Optimizing Database Access in Java

[ghost]

Question:
How would you reduce database latency in a Java backend?

[shivrajcodez]

Cache aggressively → Redis (hot reads)
Connection pooling → reuse DB connections (HikariCP)
Query optimization → indexes, avoid N+1, use joins wisely
Async/parallel calls → CompletableFuture / reactive
Read replicas → scale reads
Batching → bulk inserts/updates
Pagination → limit result size
Prepared statements → reduce parsing cost
Denormalization → fewer joins for hot paths
Closer deployment → app + DB same region/VPC