_extra_keys <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 11%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_equal_len_list_of_mixed_types <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 12%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_unequal_len_list <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 12%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_marked_non_merged_fields <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 13%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_marked_non_merged_fields_in_list <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 14%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_deeply_nested_dict <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 14%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_equal_list_of_non_dicts <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 15%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_invalid_assets_marked <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 15%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_top_level_base_keys_marked <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 16%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_landsat_c2_l1 PASSED  [ 17%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_full_hydrate PASSED   [ 17%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_full_nested PASSED    [ 18%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_nested_extra_keys PASSED [ 18%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_list_of_dicts_extra_keys PASSED [ 19%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_equal_len_list_of_mixed_types PASSED [ 20%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_unequal_len_list PASSED [ 20%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_marked_non_merged_fields PASSED [ 21%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_marked_non_merged_fields_in_list PASSED [ 21%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_deeply_nested_dict PASSED [ 22%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_equal_list_of_non_dicts PASSED [ 23%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_invalid_assets_removed PASSED [ 23%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_top_level_base_keys_marked PASSED [ 24%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_base_none PASSED      [ 25%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_landsat_c2_l1 <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 25%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_full_hydrate <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 26%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_full_nested <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 26%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_nested_extra_keys <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 27%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_list_of_dicts_extra_keys <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 28%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_equal_len_list_of_mixed_types <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 28%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_unequal_len_list <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 29%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_marked_non_merged_fields <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 29%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_marked_non_merged_fields_in_list <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 30%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_deeply_nested_dict <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 31%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_equal_list_of_non_dicts <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 31%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_invalid_assets_removed <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 32%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_top_level_base_keys_marked <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 32%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_base_none <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 33%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-0.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
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-tests/test_load.py::test_load_collections_succeeds PASSED                [ 74%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_collections_json_succeeds PASSED           [ 75%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_collections_json_duplicates_fails PASSED   [ 75%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_collections_json_duplicates_with_upsert PASSED [ 76%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_collections_json_duplicates_with_ignore PASSED [ 76%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_duplicates_fails PASSED              [ 77%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_succeeds PASSED                      [ 78%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_ignore_succeeds FAILED               [ 78%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_upsert_succeeds FAILED               [ 79%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_delsert_succeeds FAILED              [ 79%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_partition_loads_default PASSED                  [ 80%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_partition_loads_month PASSED                    [ 81%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_partition_loads_year PASSED                     [ 81%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_dehydrated_ignore_succeeds FAILED    [ 82%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_format_items_keys PASSED                        [ 82%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_s1_grd_load_and_query PASSED                    [ 83%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_dehydrated PASSED                          [ 84%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_collections_incompatible_version PASSED    [ 84%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_incompatible_version PASSED          [ 85%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_compatible_major_minor_version PASSED      [ 85%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_compatible_major_minor_version_with_dev_suffix PASSED [ 86%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_nopartitionconstraint_succeeds FAILED [ 87%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_valid_srid PASSED                               [ 87%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_sequential_new_loader_per_item FAILED [ 88%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_concurrent_new_loader_per_item FAILED [ 89%]
-tests/test_migrate.py::test_canonical_migration_filename_helpers PASSED  [ 89%]
-tests/test_migrate.py::test_parse_filename_uses_canonical_layout PASSED  [ 90%]
-tests/test_migrate.py::test_migration_path_returns_canonical_filenames PASSED [ 90%]
-tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py::test_run_migration_delegates_to_pgstac_migrate PASSED [ 91%]
-tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py::test_run_migration_defaults_to_package_version PASSED [ 92%]
-tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py::test_cli_migrate_delegates_to_migrate_wrapper PASSED [ 92%]
-tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py::test_migration_path_matches_pgstac_migrate_compat PASSED [ 93%]
-tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_succeeds PASSED           [ 93%]
-tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_without_index_fields PASSED [ 94%]
-tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_with_specific_index_fields PASSED [ 95%]
-tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_empty_index_fields PASSED [ 95%]
-tests/test_queryables.py::test_maintain_partitions_called_only_with_index_fields PASSED [ 96%]
-tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_with_collections PASSED   [ 96%]
-tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_update PASSED             [ 97%]
-tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_invalid_json PASSED       [ 98%]
-tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_delete_missing PASSED     [ 98%]
-tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_delete_missing_with_collections PASSED [ 99%]
-tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_no_properties PASSED      [100%]
-
-=================================== FAILURES ===================================
-_______________________ test_load_items_ignore_succeeds ________________________
-
-loader = <pypgstac.load.Loader object at 0x7111b68b7310>
-
-    def test_load_items_ignore_succeeds(loader: Loader) -> None:
-        """Test pypgstac items ignore loader."""
-        loader.load_collections(
-            str(TEST_COLLECTIONS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.ignore,
-        )
-
-        loader.load_items(
-            str(TEST_ITEMS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.insert,
-        )
-
->       loader.load_items(
-            str(TEST_ITEMS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.ignore,
-        )
-
-tests/test_load.py:149:
-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-src/pypgstac/load.py:646: in load_items
-    self.load_partition(self._partition_cache[k], list(g), insert_mode)
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:331: in wrapped_f
-    return copy(f, *args, **kw)
-           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:470: in __call__
-    do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
-         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:371: in iter
-    result = action(retry_state)
-             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:393: in <lambda>
-    self._add_action_func(lambda rs: rs.outcome.result())
-                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:449: in result
-    return self.__get_result()
-           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
-    raise self._exception
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:473: in __call__
-    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
-             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-src/pypgstac/load.py:420: in load_partition
-    cur.execute(
-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-
-self = <psycopg.Cursor [closed] [IDLE] (host=pgstac user=username database=pypgstactestdb) at 0x7111b69eaed0>
-query = Composed([SQL('\n                                INSERT INTO '), Identifier('_items_1'), SQL('\n                      ...*\n                                FROM items_ingest_temp ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING;\n                                ')])
-params = None
-
-    def execute(
-        self,
-        query: Query,
-        params: Params | None = None,
-        *,
-        prepare: bool | None = None,
-        binary: bool | None = None,
-    ) -> Self:
-        """
-        Execute a query or command to the database.
-        """
-        try:
-            with self._conn.lock:
-                self._conn.wait(
-                    self._execute_gen(query, params, prepare=prepare, binary=binary)
-                )
-        except e._NO_TRACEBACK as ex:
->           raise ex.with_traceback(None)
-E           psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E           DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
-
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/psycopg/cursor.py:117: NotNullViolation
-_______________________ test_load_items_upsert_succeeds ________________________
-
-loader = <pypgstac.load.Loader object at 0x7111b68b7770>
-
-    def test_load_items_upsert_succeeds(loader: Loader) -> None:
-        """Test pypgstac items ignore loader."""
-        loader.load_collections(
-            str(TEST_COLLECTIONS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.ignore,
-        )
-
-        loader.load_items(
-            str(TEST_ITEMS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.insert,
-        )
-
->       loader.load_items(
-            str(TEST_ITEMS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.upsert,
-        )
-
-tests/test_load.py:167:
-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-src/pypgstac/load.py:646: in load_items
-    self.load_partition(self._partition_cache[k], list(g), insert_mode)
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:331: in wrapped_f
-    return copy(f, *args, **kw)
-           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:470: in __call__
-    do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
-         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:371: in iter
-    result = action(retry_state)
-             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:393: in <lambda>
-    self._add_action_func(lambda rs: rs.outcome.result())
-                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:449: in result
-    return self.__get_result()
-           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
-    raise self._exception
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:473: in __call__
-    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
-             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-src/pypgstac/load.py:432: in load_partition
-    cur.execute(
-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-
-self = <psycopg.Cursor [closed] [IDLE] (host=pgstac user=username database=pypgstactestdb) at 0x7111b69eb890>
-query = Composed([SQL('\n                                INSERT INTO '), Identifier('_items_1'), SQL(' AS t SELECT * FROM item...                 WHERE t IS DISTINCT FROM EXCLUDED\n                                ;\n                            ')])
-params = None
-
-    def execute(
-        self,
-        query: Query,
-        params: Params | None = None,
-        *,
-        prepare: bool | None = None,
-        binary: bool | None = None,
-    ) -> Self:
-        """
-        Execute a query or command to the database.
-        """
-        try:
-            with self._conn.lock:
-                self._conn.wait(
-                    self._execute_gen(query, params, prepare=prepare, binary=binary)
-                )
-        except e._NO_TRACEBACK as ex:
->           raise ex.with_traceback(None)
-E           psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E           DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
-
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/psycopg/cursor.py:117: NotNullViolation
-_______________________ test_load_items_delsert_succeeds _______________________
-
-loader = <pypgstac.load.Loader object at 0x7111b6a8ba00>
-
-    def test_load_items_delsert_succeeds(loader: Loader) -> None:
-        """Test pypgstac items ignore loader."""
-        loader.load_collections(
-            str(TEST_COLLECTIONS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.ignore,
-        )
-
-        loader.load_items(
-            str(TEST_ITEMS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.insert,
-        )
-
->       loader.load_items(
-            str(TEST_ITEMS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.delsert,
-        )
-
-tests/test_load.py:185:
-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-src/pypgstac/load.py:646: in load_items
-    self.load_partition(self._partition_cache[k], list(g), insert_mode)
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:331: in wrapped_f
-    return copy(f, *args, **kw)
-           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:470: in __call__
-    do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
-         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:371: in iter
-    result = action(retry_state)
-             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:393: in <lambda>
-    self._add_action_func(lambda rs: rs.outcome.result())
-                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:449: in result
-    return self.__get_result()
-           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
-    raise self._exception
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:473: in __call__
-    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
-             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-src/pypgstac/load.py:451: in load_partition
-    cur.execute(
-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-
-self = <psycopg.Cursor [closed] [IDLE] (host=pgstac user=username database=pypgstactestdb) at 0x7111b69eaed0>
-query = Composed([SQL('\n                                WITH deletes AS (\n                                    DELETE FROM it...             WHERE t IS DISTINCT FROM EXCLUDED\n                                ;\n                                ')])
-params = None
-
-    def execute(
-        self,
-        query: Query,
-        params: Params | None = None,
-        *,
-        prepare: bool | None = None,
-        binary: bool | None = None,
-    ) -> Self:
-        """
-        Execute a query or command to the database.
-        """
-        try:
-            with self._conn.lock:
-                self._conn.wait(
-                    self._execute_gen(query, params, prepare=prepare, binary=binary)
-                )
-        except e._NO_TRACEBACK as ex:
->           raise ex.with_traceback(None)
-E           psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E           DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
-
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/psycopg/cursor.py:117: NotNullViolation
-__________________ test_load_items_dehydrated_ignore_succeeds __________________
-
-loader = <pypgstac.load.Loader object at 0x7111b692f5f0>
-
-    def test_load_items_dehydrated_ignore_succeeds(loader: Loader) -> None:
-        """Test pypgstac items ignore loader."""
-        loader.load_collections(
-            str(TEST_COLLECTIONS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.ignore,
-        )
-
-        loader.load_items(
-            str(TEST_DEHYDRATED_ITEMS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.insert,
-            dehydrated=True,
-        )
-
->       loader.load_items(
-            str(TEST_DEHYDRATED_ITEMS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.ignore,
-            dehydrated=True,
-        )
-
-tests/test_load.py:279:
-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-src/pypgstac/load.py:646: in load_items
-    self.load_partition(self._partition_cache[k], list(g), insert_mode)
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:331: in wrapped_f
-    return copy(f, *args, **kw)
-           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:470: in __call__
-    do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
-         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:371: in iter
-    result = action(retry_state)
-             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:393: in <lambda>
-    self._add_action_func(lambda rs: rs.outcome.result())
-                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:449: in result
-    return self.__get_result()
-           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
-    raise self._exception
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:473: in __call__
-    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
-             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-src/pypgstac/load.py:420: in load_partition
-    cur.execute(
-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-
-self = <psycopg.Cursor [closed] [IDLE] (host=pgstac user=username database=pypgstactestdb) at 0x7111b69ebc50>
-query = Composed([SQL('\n                                INSERT INTO '), Identifier('_items_1'), SQL('\n                      ...*\n                                FROM items_ingest_temp ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING;\n                                ')])
-params = None
-
-    def execute(
-        self,
-        query: Query,
-        params: Params | None = None,
-        *,
-        prepare: bool | None = None,
-        binary: bool | None = None,
-    ) -> Self:
-        """
-        Execute a query or command to the database.
-        """
-        try:
-            with self._conn.lock:
-                self._conn.wait(
-                    self._execute_gen(query, params, prepare=prepare, binary=binary)
-                )
-        except e._NO_TRACEBACK as ex:
->           raise ex.with_traceback(None)
-E           psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E           DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"assets": {"image": {"href": "https://naipeuwest.blob.core.wind..., null).
-
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/psycopg/cursor.py:117: NotNullViolation
-________________ test_load_items_nopartitionconstraint_succeeds ________________
-
-loader = <pypgstac.load.Loader object at 0x7111b4706870>
-
-    def test_load_items_nopartitionconstraint_succeeds(loader: Loader) -> None:
-        """Test pypgstac items loader."""
-        loader.load_collections(
-            str(TEST_COLLECTIONS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.upsert,
-        )
-        loader.load_items(
-            str(TEST_ITEMS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.insert,
-        )
-
-        cdtmin = loader.db.query_one(
-            """
-            SELECT lower(constraint_dtrange)::text
-            FROM partition_sys_meta WHERE partition = '_items_1';
-            """,
-        )
-
-        assert cdtmin == "2011-07-31 00:00:00+00"
-        with loader.db.connect() as conn:
-            conn.execute(
-                """
-                ALTER TABLE _items_1 DROP CONSTRAINT _items_1_dt;
-                """,
-            )
-        cdtmin = loader.db.query_one(
-            """
-            SELECT lower(constraint_dtrange)::text
-            FROM partition_sys_meta WHERE partition = '_items_1';
-            """,
-        )
-        assert cdtmin == "-infinity"
-
->       loader.load_items(
-            str(TEST_ITEMS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.upsert,
-        )
-
-tests/test_load.py:468:
-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-src/pypgstac/load.py:646: in load_items
-    self.load_partition(self._partition_cache[k], list(g), insert_mode)
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:331: in wrapped_f
-    return copy(f, *args, **kw)
-           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:470: in __call__
-    do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
-         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:371: in iter
-    result = action(retry_state)
-             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:393: in <lambda>
-    self._add_action_func(lambda rs: rs.outcome.result())
-                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:449: in result
-    return self.__get_result()
-           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
-    raise self._exception
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:473: in __call__
-    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
-             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-src/pypgstac/load.py:432: in load_partition
-    cur.execute(
-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-
-self = <psycopg.Cursor [closed] [IDLE] (host=pgstac user=username database=pypgstactestdb) at 0x7111b69ebf50>
-query = Composed([SQL('\n                                INSERT INTO '), Identifier('_items_1'), SQL(' AS t SELECT * FROM item...                 WHERE t IS DISTINCT FROM EXCLUDED\n                                ;\n                            ')])
-params = None
-
-    def execute(
-        self,
-        query: Query,
-        params: Params | None = None,
-        *,
-        prepare: bool | None = None,
-        binary: bool | None = None,
-    ) -> Self:
-        """
-        Execute a query or command to the database.
-        """
-        try:
-            with self._conn.lock:
-                self._conn.wait(
-                    self._execute_gen(query, params, prepare=prepare, binary=binary)
-                )
-        except e._NO_TRACEBACK as ex:
->           raise ex.with_traceback(None)
-E           psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E           DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
-
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/psycopg/cursor.py:117: NotNullViolation
-________________ test_load_items_sequential_new_loader_per_item ________________
-
-db = <pypgstac.db.PgstacDB object at 0x7111b4479850>
-
-    def test_load_items_sequential_new_loader_per_item(db: PgstacDB) -> None:
-        """Test that creating a new Loader per iteration with now() datetimes works.
-
-        Reproduces a pattern where a for loop creates a fresh Loader for each
-        iteration and loads a single item with datetime=now(). Each Loader has
-        an empty _partition_cache, so it queries partition bounds from the DB
-        each time. With slightly different datetimes, each iteration may trigger
-        check_partition to drop and recreate constraints unnecessarily.
-        """
-        # Load the collection once
-        loader = Loader(db)
-        loader.load_collections(str(TEST_COLLECTIONS), insert_mode=Methods.upsert)
-
-        num_items = 10
-        collection_id = "pgstac-test-collection"
-
-        for i in range(num_items):
-            # Fresh loader each iteration — empty _partition_cache
-            ldr = Loader(db)
-            dt = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
-            item = _make_item(f"race-seq-{i}", collection_id, dt)
->           ldr.load_items(iter([item]), insert_mode=Methods.upsert)
-
-tests/test_load.py:553:
-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-src/pypgstac/load.py:646: in load_items
-    self.load_partition(self._partition_cache[k], list(g), insert_mode)
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:331: in wrapped_f
-    return copy(f, *args, **kw)
-           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:470: in __call__
-    do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
-         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:371: in iter
-    result = action(retry_state)
-             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:393: in <lambda>
-    self._add_action_func(lambda rs: rs.outcome.result())
-                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:449: in result
-    return self.__get_result()
-           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
-    raise self._exception
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:473: in __call__
-    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
-             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-src/pypgstac/load.py:432: in load_partition
-    cur.execute(
-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-
-self = <psycopg.Cursor [closed] [IDLE] (host=pgstac user=username database=pypgstactestdb) at 0x7111b46f0710>
-query = Composed([SQL('\n                                INSERT INTO '), Identifier('_items_1'), SQL(' AS t SELECT * FROM item...                 WHERE t IS DISTINCT FROM EXCLUDED\n                                ;\n                            ')])
-params = None
-
-    def execute(
-        self,
-        query: Query,
-        params: Params | None = None,
-        *,
-        prepare: bool | None = None,
-        binary: bool | None = None,
-    ) -> Self:
-        """
-        Execute a query or command to the database.
-        """
-        try:
-            with self._conn.lock:
-                self._conn.wait(
-                    self._execute_gen(query, params, prepare=prepare, binary=binary)
-                )
-        except e._NO_TRACEBACK as ex:
->           raise ex.with_traceback(None)
-E           psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E           DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-seq-0, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:04.666054+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:04.666054+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/psycopg/cursor.py:117: NotNullViolation
-________________ test_load_items_concurrent_new_loader_per_item ________________
-
-db = <pypgstac.db.PgstacDB object at 0x7111b45268d0>
-
-    def test_load_items_concurrent_new_loader_per_item(db: PgstacDB) -> None:
-        """Test race condition with concurrent Loaders each loading one item.
-
-        This replicates the scenario where multiple threads each instantiate a
-        separate Loader and call load_items with a single item whose datetime
-        is set to now(). Each Loader has its own _partition_cache, and the
-        slightly different datetimes cause each to call check_partition, which
-        drops and recreates partition constraints and refreshes materialized
-        views. Concurrent execution triggers deadlocks, lock contention, and
-        constraint violations.
-        """
-        # Load the collection once
-        loader = Loader(db)
-        loader.load_collections(str(TEST_COLLECTIONS), insert_mode=Methods.upsert)
-
-        num_items = 10
-        collection_id = "pgstac-test-collection"
-        errors: list = []
-
-        def load_one_item(item_idx: int) -> None:
-            try:
-                ldr = Loader(PgstacDB())
-                dt = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
-                item = _make_item(f"race-concurrent-{item_idx}", collection_id, dt)
-                ldr.load_items(iter([item]), insert_mode=Methods.upsert)
-            except Exception as e:
-                errors.append((item_idx, e))
-
-        threads = []
-        for i in range(num_items):
-            t = threading.Thread(target=load_one_item, args=(i,))
-            threads.append(t)
-
-        # Start all threads to maximize contention
-        for t in threads:
-            t.start()
-        for t in threads:
-            t.join(timeout=60)
-
-        # Report any errors from threads
-        if errors:
-            error_msgs = [f"Item {idx}: {type(e).__name__}: {e}" for idx, e in errors]
-            message = f"{len(errors)}/{num_items} concurrent loads failed:\n" + "\n".join(
-                error_msgs,
-            )
->           assert not errors, message
-E           AssertionError: 10/10 concurrent loads failed:
-E             Item 3: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-3, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042733+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042733+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-E             Item 0: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-0, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041289+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041289+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-E             Item 2: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-2, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042118+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042118+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-E             Item 9: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-9, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.051362+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.051362+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-E             Item 5: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-5, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.044928+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.044928+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-E             Item 7: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-7, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.048391+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.048391+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-E             Item 6: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-6, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.045764+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.045764+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-E             Item 1: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-1, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041777+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041777+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-E             Item 8: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-8, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.05+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.05+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-E             Item 4: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-4, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.043353+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.043353+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-E           assert not [(3, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-3, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042733+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042733+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (0, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-0, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041289+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041289+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (2, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-2, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042118+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042118+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (9, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-9, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.051362+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.051362+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (5, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-5, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.044928+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.044928+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (7, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-7, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.048391+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.048391+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (6, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-6, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.045764+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.045764+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (1, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-1, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041777+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041777+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (8, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-8, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.05+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.05+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (4, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-4, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.043353+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.043353+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).'))]
-
-tests/test_load.py:607: AssertionError
-=============================== warnings summary ===============================
-../../../home/bitner/data/pgstac/src/pypgstac/tests/conftest.py:11
-  /home/bitner/data/pgstac/src/pypgstac/tests/conftest.py:11: DeprecationWarning: pypgstac.migrate is a compatibility wrapper and will be deprecated in a future minor release; use pgstac_migrate.api or the pgstac-migrate CLI directly.
-
--- Docs: https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/how-to/capture-warnings.html
-=========================== short test summary info ============================
-FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_ignore_succeeds - psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
-FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_upsert_succeeds - psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
-FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_delsert_succeeds - psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
-FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_dehydrated_ignore_succeeds - psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"assets": {"image": {"href": "https://naipeuwest.blob.core.wind..., null).
-FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_nopartitionconstraint_succeeds - psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
-FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_sequential_new_loader_per_item - psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-seq-0, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:04.666054+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:04.666054+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_concurrent_new_loader_per_item - AssertionError: 10/10 concurrent loads failed:
-  Item 3: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-3, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042733+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042733+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-  Item 0: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-0, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041289+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041289+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-  Item 2: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-2, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042118+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042118+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-  Item 9: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-9, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.051362+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.051362+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-  Item 5: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-5, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.044928+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.044928+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-  Item 7: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-7, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.048391+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.048391+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-  Item 6: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-6, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.045764+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.045764+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-  Item 1: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-1, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041777+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041777+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-  Item 8: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-8, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.05+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.05+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-  Item 4: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-4, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.043353+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.043353+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-assert not [(3, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-3, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042733+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042733+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (0, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-0, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041289+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041289+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (2, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-2, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042118+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.042118+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (9, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-9, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.051362+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.051362+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (5, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-5, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.044928+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.044928+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (7, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-7, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.048391+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.048391+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (6, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-6, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.045764+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.045764+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (1, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-1, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041777+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.041777+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (8, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-8, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.05+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.05+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (4, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-4, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.043353+00, 2026-05-13 16:09:05.043353+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).'))]
-============= 7 failed, 91 passed, 66 skipped, 1 warning in 29.20s =============
-
diff --git a/pypgstac_tests_2.log b/pypgstac_tests_2.log
deleted file mode 100644
index 66080ca7..00000000
--- a/pypgstac_tests_2.log
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,993 +0,0 @@
-Building docker images...
- Image pypgstac Building
- Image pgstac Building
-#1 [internal] load local bake definitions
-#1 reading from stdin 1.14kB done
-#1 DONE 0.0s
-
-#2 [pgstac internal] load build definition from Dockerfile
-#2 transferring dockerfile: 2.11kB done
-#2 DONE 0.0s
-
-#3 [pypgstac internal] load build definition from Dockerfile
-#3 transferring dockerfile: 2.70kB done
-#3 DONE 0.0s
-
-#4 [pypgstac] resolve image config for docker-image://docker.io/docker/dockerfile:1.7
-#4 DONE 0.2s
-
-#5 [pgstac] docker-image://docker.io/docker/dockerfile:1.7@sha256:a57df69d0ea827fb7266491f2813635de6f17269be881f696fbfdf2d83dda33e
-#5 CACHED
-
-#6 [pgstac internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/postgres:17-trixie
-#6 ...
-
-#7 [pypgstac internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/rust:1-slim-trixie
-#7 DONE 0.0s
-
-#8 [pypgstac internal] load .dockerignore
-#8 transferring context: 277B done
-#8 DONE 0.0s
-
-#6 [pgstac internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/postgres:17-trixie
-#6 DONE 0.2s
-
-#9 [pypgstac pyrustbase 1/2] FROM docker.io/library/rust:1-slim-trixie
-#9 DONE 0.0s
-
-#10 [pgstac internal] load .dockerignore
-#10 transferring context: 277B done
-#10 DONE 0.0s
-
-#11 [pgstac pgstacbase 1/2] FROM docker.io/library/postgres:17-trixie@sha256:2a0d0fe14825b0939f78a8cad5cd4e6aa68bf94d0e5dd96e24b6d23af4315545
-#11 DONE 0.0s
-
-#12 [pgstac internal] load build context
-#12 transferring context: 246B done
-#12 DONE 0.0s
-
-#13 [pypgstac internal] load build context
-#13 transferring context: 122.51kB 0.1s done
-#13 DONE 0.1s
-
-#14 [pypgstac pypgstac 3/7] COPY src/pgstac /opt/src/pgstac
-#14 CACHED
-
-#15 [pypgstac pypgstac 4/7] COPY src/pgstac-migrate /opt/src/pgstac-migrate
-#15 CACHED
-
-#16 [pypgstac pyrustbase 2/2] RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/var/cache/apt,sharing=locked     --mount=type=cache,target=/var/lib/apt/lists,sharing=locked     --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/uv,sharing=locked     apt-get update     && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends         adduser         ca-certificates         curl         postgresql-client-17         python3 python-is-python3 python3-pip python3-venv         build-essential clang gcc git libssl-dev llvm make pkg-config     && curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | UV_INSTALL_DIR=/usr/local/bin sh     && apt-get clean && apt-get -y autoremove     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
-#16 CACHED
-
-#17 [pypgstac pypgstac 6/7] RUN rm -rf /usr/local/cargo/registry
-#17 CACHED
-
-#18 [pypgstac pypgstac 2/7] COPY src/pypgstac /opt/src/pypgstac
-#18 CACHED
-
-#19 [pypgstac pypgstac 5/7] WORKDIR /opt/src/pypgstac
-#19 CACHED
-
-#20 [pypgstac pypgstac 1/7] COPY scripts/container-scripts /opt/pgstac/container-scripts
-#20 CACHED
-
-#21 [pgstac pgstac 1/3] WORKDIR /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d
-#21 CACHED
-
-#22 [pgstac pgstac 2/3] COPY docker/pgstac/dbinit/pgstac.sh 990_pgstac.sh
-#22 CACHED
-
-#23 [pgstac pgstacbase 2/2] RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/var/cache/apt,sharing=locked     --mount=type=cache,target=/var/lib/apt/lists,sharing=locked     --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/git,sharing=locked     apt-get update     && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends         postgresql-17-postgis-3         postgresql-17-postgis-3-scripts         postgresql-17-cron         postgresql-contrib-17         postgresql-17-pgtap         postgresql-17-plpgsql-check         postgresql-17-partman         postgresql-server-dev-17         build-essential         ca-certificates         curl         git         flex         bison         libkrb5-dev     && GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT=0 git clone --branch v1.5.2 --depth 1 https://github.com/aws/pg_tle.git /tmp/pg_tle     && make -C /tmp/pg_tle     && make -C /tmp/pg_tle install     && rm -rf /tmp/pg_tle     && sed -i "s/^#shared_preload_libraries = .*/shared_preload_libraries = 'pg_tle,pg_stat_statements,pg_cron'/" /usr/share/postgresql/17/postgresql.conf.sample     && sed -i "s/^#shared_preload_libraries = .*/shared_preload_libraries = 'pg_tle,pg_stat_statements,pg_cron'/" /usr/share/postgresql/postgresql.conf.sample     && apt-get purge -y --auto-remove         postgresql-server-dev-17         build-essential         curl         git         flex         bison         libkrb5-dev     && apt-get clean && apt-get -y autoremove     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
-#23 CACHED
-
-#24 [pypgstac pypgstac 7/7] RUN addgroup --gid 1000 user &&     adduser --uid 1000 --gid 1000 --disabled-password --gecos "" --home /home/user user &&     mkdir -p /home/user/.cache/uv &&     chown -R user:user /home/user /opt/src/pypgstac /opt/src/pgstac /opt/src/pgstac-migrate
-#24 CACHED
-
-#25 [pgstac pgstac 3/3] COPY src/pgstac/pgstac.sql 999_pgstac.sql
-#25 CACHED
-
-#26 [pypgstac] exporting to image
-#26 exporting layers done
-#26 writing image sha256:e47eebcee8343129804a1f76138edbf0bdaa0c2249a57018a778f6342492b4e5 done
-#26 naming to docker.io/library/pypgstac done
-#26 DONE 0.0s
-
-#27 [pgstac] exporting to image
-#27 exporting layers done
-#27 writing image sha256:fafc9b0cbb575dc0ec9b198786726c1ee498a3fe47b8fe5074dc32e7f4dddc48 done
-#27 naming to docker.io/library/pgstac done
-#27 DONE 0.0s
-
-#28 [pypgstac] resolving provenance for metadata file
-#28 DONE 0.0s
-
-#29 [pgstac] resolving provenance for metadata file
-#29 DONE 0.0s
- Image pgstac Built
- Image pypgstac Built
-PGSTAC_RUNNING=e59933483ae891d9b798eb9bdeb449cf4f772794f3e001c0dfd06545f8827d9f
-Running test --pypgstac in pypgstacworker
- Container pgstac-pgstac-1 Running
- Container pgstac-pgstac-1 Waiting
- Container pgstac-pgstac-1 Healthy
- Container pgstac-pypgstac-run-ba54f03054d6 Creating
- Container pgstac-pypgstac-run-ba54f03054d6 Created
-warning
-Server extension tests passed for postgis + postgres.
- pgstac_admin_owns
--------------------
-
-(1 row)
-
- update_partition_stats_q
---------------------------
-(0 rows)
-
- set_version
--------------
- unreleased
-(1 row)
-
-warning: Ignoring existing virtual environment linked to non-existent Python interpreter: .venv/bin/python3 -> python
-Using CPython 3.13.5 interpreter at: /usr/bin/python3
-Removed virtual environment at: .venv
-Creating virtual environment at: .venv
-   Building pgstac-migrate @ file:///opt/src/pgstac-migrate
-   Building pypgstac @ file:///opt/src/pypgstac
-Downloading pygments (1.2MiB)
-Downloading ruff (10.8MiB)
-Downloading pydantic-core (2.0MiB)
-Downloading psycopg-binary (4.9MiB)
-Downloading pyproj (9.1MiB)
-Downloading zstandard (5.3MiB)
-Downloading ty (11.0MiB)
-Downloading virtualenv (7.2MiB)
-   Building version-parser==1.0.1
-      Built pgstac-migrate @ file:///opt/src/pgstac-migrate
-      Built pypgstac @ file:///opt/src/pypgstac
- Downloaded pygments
- Downloaded pydantic-core
-      Built version-parser==1.0.1
- Downloaded psycopg-binary
- Downloaded zstandard
- Downloaded virtualenv
- Downloaded pyproj
- Downloaded ty
- Downloaded ruff
-Installed 59 packages in 185ms
-============================= test session starts ==============================
-platform linux -- Python 3.13.5, pytest-9.0.3, pluggy-1.6.0 -- /opt/src/pypgstac/.venv/bin/python
-cachedir: .pytest_cache
-benchmark: 5.2.3 (defaults: timer=time.perf_counter disable_gc=False min_rounds=5 min_time=0.000005 max_time=1.0 calibration_precision=10 warmup=False warmup_iterations=100000)
-rootdir: /opt/src/pypgstac
-configfile: pyproject.toml
-plugins: cov-7.1.0, benchmark-5.2.3
-collecting ... collected 164 items
-
-tests/hydration/test_base_item.py::test_landsat_c2_l1 PASSED             [  0%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_landsat_c2_l1 PASSED [  1%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_single_depth_equals PASSED [  1%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_nested_equals PASSED [  2%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_nested_extra_keys PASSED [  3%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_list_of_dicts_extra_keys PASSED [  3%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_equal_len_list_of_mixed_types PASSED [  4%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_unequal_len_list PASSED [  4%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_marked_non_merged_fields PASSED [  5%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_marked_non_merged_fields_in_list PASSED [  6%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_deeply_nested_dict PASSED [  6%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_equal_list_of_non_dicts PASSED [  7%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_invalid_assets_marked PASSED [  7%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py::TestDehydrate::test_top_level_base_keys_marked PASSED [  8%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_landsat_c2_l1 <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [  9%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_single_depth_equals <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [  9%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_nested_equals <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 10%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_nested_extra_keys <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 10%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_list_of_dicts_extra_keys <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 11%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_equal_len_list_of_mixed_types <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 12%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_unequal_len_list <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 12%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_marked_non_merged_fields <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 13%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_marked_non_merged_fields_in_list <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 14%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_deeply_nested_dict <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 14%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_equal_list_of_non_dicts <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 15%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_invalid_assets_marked <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 15%]
-tests/hydration/test_dehydrate_pg.py::TestDehydratePG::test_top_level_base_keys_marked <- tests/hydration/test_dehydrate.py PASSED [ 16%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_landsat_c2_l1 PASSED  [ 17%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_full_hydrate PASSED   [ 17%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_full_nested PASSED    [ 18%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_nested_extra_keys PASSED [ 18%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_list_of_dicts_extra_keys PASSED [ 19%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_equal_len_list_of_mixed_types PASSED [ 20%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_unequal_len_list PASSED [ 20%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_marked_non_merged_fields PASSED [ 21%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_marked_non_merged_fields_in_list PASSED [ 21%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_deeply_nested_dict PASSED [ 22%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_equal_list_of_non_dicts PASSED [ 23%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_invalid_assets_removed PASSED [ 23%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_top_level_base_keys_marked PASSED [ 24%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py::TestHydrate::test_base_none PASSED      [ 25%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_landsat_c2_l1 <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 25%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_full_hydrate <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 26%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_full_nested <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 26%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_nested_extra_keys <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 27%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_list_of_dicts_extra_keys <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 28%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_equal_len_list_of_mixed_types <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 28%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_unequal_len_list <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 29%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_marked_non_merged_fields <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 29%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_marked_non_merged_fields_in_list <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 30%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_deeply_nested_dict <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 31%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_equal_list_of_non_dicts <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 31%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_invalid_assets_removed <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 32%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_top_level_base_keys_marked <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 32%]
-tests/hydration/test_hydrate_pg.py::TestHydratePG::test_base_none <- tests/hydration/test_hydrate.py PASSED [ 33%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-0.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 34%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-0.75] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 34%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-1] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 35%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-1.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 35%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-2] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 36%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-3] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 37%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-4] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 37%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 38%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-6] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 39%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-8] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 39%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[3-10] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 40%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-0.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 40%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-0.75] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 41%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-1] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 42%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-1.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 42%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-2] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 43%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-3] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 43%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-4] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 44%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 45%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-6] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 45%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-8] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 46%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[4-10] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 46%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-0.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 47%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-0.75] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 48%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-1] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 48%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-1.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 49%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-2] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 50%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-3] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 50%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-4] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 51%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 51%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-6] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 52%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-8] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 53%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[5-10] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 53%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-0.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 54%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-0.75] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 54%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-1] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 55%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-1.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 56%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-2] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 56%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-3] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 57%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-4] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 57%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 58%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-6] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 59%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-8] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 59%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[6-10] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 60%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-0.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 60%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-0.75] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 61%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-1] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 62%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-1.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 62%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-2] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 63%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-3] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 64%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-4] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 64%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 65%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-6] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 65%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-8] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 66%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[7-10] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 67%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-0.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 67%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-0.75] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 68%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-1] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 68%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-1.5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 69%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-2] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 70%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-3] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 70%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-4] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 71%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-5] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 71%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-6] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 72%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-8] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 73%]
-tests/test_benchmark.py::test1[8-10] SKIPPED (Skipping benchmark
-(--benchmark-skip active).)                                              [ 73%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_collections_succeeds PASSED                [ 74%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_collections_json_succeeds PASSED           [ 75%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_collections_json_duplicates_fails PASSED   [ 75%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_collections_json_duplicates_with_upsert PASSED [ 76%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_collections_json_duplicates_with_ignore PASSED [ 76%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_duplicates_fails PASSED              [ 77%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_succeeds PASSED                      [ 78%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_ignore_succeeds FAILED               [ 78%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_upsert_succeeds FAILED               [ 79%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_delsert_succeeds FAILED              [ 79%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_partition_loads_default PASSED                  [ 80%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_partition_loads_month PASSED                    [ 81%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_partition_loads_year PASSED                     [ 81%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_dehydrated_ignore_succeeds FAILED    [ 82%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_format_items_keys PASSED                        [ 82%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_s1_grd_load_and_query PASSED                    [ 83%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_dehydrated PASSED                          [ 84%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_collections_incompatible_version PASSED    [ 84%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_incompatible_version PASSED          [ 85%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_compatible_major_minor_version PASSED      [ 85%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_compatible_major_minor_version_with_dev_suffix PASSED [ 86%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_nopartitionconstraint_succeeds FAILED [ 87%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_valid_srid PASSED                               [ 87%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_sequential_new_loader_per_item FAILED [ 88%]
-tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_concurrent_new_loader_per_item FAILED [ 89%]
-tests/test_migrate.py::test_canonical_migration_filename_helpers PASSED  [ 89%]
-tests/test_migrate.py::test_parse_filename_uses_canonical_layout PASSED  [ 90%]
-tests/test_migrate.py::test_migration_path_returns_canonical_filenames PASSED [ 90%]
-tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py::test_run_migration_delegates_to_pgstac_migrate PASSED [ 91%]
-tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py::test_run_migration_defaults_to_package_version PASSED [ 92%]
-tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py::test_cli_migrate_delegates_to_migrate_wrapper PASSED [ 92%]
-tests/test_migrate_wrapper.py::test_migration_path_matches_pgstac_migrate_compat PASSED [ 93%]
-tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_succeeds PASSED           [ 93%]
-tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_without_index_fields PASSED [ 94%]
-tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_with_specific_index_fields PASSED [ 95%]
-tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_empty_index_fields PASSED [ 95%]
-tests/test_queryables.py::test_maintain_partitions_called_only_with_index_fields PASSED [ 96%]
-tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_with_collections PASSED   [ 96%]
-tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_update PASSED             [ 97%]
-tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_invalid_json PASSED       [ 98%]
-tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_delete_missing PASSED     [ 98%]
-tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_delete_missing_with_collections PASSED [ 99%]
-tests/test_queryables.py::test_load_queryables_no_properties PASSED      [100%]
-
-=================================== FAILURES ===================================
-_______________________ test_load_items_ignore_succeeds ________________________
-
-loader = <pypgstac.load.Loader object at 0x711864c8b310>
-
-    def test_load_items_ignore_succeeds(loader: Loader) -> None:
-        """Test pypgstac items ignore loader."""
-        loader.load_collections(
-            str(TEST_COLLECTIONS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.ignore,
-        )
-
-        loader.load_items(
-            str(TEST_ITEMS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.insert,
-        )
-
->       loader.load_items(
-            str(TEST_ITEMS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.ignore,
-        )
-
-tests/test_load.py:149:
-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-src/pypgstac/load.py:646: in load_items
-    self.load_partition(self._partition_cache[k], list(g), insert_mode)
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:331: in wrapped_f
-    return copy(f, *args, **kw)
-           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:470: in __call__
-    do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
-         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:371: in iter
-    result = action(retry_state)
-             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:393: in <lambda>
-    self._add_action_func(lambda rs: rs.outcome.result())
-                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:449: in result
-    return self.__get_result()
-           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
-    raise self._exception
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:473: in __call__
-    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
-             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-src/pypgstac/load.py:420: in load_partition
-    cur.execute(
-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-
-self = <psycopg.Cursor [closed] [IDLE] (host=pgstac user=username database=pypgstactestdb) at 0x711864e6eed0>
-query = Composed([SQL('\n                                INSERT INTO '), Identifier('_items_1'), SQL('\n                      ...*\n                                FROM items_ingest_temp ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING;\n                                ')])
-params = None
-
-    def execute(
-        self,
-        query: Query,
-        params: Params | None = None,
-        *,
-        prepare: bool | None = None,
-        binary: bool | None = None,
-    ) -> Self:
-        """
-        Execute a query or command to the database.
-        """
-        try:
-            with self._conn.lock:
-                self._conn.wait(
-                    self._execute_gen(query, params, prepare=prepare, binary=binary)
-                )
-        except e._NO_TRACEBACK as ex:
->           raise ex.with_traceback(None)
-E           psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E           DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
-
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/psycopg/cursor.py:117: NotNullViolation
-_______________________ test_load_items_upsert_succeeds ________________________
-
-loader = <pypgstac.load.Loader object at 0x711864c8b770>
-
-    def test_load_items_upsert_succeeds(loader: Loader) -> None:
-        """Test pypgstac items ignore loader."""
-        loader.load_collections(
-            str(TEST_COLLECTIONS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.ignore,
-        )
-
-        loader.load_items(
-            str(TEST_ITEMS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.insert,
-        )
-
->       loader.load_items(
-            str(TEST_ITEMS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.upsert,
-        )
-
-tests/test_load.py:167:
-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-src/pypgstac/load.py:646: in load_items
-    self.load_partition(self._partition_cache[k], list(g), insert_mode)
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:331: in wrapped_f
-    return copy(f, *args, **kw)
-           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:470: in __call__
-    do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
-         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:371: in iter
-    result = action(retry_state)
-             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:393: in <lambda>
-    self._add_action_func(lambda rs: rs.outcome.result())
-                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:449: in result
-    return self.__get_result()
-           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
-    raise self._exception
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:473: in __call__
-    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
-             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-src/pypgstac/load.py:432: in load_partition
-    cur.execute(
-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-
-self = <psycopg.Cursor [closed] [IDLE] (host=pgstac user=username database=pypgstactestdb) at 0x711864e6f890>
-query = Composed([SQL('\n                                INSERT INTO '), Identifier('_items_1'), SQL(' AS t SELECT * FROM item...                 WHERE t IS DISTINCT FROM EXCLUDED\n                                ;\n                            ')])
-params = None
-
-    def execute(
-        self,
-        query: Query,
-        params: Params | None = None,
-        *,
-        prepare: bool | None = None,
-        binary: bool | None = None,
-    ) -> Self:
-        """
-        Execute a query or command to the database.
-        """
-        try:
-            with self._conn.lock:
-                self._conn.wait(
-                    self._execute_gen(query, params, prepare=prepare, binary=binary)
-                )
-        except e._NO_TRACEBACK as ex:
->           raise ex.with_traceback(None)
-E           psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E           DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
-
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/psycopg/cursor.py:117: NotNullViolation
-_______________________ test_load_items_delsert_succeeds _______________________
-
-loader = <pypgstac.load.Loader object at 0x711864e9fa00>
-
-    def test_load_items_delsert_succeeds(loader: Loader) -> None:
-        """Test pypgstac items ignore loader."""
-        loader.load_collections(
-            str(TEST_COLLECTIONS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.ignore,
-        )
-
-        loader.load_items(
-            str(TEST_ITEMS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.insert,
-        )
-
->       loader.load_items(
-            str(TEST_ITEMS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.delsert,
-        )
-
-tests/test_load.py:185:
-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-src/pypgstac/load.py:646: in load_items
-    self.load_partition(self._partition_cache[k], list(g), insert_mode)
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:331: in wrapped_f
-    return copy(f, *args, **kw)
-           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:470: in __call__
-    do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
-         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:371: in iter
-    result = action(retry_state)
-             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:393: in <lambda>
-    self._add_action_func(lambda rs: rs.outcome.result())
-                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:449: in result
-    return self.__get_result()
-           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
-    raise self._exception
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:473: in __call__
-    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
-             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-src/pypgstac/load.py:451: in load_partition
-    cur.execute(
-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-
-self = <psycopg.Cursor [closed] [IDLE] (host=pgstac user=username database=pypgstactestdb) at 0x711864e6eed0>
-query = Composed([SQL('\n                                WITH deletes AS (\n                                    DELETE FROM it...             WHERE t IS DISTINCT FROM EXCLUDED\n                                ;\n                                ')])
-params = None
-
-    def execute(
-        self,
-        query: Query,
-        params: Params | None = None,
-        *,
-        prepare: bool | None = None,
-        binary: bool | None = None,
-    ) -> Self:
-        """
-        Execute a query or command to the database.
-        """
-        try:
-            with self._conn.lock:
-                self._conn.wait(
-                    self._execute_gen(query, params, prepare=prepare, binary=binary)
-                )
-        except e._NO_TRACEBACK as ex:
->           raise ex.with_traceback(None)
-E           psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E           DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
-
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/psycopg/cursor.py:117: NotNullViolation
-__________________ test_load_items_dehydrated_ignore_succeeds __________________
-
-loader = <pypgstac.load.Loader object at 0x711864d175f0>
-
-    def test_load_items_dehydrated_ignore_succeeds(loader: Loader) -> None:
-        """Test pypgstac items ignore loader."""
-        loader.load_collections(
-            str(TEST_COLLECTIONS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.ignore,
-        )
-
-        loader.load_items(
-            str(TEST_DEHYDRATED_ITEMS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.insert,
-            dehydrated=True,
-        )
-
->       loader.load_items(
-            str(TEST_DEHYDRATED_ITEMS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.ignore,
-            dehydrated=True,
-        )
-
-tests/test_load.py:279:
-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-src/pypgstac/load.py:646: in load_items
-    self.load_partition(self._partition_cache[k], list(g), insert_mode)
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:331: in wrapped_f
-    return copy(f, *args, **kw)
-           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:470: in __call__
-    do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
-         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:371: in iter
-    result = action(retry_state)
-             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:393: in <lambda>
-    self._add_action_func(lambda rs: rs.outcome.result())
-                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:449: in result
-    return self.__get_result()
-           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
-    raise self._exception
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:473: in __call__
-    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
-             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-src/pypgstac/load.py:420: in load_partition
-    cur.execute(
-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-
-self = <psycopg.Cursor [closed] [IDLE] (host=pgstac user=username database=pypgstactestdb) at 0x711864e6fc50>
-query = Composed([SQL('\n                                INSERT INTO '), Identifier('_items_1'), SQL('\n                      ...*\n                                FROM items_ingest_temp ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING;\n                                ')])
-params = None
-
-    def execute(
-        self,
-        query: Query,
-        params: Params | None = None,
-        *,
-        prepare: bool | None = None,
-        binary: bool | None = None,
-    ) -> Self:
-        """
-        Execute a query or command to the database.
-        """
-        try:
-            with self._conn.lock:
-                self._conn.wait(
-                    self._execute_gen(query, params, prepare=prepare, binary=binary)
-                )
-        except e._NO_TRACEBACK as ex:
->           raise ex.with_traceback(None)
-E           psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E           DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"assets": {"image": {"href": "https://naipeuwest.blob.core.wind..., null).
-
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/psycopg/cursor.py:117: NotNullViolation
-________________ test_load_items_nopartitionconstraint_succeeds ________________
-
-loader = <pypgstac.load.Loader object at 0x71186432a2d0>
-
-    def test_load_items_nopartitionconstraint_succeeds(loader: Loader) -> None:
-        """Test pypgstac items loader."""
-        loader.load_collections(
-            str(TEST_COLLECTIONS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.upsert,
-        )
-        loader.load_items(
-            str(TEST_ITEMS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.insert,
-        )
-
-        cdtmin = loader.db.query_one(
-            """
-            SELECT lower(constraint_dtrange)::text
-            FROM partition_sys_meta WHERE partition = '_items_1';
-            """,
-        )
-
-        assert cdtmin == "2011-07-31 00:00:00+00"
-        with loader.db.connect() as conn:
-            conn.execute(
-                """
-                ALTER TABLE _items_1 DROP CONSTRAINT _items_1_dt;
-                """,
-            )
-        cdtmin = loader.db.query_one(
-            """
-            SELECT lower(constraint_dtrange)::text
-            FROM partition_sys_meta WHERE partition = '_items_1';
-            """,
-        )
-        assert cdtmin == "-infinity"
-
->       loader.load_items(
-            str(TEST_ITEMS),
-            insert_mode=Methods.upsert,
-        )
-
-tests/test_load.py:468:
-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-src/pypgstac/load.py:646: in load_items
-    self.load_partition(self._partition_cache[k], list(g), insert_mode)
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:331: in wrapped_f
-    return copy(f, *args, **kw)
-           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:470: in __call__
-    do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
-         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:371: in iter
-    result = action(retry_state)
-             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:393: in <lambda>
-    self._add_action_func(lambda rs: rs.outcome.result())
-                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:449: in result
-    return self.__get_result()
-           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
-    raise self._exception
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:473: in __call__
-    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
-             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-src/pypgstac/load.py:432: in load_partition
-    cur.execute(
-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-
-self = <psycopg.Cursor [closed] [IDLE] (host=pgstac user=username database=pypgstactestdb) at 0x711864e6ff50>
-query = Composed([SQL('\n                                INSERT INTO '), Identifier('_items_1'), SQL(' AS t SELECT * FROM item...                 WHERE t IS DISTINCT FROM EXCLUDED\n                                ;\n                            ')])
-params = None
-
-    def execute(
-        self,
-        query: Query,
-        params: Params | None = None,
-        *,
-        prepare: bool | None = None,
-        binary: bool | None = None,
-    ) -> Self:
-        """
-        Execute a query or command to the database.
-        """
-        try:
-            with self._conn.lock:
-                self._conn.wait(
-                    self._execute_gen(query, params, prepare=prepare, binary=binary)
-                )
-        except e._NO_TRACEBACK as ex:
->           raise ex.with_traceback(None)
-E           psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E           DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
-
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/psycopg/cursor.py:117: NotNullViolation
-________________ test_load_items_sequential_new_loader_per_item ________________
-
-db = <pypgstac.db.PgstacDB object at 0x711864259850>
-
-    def test_load_items_sequential_new_loader_per_item(db: PgstacDB) -> None:
-        """Test that creating a new Loader per iteration with now() datetimes works.
-
-        Reproduces a pattern where a for loop creates a fresh Loader for each
-        iteration and loads a single item with datetime=now(). Each Loader has
-        an empty _partition_cache, so it queries partition bounds from the DB
-        each time. With slightly different datetimes, each iteration may trigger
-        check_partition to drop and recreate constraints unnecessarily.
-        """
-        # Load the collection once
-        loader = Loader(db)
-        loader.load_collections(str(TEST_COLLECTIONS), insert_mode=Methods.upsert)
-
-        num_items = 10
-        collection_id = "pgstac-test-collection"
-
-        for i in range(num_items):
-            # Fresh loader each iteration — empty _partition_cache
-            ldr = Loader(db)
-            dt = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
-            item = _make_item(f"race-seq-{i}", collection_id, dt)
->           ldr.load_items(iter([item]), insert_mode=Methods.upsert)
-
-tests/test_load.py:553:
-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-src/pypgstac/load.py:646: in load_items
-    self.load_partition(self._partition_cache[k], list(g), insert_mode)
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:331: in wrapped_f
-    return copy(f, *args, **kw)
-           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:470: in __call__
-    do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
-         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:371: in iter
-    result = action(retry_state)
-             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:393: in <lambda>
-    self._add_action_func(lambda rs: rs.outcome.result())
-                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:449: in result
-    return self.__get_result()
-           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-/usr/lib/python3.13/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
-    raise self._exception
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:473: in __call__
-    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
-             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-src/pypgstac/load.py:432: in load_partition
-    cur.execute(
-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-
-self = <psycopg.Cursor [closed] [IDLE] (host=pgstac user=username database=pypgstactestdb) at 0x7118642ec710>
-query = Composed([SQL('\n                                INSERT INTO '), Identifier('_items_1'), SQL(' AS t SELECT * FROM item...                 WHERE t IS DISTINCT FROM EXCLUDED\n                                ;\n                            ')])
-params = None
-
-    def execute(
-        self,
-        query: Query,
-        params: Params | None = None,
-        *,
-        prepare: bool | None = None,
-        binary: bool | None = None,
-    ) -> Self:
-        """
-        Execute a query or command to the database.
-        """
-        try:
-            with self._conn.lock:
-                self._conn.wait(
-                    self._execute_gen(query, params, prepare=prepare, binary=binary)
-                )
-        except e._NO_TRACEBACK as ex:
->           raise ex.with_traceback(None)
-E           psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E           DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-seq-0, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:27.748364+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:27.748364+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-
-.venv/lib/python3.13/site-packages/psycopg/cursor.py:117: NotNullViolation
-________________ test_load_items_concurrent_new_loader_per_item ________________
-
-db = <pypgstac.db.PgstacDB object at 0x7118641368d0>
-
-    def test_load_items_concurrent_new_loader_per_item(db: PgstacDB) -> None:
-        """Test race condition with concurrent Loaders each loading one item.
-
-        This replicates the scenario where multiple threads each instantiate a
-        separate Loader and call load_items with a single item whose datetime
-        is set to now(). Each Loader has its own _partition_cache, and the
-        slightly different datetimes cause each to call check_partition, which
-        drops and recreates partition constraints and refreshes materialized
-        views. Concurrent execution triggers deadlocks, lock contention, and
-        constraint violations.
-        """
-        # Load the collection once
-        loader = Loader(db)
-        loader.load_collections(str(TEST_COLLECTIONS), insert_mode=Methods.upsert)
-
-        num_items = 10
-        collection_id = "pgstac-test-collection"
-        errors: list = []
-
-        def load_one_item(item_idx: int) -> None:
-            try:
-                ldr = Loader(PgstacDB())
-                dt = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
-                item = _make_item(f"race-concurrent-{item_idx}", collection_id, dt)
-                ldr.load_items(iter([item]), insert_mode=Methods.upsert)
-            except Exception as e:
-                errors.append((item_idx, e))
-
-        threads = []
-        for i in range(num_items):
-            t = threading.Thread(target=load_one_item, args=(i,))
-            threads.append(t)
-
-        # Start all threads to maximize contention
-        for t in threads:
-            t.start()
-        for t in threads:
-            t.join(timeout=60)
-
-        # Report any errors from threads
-        if errors:
-            error_msgs = [f"Item {idx}: {type(e).__name__}: {e}" for idx, e in errors]
-            message = f"{len(errors)}/{num_items} concurrent loads failed:\n" + "\n".join(
-                error_msgs,
-            )
->           assert not errors, message
-E           AssertionError: 10/10 concurrent loads failed:
-E             Item 1: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-1, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113589+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113589+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-E             Item 2: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-2, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113907+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113907+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-E             Item 4: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-4, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.115233+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.115233+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-E             Item 8: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-8, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.119985+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.119985+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-E             Item 0: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-0, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113073+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113073+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-E             Item 5: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-5, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.116504+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.116504+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-E             Item 7: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-7, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.118191+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.118191+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-E             Item 6: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-6, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.117457+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.117457+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-E             Item 9: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-9, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.121213+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.121213+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-E             Item 3: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-E             DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-3, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.114374+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.114374+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-E           assert not [(1, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-1, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113589+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113589+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (2, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-2, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113907+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113907+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (4, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-4, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.115233+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.115233+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (8, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-8, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.119985+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.119985+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (0, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-0, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113073+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113073+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (5, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-5, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.116504+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.116504+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (7, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-7, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.118191+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.118191+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (6, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-6, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.117457+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.117457+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (9, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-9, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.121213+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.121213+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (3, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-3, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.114374+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.114374+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).'))]
-
-tests/test_load.py:607: AssertionError
-=============================== warnings summary ===============================
-../../../home/bitner/data/pgstac/src/pypgstac/tests/conftest.py:11
-  /home/bitner/data/pgstac/src/pypgstac/tests/conftest.py:11: DeprecationWarning: pypgstac.migrate is a compatibility wrapper and will be deprecated in a future minor release; use pgstac_migrate.api or the pgstac-migrate CLI directly.
-
--- Docs: https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/how-to/capture-warnings.html
-=========================== short test summary info ============================
-FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_ignore_succeeds - psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
-FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_upsert_succeeds - psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
-FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_delsert_succeeds - psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
-FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_dehydrated_ignore_succeeds - psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"assets": {"image": {"href": "https://naipeuwest.blob.core.wind..., null).
-FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_nopartitionconstraint_succeeds - psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-DETAIL:  Failing row contains (pgstac-test-item-0003, 0103000020E610000001000000050000005B3FFD67CD5355C0C4211B4817EF3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, 2011-08-25 00:00:00+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555], "links"..., {"created_by": "stac-task"}).
-FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_sequential_new_loader_per_item - psycopg.errors.NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-seq-0, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:27.748364+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:27.748364+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-FAILED tests/test_load.py::test_load_items_concurrent_new_loader_per_item - AssertionError: 10/10 concurrent loads failed:
-  Item 1: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-1, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113589+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113589+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-  Item 2: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-2, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113907+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113907+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-  Item 4: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-4, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.115233+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.115233+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-  Item 8: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-8, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.119985+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.119985+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-  Item 0: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-0, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113073+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113073+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-  Item 5: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-5, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.116504+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.116504+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-  Item 7: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-7, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.118191+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.118191+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-  Item 6: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-6, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.117457+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.117457+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-  Item 9: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-9, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.121213+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.121213+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-  Item 3: NotNullViolation: null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint
-  DETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-3, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.114374+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.114374+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).
-assert not [(1, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-1, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113589+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113589+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (2, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-2, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113907+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113907+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (4, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-4, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.115233+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.115233+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (8, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-8, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.119985+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.119985+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (0, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-0, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113073+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.113073+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (5, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-5, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.116504+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.116504+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (7, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-7, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.118191+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.118191+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (6, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-6, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.117457+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.117457+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (9, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-9, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.121213+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.121213+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).')), (3, NotNullViolation('null value in column "pgstac_updated_at" of relation "_items_1" violates not-null constraint\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (race-concurrent-3, 0103000020E61000000100000005000000A4703D0AD75355C0AE47E17A14EE3E..., pgstac-test-collection, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.114374+00, 2026-05-13 16:12:28.114374+00, null, null, {"bbox": [-85.38, 30.93, -85.31, 31.0], "links": [], "assets": {..., null).'))]
-============= 7 failed, 91 passed, 66 skipped, 1 warning in 24.43s =============
-
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
index 2a60392d..df3deb76 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--0.9.11--unreleased.sql
@@ -323,9 +323,8 @@ alter table "pgstac"."item_fragments" validate constraint "item_fragments_collec
 
 alter table "pgstac"."item_fragments" add constraint "item_fragments_collection_hash_key" UNIQUE using index "item_fragments_collection_hash_key";
 
--- items.fragment_id FK: added as VALID (not NOT VALID) because PostgreSQL does
--- not support NOT VALID foreign key constraints on partitioned tables.
--- All existing rows have fragment_id = NULL so there is no data to validate.
+-- items.fragment_id FK: added as VALID because PostgreSQL does not support
+-- NOT VALID foreign keys on partitioned tables.
 alter table "pgstac"."items" add constraint "items_fragment_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY ("fragment_id") REFERENCES "pgstac"."item_fragments"("id");
 
 alter table "pgstac"."searches" add constraint "searches_name_key" UNIQUE using index "searches_name_key";
@@ -929,8 +928,10 @@ BEGIN
                 last_seen   = now()
             RETURNING 1
         )
-        SELECT count(*) INTO nrows FROM sampled;
-        GET DIAGNOSTICS npaths = ROW_COUNT;
+        SELECT
+            (SELECT count(*)::int FROM upserted),
+            (SELECT count(*)::int FROM sampled)
+        INTO npaths, nrows;
     ELSE
         -- Small collection: process up to 1000 rows to avoid BERNOULLI returning 0 rows.
         WITH sampled AS (
@@ -956,8 +957,10 @@ BEGIN
                 last_seen   = now()
             RETURNING 1
         )
-        SELECT count(*) INTO nrows FROM sampled;
-        GET DIAGNOSTICS npaths = ROW_COUNT;
+        SELECT
+            (SELECT count(*)::int FROM upserted),
+            (SELECT count(*)::int FROM sampled)
+        INTO npaths, nrows;
     END IF;
 
     RETURN QUERY SELECT npaths, nrows;
@@ -987,7 +990,7 @@ AS $function$
             FROM unnest(item_field_registry.value_kinds || EXCLUDED.value_kinds) t(v)
         ),
         last_seen   = now()
-    WHERE item_field_registry.last_seen < now() - interval '1 hour';
+    ;
 $function$
 ;
 
diff --git a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
index e18c5eae..64cd5fa3 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/migrations/pgstac--unreleased.sql
@@ -2684,7 +2684,7 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION update_field_registry_from_sample(
             FROM unnest(item_field_registry.value_kinds || EXCLUDED.value_kinds) t(v)
         ),
         last_seen   = now()
-    WHERE item_field_registry.last_seen < now() - interval '1 hour';
+    ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL VOLATILE;
 
 -- update_field_registry_from_items: Sample a live collection and UPSERT registry rows.
@@ -2735,8 +2735,10 @@ BEGIN
                 last_seen   = now()
             RETURNING 1
         )
-        SELECT count(*) INTO nrows FROM sampled;
-        GET DIAGNOSTICS npaths = ROW_COUNT;
+        SELECT
+            (SELECT count(*)::int FROM upserted),
+            (SELECT count(*)::int FROM sampled)
+        INTO npaths, nrows;
     ELSE
         -- Small collection: process up to 1000 rows to avoid BERNOULLI returning 0 rows.
         WITH sampled AS (
@@ -2762,8 +2764,10 @@ BEGIN
                 last_seen   = now()
             RETURNING 1
         )
-        SELECT count(*) INTO nrows FROM sampled;
-        GET DIAGNOSTICS npaths = ROW_COUNT;
+        SELECT
+            (SELECT count(*)::int FROM upserted),
+            (SELECT count(*)::int FROM sampled)
+        INTO npaths, nrows;
     END IF;
 
     RETURN QUERY SELECT npaths, nrows;
diff --git a/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql b/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
index e18c5eae..64cd5fa3 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/pgstac.sql
@@ -2684,7 +2684,7 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION update_field_registry_from_sample(
             FROM unnest(item_field_registry.value_kinds || EXCLUDED.value_kinds) t(v)
         ),
         last_seen   = now()
-    WHERE item_field_registry.last_seen < now() - interval '1 hour';
+    ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL VOLATILE;
 
 -- update_field_registry_from_items: Sample a live collection and UPSERT registry rows.
@@ -2735,8 +2735,10 @@ BEGIN
                 last_seen   = now()
             RETURNING 1
         )
-        SELECT count(*) INTO nrows FROM sampled;
-        GET DIAGNOSTICS npaths = ROW_COUNT;
+        SELECT
+            (SELECT count(*)::int FROM upserted),
+            (SELECT count(*)::int FROM sampled)
+        INTO npaths, nrows;
     ELSE
         -- Small collection: process up to 1000 rows to avoid BERNOULLI returning 0 rows.
         WITH sampled AS (
@@ -2762,8 +2764,10 @@ BEGIN
                 last_seen   = now()
             RETURNING 1
         )
-        SELECT count(*) INTO nrows FROM sampled;
-        GET DIAGNOSTICS npaths = ROW_COUNT;
+        SELECT
+            (SELECT count(*)::int FROM upserted),
+            (SELECT count(*)::int FROM sampled)
+        INTO npaths, nrows;
     END IF;
 
     RETURN QUERY SELECT npaths, nrows;
diff --git a/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql b/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql
index e500af96..db79add2 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/sql/003a_items.sql
@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION update_field_registry_from_sample(
             FROM unnest(item_field_registry.value_kinds || EXCLUDED.value_kinds) t(v)
         ),
         last_seen   = now()
-    WHERE item_field_registry.last_seen < now() - interval '1 hour';
+    ;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL VOLATILE;
 
 -- update_field_registry_from_items: Sample a live collection and UPSERT registry rows.
@@ -669,8 +669,10 @@ BEGIN
                 last_seen   = now()
             RETURNING 1
         )
-        SELECT count(*) INTO nrows FROM sampled;
-        GET DIAGNOSTICS npaths = ROW_COUNT;
+        SELECT
+            (SELECT count(*)::int FROM upserted),
+            (SELECT count(*)::int FROM sampled)
+        INTO npaths, nrows;
     ELSE
         -- Small collection: process up to 1000 rows to avoid BERNOULLI returning 0 rows.
         WITH sampled AS (
@@ -696,8 +698,10 @@ BEGIN
                 last_seen   = now()
             RETURNING 1
         )
-        SELECT count(*) INTO nrows FROM sampled;
-        GET DIAGNOSTICS npaths = ROW_COUNT;
+        SELECT
+            (SELECT count(*)::int FROM upserted),
+            (SELECT count(*)::int FROM sampled)
+        INTO npaths, nrows;
     END IF;
 
     RETURN QUERY SELECT npaths, nrows;
diff --git a/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql b/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql
index 8412f18b..d1f6e07f 100644
--- a/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql
+++ b/src/pgstac/tests/pgtap/003_items.sql
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 SELECT has_table('pgstac'::name, 'items'::name);
+SELECT has_table('pgstac'::name, 'item_fragments'::name);
+SELECT has_table('pgstac'::name, 'item_field_registry'::name);
 SELECT has_table('pgstac'::name, 'items_deleted_log'::name);
 
 
@@ -14,6 +16,12 @@ SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'update_item', ARRAY['jsonb']);
 SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'upsert_item', ARRAY['jsonb']);
 SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'create_items', ARRAY['jsonb']);
 SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'upsert_items', ARRAY['jsonb']);
+SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'extract_fragment', ARRAY['jsonb', 'text[]']);
+SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'get_or_create_fragment', ARRAY['jsonb', 'text', 'text[]']);
+SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'gc_fragments', ARRAY['text', 'interval']);
+SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'update_field_registry_from_sample', ARRAY['text', 'jsonb[]']);
+SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'update_field_registry_from_items', ARRAY['text']);
+SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'refresh_field_registry', ARRAY['text', 'interval']);
 SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'gc_deleted_items_log', ARRAY['interval']);
 SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'gc_deleted_items_log', ARRAY['interval', 'integer']);
 SELECT has_function('pgstac'::name, 'gc_deleted_items_log_batch', ARRAY['interval', 'integer']);
@@ -138,3 +146,200 @@ SELECT results_eq($$
     $$,
     'gc_deleted_items_log(interval, integer) removes aged tombstones in batches'
 );
+
+SELECT create_item('{
+    "id": "pgstac-test-item-0004",
+    "bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555],
+    "type": "Feature",
+    "links": [],
+    "assets": {"image": {"href": "https://example.com/a.tif", "type": "image/tiff"}},
+    "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-85.309412, 30.933949]},
+    "collection": "pgstac-test-collection",
+    "properties": {"datetime": "2011-08-25T00:00:00Z", "eo:cloud_cover": 31, "gsd": 5},
+    "stac_version": "1.0.0"
+}');
+
+SELECT create_item('{
+    "id": "pgstac-test-item-0005",
+    "bbox": [-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555],
+    "type": "Feature",
+    "links": [],
+    "assets": {"image": {"href": "https://example.com/a.tif", "type": "image/tiff"}},
+    "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-85.309500, 30.934000]},
+    "collection": "pgstac-test-collection",
+    "properties": {"datetime": "2011-08-25T00:00:00Z", "eo:cloud_cover": 31, "gsd": 5},
+    "stac_version": "1.0.0"
+}');
+
+SELECT ok(
+    (SELECT fragment_id IS NOT NULL FROM items WHERE id='pgstac-test-item-0004' AND collection='pgstac-test-collection'),
+    'create_item assigns fragment_id for split-storage rows'
+);
+SELECT ok(
+    (SELECT bbox = '[-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555]'::jsonb FROM items WHERE id='pgstac-test-item-0004' AND collection='pgstac-test-collection'),
+    'create_item stores bbox in split column'
+);
+SELECT ok(
+    (SELECT links = '[]'::jsonb FROM items WHERE id='pgstac-test-item-0004' AND collection='pgstac-test-collection'),
+    'create_item stores links in split column'
+);
+SELECT ok(
+    (SELECT assets ? 'image' FROM items WHERE id='pgstac-test-item-0004' AND collection='pgstac-test-collection'),
+    'create_item stores assets in split column'
+);
+SELECT ok(
+    (SELECT eo_cloud_cover = 31 FROM items WHERE id='pgstac-test-item-0004' AND collection='pgstac-test-collection'),
+    'create_item stores promoted columns'
+);
+SELECT results_eq($$
+    SELECT count(DISTINCT fragment_id)::bigint
+    FROM items
+    WHERE id IN ('pgstac-test-item-0004', 'pgstac-test-item-0005')
+      AND collection='pgstac-test-collection';
+    $$,$$
+    SELECT 1::bigint;
+    $$,
+    'identical split-storage items share one fragment_id'
+);
+SELECT results_eq($$
+    SELECT get_item('pgstac-test-item-0004', 'pgstac-test-collection')->'properties'->>'eo:cloud_cover';
+    $$,$$
+    SELECT '31';
+    $$,
+    'get_item hydrates split-storage properties'
+);
+SELECT results_eq($$
+    SELECT get_item('pgstac-test-item-0004', 'pgstac-test-collection')->'bbox';
+    $$,$$
+    SELECT '[-85.379245, 30.933949, -85.308201, 31.003555]'::jsonb;
+    $$,
+    'get_item hydrates split-storage bbox'
+);
+
+SELECT lives_ok($$
+    DELETE FROM item_field_registry
+    WHERE collection='pgstac-test-collection'
+      AND path='registry_probe';
+$$, 'clear registry probe row');
+
+SELECT lives_ok($$
+    SELECT update_field_registry_from_sample(
+        'pgstac-test-collection',
+        ARRAY['{"registry_probe":1}'::jsonb]
+    );
+$$, 'register numeric field kind from explicit sample');
+
+SELECT lives_ok($$
+    SELECT update_field_registry_from_sample(
+        'pgstac-test-collection',
+        ARRAY['{"registry_probe":"one"}'::jsonb]
+    );
+$$, 'merge string field kind from a second explicit sample');
+
+SELECT results_eq($$
+    SELECT string_agg(v, ',' ORDER BY v)
+    FROM item_field_registry r,
+         unnest(r.value_kinds) AS v
+    WHERE r.collection='pgstac-test-collection'
+      AND r.path='registry_probe';
+    $$,$$
+    SELECT 'number,string';
+    $$,
+    'update_field_registry_from_sample merges fresh value kinds without throttling away updates'
+);
+
+SELECT results_eq($$
+    SELECT registered_paths > 1
+    FROM update_field_registry_from_items('pgstac-test-collection');
+    $$,$$
+    SELECT TRUE;
+    $$,
+    'update_field_registry_from_items returns the true registered path count'
+);
+SELECT ok(
+    EXISTS (
+        SELECT 1
+        FROM item_field_registry
+        WHERE collection='pgstac-test-collection'
+          AND path='properties.eo:cloud_cover'
+    ),
+    'update_field_registry_from_items records nested property paths'
+);
+
+SELECT lives_ok($$
+    UPDATE item_fragments
+    SET created_at = now() - '100 days'::interval
+    WHERE id IN (
+        SELECT DISTINCT fragment_id
+        FROM items
+        WHERE id IN ('pgstac-test-item-0004', 'pgstac-test-item-0005')
+          AND collection='pgstac-test-collection'
+    );
+$$, 'age active fragment rows for gc_fragments test');
+
+SELECT delete_item('pgstac-test-item-0004', 'pgstac-test-collection');
+SELECT delete_item('pgstac-test-item-0005', 'pgstac-test-collection');
+
+SELECT results_eq($$
+    SELECT COALESCE(sum(fragments_removed), 0) > 0
+    FROM gc_fragments('pgstac-test-collection', '90 days'::interval);
+    $$,$$
+    SELECT TRUE;
+    $$,
+    'gc_fragments removes orphaned dedup rows'
+);
+
+SELECT lives_ok($$
+    WITH raw AS (
+        SELECT '{
+            "id": "pgstac-test-item-legacy",
+            "bbox": [-85.0, 30.0, -84.0, 31.0],
+            "type": "Feature",
+            "links": [],
+            "assets": {"image": {"href": "https://example.com/legacy.tif", "type": "image/tiff"}},
+            "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-85.0, 30.0]},
+            "collection": "pgstac-test-collection",
+            "properties": {"datetime": "2012-01-01T00:00:00Z", "eo:cloud_cover": 44},
+            "stac_version": "1.0.0"
+        }'::jsonb AS content
+    ),
+    dehydrated AS (
+        SELECT content_dehydrate(content) AS item FROM raw
+    )
+    INSERT INTO items (
+        id,
+        geometry,
+        collection,
+        datetime,
+        end_datetime,
+        pgstac_updated_at,
+        content_hash,
+        content,
+        private
+    )
+    SELECT
+        (item).id,
+        (item).geometry,
+        (item).collection,
+        (item).datetime,
+        (item).end_datetime,
+        (item).pgstac_updated_at,
+        (item).content_hash,
+        (item).content,
+        (item).private
+    FROM dehydrated;
+$$, 'insert a legacy-style row without split columns');
+
+SELECT ok(
+    (SELECT fragment_id IS NULL FROM items WHERE id='pgstac-test-item-legacy' AND collection='pgstac-test-collection'),
+    'legacy rows keep a NULL fragment_id'
+);
+SELECT results_eq($$
+    SELECT get_item('pgstac-test-item-legacy', 'pgstac-test-collection')->'properties'->>'eo:cloud_cover';
+    $$,$$
+    SELECT '44';
+    $$,
+    'legacy rows still hydrate through the content fallback path'
+);
+
+SELECT delete_item('pgstac-test-item-legacy', 'pgstac-test-collection');