From 8a63ff492682e59045f7d17e4b4d02824d2693db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: xkx <xiakunxian130@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Mar 2026 14:59:33 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 01/26] Fix: bind tower proof's out evals to transcript (#1262)

## Summary

Fixes #1125.

## Performance (recursion prover)

The recursion proving time (for block `23817600`):
- before: 62s
- after: 61.6s

| shard | total cells (baseline) | total cells | increase ratio
| - | - | - | - |
leaf 0 | 750,783,978 | 961,285,610 | +28.04% (have no clue on this)
leaf 1 | 731,876,842 | 733,220,330 | +0.18%
leaf 2 | 731,876,842 | 733,220,330 | +0.18%
leaf 3 | 731,876,842 | 733,220,330 | +0.18%
leaf 4 | 731,876,842 | 733,220,330 | +0.18%
leaf 5 | 729,124,330 | 729,124,330 | +0.00%
leaf 6 | 1,325,207,018 | 1,325,207,018 | +0.00%
leaf 7 | 1,299,647,978 | 1,299,647,978 | +0.00%
leaf 8 | 1,299,647,978 | 1,299,647,978 | +0.00%
leaf 9 | 1,299,647,978 | 1,299,647,978 | +0.00%
leaf 10 | 1,299,647,978 | 1,299,647,978 | +0.00%
leaf 11 | 733,220,330 | 733,220,330 | +0.00%
leaf 12 | 731,876,842 | 733,220,330 | +0.18%
leaf 13 | 731,876,842 | 733,220,330 | +0.18%
leaf 14 | 729,124,330 | 731,287,018 | +0.30%
---
 Cargo.lock                                   | 94 ++++++++++----------
 Cargo.toml                                   | 20 ++---
 ceno_recursion/src/zkvm_verifier/verifier.rs | 25 +++++-
 ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/cpu/mod.rs              |  5 ++
 ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/gpu/mod.rs              | 10 +++
 ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/verifier.rs             | 11 +++
 6 files changed, 107 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 2d88e5a73..ea78f7276 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -3588,7 +3588,7 @@ checksum = "d6790f58c7ff633d8771f42965289203411a5e5c68388703c06e14f24770b41e"
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "bytemuck",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3601,7 +3601,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3630,7 +3630,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-complex-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3640,7 +3640,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3656,7 +3656,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-moduli-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
  "num-prime",
@@ -3668,7 +3668,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-algebra-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3682,7 +3682,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3705,7 +3705,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
  "strum_macros",
@@ -3714,7 +3714,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-bigint-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3729,7 +3729,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-build"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "cargo_metadata 0.18.1",
  "eyre",
@@ -3741,7 +3741,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -3780,7 +3780,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -3791,7 +3791,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -3809,7 +3809,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "quote",
@@ -3819,7 +3819,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-continuations"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "openvm-circuit",
@@ -3889,7 +3889,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-custom-insn"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -3899,7 +3899,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3928,7 +3928,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "ecdsa 0.16.9 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "elliptic-curve",
@@ -3947,7 +3947,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-sw-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3957,7 +3957,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-ecc-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3971,7 +3971,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3988,7 +3988,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -3997,7 +3997,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4022,7 +4022,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4030,7 +4030,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4044,7 +4044,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-macros-common"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
@@ -4052,7 +4052,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-mod-circuit-builder"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -4070,7 +4070,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4101,7 +4101,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4124,7 +4124,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -4133,7 +4133,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-recursion"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4158,7 +4158,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-transpiler",
@@ -4168,7 +4168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4197,7 +4197,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "hex-literal",
@@ -4218,7 +4218,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-pairing-guest",
@@ -4231,7 +4231,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-platform"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "libm",
  "openvm-custom-insn",
@@ -4241,7 +4241,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-poseidon2-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "lazy_static",
@@ -4259,7 +4259,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32-adapters"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4276,7 +4276,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4299,7 +4299,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-custom-insn",
  "p3-field",
@@ -4309,7 +4309,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4325,7 +4325,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sdk"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "bitcode",
  "bon",
@@ -4379,7 +4379,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-circuit-primitives",
  "openvm-stark-backend",
@@ -4390,7 +4390,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4413,7 +4413,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4421,7 +4421,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4500,7 +4500,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?rev=ef22e8e#ef22e8ecb9965091783d2c0369b8379e7f683f53"
 dependencies = [
  "elf",
  "eyre",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b20888473..5e933912f 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -92,16 +92,16 @@ ceno_gpu = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/ceno-gpu-mock.git", package =
 cudarc = { version = "0.17.3", features = ["driver", "cuda-version-from-build-system"] }
 
 # ceno-recursion dependencies
-openvm = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
-openvm-circuit = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
-openvm-continuations = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
-openvm-instructions = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
-openvm-native-circuit = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
-openvm-native-compiler = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
-openvm-native-compiler-derive = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
-openvm-native-recursion = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
-openvm-rv32im-circuit = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
-openvm-sdk = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
+openvm = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", rev = "ef22e8e", default-features = false }
+openvm-circuit = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", rev = "ef22e8e", default-features = false }
+openvm-continuations = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", rev = "ef22e8e", default-features = false }
+openvm-instructions = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", rev = "ef22e8e", default-features = false }
+openvm-native-circuit = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", rev = "ef22e8e", default-features = false }
+openvm-native-compiler = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", rev = "ef22e8e", default-features = false }
+openvm-native-compiler-derive = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", rev = "ef22e8e", default-features = false }
+openvm-native-recursion = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", rev = "ef22e8e", default-features = false }
+openvm-rv32im-circuit = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", rev = "ef22e8e", default-features = false }
+openvm-sdk = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", rev = "ef22e8e", default-features = false }
 
 openvm-cuda-backend = { git = "https://github.com/openvm-org/stark-backend.git", tag = "v1.2.1", default-features = false }
 openvm-stark-backend = { git = "https://github.com/openvm-org/stark-backend.git", tag = "v1.2.1", default-features = false }
diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/zkvm_verifier/verifier.rs b/ceno_recursion/src/zkvm_verifier/verifier.rs
index 129cbcc5b..bb1e360fb 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/src/zkvm_verifier/verifier.rs
+++ b/ceno_recursion/src/zkvm_verifier/verifier.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use crate::{
 use crate::{
     arithmetics::{
         arr_product, build_eq_x_r_vec_sequential, concat, dot_product as ext_dot_product,
-        eq_eval_less_or_equal_than, gen_alpha_pows, nested_product,
+        eq_eval_less_or_equal_than, exts_to_felts, gen_alpha_pows, nested_product,
     },
     basefold_verifier::verifier::batch_verify,
     tower_verifier::{
@@ -614,6 +614,29 @@ pub fn verify_chip_proof<C: Config>(
         concat(builder, &chip_proof.r_out_evals, &chip_proof.w_out_evals);
     let num_fanin: Usize<C::N> = Usize::from(NUM_FANIN);
 
+    // bind read/write/lookup out evals into transcript before deriving tower challenges
+    iter_zip!(builder, chip_proof.r_out_evals).for_each(|ptr_vec, builder| {
+        let evals = builder.iter_ptr_get(&chip_proof.r_out_evals, ptr_vec[0]);
+        unsafe {
+            let evals_felts = exts_to_felts(builder, &evals);
+            challenger_multi_observe(builder, challenger, &evals_felts);
+        }
+    });
+    iter_zip!(builder, chip_proof.w_out_evals).for_each(|ptr_vec, builder| {
+        let evals = builder.iter_ptr_get(&chip_proof.w_out_evals, ptr_vec[0]);
+        unsafe {
+            let evals_felts = exts_to_felts(builder, &evals);
+            challenger_multi_observe(builder, challenger, &evals_felts);
+        }
+    });
+    iter_zip!(builder, chip_proof.lk_out_evals).for_each(|ptr_vec, builder| {
+        let evals = builder.iter_ptr_get(&chip_proof.lk_out_evals, ptr_vec[0]);
+        unsafe {
+            let evals_felts = exts_to_felts(builder, &evals);
+            challenger_multi_observe(builder, challenger, &evals_felts);
+        }
+    });
+
     builder.cycle_tracker_start(format!("verify tower proof for opcode {circuit_name}",).as_str());
     let (_, record_evals, logup_p_evals, logup_q_evals) = verify_tower_proof(
         builder,
diff --git a/ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/cpu/mod.rs b/ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/cpu/mod.rs
index c58394dba..a773f4de9 100644
--- a/ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/cpu/mod.rs
+++ b/ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/cpu/mod.rs
@@ -786,6 +786,11 @@ impl<E: ExtensionField, PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E>> TowerProver<CpuBacke
             self.build_tower_witness(composed_cs, input, records);
         exit_span!(span);
 
+        // bind read/write/lookup out evals into transcript before deriving tower challenges
+        for eval in out_evals.iter().flat_map(|evals| evals.iter()).flatten() {
+            transcript.append_field_element_ext(eval);
+        }
+
         // Then prove the tower relation
         let span = entered_span!("prove_tower_relation", profiling_2 = true);
         let (rt, proofs) = CpuTowerProver::create_proof(prod_specs, logup_specs, 2, transcript);
diff --git a/ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/gpu/mod.rs b/ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/gpu/mod.rs
index 03b789f6d..04cb8e83f 100644
--- a/ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/gpu/mod.rs
+++ b/ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/gpu/mod.rs
@@ -130,6 +130,16 @@ pub fn prove_tower_relation_impl<E: ExtensionField, PCS: PolynomialCommitmentSch
             extract_out_evals_from_gpu_towers(&prod_gpu, &logup_gpu, r_set_len);
         exit_span!(span);
 
+        // bind read/write/lookup out evals into transcript before deriving tower challenges
+        for eval in r_out_evals
+            .iter()
+            .chain(w_out_evals.iter())
+            .chain(lk_out_evals.iter())
+            .flatten()
+        {
+            transcript.append_field_element_ext(eval);
+        }
+
         let basic_tr = expect_basic_transcript(transcript);
 
         let tower_input = ceno_gpu::TowerInput {
diff --git a/ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/verifier.rs b/ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/verifier.rs
index 4d02c6e98..cfa4f0abf 100644
--- a/ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/verifier.rs
+++ b/ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/verifier.rs
@@ -566,6 +566,17 @@ impl<E: ExtensionField, PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E>> ZKVMVerifier<E, PCS>
         // verify and reduce product tower sumcheck
         let tower_proofs = &proof.tower_proof;
 
+        // bind read/write/lookup out evals into transcript before deriving tower challenges
+        for eval in proof
+            .r_out_evals
+            .iter()
+            .chain(proof.w_out_evals.iter())
+            .chain(proof.lk_out_evals.iter())
+            .flatten()
+        {
+            transcript.append_field_element_ext(eval);
+        }
+
         let (_, record_evals, logup_p_evals, logup_q_evals) = TowerVerify::verify(
             proof
                 .r_out_evals

From a8c50e3708ff401b7b5eccc6ba9eabfae50da7d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ray Gao <qg2153@columbia.edu>
Date: Sun, 15 Mar 2026 19:45:28 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 02/26] rebase hint mutli observe

---
 Cargo.lock                                   | 94 ++++++++++----------
 Cargo.toml                                   | 31 ++++---
 ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs        |  2 +-
 ceno_recursion/src/arithmetics/mod.rs        | 29 +++++-
 ceno_recursion/src/zkvm_verifier/verifier.rs | 56 ++++--------
 5 files changed, 113 insertions(+), 99 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index d2515e80a..e95f0f522 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -3588,7 +3588,7 @@ checksum = "d6790f58c7ff633d8771f42965289203411a5e5c68388703c06e14f24770b41e"
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "bytemuck",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3601,7 +3601,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3630,7 +3630,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-complex-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3640,7 +3640,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3656,7 +3656,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-moduli-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
  "num-prime",
@@ -3668,7 +3668,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-algebra-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3682,7 +3682,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3705,7 +3705,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
  "strum_macros",
@@ -3714,7 +3714,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-bigint-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3729,7 +3729,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-build"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "cargo_metadata 0.18.1",
  "eyre",
@@ -3741,7 +3741,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -3780,7 +3780,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -3791,7 +3791,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -3809,7 +3809,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "quote",
@@ -3819,7 +3819,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-continuations"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "openvm-circuit",
@@ -3889,7 +3889,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-custom-insn"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -3899,7 +3899,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3928,7 +3928,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "ecdsa 0.16.9 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "elliptic-curve",
@@ -3947,7 +3947,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-sw-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3957,7 +3957,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-ecc-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3971,7 +3971,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3988,7 +3988,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -3997,7 +3997,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4022,7 +4022,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4030,7 +4030,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4044,7 +4044,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-macros-common"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
@@ -4052,7 +4052,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-mod-circuit-builder"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -4070,7 +4070,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4101,7 +4101,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4124,7 +4124,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -4133,7 +4133,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-recursion"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4158,7 +4158,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-transpiler",
@@ -4168,7 +4168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4197,7 +4197,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "hex-literal",
@@ -4218,7 +4218,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-pairing-guest",
@@ -4231,7 +4231,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-platform"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "libm",
  "openvm-custom-insn",
@@ -4241,7 +4241,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-poseidon2-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "lazy_static",
@@ -4259,7 +4259,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32-adapters"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4276,7 +4276,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4299,7 +4299,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-custom-insn",
  "p3-field",
@@ -4309,7 +4309,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4325,7 +4325,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sdk"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "bitcode",
  "bon",
@@ -4379,7 +4379,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-circuit-primitives",
  "openvm-stark-backend",
@@ -4390,7 +4390,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4413,7 +4413,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4421,7 +4421,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4500,7 +4500,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_bridge#4a49ffe54a9e8dec767f4e8b61c6d75da4a08aa8"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
 dependencies = [
  "elf",
  "eyre",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index bd6925fd5..d7e97776c 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -92,16 +92,27 @@ ceno_gpu = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/ceno-gpu-mock.git", package =
 cudarc = { version = "0.17.3", features = ["driver", "cuda-version-from-build-system"] }
 
 # ceno-recursion dependencies
-openvm = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_bridge", default-features = false }
-openvm-circuit = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_bridge", default-features = false }
-openvm-continuations = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_bridge", default-features = false }
-openvm-instructions = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_bridge", default-features = false }
-openvm-native-circuit = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_bridge", default-features = false }
-openvm-native-compiler = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_bridge", default-features = false }
-openvm-native-compiler-derive = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_bridge", default-features = false }
-openvm-native-recursion = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_bridge", default-features = false }
-openvm-rv32im-circuit = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_bridge", default-features = false }
-openvm-sdk = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_bridge", default-features = false }
+openvm = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_multi_observe", default-features = false }
+openvm-circuit = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_multi_observe", default-features = false }
+openvm-continuations = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_multi_observe", default-features = false }
+openvm-instructions = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_multi_observe", default-features = false }
+openvm-native-circuit = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_multi_observe", default-features = false }
+openvm-native-compiler = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_multi_observe", default-features = false }
+openvm-native-compiler-derive = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_multi_observe", default-features = false }
+openvm-native-recursion = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_multi_observe", default-features = false }
+openvm-rv32im-circuit = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_multi_observe", default-features = false }
+openvm-sdk = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_multi_observe", default-features = false }
+
+# openvm = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/toolchain/openvm", default-features = false }
+# openvm-circuit = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/vm", default-features = false }
+# openvm-continuations = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/continuations", default-features = false }
+# openvm-instructions = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/toolchain/instructions", default-features = false }
+# openvm-native-circuit = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/native/circuit", default-features = false }
+# openvm-native-compiler = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/native/compiler", default-features = false }
+# openvm-native-compiler-derive = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/native/compiler/derive", default-features = false }
+# openvm-native-recursion = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/native/recursion", default-features = false }
+# openvm-rv32im-circuit = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/rv32im/circuit", default-features = false }
+# openvm-sdk = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/sdk", default-features = false }
 
 openvm-cuda-backend = { git = "https://github.com/openvm-org/stark-backend.git", tag = "v1.2.1", default-features = false }
 openvm-stark-backend = { git = "https://github.com/openvm-org/stark-backend.git", tag = "v1.2.1", default-features = false }
diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
index e5f154ea4..56a4c4b4a 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
+++ b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
@@ -856,7 +856,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    #[ignore = "need to generate proof first"]
+    // #[ignore = "need to generate proof first"]
     pub fn test_single() {
         let stack_size = 256 * 1024 * 1024; // 64 MB
 
diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/arithmetics/mod.rs b/ceno_recursion/src/arithmetics/mod.rs
index 9ff31d2a8..1238bff7b 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/src/arithmetics/mod.rs
+++ b/ceno_recursion/src/arithmetics/mod.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use openvm_native_circuit::EXT_DEG;
 use openvm_native_compiler::prelude::*;
 use openvm_native_compiler_derive::iter_zip;
 use openvm_native_recursion::challenger::{FeltChallenger, duplex::DuplexChallengerVariable};
+use openvm_native_recursion::vars::HintSlice;
 use openvm_stark_backend::p3_field::{FieldAlgebra, FieldExtensionAlgebra};
 
 type E = BabyBearExt4;
@@ -65,7 +66,33 @@ pub fn challenger_multi_observe<C: Config>(
     arr: &Array<C, Felt<C::F>>,
 ) {
     let next_input_ptr =
-        builder.poseidon2_multi_observe(&challenger.sponge_state, challenger.input_ptr, arr);
+        builder.poseidon2_multi_observe(&challenger.sponge_state, challenger.input_ptr, arr, None);
+    builder.assign(
+        &challenger.input_ptr,
+        challenger.io_empty_ptr + next_input_ptr.clone(),
+    );
+    builder.if_ne(next_input_ptr, Usize::from(0)).then_or_else(
+        |builder| {
+            builder.assign(&challenger.output_ptr, challenger.io_empty_ptr);
+        },
+        |builder| {
+            builder.assign(&challenger.output_ptr, challenger.io_full_ptr);
+        },
+    );
+}
+
+pub fn challenger_hint_observe<C: Config>(
+    builder: &mut Builder<C>,
+    challenger: &mut DuplexChallengerVariable<C>,
+    hint_slice: &HintSlice<C>,
+) {
+    let dummy_arr: Array<C, Felt<C::F>> = builder.dyn_array(0);
+    let next_input_ptr = builder.poseidon2_multi_observe(
+        &challenger.sponge_state,
+        challenger.input_ptr,
+        &dummy_arr,
+        Some(hint_slice.id.get_var()),
+    );
     builder.assign(
         &challenger.input_ptr,
         challenger.io_empty_ptr + next_input_ptr.clone(),
diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/zkvm_verifier/verifier.rs b/ceno_recursion/src/zkvm_verifier/verifier.rs
index 03b6b3b17..94b250e6e 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/src/zkvm_verifier/verifier.rs
+++ b/ceno_recursion/src/zkvm_verifier/verifier.rs
@@ -5,24 +5,18 @@ use super::binding::{
 use crate::{
     arithmetics::{
         PolyEvaluator, UniPolyExtrapolator, arr_product, assert_ext_arr_eq,
-        build_eq_x_r_vec_sequential, challenger_multi_observe, concat,
+        build_eq_x_r_vec_sequential, challenger_hint_observe, challenger_multi_observe, concat,
         dot_product as ext_dot_product, eq_eval, eq_eval_less_or_equal_than,
-        eval_ceno_expr_with_instance, eval_wellform_address_vec, gen_alpha_pows, mask_arr, reverse,
+        eval_ceno_expr_with_instance, eval_wellform_address_vec, gen_alpha_pows,
+        mask_arr, reverse,
     },
     basefold_verifier::{
         basefold::{BasefoldCommitmentVariable, RoundOpeningVariable, RoundVariable},
         hash::HashVariable,
         query_phase::PointAndEvalsVariable,
         utils::pow_2,
+        verifier::batch_verify,
     },
-};
-// use crate::basefold_verifier::verifier::batch_verify;
-use crate::{
-    arithmetics::{
-        arr_product, build_eq_x_r_vec_sequential, concat, dot_product as ext_dot_product,
-        eq_eval_less_or_equal_than, exts_to_felts, gen_alpha_pows, nested_product,
-    },
-    basefold_verifier::verifier::batch_verify,
     tower_verifier::{
         binding::{PointAndEvalVariable, PointVariable},
         program::{iop_verifier_state_verify, verify_tower_proof},
@@ -520,15 +514,16 @@ pub fn verify_zkvm_proof<C: Config<F = F>>(
             },
         );
 
-    batch_verify(
-        builder,
-        zkvm_proof_input.max_num_var,
-        zkvm_proof_input.max_width,
-        rounds,
-        zkvm_proof_input.pcs_proof,
-        &unipoly_extrapolator,
-        &mut challenger,
-    );
+    // _debug
+    // batch_verify(
+    //     builder,
+    //     zkvm_proof_input.max_num_var,
+    //     zkvm_proof_input.max_width,
+    //     rounds,
+    //     zkvm_proof_input.pcs_proof,
+    //     &unipoly_extrapolator,
+    //     &mut challenger,
+    // );
 
     let empty_arr: Array<C, Ext<C::F, C::EF>> = builder.dyn_array(0);
     let initial_global_state = eval_ceno_expr_with_instance(
@@ -644,27 +639,8 @@ pub fn verify_chip_proof<C: Config>(
         builder.eval(chip_proof.r_out_evals_len.clone() + chip_proof.w_out_evals_len.clone());
 
     // bind read/write/lookup out evals into transcript before deriving tower challenges
-    iter_zip!(builder, chip_proof.r_out_evals).for_each(|ptr_vec, builder| {
-        let evals = builder.iter_ptr_get(&chip_proof.r_out_evals, ptr_vec[0]);
-        unsafe {
-            let evals_felts = exts_to_felts(builder, &evals);
-            challenger_multi_observe(builder, challenger, &evals_felts);
-        }
-    });
-    iter_zip!(builder, chip_proof.w_out_evals).for_each(|ptr_vec, builder| {
-        let evals = builder.iter_ptr_get(&chip_proof.w_out_evals, ptr_vec[0]);
-        unsafe {
-            let evals_felts = exts_to_felts(builder, &evals);
-            challenger_multi_observe(builder, challenger, &evals_felts);
-        }
-    });
-    iter_zip!(builder, chip_proof.lk_out_evals).for_each(|ptr_vec, builder| {
-        let evals = builder.iter_ptr_get(&chip_proof.lk_out_evals, ptr_vec[0]);
-        unsafe {
-            let evals_felts = exts_to_felts(builder, &evals);
-            challenger_multi_observe(builder, challenger, &evals_felts);
-        }
-    });
+    challenger_hint_observe(builder, challenger, &chip_proof.rw_out_evals);
+    challenger_hint_observe(builder, challenger, &chip_proof.lk_out_evals);
 
     builder.cycle_tracker_start(format!("verify tower proof for opcode {circuit_name}",).as_str());
     let (_, record_evals, logup_p_evals, logup_q_evals, prod_out_evals, logup_out_evals) =

From 4febb3fd95f6940aac34e780da5a5a2331ac6b7c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ray Gao <qg2153@columbia.edu>
Date: Mon, 16 Mar 2026 23:15:49 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 03/26] debug

---
 Cargo.lock                                   | 94 ++++++++++----------
 Cargo.toml                                   | 11 ---
 ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs        |  2 +-
 ceno_recursion/src/arithmetics/mod.rs        | 11 ++-
 ceno_recursion/src/zkvm_verifier/verifier.rs | 19 ++--
 ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/verifier.rs             |  1 +
 6 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 71 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index e95f0f522..9891c91d7 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -3588,7 +3588,7 @@ checksum = "d6790f58c7ff633d8771f42965289203411a5e5c68388703c06e14f24770b41e"
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "bytemuck",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3601,7 +3601,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3630,7 +3630,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-complex-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3640,7 +3640,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3656,7 +3656,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-moduli-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
  "num-prime",
@@ -3668,7 +3668,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-algebra-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3682,7 +3682,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3705,7 +3705,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
  "strum_macros",
@@ -3714,7 +3714,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-bigint-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3729,7 +3729,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-build"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "cargo_metadata 0.18.1",
  "eyre",
@@ -3741,7 +3741,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -3780,7 +3780,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -3791,7 +3791,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -3809,7 +3809,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "quote",
@@ -3819,7 +3819,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-continuations"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "openvm-circuit",
@@ -3889,7 +3889,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-custom-insn"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -3899,7 +3899,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3928,7 +3928,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "ecdsa 0.16.9 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "elliptic-curve",
@@ -3947,7 +3947,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-sw-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3957,7 +3957,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-ecc-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3971,7 +3971,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3988,7 +3988,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -3997,7 +3997,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4022,7 +4022,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4030,7 +4030,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4044,7 +4044,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-macros-common"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
@@ -4052,7 +4052,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-mod-circuit-builder"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -4070,7 +4070,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4101,7 +4101,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4124,7 +4124,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -4133,7 +4133,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-recursion"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4158,7 +4158,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-transpiler",
@@ -4168,7 +4168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4197,7 +4197,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "hex-literal",
@@ -4218,7 +4218,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-pairing-guest",
@@ -4231,7 +4231,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-platform"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "libm",
  "openvm-custom-insn",
@@ -4241,7 +4241,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-poseidon2-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "lazy_static",
@@ -4259,7 +4259,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32-adapters"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4276,7 +4276,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4299,7 +4299,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-custom-insn",
  "p3-field",
@@ -4309,7 +4309,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4325,7 +4325,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sdk"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "bitcode",
  "bon",
@@ -4379,7 +4379,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-circuit-primitives",
  "openvm-stark-backend",
@@ -4390,7 +4390,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4413,7 +4413,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4421,7 +4421,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4500,7 +4500,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#e4da12fc667dfd52e83e3b178be80f1ab8a17dfc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
 dependencies = [
  "elf",
  "eyre",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index d7e97776c..291260955 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -103,17 +103,6 @@ openvm-native-recursion = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", b
 openvm-rv32im-circuit = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_multi_observe", default-features = false }
 openvm-sdk = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_multi_observe", default-features = false }
 
-# openvm = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/toolchain/openvm", default-features = false }
-# openvm-circuit = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/vm", default-features = false }
-# openvm-continuations = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/continuations", default-features = false }
-# openvm-instructions = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/toolchain/instructions", default-features = false }
-# openvm-native-circuit = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/native/circuit", default-features = false }
-# openvm-native-compiler = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/native/compiler", default-features = false }
-# openvm-native-compiler-derive = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/native/compiler/derive", default-features = false }
-# openvm-native-recursion = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/native/recursion", default-features = false }
-# openvm-rv32im-circuit = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/rv32im/circuit", default-features = false }
-# openvm-sdk = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/sdk", default-features = false }
-
 openvm-cuda-backend = { git = "https://github.com/openvm-org/stark-backend.git", tag = "v1.2.1", default-features = false }
 openvm-stark-backend = { git = "https://github.com/openvm-org/stark-backend.git", tag = "v1.2.1", default-features = false }
 openvm-stark-sdk = { git = "https://github.com/openvm-org/stark-backend.git", tag = "v1.2.1", default-features = false }
diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
index 56a4c4b4a..e5f154ea4 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
+++ b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
@@ -856,7 +856,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    // #[ignore = "need to generate proof first"]
+    #[ignore = "need to generate proof first"]
     pub fn test_single() {
         let stack_size = 256 * 1024 * 1024; // 64 MB
 
diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/arithmetics/mod.rs b/ceno_recursion/src/arithmetics/mod.rs
index 1238bff7b..70c403e0f 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/src/arithmetics/mod.rs
+++ b/ceno_recursion/src/arithmetics/mod.rs
@@ -65,8 +65,13 @@ pub fn challenger_multi_observe<C: Config>(
     challenger: &mut DuplexChallengerVariable<C>,
     arr: &Array<C, Felt<C::F>>,
 ) {
-    let next_input_ptr =
-        builder.poseidon2_multi_observe(&challenger.sponge_state, challenger.input_ptr, arr, None);
+    let next_input_ptr = builder.poseidon2_multi_observe(
+        &challenger.sponge_state,
+        challenger.input_ptr,
+        arr,
+        arr.len(),
+        None,
+    );
     builder.assign(
         &challenger.input_ptr,
         challenger.io_empty_ptr + next_input_ptr.clone(),
@@ -87,10 +92,12 @@ pub fn challenger_hint_observe<C: Config>(
     hint_slice: &HintSlice<C>,
 ) {
     let dummy_arr: Array<C, Felt<C::F>> = builder.dyn_array(0);
+    let felt_len: Usize<C::N> = builder.eval(hint_slice.length.clone() * Usize::from(C::EF::D));
     let next_input_ptr = builder.poseidon2_multi_observe(
         &challenger.sponge_state,
         challenger.input_ptr,
         &dummy_arr,
+        felt_len,
         Some(hint_slice.id.get_var()),
     );
     builder.assign(
diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/zkvm_verifier/verifier.rs b/ceno_recursion/src/zkvm_verifier/verifier.rs
index 94b250e6e..23dc8ecd0 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/src/zkvm_verifier/verifier.rs
+++ b/ceno_recursion/src/zkvm_verifier/verifier.rs
@@ -514,16 +514,15 @@ pub fn verify_zkvm_proof<C: Config<F = F>>(
             },
         );
 
-    // _debug
-    // batch_verify(
-    //     builder,
-    //     zkvm_proof_input.max_num_var,
-    //     zkvm_proof_input.max_width,
-    //     rounds,
-    //     zkvm_proof_input.pcs_proof,
-    //     &unipoly_extrapolator,
-    //     &mut challenger,
-    // );
+    batch_verify(
+        builder,
+        zkvm_proof_input.max_num_var,
+        zkvm_proof_input.max_width,
+        rounds,
+        zkvm_proof_input.pcs_proof,
+        &unipoly_extrapolator,
+        &mut challenger,
+    );
 
     let empty_arr: Array<C, Ext<C::F, C::EF>> = builder.dyn_array(0);
     let initial_global_state = eval_ceno_expr_with_instance(
diff --git a/ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/verifier.rs b/ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/verifier.rs
index 2c49ee658..d699d982b 100644
--- a/ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/verifier.rs
+++ b/ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/verifier.rs
@@ -246,6 +246,7 @@ impl<E: ExtensionField, PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E>> ZKVMVerifier<E, PCS>
             transcript.read_challenge().elements,
             transcript.read_challenge().elements,
         ];
+
         tracing::debug!(
             "{shard_id}th shard challenges in verifier: {:?}",
             challenges

From 619ea646a28e3dc04e32097f924fa613446d3f62 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ray Gao <qg2153@columbia.edu>
Date: Tue, 17 Mar 2026 18:19:42 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 04/26] update dependency

---
 Cargo.lock | 94 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------
 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 9891c91d7..965838491 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -3588,7 +3588,7 @@ checksum = "d6790f58c7ff633d8771f42965289203411a5e5c68388703c06e14f24770b41e"
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "bytemuck",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3601,7 +3601,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3630,7 +3630,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-complex-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3640,7 +3640,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3656,7 +3656,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-moduli-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
  "num-prime",
@@ -3668,7 +3668,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-algebra-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3682,7 +3682,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3705,7 +3705,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
  "strum_macros",
@@ -3714,7 +3714,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-bigint-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3729,7 +3729,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-build"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "cargo_metadata 0.18.1",
  "eyre",
@@ -3741,7 +3741,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -3780,7 +3780,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -3791,7 +3791,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -3809,7 +3809,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "quote",
@@ -3819,7 +3819,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-continuations"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "openvm-circuit",
@@ -3889,7 +3889,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-custom-insn"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -3899,7 +3899,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3928,7 +3928,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "ecdsa 0.16.9 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "elliptic-curve",
@@ -3947,7 +3947,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-sw-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3957,7 +3957,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-ecc-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3971,7 +3971,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3988,7 +3988,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -3997,7 +3997,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4022,7 +4022,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4030,7 +4030,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4044,7 +4044,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-macros-common"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
@@ -4052,7 +4052,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-mod-circuit-builder"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -4070,7 +4070,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4101,7 +4101,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4124,7 +4124,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -4133,7 +4133,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-recursion"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4158,7 +4158,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-transpiler",
@@ -4168,7 +4168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4197,7 +4197,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "hex-literal",
@@ -4218,7 +4218,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-pairing-guest",
@@ -4231,7 +4231,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-platform"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "libm",
  "openvm-custom-insn",
@@ -4241,7 +4241,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-poseidon2-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "lazy_static",
@@ -4259,7 +4259,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32-adapters"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4276,7 +4276,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4299,7 +4299,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-custom-insn",
  "p3-field",
@@ -4309,7 +4309,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4325,7 +4325,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sdk"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "bitcode",
  "bon",
@@ -4379,7 +4379,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-circuit-primitives",
  "openvm-stark-backend",
@@ -4390,7 +4390,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4413,7 +4413,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4421,7 +4421,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4500,7 +4500,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#3a006f3ac63ac81876874d712d1fa175a73171e6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
 dependencies = [
  "elf",
  "eyre",

From 49d186703c550ca0c9b25d99ea9564eb902ecdc1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ray Gao <qg2153@columbia.edu>
Date: Tue, 17 Mar 2026 18:29:19 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 05/26] lint

---
 ceno_recursion/src/arithmetics/mod.rs        | 6 ++++--
 ceno_recursion/src/zkvm_verifier/verifier.rs | 3 +--
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/arithmetics/mod.rs b/ceno_recursion/src/arithmetics/mod.rs
index 70c403e0f..e3636f1ce 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/src/arithmetics/mod.rs
+++ b/ceno_recursion/src/arithmetics/mod.rs
@@ -9,8 +9,10 @@ use multilinear_extensions::{Expression, Fixed, Instance};
 use openvm_native_circuit::EXT_DEG;
 use openvm_native_compiler::prelude::*;
 use openvm_native_compiler_derive::iter_zip;
-use openvm_native_recursion::challenger::{FeltChallenger, duplex::DuplexChallengerVariable};
-use openvm_native_recursion::vars::HintSlice;
+use openvm_native_recursion::{
+    challenger::{FeltChallenger, duplex::DuplexChallengerVariable},
+    vars::HintSlice,
+};
 use openvm_stark_backend::p3_field::{FieldAlgebra, FieldExtensionAlgebra};
 
 type E = BabyBearExt4;
diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/zkvm_verifier/verifier.rs b/ceno_recursion/src/zkvm_verifier/verifier.rs
index 23dc8ecd0..e0d823814 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/src/zkvm_verifier/verifier.rs
+++ b/ceno_recursion/src/zkvm_verifier/verifier.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ use crate::{
         PolyEvaluator, UniPolyExtrapolator, arr_product, assert_ext_arr_eq,
         build_eq_x_r_vec_sequential, challenger_hint_observe, challenger_multi_observe, concat,
         dot_product as ext_dot_product, eq_eval, eq_eval_less_or_equal_than,
-        eval_ceno_expr_with_instance, eval_wellform_address_vec, gen_alpha_pows,
-        mask_arr, reverse,
+        eval_ceno_expr_with_instance, eval_wellform_address_vec, gen_alpha_pows, mask_arr, reverse,
     },
     basefold_verifier::{
         basefold::{BasefoldCommitmentVariable, RoundOpeningVariable, RoundVariable},

From 988333a64a837f0e4e7cb85450740fda984b8f55 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ray Gao <qg2153@columbia.edu>
Date: Tue, 17 Mar 2026 22:39:33 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 06/26] update dependency

---
 Cargo.lock | 94 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------
 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 965838491..3c349cb21 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -3588,7 +3588,7 @@ checksum = "d6790f58c7ff633d8771f42965289203411a5e5c68388703c06e14f24770b41e"
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "bytemuck",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3601,7 +3601,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3630,7 +3630,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-complex-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3640,7 +3640,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3656,7 +3656,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-moduli-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
  "num-prime",
@@ -3668,7 +3668,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-algebra-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3682,7 +3682,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3705,7 +3705,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
  "strum_macros",
@@ -3714,7 +3714,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-bigint-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3729,7 +3729,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-build"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "cargo_metadata 0.18.1",
  "eyre",
@@ -3741,7 +3741,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -3780,7 +3780,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -3791,7 +3791,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -3809,7 +3809,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "quote",
@@ -3819,7 +3819,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-continuations"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "openvm-circuit",
@@ -3889,7 +3889,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-custom-insn"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -3899,7 +3899,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3928,7 +3928,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "ecdsa 0.16.9 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "elliptic-curve",
@@ -3947,7 +3947,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-sw-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3957,7 +3957,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-ecc-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3971,7 +3971,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3988,7 +3988,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -3997,7 +3997,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4022,7 +4022,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4030,7 +4030,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4044,7 +4044,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-macros-common"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
@@ -4052,7 +4052,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-mod-circuit-builder"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -4070,7 +4070,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4101,7 +4101,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4124,7 +4124,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -4133,7 +4133,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-recursion"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4158,7 +4158,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-transpiler",
@@ -4168,7 +4168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4197,7 +4197,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "hex-literal",
@@ -4218,7 +4218,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-pairing-guest",
@@ -4231,7 +4231,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-platform"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "libm",
  "openvm-custom-insn",
@@ -4241,7 +4241,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-poseidon2-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "lazy_static",
@@ -4259,7 +4259,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32-adapters"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4276,7 +4276,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4299,7 +4299,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-custom-insn",
  "p3-field",
@@ -4309,7 +4309,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4325,7 +4325,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sdk"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "bitcode",
  "bon",
@@ -4379,7 +4379,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-circuit-primitives",
  "openvm-stark-backend",
@@ -4390,7 +4390,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4413,7 +4413,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4421,7 +4421,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4500,7 +4500,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#065d59811285057fc8206336503b64febad9c99f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
 dependencies = [
  "elf",
  "eyre",

From 64e838e0409533f0127ecb366bf068f3ffc74e75 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ray Gao <qg2153@columbia.edu>
Date: Tue, 17 Mar 2026 23:00:50 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 07/26] update dependency

---
 Cargo.lock | 94 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------
 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 3c349cb21..4fe5c253d 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -3588,7 +3588,7 @@ checksum = "d6790f58c7ff633d8771f42965289203411a5e5c68388703c06e14f24770b41e"
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "bytemuck",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3601,7 +3601,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3630,7 +3630,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-complex-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3640,7 +3640,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3656,7 +3656,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-moduli-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
  "num-prime",
@@ -3668,7 +3668,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-algebra-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3682,7 +3682,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3705,7 +3705,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
  "strum_macros",
@@ -3714,7 +3714,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-bigint-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3729,7 +3729,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-build"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "cargo_metadata 0.18.1",
  "eyre",
@@ -3741,7 +3741,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -3780,7 +3780,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -3791,7 +3791,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -3809,7 +3809,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "quote",
@@ -3819,7 +3819,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-continuations"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "openvm-circuit",
@@ -3889,7 +3889,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-custom-insn"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -3899,7 +3899,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3928,7 +3928,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "ecdsa 0.16.9 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "elliptic-curve",
@@ -3947,7 +3947,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-sw-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3957,7 +3957,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-ecc-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3971,7 +3971,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3988,7 +3988,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -3997,7 +3997,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4022,7 +4022,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4030,7 +4030,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4044,7 +4044,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-macros-common"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
@@ -4052,7 +4052,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-mod-circuit-builder"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -4070,7 +4070,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4101,7 +4101,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4124,7 +4124,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -4133,7 +4133,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-recursion"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4158,7 +4158,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-transpiler",
@@ -4168,7 +4168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4197,7 +4197,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "hex-literal",
@@ -4218,7 +4218,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-pairing-guest",
@@ -4231,7 +4231,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-platform"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "libm",
  "openvm-custom-insn",
@@ -4241,7 +4241,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-poseidon2-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "lazy_static",
@@ -4259,7 +4259,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32-adapters"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4276,7 +4276,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4299,7 +4299,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-custom-insn",
  "p3-field",
@@ -4309,7 +4309,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4325,7 +4325,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sdk"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "bitcode",
  "bon",
@@ -4379,7 +4379,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-circuit-primitives",
  "openvm-stark-backend",
@@ -4390,7 +4390,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4413,7 +4413,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4421,7 +4421,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4500,7 +4500,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4f33e48406a6baf8b082dccb19fa2bbc74171205"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
 dependencies = [
  "elf",
  "eyre",

From 75665abff46fb0ad8ba2b5ba5e571e149908ac12 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ray Gao <qg2153@columbia.edu>
Date: Tue, 17 Mar 2026 23:31:06 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 08/26] update dependency

---
 Cargo.lock | 94 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------
 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 4fe5c253d..fec51df81 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -3588,7 +3588,7 @@ checksum = "d6790f58c7ff633d8771f42965289203411a5e5c68388703c06e14f24770b41e"
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "bytemuck",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3601,7 +3601,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3630,7 +3630,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-complex-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3640,7 +3640,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3656,7 +3656,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-moduli-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
  "num-prime",
@@ -3668,7 +3668,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-algebra-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3682,7 +3682,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3705,7 +3705,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
  "strum_macros",
@@ -3714,7 +3714,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-bigint-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3729,7 +3729,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-build"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "cargo_metadata 0.18.1",
  "eyre",
@@ -3741,7 +3741,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -3780,7 +3780,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -3791,7 +3791,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -3809,7 +3809,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "quote",
@@ -3819,7 +3819,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-continuations"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "openvm-circuit",
@@ -3889,7 +3889,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-custom-insn"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -3899,7 +3899,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3928,7 +3928,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "ecdsa 0.16.9 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "elliptic-curve",
@@ -3947,7 +3947,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-sw-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3957,7 +3957,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-ecc-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3971,7 +3971,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3988,7 +3988,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -3997,7 +3997,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4022,7 +4022,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4030,7 +4030,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4044,7 +4044,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-macros-common"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
@@ -4052,7 +4052,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-mod-circuit-builder"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -4070,7 +4070,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4101,7 +4101,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4124,7 +4124,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -4133,7 +4133,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-recursion"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4158,7 +4158,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-transpiler",
@@ -4168,7 +4168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4197,7 +4197,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "hex-literal",
@@ -4218,7 +4218,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-pairing-guest",
@@ -4231,7 +4231,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-platform"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "libm",
  "openvm-custom-insn",
@@ -4241,7 +4241,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-poseidon2-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "lazy_static",
@@ -4259,7 +4259,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32-adapters"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4276,7 +4276,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4299,7 +4299,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-custom-insn",
  "p3-field",
@@ -4309,7 +4309,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4325,7 +4325,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sdk"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "bitcode",
  "bon",
@@ -4379,7 +4379,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-circuit-primitives",
  "openvm-stark-backend",
@@ -4390,7 +4390,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4413,7 +4413,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4421,7 +4421,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4500,7 +4500,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#4a1272231ca0db1a81e89ac42141cce388c5b2f7"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
 dependencies = [
  "elf",
  "eyre",

From d58befb8fb43a9a514d2374ca6e8f30ce6e7c93b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ray Gao <qg2153@columbia.edu>
Date: Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:42:23 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 09/26] update dependency

---
 Cargo.lock | 94 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------
 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index fec51df81..655c7dc8f 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -3588,7 +3588,7 @@ checksum = "d6790f58c7ff633d8771f42965289203411a5e5c68388703c06e14f24770b41e"
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "bytemuck",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3601,7 +3601,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3630,7 +3630,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-complex-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3640,7 +3640,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3656,7 +3656,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-moduli-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
  "num-prime",
@@ -3668,7 +3668,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-algebra-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3682,7 +3682,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3705,7 +3705,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
  "strum_macros",
@@ -3714,7 +3714,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-bigint-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3729,7 +3729,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-build"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "cargo_metadata 0.18.1",
  "eyre",
@@ -3741,7 +3741,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -3780,7 +3780,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -3791,7 +3791,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -3809,7 +3809,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "quote",
@@ -3819,7 +3819,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-continuations"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "openvm-circuit",
@@ -3889,7 +3889,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-custom-insn"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -3899,7 +3899,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3928,7 +3928,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "ecdsa 0.16.9 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "elliptic-curve",
@@ -3947,7 +3947,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-sw-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3957,7 +3957,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-ecc-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3971,7 +3971,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3988,7 +3988,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -3997,7 +3997,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4022,7 +4022,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4030,7 +4030,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4044,7 +4044,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-macros-common"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
@@ -4052,7 +4052,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-mod-circuit-builder"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -4070,7 +4070,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4101,7 +4101,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4124,7 +4124,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -4133,7 +4133,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-recursion"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4158,7 +4158,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-transpiler",
@@ -4168,7 +4168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4197,7 +4197,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "hex-literal",
@@ -4218,7 +4218,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-pairing-guest",
@@ -4231,7 +4231,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-platform"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "libm",
  "openvm-custom-insn",
@@ -4241,7 +4241,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-poseidon2-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "lazy_static",
@@ -4259,7 +4259,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32-adapters"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4276,7 +4276,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4299,7 +4299,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-custom-insn",
  "p3-field",
@@ -4309,7 +4309,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4325,7 +4325,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sdk"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "bitcode",
  "bon",
@@ -4379,7 +4379,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-circuit-primitives",
  "openvm-stark-backend",
@@ -4390,7 +4390,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4413,7 +4413,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4421,7 +4421,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4500,7 +4500,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#7e6d1be52421d33102980a4fb5e6a58ee3ee799f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
 dependencies = [
  "elf",
  "eyre",

From 423585a9ff52acd8c0b61174abdaf2ed33645c70 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ray Gao <qg2153@columbia.edu>
Date: Wed, 18 Mar 2026 15:19:57 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 10/26] fix aggregation logic

---
 ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
index e5f154ea4..bacb9241f 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
+++ b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
@@ -90,6 +90,8 @@ const VM_MAX_TRACE_HEIGHTS: &[u32] = &[
     16777216, 2097152, 8388608, 262144, 2097152, 1048576, 4194304, 1048576, 262144,
 ];
 
+use std::fs::File;
+
 pub struct CenoAggregationProver {
     pub base_vk: ZKVMVerifyingKey<E, Basefold<E, BasefoldRSParams>>,
     pub leaf_prover: VmInstance<BabyBearPoseidon2Engine, NativeBuilder>,
@@ -290,9 +292,9 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
                 .expect("leaf proof generation failed");
 
                 // _debug: export
-                // let file =
-                //     File::create(format!("leaf_proof_{:?}.bin", proof_idx)).expect("Create export proof file");
-                // bincode::serialize_into(file, &leaf_proof).expect("failed to serialize leaf proof");
+                let file =
+                    File::create(format!("leaf_proof_{:?}.bin", proof_idx)).expect("Create export proof file");
+                bincode::serialize_into(file, &leaf_proof).expect("failed to serialize leaf proof");
 
                 println!(
                     "Aggregation - Completed leaf proof (idx: {:?}) at: {:?}, public values: {:?}",
@@ -425,6 +427,25 @@ impl CenoLeafVmVerifierConfig {
             builder.assign(&stark_pvs.connector.initial_pc, init_pc);
             builder.assign(&stark_pvs.connector.final_pc, end_pc);
             builder.assign(&stark_pvs.connector.exit_code, exit_code);
+            // Internal aggregation asserts connector chaining on this field.
+            builder
+                .if_eq(ceno_leaf_input.is_last, Usize::from(1))
+                .then_or_else(
+                    |builder| {
+                        builder.assign(&stark_pvs.connector.is_terminate, F::ONE);
+                    },
+                    |builder| {
+                        builder.assign(&stark_pvs.connector.is_terminate, F::ZERO);
+                    },
+                );
+
+            // Keep remaining committed PVs deterministic until real memory/public-values
+            // commitments are wired through this custom leaf program.
+            for i in 0..DIGEST_SIZE {
+                builder.assign(&stark_pvs.memory.initial_root[i], F::ZERO);
+                builder.assign(&stark_pvs.memory.final_root[i], F::ZERO);
+                builder.assign(&stark_pvs.public_values_commit[i], F::ZERO);
+            }
 
             // TODO: assign shard_ec_sum to stark_pvs.shard_ec_sum
 
@@ -830,7 +851,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    #[ignore = "need to generate proof first"]
+    // #[ignore = "need to generate proof first"]
     pub fn test_aggregation() {
         let stack_size = 256 * 1024 * 1024; // 64 MB
 
@@ -843,7 +864,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    #[ignore = "need to generate proof first"]
+    // #[ignore = "need to generate proof first"]
     pub fn test_internal_aggregation() {
         let stack_size = 256 * 1024 * 1024;
 

From d5642c8ca84c5b6f09a2eef2a9fef4502987aa51 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ray Gao <qg2153@columbia.edu>
Date: Wed, 18 Mar 2026 15:27:14 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 11/26] disable single tests

---
 ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
index bacb9241f..b58fb162d 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
+++ b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
@@ -851,7 +851,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    // #[ignore = "need to generate proof first"]
+    #[ignore = "need to generate proof first"]
     pub fn test_aggregation() {
         let stack_size = 256 * 1024 * 1024; // 64 MB
 
@@ -864,7 +864,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    // #[ignore = "need to generate proof first"]
+    #[ignore = "need to generate proof first"]
     pub fn test_internal_aggregation() {
         let stack_size = 256 * 1024 * 1024;
 

From 29304864b2c4b3a751855de7802804254aeda53f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ray Gao <qg2153@columbia.edu>
Date: Wed, 18 Mar 2026 15:42:45 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 12/26] add prechecks

---
 ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs | 108 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 108 insertions(+)

diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
index b58fb162d..1b0f94034 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
+++ b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
@@ -342,6 +342,8 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|input| {
                     internal_node_idx += 1;
+                    self.precheck_internal_input(&input, internal_node_idx, internal_node_height);
+
                     let internal_proof = SingleSegmentVmProver::prove(
                         &mut self.internal_prover,
                         input.write(),
@@ -380,6 +382,112 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
 
         proofs.pop().unwrap()
     }
+
+    fn precheck_internal_input(
+        &self,
+        input: &InternalVmVerifierInput<SC>,
+        internal_node_idx: i32,
+        internal_node_height: i32,
+    ) {
+        let do_child_verify = std::env::var("CENO_DEBUG_VERIFY_CHILD_STARK")
+            .ok()
+            .map(|v| v == "1" || v.eq_ignore_ascii_case("true"))
+            // Default to verifying child proofs on the first internal layer only.
+            .unwrap_or(internal_node_height == 0);
+
+        println!(
+            "Aggregation - Precheck internal node (idx: {:?}) at height {:?}: {} child proofs",
+            internal_node_idx,
+            internal_node_height,
+            input.proofs.len()
+        );
+
+        let mut prev_final_pc = None;
+        let mut first_app_commit = None;
+
+        for (proof_idx, proof) in input.proofs.iter().enumerate() {
+            assert!(
+                proof.per_air.len() > PUBLIC_VALUES_AIR_ID,
+                "internal precheck: proof {} missing PUBLIC_VALUES AIR",
+                proof_idx
+            );
+            assert!(
+                proof.per_air.len() > CONNECTOR_AIR_ID,
+                "internal precheck: proof {} missing CONNECTOR AIR",
+                proof_idx
+            );
+
+            let connector_air = &proof.per_air[CONNECTOR_AIR_ID];
+            let vm_connector = &connector_air.public_values;
+            assert!(
+                vm_connector.len() >= 4,
+                "internal precheck: proof {} has malformed vm connector pv len {}",
+                proof_idx,
+                vm_connector.len()
+            );
+
+            let pvs: &VmVerifierPvs<_> =
+                proof.per_air[PUBLIC_VALUES_AIR_ID].public_values[..VmVerifierPvs::<u8>::width()]
+                    .borrow();
+
+            if let Some(prev) = prev_final_pc {
+                assert_eq!(
+                    prev, pvs.connector.initial_pc,
+                    "internal precheck: connector chain break at child {}",
+                    proof_idx
+                );
+            }
+            prev_final_pc = Some(pvs.connector.final_pc);
+
+            if let Some(app_commit) = first_app_commit {
+                assert_eq!(
+                    app_commit, pvs.app_commit,
+                    "internal precheck: app_commit mismatch at child {}",
+                    proof_idx
+                );
+            } else {
+                first_app_commit = Some(pvs.app_commit);
+            }
+
+            println!(
+                "Aggregation -   child {} vm_connector=[init:{:?}, final:{:?}, exit:{:?}, term:{:?}] agg_connector=[init:{:?}, final:{:?}, exit:{:?}, term:{:?}]",
+                proof_idx,
+                vm_connector[0],
+                vm_connector[1],
+                vm_connector[2],
+                vm_connector[3],
+                pvs.connector.initial_pc,
+                pvs.connector.final_pc,
+                pvs.connector.exit_code,
+                pvs.connector.is_terminate
+            );
+
+            if do_child_verify {
+                let program_commit = proof.commitments.main_trace[PROGRAM_CACHED_TRACE_INDEX].as_ref();
+                let internal_commit: &[_; CHUNK] = &self.vk.internal_commit.into();
+
+                if program_commit == internal_commit {
+                    let e = BabyBearPoseidon2Engine::new(self.vk.internal_fri_params);
+                    e.verify(&self.vk.internal_vm_vk, proof)
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|err| {
+                            panic!(
+                                "internal precheck: child {} failed internal-vk verify: {:?}",
+                                proof_idx, err
+                            )
+                        });
+                } else {
+                    let e = BabyBearPoseidon2Engine::new(self.vk.leaf_fri_params);
+                    e.verify(&self.vk.leaf_vm_vk, proof)
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|err| {
+                            panic!(
+                                "internal precheck: child {} failed leaf-vk verify: {:?}",
+                                proof_idx, err
+                            )
+                        });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 /// Config to generate leaf VM verifier program.

From 0eb8cdb6dd9ad1606b4c123a8d35323e02ae7c79 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ray Gao <qg2153@columbia.edu>
Date: Wed, 18 Mar 2026 16:00:50 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 13/26] leaf precheck

---
 ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs | 13 +++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)

diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
index 1b0f94034..73c682856 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
+++ b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
@@ -291,6 +291,19 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
                 )
                 .expect("leaf proof generation failed");
 
+                // Debug safety net: catch invalid leaf proofs at generation time.
+                // If this fails, the issue is in proving (or backend), not in
+                // internal-input chunking/serialization.
+                let leaf_engine = BabyBearPoseidon2Engine::new(self.vk.leaf_fri_params);
+                leaf_engine
+                    .verify(&self.vk.leaf_vm_vk, &leaf_proof)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|err| {
+                        panic!(
+                            "leaf proof generation produced invalid proof at idx {}: {:?}",
+                            proof_idx, err
+                        )
+                    });
+
                 // _debug: export
                 let file =
                     File::create(format!("leaf_proof_{:?}.bin", proof_idx)).expect("Create export proof file");

From 2a4fb793c9018043add7e4a9d0dba3f00edc281e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ray Gao <qg2153@columbia.edu>
Date: Wed, 18 Mar 2026 16:14:54 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 14/26] verify cpu proving

---
 ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs | 29 ++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
index 73c682856..17d803588 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
+++ b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
@@ -26,8 +26,6 @@ use openvm_continuations::{
         internal::types::{InternalVmVerifierInput, InternalVmVerifierPvs, VmStarkProof},
     },
 };
-#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
-use openvm_cuda_backend::engine::GpuBabyBearPoseidon2Engine as BabyBearPoseidon2Engine;
 use openvm_native_circuit::{NativeBuilder, NativeConfig};
 use openvm_native_compiler::{
     asm::AsmBuilder,
@@ -45,11 +43,10 @@ use openvm_stark_backend::{
     config::{Com, StarkGenericConfig},
     engine::StarkEngine,
 };
-#[cfg(not(feature = "gpu"))]
-use openvm_stark_sdk::config::baby_bear_poseidon2::BabyBearPoseidon2Engine;
 use openvm_stark_sdk::{
     config::{
-        FriParameters, baby_bear_poseidon2::BabyBearPoseidon2Config,
+        FriParameters,
+        baby_bear_poseidon2::{BabyBearPoseidon2Config, BabyBearPoseidon2Engine},
         fri_params::standard_fri_params_with_100_bits_conjectured_security,
     },
     engine::StarkFriEngine,
@@ -259,6 +256,22 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
     ) -> VmStarkProof<SC> {
         let aggregation_start_timestamp = Instant::now();
 
+        println!(
+            "Aggregation - Config fingerprint: gpu_feature={}, num_children_internal={}",
+            cfg!(feature = "gpu"),
+            DEFAULT_NUM_CHILDREN_INTERNAL
+        );
+        println!(
+            "Aggregation - Program commits: leaf={:?}, internal={:?}",
+            self.pk.leaf_committed_exe.get_program_commit(),
+            self.pk.internal_committed_exe.get_program_commit()
+        );
+        println!(
+            "Aggregation - FRI params: leaf={:?}, internal={:?}",
+            self.vk.leaf_fri_params,
+            self.vk.internal_fri_params
+        );
+
         // Construct zkvm proof input
         let zkvm_proof_inputs: Vec<ZKVMProofInput> = base_proofs
             .into_iter()
@@ -291,6 +304,12 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
                 )
                 .expect("leaf proof generation failed");
 
+                println!(
+                    "Aggregation - Leaf proof program commit (idx: {:?}): {:?}",
+                    proof_idx,
+                    leaf_proof.commitments.main_trace[PROGRAM_CACHED_TRACE_INDEX].as_ref()
+                );
+
                 // Debug safety net: catch invalid leaf proofs at generation time.
                 // If this fails, the issue is in proving (or backend), not in
                 // internal-input chunking/serialization.

From 016f2f3cfa8b9466f8e1bf4b429ee202e8268bbf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ray Gao <qg2153@columbia.edu>
Date: Wed, 18 Mar 2026 16:28:06 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 15/26] add debug flags

---
 ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs | 162 ++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 152 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
index 17d803588..52d60a0c8 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
+++ b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
@@ -26,6 +26,10 @@ use openvm_continuations::{
         internal::types::{InternalVmVerifierInput, InternalVmVerifierPvs, VmStarkProof},
     },
 };
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+use openvm_cuda_backend::engine::GpuBabyBearPoseidon2Engine as BabyBearPoseidon2Engine;
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+use openvm_stark_sdk::config::baby_bear_poseidon2::BabyBearPoseidon2Engine as CpuBabyBearPoseidon2Engine;
 use openvm_native_circuit::{NativeBuilder, NativeConfig};
 use openvm_native_compiler::{
     asm::AsmBuilder,
@@ -43,10 +47,11 @@ use openvm_stark_backend::{
     config::{Com, StarkGenericConfig},
     engine::StarkEngine,
 };
+#[cfg(not(feature = "gpu"))]
+use openvm_stark_sdk::config::baby_bear_poseidon2::BabyBearPoseidon2Engine;
 use openvm_stark_sdk::{
     config::{
-        FriParameters,
-        baby_bear_poseidon2::{BabyBearPoseidon2Config, BabyBearPoseidon2Engine},
+        FriParameters, baby_bear_poseidon2::BabyBearPoseidon2Config,
         fri_params::standard_fri_params_with_100_bits_conjectured_security,
     },
     engine::StarkFriEngine,
@@ -55,7 +60,7 @@ use openvm_stark_sdk::{
 };
 use p3::field::FieldAlgebra;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::{borrow::Borrow, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
+use std::{borrow::Borrow, io::Write, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
 pub type RecPcs = Basefold<E, BasefoldRSParams>;
 use openvm_circuit::{
     arch::{
@@ -255,6 +260,7 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
         base_proofs: Vec<ZKVMProof<BabyBearExt4, Basefold<E, BasefoldRSParams>>>,
     ) -> VmStarkProof<SC> {
         let aggregation_start_timestamp = Instant::now();
+        let expected_leaf_program_commit = self.pk.leaf_committed_exe.get_program_commit();
 
         println!(
             "Aggregation - Config fingerprint: gpu_feature={}, num_children_internal={}",
@@ -263,7 +269,7 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
         );
         println!(
             "Aggregation - Program commits: leaf={:?}, internal={:?}",
-            self.pk.leaf_committed_exe.get_program_commit(),
+            expected_leaf_program_commit,
             self.pk.internal_committed_exe.get_program_commit()
         );
         println!(
@@ -310,18 +316,43 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
                     leaf_proof.commitments.main_trace[PROGRAM_CACHED_TRACE_INDEX].as_ref()
                 );
 
+                maybe_log_leaf_air_summary(proof_idx, &leaf_proof);
+                maybe_export_leaf_air_debug_snapshot(
+                    proof_idx,
+                    &leaf_proof,
+                    &expected_leaf_program_commit,
+                    &self.vk.leaf_fri_params,
+                );
+
                 // Debug safety net: catch invalid leaf proofs at generation time.
                 // If this fails, the issue is in proving (or backend), not in
                 // internal-input chunking/serialization.
                 let leaf_engine = BabyBearPoseidon2Engine::new(self.vk.leaf_fri_params);
-                leaf_engine
-                    .verify(&self.vk.leaf_vm_vk, &leaf_proof)
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|err| {
+                if let Err(gpu_verify_err) = leaf_engine.verify(&self.vk.leaf_vm_vk, &leaf_proof) {
+                    #[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+                    {
+                        // Cross-check with CPU verifier to isolate GPU prover vs GPU verifier issues.
+                        let cpu_engine = CpuBabyBearPoseidon2Engine::new(self.vk.leaf_fri_params);
+                        let cpu_verify_res = cpu_engine.verify(&self.vk.leaf_vm_vk, &leaf_proof);
+                        maybe_export_leaf_air_debug_snapshot(
+                            proof_idx,
+                            &leaf_proof,
+                            &expected_leaf_program_commit,
+                            &self.vk.leaf_fri_params,
+                        );
+                        panic!(
+                            "leaf proof generation produced invalid proof at idx {}: gpu_verify={:?}, cpu_verify={:?}",
+                            proof_idx, gpu_verify_err, cpu_verify_res
+                        );
+                    }
+                    #[cfg(not(feature = "gpu"))]
+                    {
                         panic!(
                             "leaf proof generation produced invalid proof at idx {}: {:?}",
-                            proof_idx, err
-                        )
-                    });
+                            proof_idx, gpu_verify_err
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
 
                 // _debug: export
                 let file =
@@ -522,6 +553,117 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
     }
 }
 
+fn env_flag_default_off(name: &str) -> bool {
+    std::env::var(name)
+        .ok()
+        .is_some_and(|v| v == "1" || v.eq_ignore_ascii_case("true"))
+}
+
+fn maybe_log_leaf_air_summary(proof_idx: usize, proof: &Proof<SC>) {
+    println!(
+        "Aggregation - Leaf AIR summary (idx: {}): num_airs={}",
+        proof_idx,
+        proof.per_air.len()
+    );
+    for (slot, air) in proof.per_air.iter().enumerate() {
+        println!(
+            "Aggregation -   air slot {} -> air_id={}, pv_len={}",
+            slot,
+            air.air_id,
+            air.public_values.len()
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+fn maybe_export_leaf_air_debug_snapshot(
+    proof_idx: usize,
+    proof: &Proof<SC>,
+    expected_leaf_program_commit: &Com<SC>,
+    leaf_fri_params: &FriParameters,
+) {
+    let export_dir = std::env::var("CENO_LEAF_AIR_DEBUG_DIR")
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| "leaf_air_debug".to_string());
+    if let Err(err) = std::fs::create_dir_all(&export_dir) {
+        eprintln!(
+            "Aggregation - failed to create leaf AIR debug dir '{}': {:?}",
+            export_dir, err
+        );
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let path = format!("{}/leaf_air_debug_{:03}.txt", export_dir, proof_idx);
+    let mut file = match std::fs::File::create(&path) {
+        Ok(f) => f,
+        Err(err) => {
+            eprintln!(
+                "Aggregation - failed to create leaf AIR debug file '{}': {:?}",
+                path, err
+            );
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    let _ = writeln!(file, "gpu_feature={}", cfg!(feature = "gpu"));
+    let _ = writeln!(file, "proof_idx={}", proof_idx);
+    let _ = writeln!(file, "leaf_fri_params={:?}", leaf_fri_params);
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        file,
+        "expected_leaf_program_commit={:?}",
+        expected_leaf_program_commit
+    );
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        file,
+        "proof_program_commit={:?}",
+        proof.commitments.main_trace[PROGRAM_CACHED_TRACE_INDEX].as_ref()
+    );
+    let _ = writeln!(file, "num_airs={}", proof.per_air.len());
+
+    let full_pv = env_flag_default_off("CENO_LEAF_AIR_DEBUG_FULL_PV");
+    let sample = 16usize;
+    for (slot, air) in proof.per_air.iter().enumerate() {
+        let _ = writeln!(
+            file,
+            "air[{}]: air_id={}, pv_len={}",
+            slot,
+            air.air_id,
+            air.public_values.len()
+        );
+        if full_pv {
+            let _ = writeln!(file, "air[{}].pv={:?}", slot, air.public_values);
+        } else {
+            let head_len = air.public_values.len().min(sample);
+            let _ = writeln!(
+                file,
+                "air[{}].pv_head({})={:?}",
+                slot,
+                head_len,
+                &air.public_values[..head_len]
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    if proof.per_air.len() > CONNECTOR_AIR_ID {
+        let connector_air = &proof.per_air[CONNECTOR_AIR_ID];
+        let _ = writeln!(
+            file,
+            "connector_air(air_id={})_pv={:?}",
+            connector_air.air_id,
+            connector_air.public_values
+        );
+    }
+    if proof.per_air.len() > PUBLIC_VALUES_AIR_ID {
+        let pv_air = &proof.per_air[PUBLIC_VALUES_AIR_ID];
+        let _ = writeln!(
+            file,
+            "public_values_air(air_id={})_pv={:?}",
+            pv_air.air_id,
+            pv_air.public_values
+        );
+    }
+
+    println!("Aggregation - exported leaf AIR debug snapshot: {}", path);
+}
+
 /// Config to generate leaf VM verifier program.
 pub struct CenoLeafVmVerifierConfig {
     pub vk: ZKVMVerifyingKey<E, Basefold<E, BasefoldRSParams>>,

From 4f4f0c91bb18f3f2a8b9d990cdee240a4c9c72f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ray Gao <qg2153@columbia.edu>
Date: Wed, 18 Mar 2026 18:19:27 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 16/26] add debug flags

---
 Cargo.lock                            | 94 +++++++++++++--------------
 ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs | 63 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 110 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 655c7dc8f..deee1b819 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -3588,7 +3588,7 @@ checksum = "d6790f58c7ff633d8771f42965289203411a5e5c68388703c06e14f24770b41e"
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "bytemuck",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3601,7 +3601,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3630,7 +3630,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-complex-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3640,7 +3640,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3656,7 +3656,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-moduli-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
  "num-prime",
@@ -3668,7 +3668,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-algebra-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3682,7 +3682,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3705,7 +3705,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
  "strum_macros",
@@ -3714,7 +3714,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-bigint-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3729,7 +3729,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-build"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "cargo_metadata 0.18.1",
  "eyre",
@@ -3741,7 +3741,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -3780,7 +3780,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -3791,7 +3791,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -3809,7 +3809,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "quote",
@@ -3819,7 +3819,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-continuations"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "openvm-circuit",
@@ -3889,7 +3889,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-custom-insn"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -3899,7 +3899,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3928,7 +3928,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "ecdsa 0.16.9 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "elliptic-curve",
@@ -3947,7 +3947,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-sw-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3957,7 +3957,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-ecc-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3971,7 +3971,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3988,7 +3988,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -3997,7 +3997,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4022,7 +4022,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4030,7 +4030,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4044,7 +4044,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-macros-common"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
@@ -4052,7 +4052,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-mod-circuit-builder"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -4070,7 +4070,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4101,7 +4101,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4124,7 +4124,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -4133,7 +4133,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-recursion"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4158,7 +4158,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-transpiler",
@@ -4168,7 +4168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4197,7 +4197,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "hex-literal",
@@ -4218,7 +4218,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-pairing-guest",
@@ -4231,7 +4231,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-platform"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "libm",
  "openvm-custom-insn",
@@ -4241,7 +4241,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-poseidon2-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "lazy_static",
@@ -4259,7 +4259,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32-adapters"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4276,7 +4276,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4299,7 +4299,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-custom-insn",
  "p3-field",
@@ -4309,7 +4309,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4325,7 +4325,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sdk"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "bitcode",
  "bon",
@@ -4379,7 +4379,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-circuit-primitives",
  "openvm-stark-backend",
@@ -4390,7 +4390,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4413,7 +4413,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4421,7 +4421,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4500,7 +4500,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#fbe927e773967769af5e0bedafdc9565255c326c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "elf",
  "eyre",
diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
index 52d60a0c8..bf1ff170f 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
+++ b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
@@ -329,6 +329,15 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
                 // internal-input chunking/serialization.
                 let leaf_engine = BabyBearPoseidon2Engine::new(self.vk.leaf_fri_params);
                 if let Err(gpu_verify_err) = leaf_engine.verify(&self.vk.leaf_vm_vk, &leaf_proof) {
+                    println!(
+                        "{}",
+                        leaf_air_debug_inline_snapshot(
+                            proof_idx,
+                            &leaf_proof,
+                            &expected_leaf_program_commit,
+                            &self.vk.leaf_fri_params,
+                        )
+                    );
                     #[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
                     {
                         // Cross-check with CPU verifier to isolate GPU prover vs GPU verifier issues.
@@ -664,6 +673,60 @@ fn maybe_export_leaf_air_debug_snapshot(
     println!("Aggregation - exported leaf AIR debug snapshot: {}", path);
 }
 
+fn leaf_air_debug_inline_snapshot(
+    proof_idx: usize,
+    proof: &Proof<SC>,
+    expected_leaf_program_commit: &Com<SC>,
+    leaf_fri_params: &FriParameters,
+) -> String {
+    let mut s = String::new();
+    let sample = 16usize;
+
+    s.push_str("Aggregation - LEAF AIR INLINE SNAPSHOT START\n");
+    s.push_str(&format!("proof_idx={}\n", proof_idx));
+    s.push_str(&format!("gpu_feature={}\n", cfg!(feature = "gpu")));
+    s.push_str(&format!("leaf_fri_params={:?}\n", leaf_fri_params));
+    s.push_str(&format!(
+        "expected_leaf_program_commit={:?}\n",
+        expected_leaf_program_commit
+    ));
+    s.push_str(&format!(
+        "proof_program_commit={:?}\n",
+        proof.commitments.main_trace[PROGRAM_CACHED_TRACE_INDEX].as_ref()
+    ));
+    s.push_str(&format!("num_airs={}\n", proof.per_air.len()));
+
+    for (slot, air) in proof.per_air.iter().enumerate() {
+        let head_len = air.public_values.len().min(sample);
+        s.push_str(&format!(
+            "air[{}]: air_id={}, pv_len={}, pv_head({})={:?}\n",
+            slot,
+            air.air_id,
+            air.public_values.len(),
+            head_len,
+            &air.public_values[..head_len]
+        ));
+    }
+
+    if proof.per_air.len() > CONNECTOR_AIR_ID {
+        let connector_air = &proof.per_air[CONNECTOR_AIR_ID];
+        s.push_str(&format!(
+            "connector_air(air_id={})_pv={:?}\n",
+            connector_air.air_id, connector_air.public_values
+        ));
+    }
+    if proof.per_air.len() > PUBLIC_VALUES_AIR_ID {
+        let pv_air = &proof.per_air[PUBLIC_VALUES_AIR_ID];
+        s.push_str(&format!(
+            "public_values_air(air_id={})_pv={:?}\n",
+            pv_air.air_id, pv_air.public_values
+        ));
+    }
+
+    s.push_str("Aggregation - LEAF AIR INLINE SNAPSHOT END");
+    s
+}
+
 /// Config to generate leaf VM verifier program.
 pub struct CenoLeafVmVerifierConfig {
     pub vk: ZKVMVerifyingKey<E, Basefold<E, BasefoldRSParams>>,

From 299f745950ff1fbf827c34a6855282fdf4cc31f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ray Gao <qg2153@columbia.edu>
Date: Wed, 18 Mar 2026 18:59:41 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 17/26] add debug flags

---
 ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs | 67 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 67 insertions(+)

diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
index bf1ff170f..d7b3b7aa8 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
+++ b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
@@ -300,9 +300,50 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
                     aggregation_start_timestamp.elapsed()
                 );
 
+                // debug: print leaf input structure before proving
+                println!(
+                    "Aggregation - Leaf input (idx: {}): shard_id={}, is_last={}, raw_pi_outer={}, chip_proofs={}, pi_evals={}",
+                    proof_idx, p.proof.shard_id, p.is_last,
+                    p.proof.raw_pi.len(), p.proof.chip_proofs.len(), p.proof.pi_evals.len()
+                );
+                for (pi_i, pi_row) in p.proof.raw_pi.iter().enumerate() {
+                    let pi_head = pi_row.len().min(4);
+                    println!(
+                        "Aggregation -   raw_pi[{}]: len={} head={:?}",
+                        pi_i, pi_row.len(), &pi_row[..pi_head]
+                    );
+                }
+                println!(
+                    "Aggregation -   pc_vals: INIT_PC_IDX={} val={:?}, END_PC_IDX={} val={:?}, EXIT_CODE_IDX={} val={:?}",
+                    INIT_PC_IDX,
+                    p.proof.raw_pi.get(INIT_PC_IDX).and_then(|v| v.first()).copied(),
+                    END_PC_IDX,
+                    p.proof.raw_pi.get(END_PC_IDX).and_then(|v| v.first()).copied(),
+                    EXIT_CODE_IDX,
+                    p.proof.raw_pi.get(EXIT_CODE_IDX).and_then(|v| v.first()).copied(),
+                );
+
                 let mut witness_stream: Vec<Vec<F>> = Vec::new();
                 witness_stream.extend(p.write());
 
+                // debug: witness stats + clone for CPU reprove in failure path
+                {
+                    let seg_lens: Vec<usize> = witness_stream.iter().map(|s| s.len()).collect();
+                    let total_felts: usize = seg_lens.iter().sum();
+                    let seg_lens_disp = if seg_lens.len() > 30 {
+                        format!("first_10={:?}...last_5={:?}(total_segs={})",
+                            &seg_lens[..10], &seg_lens[seg_lens.len()-5..], seg_lens.len())
+                    } else {
+                        format!("{:?}", seg_lens)
+                    };
+                    println!(
+                        "Aggregation - Leaf witness (idx: {}): num_segs={} total_felts={} seg_lens={}",
+                        proof_idx, witness_stream.len(), total_felts, seg_lens_disp
+                    );
+                }
+                #[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+                let witness_stream_for_cpu = witness_stream.clone();
+
                 let leaf_proof = SingleSegmentVmProver::prove(
                     &mut self.leaf_prover,
                     witness_stream,
@@ -349,6 +390,32 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
                             &expected_leaf_program_commit,
                             &self.vk.leaf_fri_params,
                         );
+
+                        // Attempt CPU reprove with the identical witness stream to isolate GPU prover vs. input bug.
+                        // If CPU prove succeeds (and CPU verify of CPU proof passes), the GPU prover is the culprit.
+                        // If CPU prove also fails, the witness/input itself is malformed.
+                        println!("Aggregation - Attempting CPU leaf reprove (idx: {})...", proof_idx);
+                        let cpu_reprove_msg: String = match new_local_prover::<CpuBabyBearPoseidon2Engine, NativeBuilder>(
+                            NativeBuilder::default(),
+                            &self.pk.leaf_vm_pk,
+                            self.pk.leaf_committed_exe.exe.clone(),
+                        ) {
+                            Err(e) => format!("cpu_prover_init_err={:?}", e),
+                            Ok(mut cpu_prover) => match SingleSegmentVmProver::prove(
+                                &mut cpu_prover,
+                                witness_stream_for_cpu,
+                                VM_MAX_TRACE_HEIGHTS,
+                            ) {
+                                Err(e) => format!("cpu_prove_err={:?}", e),
+                                Ok(cpu_proof) => {
+                                    let cpu_e = CpuBabyBearPoseidon2Engine::new(self.vk.leaf_fri_params);
+                                    let cpu_vfy = cpu_e.verify(&self.vk.leaf_vm_vk, &cpu_proof);
+                                    format!("cpu_prove=Ok cpu_verify_of_cpu_proof={:?}", cpu_vfy)
+                                }
+                            },
+                        };
+                        println!("Aggregation - CPU reprove result (idx: {}): {}", proof_idx, cpu_reprove_msg);
+
                         panic!(
                             "leaf proof generation produced invalid proof at idx {}: gpu_verify={:?}, cpu_verify={:?}",
                             proof_idx, gpu_verify_err, cpu_verify_res

From bf32ac9efa8b4f57de15fa26019cf2c9b7fa9f26 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ray Gao <qg2153@columbia.edu>
Date: Wed, 18 Mar 2026 19:07:56 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 18/26] adjust debug flag

---
 ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs | 33 ++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
index d7b3b7aa8..96fbe48e5 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
+++ b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
@@ -391,30 +391,15 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
                             &self.vk.leaf_fri_params,
                         );
 
-                        // Attempt CPU reprove with the identical witness stream to isolate GPU prover vs. input bug.
-                        // If CPU prove succeeds (and CPU verify of CPU proof passes), the GPU prover is the culprit.
-                        // If CPU prove also fails, the witness/input itself is malformed.
-                        println!("Aggregation - Attempting CPU leaf reprove (idx: {})...", proof_idx);
-                        let cpu_reprove_msg: String = match new_local_prover::<CpuBabyBearPoseidon2Engine, NativeBuilder>(
-                            NativeBuilder::default(),
-                            &self.pk.leaf_vm_pk,
-                            self.pk.leaf_committed_exe.exe.clone(),
-                        ) {
-                            Err(e) => format!("cpu_prover_init_err={:?}", e),
-                            Ok(mut cpu_prover) => match SingleSegmentVmProver::prove(
-                                &mut cpu_prover,
-                                witness_stream_for_cpu,
-                                VM_MAX_TRACE_HEIGHTS,
-                            ) {
-                                Err(e) => format!("cpu_prove_err={:?}", e),
-                                Ok(cpu_proof) => {
-                                    let cpu_e = CpuBabyBearPoseidon2Engine::new(self.vk.leaf_fri_params);
-                                    let cpu_vfy = cpu_e.verify(&self.vk.leaf_vm_vk, &cpu_proof);
-                                    format!("cpu_prove=Ok cpu_verify_of_cpu_proof={:?}", cpu_vfy)
-                                }
-                            },
-                        };
-                        println!("Aggregation - CPU reprove result (idx: {}): {}", proof_idx, cpu_reprove_msg);
+                        // Dump witness stream content so we can inspect what was fed to the GPU prover.
+                        println!("Aggregation - Witness stream dump (idx: {}) num_segs={}:", proof_idx, witness_stream_for_cpu.len());
+                        for (si, seg) in witness_stream_for_cpu.iter().enumerate().take(40) {
+                            let head = seg.len().min(8);
+                            println!("  seg[{}]: len={} head={:?}", si, seg.len(), &seg[..head]);
+                        }
+                        if witness_stream_for_cpu.len() > 40 {
+                            println!("  ...(truncated, {} total segs)", witness_stream_for_cpu.len());
+                        }
 
                         panic!(
                             "leaf proof generation produced invalid proof at idx {}: gpu_verify={:?}, cpu_verify={:?}",

From 762936c6734d62f5ceb5572e011166f77dab589f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ray Gao <qg2153@columbia.edu>
Date: Wed, 18 Mar 2026 19:28:34 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 19/26] adjust debug flags

---
 ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+)

diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
index 96fbe48e5..90f05371c 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
+++ b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ use ceno_zkvm::{
     structs::ZKVMVerifyingKey,
 };
 use ff_ext::BabyBearExt4;
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+use gkr_iop::gpu::gpu_prover::{CudaHal as _, get_cuda_hal};
 use mpcs::{Basefold, BasefoldRSParams};
 use openvm_circuit::{
     arch::{
@@ -344,6 +346,8 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
                 #[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
                 let witness_stream_for_cpu = witness_stream.clone();
 
+                let leaf_prove_start = Instant::now();
+
                 let leaf_proof = SingleSegmentVmProver::prove(
                     &mut self.leaf_prover,
                     witness_stream,
@@ -351,6 +355,27 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
                 )
                 .expect("leaf proof generation failed");
 
+                println!(
+                    "Aggregation - Leaf prove returned (idx: {}) after {:?}",
+                    proof_idx,
+                    leaf_prove_start.elapsed()
+                );
+
+                #[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+                {
+                    let sync_start = Instant::now();
+                    let cuda_hal = get_cuda_hal().expect("Failed to get CUDA HAL for leaf sync");
+                    cuda_hal
+                        .inner()
+                        .synchronize()
+                        .expect("CUDA synchronize failed after leaf proof generation");
+                    println!(
+                        "Aggregation - Leaf GPU synchronize complete (idx: {}) after {:?}",
+                        proof_idx,
+                        sync_start.elapsed()
+                    );
+                }
+
                 println!(
                     "Aggregation - Leaf proof program commit (idx: {:?}): {:?}",
                     proof_idx,

From 67796bbd592db8f71b52c1dfe321f022741fd8e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ray Gao <qg2153@columbia.edu>
Date: Wed, 18 Mar 2026 19:55:19 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 20/26] update dependency

---
 Cargo.lock | 94 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------
 Cargo.toml | 11 +++++++
 2 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index deee1b819..1931b4d88 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -3588,7 +3588,7 @@ checksum = "d6790f58c7ff633d8771f42965289203411a5e5c68388703c06e14f24770b41e"
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "bytemuck",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3601,7 +3601,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3630,7 +3630,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-complex-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3640,7 +3640,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3656,7 +3656,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-moduli-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
  "num-prime",
@@ -3668,7 +3668,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-algebra-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3682,7 +3682,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3705,7 +3705,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
  "strum_macros",
@@ -3714,7 +3714,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-bigint-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3729,7 +3729,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-build"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "cargo_metadata 0.18.1",
  "eyre",
@@ -3741,7 +3741,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -3780,7 +3780,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -3791,7 +3791,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -3809,7 +3809,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "quote",
@@ -3819,7 +3819,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-continuations"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "openvm-circuit",
@@ -3889,7 +3889,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-custom-insn"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -3899,7 +3899,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3928,7 +3928,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "ecdsa 0.16.9 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "elliptic-curve",
@@ -3947,7 +3947,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-sw-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3957,7 +3957,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-ecc-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3971,7 +3971,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3988,7 +3988,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -3997,7 +3997,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4022,7 +4022,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4030,7 +4030,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4044,7 +4044,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-macros-common"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
@@ -4052,7 +4052,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-mod-circuit-builder"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -4070,7 +4070,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4101,7 +4101,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4124,7 +4124,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -4133,7 +4133,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-recursion"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4158,7 +4158,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-transpiler",
@@ -4168,7 +4168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4197,7 +4197,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "hex-literal",
@@ -4218,7 +4218,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-pairing-guest",
@@ -4231,7 +4231,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-platform"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "libm",
  "openvm-custom-insn",
@@ -4241,7 +4241,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-poseidon2-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "lazy_static",
@@ -4259,7 +4259,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32-adapters"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4276,7 +4276,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4299,7 +4299,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-custom-insn",
  "p3-field",
@@ -4309,7 +4309,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4325,7 +4325,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sdk"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "bitcode",
  "bon",
@@ -4379,7 +4379,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-circuit-primitives",
  "openvm-stark-backend",
@@ -4390,7 +4390,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4413,7 +4413,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4421,7 +4421,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4500,7 +4500,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#b859546809cea51e2e47d3e7740dc29106bdb0c1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
 dependencies = [
  "elf",
  "eyre",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 291260955..d7e97776c 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -103,6 +103,17 @@ openvm-native-recursion = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", b
 openvm-rv32im-circuit = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_multi_observe", default-features = false }
 openvm-sdk = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_multi_observe", default-features = false }
 
+# openvm = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/toolchain/openvm", default-features = false }
+# openvm-circuit = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/vm", default-features = false }
+# openvm-continuations = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/continuations", default-features = false }
+# openvm-instructions = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/toolchain/instructions", default-features = false }
+# openvm-native-circuit = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/native/circuit", default-features = false }
+# openvm-native-compiler = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/native/compiler", default-features = false }
+# openvm-native-compiler-derive = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/native/compiler/derive", default-features = false }
+# openvm-native-recursion = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/native/recursion", default-features = false }
+# openvm-rv32im-circuit = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/rv32im/circuit", default-features = false }
+# openvm-sdk = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/sdk", default-features = false }
+
 openvm-cuda-backend = { git = "https://github.com/openvm-org/stark-backend.git", tag = "v1.2.1", default-features = false }
 openvm-stark-backend = { git = "https://github.com/openvm-org/stark-backend.git", tag = "v1.2.1", default-features = false }
 openvm-stark-sdk = { git = "https://github.com/openvm-org/stark-backend.git", tag = "v1.2.1", default-features = false }

From cc55c82f9533c9909c6ecf574ec69b10b20057ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ray Gao <qg2153@columbia.edu>
Date: Wed, 18 Mar 2026 20:23:58 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 21/26] remove debug flags

---
 Cargo.lock                            |  94 +++---
 Cargo.toml                            |  11 -
 ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs | 425 +-------------------------
 3 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 482 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 1931b4d88..d403eb283 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -3588,7 +3588,7 @@ checksum = "d6790f58c7ff633d8771f42965289203411a5e5c68388703c06e14f24770b41e"
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "bytemuck",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3601,7 +3601,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3630,7 +3630,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-complex-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3640,7 +3640,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3656,7 +3656,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-moduli-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
  "num-prime",
@@ -3668,7 +3668,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-algebra-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3682,7 +3682,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3705,7 +3705,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
  "strum_macros",
@@ -3714,7 +3714,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-bigint-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3729,7 +3729,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-build"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "cargo_metadata 0.18.1",
  "eyre",
@@ -3741,7 +3741,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -3780,7 +3780,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -3791,7 +3791,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -3809,7 +3809,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "quote",
@@ -3819,7 +3819,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-continuations"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "openvm-circuit",
@@ -3889,7 +3889,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-custom-insn"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -3899,7 +3899,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3928,7 +3928,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "ecdsa 0.16.9 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "elliptic-curve",
@@ -3947,7 +3947,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-sw-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3957,7 +3957,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-ecc-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3971,7 +3971,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3988,7 +3988,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -3997,7 +3997,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4022,7 +4022,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4030,7 +4030,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4044,7 +4044,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-macros-common"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
@@ -4052,7 +4052,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-mod-circuit-builder"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -4070,7 +4070,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4101,7 +4101,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4124,7 +4124,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -4133,7 +4133,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-recursion"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4158,7 +4158,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-transpiler",
@@ -4168,7 +4168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4197,7 +4197,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "hex-literal",
@@ -4218,7 +4218,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-pairing-guest",
@@ -4231,7 +4231,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-platform"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "libm",
  "openvm-custom-insn",
@@ -4241,7 +4241,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-poseidon2-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "lazy_static",
@@ -4259,7 +4259,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32-adapters"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4276,7 +4276,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4299,7 +4299,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-custom-insn",
  "p3-field",
@@ -4309,7 +4309,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4325,7 +4325,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sdk"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "bitcode",
  "bon",
@@ -4379,7 +4379,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-circuit-primitives",
  "openvm-stark-backend",
@@ -4390,7 +4390,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4413,7 +4413,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4421,7 +4421,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4500,7 +4500,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#8918e55b87bb499e4fdd562dace6b8d6033369cb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
 dependencies = [
  "elf",
  "eyre",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index d7e97776c..291260955 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -103,17 +103,6 @@ openvm-native-recursion = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", b
 openvm-rv32im-circuit = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_multi_observe", default-features = false }
 openvm-sdk = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/hint_multi_observe", default-features = false }
 
-# openvm = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/toolchain/openvm", default-features = false }
-# openvm-circuit = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/vm", default-features = false }
-# openvm-continuations = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/continuations", default-features = false }
-# openvm-instructions = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/toolchain/instructions", default-features = false }
-# openvm-native-circuit = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/native/circuit", default-features = false }
-# openvm-native-compiler = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/native/compiler", default-features = false }
-# openvm-native-compiler-derive = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/native/compiler/derive", default-features = false }
-# openvm-native-recursion = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/native/recursion", default-features = false }
-# openvm-rv32im-circuit = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/rv32im/circuit", default-features = false }
-# openvm-sdk = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/sdk", default-features = false }
-
 openvm-cuda-backend = { git = "https://github.com/openvm-org/stark-backend.git", tag = "v1.2.1", default-features = false }
 openvm-stark-backend = { git = "https://github.com/openvm-org/stark-backend.git", tag = "v1.2.1", default-features = false }
 openvm-stark-sdk = { git = "https://github.com/openvm-org/stark-backend.git", tag = "v1.2.1", default-features = false }
diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
index 90f05371c..a0da3bc96 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
+++ b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ use ceno_zkvm::{
     structs::ZKVMVerifyingKey,
 };
 use ff_ext::BabyBearExt4;
-#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
-use gkr_iop::gpu::gpu_prover::{CudaHal as _, get_cuda_hal};
 use mpcs::{Basefold, BasefoldRSParams};
 use openvm_circuit::{
     arch::{
@@ -30,8 +28,6 @@ use openvm_continuations::{
 };
 #[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
 use openvm_cuda_backend::engine::GpuBabyBearPoseidon2Engine as BabyBearPoseidon2Engine;
-#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
-use openvm_stark_sdk::config::baby_bear_poseidon2::BabyBearPoseidon2Engine as CpuBabyBearPoseidon2Engine;
 use openvm_native_circuit::{NativeBuilder, NativeConfig};
 use openvm_native_compiler::{
     asm::AsmBuilder,
@@ -62,7 +58,7 @@ use openvm_stark_sdk::{
 };
 use p3::field::FieldAlgebra;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::{borrow::Borrow, io::Write, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
+use std::{borrow::Borrow, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
 pub type RecPcs = Basefold<E, BasefoldRSParams>;
 use openvm_circuit::{
     arch::{
@@ -93,9 +89,6 @@ const VM_MAX_TRACE_HEIGHTS: &[u32] = &[
     4194304, 4, 128, 2097152, 8388608, 4194304, 262144, 8388608, 16777216, 16777216, 2097152,
     16777216, 2097152, 8388608, 262144, 2097152, 1048576, 4194304, 1048576, 262144,
 ];
-
-use std::fs::File;
-
 pub struct CenoAggregationProver {
     pub base_vk: ZKVMVerifyingKey<E, Basefold<E, BasefoldRSParams>>,
     pub leaf_prover: VmInstance<BabyBearPoseidon2Engine, NativeBuilder>,
@@ -262,23 +255,6 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
         base_proofs: Vec<ZKVMProof<BabyBearExt4, Basefold<E, BasefoldRSParams>>>,
     ) -> VmStarkProof<SC> {
         let aggregation_start_timestamp = Instant::now();
-        let expected_leaf_program_commit = self.pk.leaf_committed_exe.get_program_commit();
-
-        println!(
-            "Aggregation - Config fingerprint: gpu_feature={}, num_children_internal={}",
-            cfg!(feature = "gpu"),
-            DEFAULT_NUM_CHILDREN_INTERNAL
-        );
-        println!(
-            "Aggregation - Program commits: leaf={:?}, internal={:?}",
-            expected_leaf_program_commit,
-            self.pk.internal_committed_exe.get_program_commit()
-        );
-        println!(
-            "Aggregation - FRI params: leaf={:?}, internal={:?}",
-            self.vk.leaf_fri_params,
-            self.vk.internal_fri_params
-        );
 
         // Construct zkvm proof input
         let zkvm_proof_inputs: Vec<ZKVMProofInput> = base_proofs
@@ -302,52 +278,9 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
                     aggregation_start_timestamp.elapsed()
                 );
 
-                // debug: print leaf input structure before proving
-                println!(
-                    "Aggregation - Leaf input (idx: {}): shard_id={}, is_last={}, raw_pi_outer={}, chip_proofs={}, pi_evals={}",
-                    proof_idx, p.proof.shard_id, p.is_last,
-                    p.proof.raw_pi.len(), p.proof.chip_proofs.len(), p.proof.pi_evals.len()
-                );
-                for (pi_i, pi_row) in p.proof.raw_pi.iter().enumerate() {
-                    let pi_head = pi_row.len().min(4);
-                    println!(
-                        "Aggregation -   raw_pi[{}]: len={} head={:?}",
-                        pi_i, pi_row.len(), &pi_row[..pi_head]
-                    );
-                }
-                println!(
-                    "Aggregation -   pc_vals: INIT_PC_IDX={} val={:?}, END_PC_IDX={} val={:?}, EXIT_CODE_IDX={} val={:?}",
-                    INIT_PC_IDX,
-                    p.proof.raw_pi.get(INIT_PC_IDX).and_then(|v| v.first()).copied(),
-                    END_PC_IDX,
-                    p.proof.raw_pi.get(END_PC_IDX).and_then(|v| v.first()).copied(),
-                    EXIT_CODE_IDX,
-                    p.proof.raw_pi.get(EXIT_CODE_IDX).and_then(|v| v.first()).copied(),
-                );
-
                 let mut witness_stream: Vec<Vec<F>> = Vec::new();
                 witness_stream.extend(p.write());
 
-                // debug: witness stats + clone for CPU reprove in failure path
-                {
-                    let seg_lens: Vec<usize> = witness_stream.iter().map(|s| s.len()).collect();
-                    let total_felts: usize = seg_lens.iter().sum();
-                    let seg_lens_disp = if seg_lens.len() > 30 {
-                        format!("first_10={:?}...last_5={:?}(total_segs={})",
-                            &seg_lens[..10], &seg_lens[seg_lens.len()-5..], seg_lens.len())
-                    } else {
-                        format!("{:?}", seg_lens)
-                    };
-                    println!(
-                        "Aggregation - Leaf witness (idx: {}): num_segs={} total_felts={} seg_lens={}",
-                        proof_idx, witness_stream.len(), total_felts, seg_lens_disp
-                    );
-                }
-                #[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
-                let witness_stream_for_cpu = witness_stream.clone();
-
-                let leaf_prove_start = Instant::now();
-
                 let leaf_proof = SingleSegmentVmProver::prove(
                     &mut self.leaf_prover,
                     witness_stream,
@@ -355,96 +288,12 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
                 )
                 .expect("leaf proof generation failed");
 
-                println!(
-                    "Aggregation - Leaf prove returned (idx: {}) after {:?}",
-                    proof_idx,
-                    leaf_prove_start.elapsed()
-                );
-
-                #[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
-                {
-                    let sync_start = Instant::now();
-                    let cuda_hal = get_cuda_hal().expect("Failed to get CUDA HAL for leaf sync");
-                    cuda_hal
-                        .inner()
-                        .synchronize()
-                        .expect("CUDA synchronize failed after leaf proof generation");
-                    println!(
-                        "Aggregation - Leaf GPU synchronize complete (idx: {}) after {:?}",
-                        proof_idx,
-                        sync_start.elapsed()
-                    );
-                }
-
                 println!(
                     "Aggregation - Leaf proof program commit (idx: {:?}): {:?}",
                     proof_idx,
                     leaf_proof.commitments.main_trace[PROGRAM_CACHED_TRACE_INDEX].as_ref()
                 );
 
-                maybe_log_leaf_air_summary(proof_idx, &leaf_proof);
-                maybe_export_leaf_air_debug_snapshot(
-                    proof_idx,
-                    &leaf_proof,
-                    &expected_leaf_program_commit,
-                    &self.vk.leaf_fri_params,
-                );
-
-                // Debug safety net: catch invalid leaf proofs at generation time.
-                // If this fails, the issue is in proving (or backend), not in
-                // internal-input chunking/serialization.
-                let leaf_engine = BabyBearPoseidon2Engine::new(self.vk.leaf_fri_params);
-                if let Err(gpu_verify_err) = leaf_engine.verify(&self.vk.leaf_vm_vk, &leaf_proof) {
-                    println!(
-                        "{}",
-                        leaf_air_debug_inline_snapshot(
-                            proof_idx,
-                            &leaf_proof,
-                            &expected_leaf_program_commit,
-                            &self.vk.leaf_fri_params,
-                        )
-                    );
-                    #[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
-                    {
-                        // Cross-check with CPU verifier to isolate GPU prover vs GPU verifier issues.
-                        let cpu_engine = CpuBabyBearPoseidon2Engine::new(self.vk.leaf_fri_params);
-                        let cpu_verify_res = cpu_engine.verify(&self.vk.leaf_vm_vk, &leaf_proof);
-                        maybe_export_leaf_air_debug_snapshot(
-                            proof_idx,
-                            &leaf_proof,
-                            &expected_leaf_program_commit,
-                            &self.vk.leaf_fri_params,
-                        );
-
-                        // Dump witness stream content so we can inspect what was fed to the GPU prover.
-                        println!("Aggregation - Witness stream dump (idx: {}) num_segs={}:", proof_idx, witness_stream_for_cpu.len());
-                        for (si, seg) in witness_stream_for_cpu.iter().enumerate().take(40) {
-                            let head = seg.len().min(8);
-                            println!("  seg[{}]: len={} head={:?}", si, seg.len(), &seg[..head]);
-                        }
-                        if witness_stream_for_cpu.len() > 40 {
-                            println!("  ...(truncated, {} total segs)", witness_stream_for_cpu.len());
-                        }
-
-                        panic!(
-                            "leaf proof generation produced invalid proof at idx {}: gpu_verify={:?}, cpu_verify={:?}",
-                            proof_idx, gpu_verify_err, cpu_verify_res
-                        );
-                    }
-                    #[cfg(not(feature = "gpu"))]
-                    {
-                        panic!(
-                            "leaf proof generation produced invalid proof at idx {}: {:?}",
-                            proof_idx, gpu_verify_err
-                        );
-                    }
-                }
-
-                // _debug: export
-                let file =
-                    File::create(format!("leaf_proof_{:?}.bin", proof_idx)).expect("Create export proof file");
-                bincode::serialize_into(file, &leaf_proof).expect("failed to serialize leaf proof");
-
                 println!(
                     "Aggregation - Completed leaf proof (idx: {:?}) at: {:?}, public values: {:?}",
                     proof_idx,
@@ -491,7 +340,6 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|input| {
                     internal_node_idx += 1;
-                    self.precheck_internal_input(&input, internal_node_idx, internal_node_height);
 
                     let internal_proof = SingleSegmentVmProver::prove(
                         &mut self.internal_prover,
@@ -531,277 +379,6 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
 
         proofs.pop().unwrap()
     }
-
-    fn precheck_internal_input(
-        &self,
-        input: &InternalVmVerifierInput<SC>,
-        internal_node_idx: i32,
-        internal_node_height: i32,
-    ) {
-        let do_child_verify = std::env::var("CENO_DEBUG_VERIFY_CHILD_STARK")
-            .ok()
-            .map(|v| v == "1" || v.eq_ignore_ascii_case("true"))
-            // Default to verifying child proofs on the first internal layer only.
-            .unwrap_or(internal_node_height == 0);
-
-        println!(
-            "Aggregation - Precheck internal node (idx: {:?}) at height {:?}: {} child proofs",
-            internal_node_idx,
-            internal_node_height,
-            input.proofs.len()
-        );
-
-        let mut prev_final_pc = None;
-        let mut first_app_commit = None;
-
-        for (proof_idx, proof) in input.proofs.iter().enumerate() {
-            assert!(
-                proof.per_air.len() > PUBLIC_VALUES_AIR_ID,
-                "internal precheck: proof {} missing PUBLIC_VALUES AIR",
-                proof_idx
-            );
-            assert!(
-                proof.per_air.len() > CONNECTOR_AIR_ID,
-                "internal precheck: proof {} missing CONNECTOR AIR",
-                proof_idx
-            );
-
-            let connector_air = &proof.per_air[CONNECTOR_AIR_ID];
-            let vm_connector = &connector_air.public_values;
-            assert!(
-                vm_connector.len() >= 4,
-                "internal precheck: proof {} has malformed vm connector pv len {}",
-                proof_idx,
-                vm_connector.len()
-            );
-
-            let pvs: &VmVerifierPvs<_> =
-                proof.per_air[PUBLIC_VALUES_AIR_ID].public_values[..VmVerifierPvs::<u8>::width()]
-                    .borrow();
-
-            if let Some(prev) = prev_final_pc {
-                assert_eq!(
-                    prev, pvs.connector.initial_pc,
-                    "internal precheck: connector chain break at child {}",
-                    proof_idx
-                );
-            }
-            prev_final_pc = Some(pvs.connector.final_pc);
-
-            if let Some(app_commit) = first_app_commit {
-                assert_eq!(
-                    app_commit, pvs.app_commit,
-                    "internal precheck: app_commit mismatch at child {}",
-                    proof_idx
-                );
-            } else {
-                first_app_commit = Some(pvs.app_commit);
-            }
-
-            println!(
-                "Aggregation -   child {} vm_connector=[init:{:?}, final:{:?}, exit:{:?}, term:{:?}] agg_connector=[init:{:?}, final:{:?}, exit:{:?}, term:{:?}]",
-                proof_idx,
-                vm_connector[0],
-                vm_connector[1],
-                vm_connector[2],
-                vm_connector[3],
-                pvs.connector.initial_pc,
-                pvs.connector.final_pc,
-                pvs.connector.exit_code,
-                pvs.connector.is_terminate
-            );
-
-            if do_child_verify {
-                let program_commit = proof.commitments.main_trace[PROGRAM_CACHED_TRACE_INDEX].as_ref();
-                let internal_commit: &[_; CHUNK] = &self.vk.internal_commit.into();
-
-                if program_commit == internal_commit {
-                    let e = BabyBearPoseidon2Engine::new(self.vk.internal_fri_params);
-                    e.verify(&self.vk.internal_vm_vk, proof)
-                        .unwrap_or_else(|err| {
-                            panic!(
-                                "internal precheck: child {} failed internal-vk verify: {:?}",
-                                proof_idx, err
-                            )
-                        });
-                } else {
-                    let e = BabyBearPoseidon2Engine::new(self.vk.leaf_fri_params);
-                    e.verify(&self.vk.leaf_vm_vk, proof)
-                        .unwrap_or_else(|err| {
-                            panic!(
-                                "internal precheck: child {} failed leaf-vk verify: {:?}",
-                                proof_idx, err
-                            )
-                        });
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn env_flag_default_off(name: &str) -> bool {
-    std::env::var(name)
-        .ok()
-        .is_some_and(|v| v == "1" || v.eq_ignore_ascii_case("true"))
-}
-
-fn maybe_log_leaf_air_summary(proof_idx: usize, proof: &Proof<SC>) {
-    println!(
-        "Aggregation - Leaf AIR summary (idx: {}): num_airs={}",
-        proof_idx,
-        proof.per_air.len()
-    );
-    for (slot, air) in proof.per_air.iter().enumerate() {
-        println!(
-            "Aggregation -   air slot {} -> air_id={}, pv_len={}",
-            slot,
-            air.air_id,
-            air.public_values.len()
-        );
-    }
-}
-
-fn maybe_export_leaf_air_debug_snapshot(
-    proof_idx: usize,
-    proof: &Proof<SC>,
-    expected_leaf_program_commit: &Com<SC>,
-    leaf_fri_params: &FriParameters,
-) {
-    let export_dir = std::env::var("CENO_LEAF_AIR_DEBUG_DIR")
-        .unwrap_or_else(|_| "leaf_air_debug".to_string());
-    if let Err(err) = std::fs::create_dir_all(&export_dir) {
-        eprintln!(
-            "Aggregation - failed to create leaf AIR debug dir '{}': {:?}",
-            export_dir, err
-        );
-        return;
-    }
-
-    let path = format!("{}/leaf_air_debug_{:03}.txt", export_dir, proof_idx);
-    let mut file = match std::fs::File::create(&path) {
-        Ok(f) => f,
-        Err(err) => {
-            eprintln!(
-                "Aggregation - failed to create leaf AIR debug file '{}': {:?}",
-                path, err
-            );
-            return;
-        }
-    };
-
-    let _ = writeln!(file, "gpu_feature={}", cfg!(feature = "gpu"));
-    let _ = writeln!(file, "proof_idx={}", proof_idx);
-    let _ = writeln!(file, "leaf_fri_params={:?}", leaf_fri_params);
-    let _ = writeln!(
-        file,
-        "expected_leaf_program_commit={:?}",
-        expected_leaf_program_commit
-    );
-    let _ = writeln!(
-        file,
-        "proof_program_commit={:?}",
-        proof.commitments.main_trace[PROGRAM_CACHED_TRACE_INDEX].as_ref()
-    );
-    let _ = writeln!(file, "num_airs={}", proof.per_air.len());
-
-    let full_pv = env_flag_default_off("CENO_LEAF_AIR_DEBUG_FULL_PV");
-    let sample = 16usize;
-    for (slot, air) in proof.per_air.iter().enumerate() {
-        let _ = writeln!(
-            file,
-            "air[{}]: air_id={}, pv_len={}",
-            slot,
-            air.air_id,
-            air.public_values.len()
-        );
-        if full_pv {
-            let _ = writeln!(file, "air[{}].pv={:?}", slot, air.public_values);
-        } else {
-            let head_len = air.public_values.len().min(sample);
-            let _ = writeln!(
-                file,
-                "air[{}].pv_head({})={:?}",
-                slot,
-                head_len,
-                &air.public_values[..head_len]
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-    if proof.per_air.len() > CONNECTOR_AIR_ID {
-        let connector_air = &proof.per_air[CONNECTOR_AIR_ID];
-        let _ = writeln!(
-            file,
-            "connector_air(air_id={})_pv={:?}",
-            connector_air.air_id,
-            connector_air.public_values
-        );
-    }
-    if proof.per_air.len() > PUBLIC_VALUES_AIR_ID {
-        let pv_air = &proof.per_air[PUBLIC_VALUES_AIR_ID];
-        let _ = writeln!(
-            file,
-            "public_values_air(air_id={})_pv={:?}",
-            pv_air.air_id,
-            pv_air.public_values
-        );
-    }
-
-    println!("Aggregation - exported leaf AIR debug snapshot: {}", path);
-}
-
-fn leaf_air_debug_inline_snapshot(
-    proof_idx: usize,
-    proof: &Proof<SC>,
-    expected_leaf_program_commit: &Com<SC>,
-    leaf_fri_params: &FriParameters,
-) -> String {
-    let mut s = String::new();
-    let sample = 16usize;
-
-    s.push_str("Aggregation - LEAF AIR INLINE SNAPSHOT START\n");
-    s.push_str(&format!("proof_idx={}\n", proof_idx));
-    s.push_str(&format!("gpu_feature={}\n", cfg!(feature = "gpu")));
-    s.push_str(&format!("leaf_fri_params={:?}\n", leaf_fri_params));
-    s.push_str(&format!(
-        "expected_leaf_program_commit={:?}\n",
-        expected_leaf_program_commit
-    ));
-    s.push_str(&format!(
-        "proof_program_commit={:?}\n",
-        proof.commitments.main_trace[PROGRAM_CACHED_TRACE_INDEX].as_ref()
-    ));
-    s.push_str(&format!("num_airs={}\n", proof.per_air.len()));
-
-    for (slot, air) in proof.per_air.iter().enumerate() {
-        let head_len = air.public_values.len().min(sample);
-        s.push_str(&format!(
-            "air[{}]: air_id={}, pv_len={}, pv_head({})={:?}\n",
-            slot,
-            air.air_id,
-            air.public_values.len(),
-            head_len,
-            &air.public_values[..head_len]
-        ));
-    }
-
-    if proof.per_air.len() > CONNECTOR_AIR_ID {
-        let connector_air = &proof.per_air[CONNECTOR_AIR_ID];
-        s.push_str(&format!(
-            "connector_air(air_id={})_pv={:?}\n",
-            connector_air.air_id, connector_air.public_values
-        ));
-    }
-    if proof.per_air.len() > PUBLIC_VALUES_AIR_ID {
-        let pv_air = &proof.per_air[PUBLIC_VALUES_AIR_ID];
-        s.push_str(&format!(
-            "public_values_air(air_id={})_pv={:?}\n",
-            pv_air.air_id, pv_air.public_values
-        ));
-    }
-
-    s.push_str("Aggregation - LEAF AIR INLINE SNAPSHOT END");
-    s
 }
 
 /// Config to generate leaf VM verifier program.

From 0e3c3cbf1bfc34c093d871093a6fce876cc16d2e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ray Gao <qg2153@columbia.edu>
Date: Wed, 18 Mar 2026 20:48:38 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 22/26] remove debug flags

---
 Cargo.lock                            | 94 +++++++++++++--------------
 ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs | 56 +---------------
 2 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 101 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index d403eb283..065b42bd2 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -3588,7 +3588,7 @@ checksum = "d6790f58c7ff633d8771f42965289203411a5e5c68388703c06e14f24770b41e"
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "bytemuck",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3601,7 +3601,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3630,7 +3630,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-complex-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3640,7 +3640,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3656,7 +3656,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-moduli-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
  "num-prime",
@@ -3668,7 +3668,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-algebra-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3682,7 +3682,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3705,7 +3705,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
  "strum_macros",
@@ -3714,7 +3714,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-bigint-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3729,7 +3729,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-build"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "cargo_metadata 0.18.1",
  "eyre",
@@ -3741,7 +3741,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -3780,7 +3780,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -3791,7 +3791,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -3809,7 +3809,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "quote",
@@ -3819,7 +3819,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-continuations"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "openvm-circuit",
@@ -3889,7 +3889,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-custom-insn"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -3899,7 +3899,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3928,7 +3928,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "ecdsa 0.16.9 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "elliptic-curve",
@@ -3947,7 +3947,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-sw-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3957,7 +3957,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-ecc-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3971,7 +3971,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3988,7 +3988,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -3997,7 +3997,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4022,7 +4022,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4030,7 +4030,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4044,7 +4044,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-macros-common"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
@@ -4052,7 +4052,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-mod-circuit-builder"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -4070,7 +4070,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4101,7 +4101,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4124,7 +4124,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -4133,7 +4133,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-recursion"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4158,7 +4158,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-transpiler",
@@ -4168,7 +4168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4197,7 +4197,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "hex-literal",
@@ -4218,7 +4218,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-pairing-guest",
@@ -4231,7 +4231,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-platform"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "libm",
  "openvm-custom-insn",
@@ -4241,7 +4241,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-poseidon2-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "lazy_static",
@@ -4259,7 +4259,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32-adapters"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4276,7 +4276,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4299,7 +4299,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-custom-insn",
  "p3-field",
@@ -4309,7 +4309,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4325,7 +4325,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sdk"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "bitcode",
  "bon",
@@ -4379,7 +4379,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-circuit-primitives",
  "openvm-stark-backend",
@@ -4390,7 +4390,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4413,7 +4413,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4421,7 +4421,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4500,7 +4500,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#853ef7d04fb26123e1afb435c8e7461a127870dd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
 dependencies = [
  "elf",
  "eyre",
diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
index a0da3bc96..2a0accb3c 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
+++ b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ use openvm_stark_sdk::{
 };
 use p3::field::FieldAlgebra;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::{borrow::Borrow, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
+use std::{borrow::Borrow, sync::Arc};
 pub type RecPcs = Basefold<E, BasefoldRSParams>;
 use openvm_circuit::{
     arch::{
@@ -254,8 +254,6 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
         &mut self,
         base_proofs: Vec<ZKVMProof<BabyBearExt4, Basefold<E, BasefoldRSParams>>>,
     ) -> VmStarkProof<SC> {
-        let aggregation_start_timestamp = Instant::now();
-
         // Construct zkvm proof input
         let zkvm_proof_inputs: Vec<ZKVMProofInput> = base_proofs
             .into_iter()
@@ -270,14 +268,7 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
 
         let leaf_proofs = leaf_inputs
             .iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .map(|(proof_idx, p)| {
-                println!(
-                    "Aggregation - Start leaf proof (idx: {:?}) at: {:?}",
-                    proof_idx,
-                    aggregation_start_timestamp.elapsed()
-                );
-
+            .map(|p| {
                 let mut witness_stream: Vec<Vec<F>> = Vec::new();
                 witness_stream.extend(p.write());
 
@@ -288,19 +279,6 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
                 )
                 .expect("leaf proof generation failed");
 
-                println!(
-                    "Aggregation - Leaf proof program commit (idx: {:?}): {:?}",
-                    proof_idx,
-                    leaf_proof.commitments.main_trace[PROGRAM_CACHED_TRACE_INDEX].as_ref()
-                );
-
-                println!(
-                    "Aggregation - Completed leaf proof (idx: {:?}) at: {:?}, public values: {:?}",
-                    proof_idx,
-                    aggregation_start_timestamp.elapsed(),
-                    leaf_proof.per_air[PUBLIC_VALUES_AIR_ID].public_values,
-                );
-
                 leaf_proof
             })
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -318,16 +296,9 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
     /// Aggregate leaf (or internal) proofs into a single root internal proof
     /// via a binary tree of internal proving rounds.
     pub fn aggregate_internal_proofs(&mut self, leaf_proofs: Vec<Proof<SC>>) -> Proof<SC> {
-        let start = Instant::now();
-
-        let mut internal_node_idx = -1;
         let mut internal_node_height = 0;
         let mut proofs = leaf_proofs;
 
-        println!(
-            "Aggregation - Start internal aggregation at: {:?}",
-            start.elapsed()
-        );
         // We will always generate at least one internal proof, even if there is only one leaf
         // proof, in order to shrink the proof size
         while proofs.len() > 1 || internal_node_height == 0 {
@@ -339,29 +310,12 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
             let layer_proofs: Vec<Proof<_>> = internal_inputs
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|input| {
-                    internal_node_idx += 1;
-
                     let internal_proof = SingleSegmentVmProver::prove(
                         &mut self.internal_prover,
                         input.write(),
                         VM_MAX_TRACE_HEIGHTS,
                     )
                     .expect("internal proof generation failed");
-
-                    println!(
-                        "Aggregation - Completed internal node (idx: {:?}) at height {:?}: {:?}",
-                        internal_node_idx,
-                        internal_node_height,
-                        start.elapsed()
-                    );
-
-                    // _debug: export
-                    // let file = File::create(format!(
-                    // "internal_proof_{:?}_height_{:?}.bin",
-                    // internal_node_idx, internal_node_height
-                    // ))
-                    // .expect("Create export proof file");
-                    // bincode::serialize_into(file, &internal_proof).expect("failed to serialize internal proof");
                     internal_proof
                 })
                 .collect();
@@ -369,11 +323,6 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
             proofs = layer_proofs;
             internal_node_height += 1;
         }
-        println!(
-            "Aggregation - Completed internal aggregation at: {:?}",
-            start.elapsed()
-        );
-        println!("Aggregation - Final height: {:?}", internal_node_height);
 
         // TODO: generate root proof from last internal proof
 
@@ -846,7 +795,6 @@ mod tests {
 
         let leaf_proofs = vec![leaf_proof_0, leaf_proof_1];
         let _root_proof = agg_prover.aggregate_internal_proofs(leaf_proofs);
-        println!("Internal aggregation completed successfully");
     }
 
     #[test]

From 54aa2ad2ff8515bee9508d02422c3a940beb1714 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ray Gao <qg2153@columbia.edu>
Date: Wed, 18 Mar 2026 20:54:51 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 23/26] lint

---
 ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs | 11 ++++-------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
index 2a0accb3c..90f27f229 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
+++ b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
@@ -272,14 +272,12 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
                 let mut witness_stream: Vec<Vec<F>> = Vec::new();
                 witness_stream.extend(p.write());
 
-                let leaf_proof = SingleSegmentVmProver::prove(
+                SingleSegmentVmProver::prove(
                     &mut self.leaf_prover,
                     witness_stream,
                     VM_MAX_TRACE_HEIGHTS,
                 )
-                .expect("leaf proof generation failed");
-
-                leaf_proof
+                .expect("leaf proof generation failed")
             })
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
@@ -310,13 +308,12 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
             let layer_proofs: Vec<Proof<_>> = internal_inputs
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|input| {
-                    let internal_proof = SingleSegmentVmProver::prove(
+                    SingleSegmentVmProver::prove(
                         &mut self.internal_prover,
                         input.write(),
                         VM_MAX_TRACE_HEIGHTS,
                     )
-                    .expect("internal proof generation failed");
-                    internal_proof
+                    .expect("internal proof generation failed")
                 })
                 .collect();
 

From 24b16e5bb3fe431bddc0ca6519299262129bdf97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ray Gao <qg2153@columbia.edu>
Date: Thu, 19 Mar 2026 19:37:40 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 24/26] adjust program

---
 ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs | 65 ++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/verifier.rs      |  1 -
 2 files changed, 59 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
index 90f27f229..af4d3b971 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
+++ b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ use openvm_stark_sdk::{
 };
 use p3::field::FieldAlgebra;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::{borrow::Borrow, sync::Arc};
+use std::{borrow::Borrow, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
 pub type RecPcs = Basefold<E, BasefoldRSParams>;
 use openvm_circuit::{
     arch::{
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ const VM_MAX_TRACE_HEIGHTS: &[u32] = &[
     4194304, 4, 128, 2097152, 8388608, 4194304, 262144, 8388608, 16777216, 16777216, 2097152,
     16777216, 2097152, 8388608, 262144, 2097152, 1048576, 4194304, 1048576, 262144,
 ];
+
 pub struct CenoAggregationProver {
     pub base_vk: ZKVMVerifyingKey<E, Basefold<E, BasefoldRSParams>>,
     pub leaf_prover: VmInstance<BabyBearPoseidon2Engine, NativeBuilder>,
@@ -254,6 +255,8 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
         &mut self,
         base_proofs: Vec<ZKVMProof<BabyBearExt4, Basefold<E, BasefoldRSParams>>>,
     ) -> VmStarkProof<SC> {
+        let aggregation_start_timestamp = Instant::now();
+
         // Construct zkvm proof input
         let zkvm_proof_inputs: Vec<ZKVMProofInput> = base_proofs
             .into_iter()
@@ -268,16 +271,37 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
 
         let leaf_proofs = leaf_inputs
             .iter()
-            .map(|p| {
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(proof_idx, p)| {
+                println!(
+                    "Aggregation - Start leaf proof (idx: {:?}) at: {:?}",
+                    proof_idx,
+                    aggregation_start_timestamp.elapsed()
+                );
+
                 let mut witness_stream: Vec<Vec<F>> = Vec::new();
                 witness_stream.extend(p.write());
 
-                SingleSegmentVmProver::prove(
+                let leaf_proof = SingleSegmentVmProver::prove(
                     &mut self.leaf_prover,
                     witness_stream,
                     VM_MAX_TRACE_HEIGHTS,
                 )
-                .expect("leaf proof generation failed")
+                .expect("leaf proof generation failed");
+
+                // _debug: export
+                // let file =
+                //     File::create(format!("leaf_proof_{:?}.bin", proof_idx)).expect("Create export proof file");
+                // bincode::serialize_into(file, &leaf_proof).expect("failed to serialize leaf proof");
+
+                println!(
+                    "Aggregation - Completed leaf proof (idx: {:?}) at: {:?}, public values: {:?}",
+                    proof_idx,
+                    aggregation_start_timestamp.elapsed(),
+                    leaf_proof.per_air[PUBLIC_VALUES_AIR_ID].public_values,
+                );
+
+                leaf_proof
             })
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
@@ -294,9 +318,16 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
     /// Aggregate leaf (or internal) proofs into a single root internal proof
     /// via a binary tree of internal proving rounds.
     pub fn aggregate_internal_proofs(&mut self, leaf_proofs: Vec<Proof<SC>>) -> Proof<SC> {
+        let start = Instant::now();
+        let mut internal_node_idx = -1;
         let mut internal_node_height = 0;
         let mut proofs = leaf_proofs;
 
+        println!(
+            "Aggregation - Start internal aggregation at: {:?}",
+            start.elapsed()
+        );
+
         // We will always generate at least one internal proof, even if there is only one leaf
         // proof, in order to shrink the proof size
         while proofs.len() > 1 || internal_node_height == 0 {
@@ -308,18 +339,40 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
             let layer_proofs: Vec<Proof<_>> = internal_inputs
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|input| {
-                    SingleSegmentVmProver::prove(
+                    internal_node_idx += 1;
+                    let internal_proof = SingleSegmentVmProver::prove(
                         &mut self.internal_prover,
                         input.write(),
                         VM_MAX_TRACE_HEIGHTS,
                     )
-                    .expect("internal proof generation failed")
+                    .expect("internal proof generation failed");
+
+                    println!(
+                        "Aggregation - Completed internal node (idx: {:?}) at height {:?}: {:?}",
+                        internal_node_idx,
+                        internal_node_height,
+                        start.elapsed()
+                    );
+
+                    // _debug: export
+                    // let file = File::create(format!(
+                    // "internal_proof_{:?}_height_{:?}.bin",
+                    // internal_node_idx, internal_node_height
+                    // ))
+                    // .expect("Create export proof file");
+                    // bincode::serialize_into(file, &internal_proof).expect("failed to serialize internal proof");
+                    internal_proof
                 })
                 .collect();
 
             proofs = layer_proofs;
             internal_node_height += 1;
         }
+        println!(
+            "Aggregation - Completed internal aggregation at: {:?}",
+            start.elapsed()
+        );
+        println!("Aggregation - Final height: {:?}", internal_node_height);
 
         // TODO: generate root proof from last internal proof
 
diff --git a/ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/verifier.rs b/ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/verifier.rs
index d699d982b..2c49ee658 100644
--- a/ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/verifier.rs
+++ b/ceno_zkvm/src/scheme/verifier.rs
@@ -246,7 +246,6 @@ impl<E: ExtensionField, PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E>> ZKVMVerifier<E, PCS>
             transcript.read_challenge().elements,
             transcript.read_challenge().elements,
         ];
-
         tracing::debug!(
             "{shard_id}th shard challenges in verifier: {:?}",
             challenges

From ae6b33c2db7a98caa92a480ba851215dab6004c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ray Gao <qg2153@columbia.edu>
Date: Thu, 19 Mar 2026 19:39:46 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 25/26] adjust program

---
 ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
index af4d3b971..d17829fe9 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
+++ b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
@@ -319,6 +319,7 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
     /// via a binary tree of internal proving rounds.
     pub fn aggregate_internal_proofs(&mut self, leaf_proofs: Vec<Proof<SC>>) -> Proof<SC> {
         let start = Instant::now();
+
         let mut internal_node_idx = -1;
         let mut internal_node_height = 0;
         let mut proofs = leaf_proofs;
@@ -327,7 +328,6 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
             "Aggregation - Start internal aggregation at: {:?}",
             start.elapsed()
         );
-
         // We will always generate at least one internal proof, even if there is only one leaf
         // proof, in order to shrink the proof size
         while proofs.len() > 1 || internal_node_height == 0 {

From ff9f7d7709846b3685cd68a97fc1b5c882498fa3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ray Gao <qg2153@columbia.edu>
Date: Thu, 19 Mar 2026 20:09:08 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 26/26] update dependency

---
 Cargo.lock | 94 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------
 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 065b42bd2..ae77d0fc2 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -3588,7 +3588,7 @@ checksum = "d6790f58c7ff633d8771f42965289203411a5e5c68388703c06e14f24770b41e"
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "bytemuck",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3601,7 +3601,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3630,7 +3630,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-complex-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3640,7 +3640,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3656,7 +3656,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-moduli-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
  "num-prime",
@@ -3668,7 +3668,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-algebra-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3682,7 +3682,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3705,7 +3705,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
  "strum_macros",
@@ -3714,7 +3714,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-bigint-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3729,7 +3729,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-build"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "cargo_metadata 0.18.1",
  "eyre",
@@ -3741,7 +3741,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -3780,7 +3780,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -3791,7 +3791,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -3809,7 +3809,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "quote",
@@ -3819,7 +3819,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-continuations"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "openvm-circuit",
@@ -3889,7 +3889,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-custom-insn"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -3899,7 +3899,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3928,7 +3928,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "ecdsa 0.16.9 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "elliptic-curve",
@@ -3947,7 +3947,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-sw-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3957,7 +3957,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-ecc-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3971,7 +3971,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3988,7 +3988,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -3997,7 +3997,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4022,7 +4022,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4030,7 +4030,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4044,7 +4044,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-macros-common"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
@@ -4052,7 +4052,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-mod-circuit-builder"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -4070,7 +4070,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4101,7 +4101,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4124,7 +4124,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -4133,7 +4133,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-recursion"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4158,7 +4158,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-transpiler",
@@ -4168,7 +4168,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4197,7 +4197,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "hex-literal",
@@ -4218,7 +4218,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-pairing-guest",
@@ -4231,7 +4231,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-platform"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "libm",
  "openvm-custom-insn",
@@ -4241,7 +4241,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-poseidon2-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "lazy_static",
@@ -4259,7 +4259,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32-adapters"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4276,7 +4276,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4299,7 +4299,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-custom-insn",
  "p3-field",
@@ -4309,7 +4309,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4325,7 +4325,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sdk"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "bitcode",
  "bon",
@@ -4379,7 +4379,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-circuit-primitives",
  "openvm-stark-backend",
@@ -4390,7 +4390,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4413,7 +4413,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4421,7 +4421,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4500,7 +4500,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#210b60c214334f55aba8213dafb246ed91367927"
+source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fhint_multi_observe#835800054c8b62201736215bad00d388495cd902"
 dependencies = [
  "elf",
  "eyre",