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‎content/notes/chsl-exam-syllabus/general-awareness/Biology.md‎

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title: Blood and Relation
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date: 2025-05-06
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<img src="https://r2cdn.perplexity.ai/pplx-full-logo-primary-dark%402x.png" class="logo" width="120"/>
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## 📚 Study Material Extracted from Biology PDF (SSC CHSL EXAM)
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Here’s an easy-to-understand summary of the plant diseases section, organized with emojis for clarity and memorability:
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---
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**🌱 PLANT DISEASES**
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### 🦠 Viral Diseases in Plants
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| Disease | Plants Affected |
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| :-- | :-- |
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| 🌼 Bud Blight | Soy beans |
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| 🍃 Curly Top | Beans, tomato, sugar beets, etc. |
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| 🍂 Mosaic Leaf | Tomato, tobacco, corn, legume, potato, pea, sugar beet, cucumber, maize, cauliflower, sugarcane, bean, etc. |
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| 💛 Yellowing of Leaf | Barley, sugar beet, potato, etc. |
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| 🔴 Spotted Wilt | Tomato, capsicum, etc. |
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| 🌿 Chlorosis Virus | Tomato, capsicum, etc. |
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---
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### 🧫 Bacterial Diseases in Plants
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| Disease | Plants Affected |
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| :-- | :-- |
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| 🌱 Blights | Vegetable crops, fruit trees, etc. |
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| 🥔 Bacterial Wilts | Corn, tobacco, potatoes, alfalfa, tomatoes, etc. |
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| 🍏 Bacterial Speck | Fruits and leaves of different plants |
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| 🌳 Cankers | Woody plants |
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| 🍃 Leaf Spot | Cotton, beans, peas, etc. |
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| 🥒 Soft Rots | Fleshy or succulent plant parts |
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| 🌹 Fire Blight | Rosebushes, pome fruit trees, etc. |
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---
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### 🍄 Fungal Diseases in Plants
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| Disease | Plants Affected |
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| :-- | :-- |
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| 🌳 Cankers | Largely woody plants |
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| 🧅 Downy Mildew | Grains, onions, cucumbers, alfalfa, etc. |
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| 🌾 Ergot | Rye, barley, wheat, and other grasses |
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| 🌬️ Powdery Mildew | Grains, legumes |
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| 🥔 Tuber Diseases | Potato, sweet potato, etc. |
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| 🌾 Rusts | Wheat, barley, rye, oats, etc. |
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| 🌱 Root Rots | All types of plants |
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| 🥔 Scab | Wheat, barley, rye, potato, etc. |
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| 🌽 Smuts | Oats, barley, corn, wheat, grasses, etc. |
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| 🥔 Wilts | Potatoes, alfalfa, etc. |
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| 🥕 Cavity Spot | Carrot |
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| 🥕 Leaf Blight | Carrot |
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| 🥦 Ring Spot | Brassicas |
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### 🪱 Diseases by Nematodes in Plants
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| Disease | Plants Affected |
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| :-- | :-- |
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| 🧑‍🦱 Hairy Root | Sugar beets, potatoes, soybeans, etc. |
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| 🦶 Root Lesions | Different species of plants get affected |
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| 🥜 Root-Knot | Tomatoes, peanuts, etc. |
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---
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### 💡 Tips for Remembering
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- **Viral diseases** often cause leaf color changes or deformities (think: mosaic, curly, yellowing).
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- **Bacterial diseases** usually lead to spots, wilting, or rotting.
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- **Fungal diseases** feature mildews, rusts, rots, and blights.
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- **Nematode diseases** affect roots, causing knots or lesions.
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---
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Use these emojis and tables to quickly recall which diseases affect which plants!
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<div style="text-align: center">⁂</div>
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[^1]: Biology.pdf
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‎content/notes/chsl-exam-syllabus/general-awareness/Chemistry-in-Everyday.md‎

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title: Blood and Relation
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date: 2025-05-06
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<img src="https://r2cdn.perplexity.ai/pplx-full-logo-primary-dark%402x.png" class="logo" width="120"/>
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## 🧪 Chemistry in Everyday Life (SSC CHSL Study Material)
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Here’s an easy-to-understand summary of the key concepts from the provided PDF, with emojis to help you remember important points:
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---
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### 🍔 Chemicals in Food
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- **Colouring agents** 🎨: Make food look appealing.
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- **Artificial preservatives** 🧴: Prevent food spoilage by stopping microorganism growth (e.g., Sodium benzoate, sodium meta bisulphate).
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- **Flow stabilizers** 💧: Maintain consistency.
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- **Binding substances** 🪢: Hold ingredients together.
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- **Artificial sweeteners** 🍬: Add sweetness without calories (e.g., Aspartame in cool drinks/ice-cream, Alitame is 2000x sweeter than sugar).
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- **Antioxidants** 🛡️: Prevent food oxidation/spoilage (e.g., BHT, BHA).
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- **Minerals \& Vitamins** 💊: Only vitamins have nutritional value.
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---
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### 🧴 Artificial Preservatives
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- Stop food spoilage by preventing microorganism growth.
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- **Examples:** Sodium benzoate, sodium meta bisulphate.
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### 🍭 Artificial Sweeteners
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- No calories, excreted via urine.
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- **Aspartame:** Used in cool drinks and ice-creams.
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- **Alitame:** 2000x sweeter than sugar.
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### 🛡️ Antioxidants
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- Prevent oxidation (spoilage) of food.
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- **Examples:** BHT, BHA.
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---
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### 🎨 Dyes
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- Used to color paper, leather, fur, hair, drugs, cosmetics.
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- **Types:** Natural dyes \& Synthetic dyes.
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---
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### 🧼 Chemistry of Cleansing Agents
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**Soaps** 🧼:
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- Sodium or potassium salts of higher carboxylic acids (e.g., stearic acid, palmitic acid).
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- Made via **saponification** (alkaline hydrolysis of glycerol triesters).
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- Don’t work in hard water (form precipitate).
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**How soaps work:**
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- Have hydrophobic (water-hating) and hydrophilic (water-loving) parts.
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- Hydrophobic end sticks to dirt, hydrophilic end to water. When rinsed, dirt washes away.
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**Types of Soaps:**
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- **Toilet soaps** 🚽: Potassium-based, softer.
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- **Floating soaps** 🫧: Made by beating soap bubbles.
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- **Transparent soaps** 🫙: Soap dissolved in excess alcohol, then evaporated.
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- **Medicated soaps** 🩹: Contain Dettol, Savlon, etc.
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- **Laundry soaps** 🧺: Contain sodium rosinate, borax.
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**Detergents** 🧴:
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- Work in hard water.
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- **Types:**
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- **Anionic detergents:** Anion is active (e.g., Sodium Lauryl Sulphate).
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- **Cationic detergents:** Cation is active (e.g., Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide).
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- **Non-ionic detergents:** Whole molecule is active (e.g., Polyethylene glycol stearate).
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### 💄 Chemistry of Cosmetics
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- **Emulsifiers** 🥄: Stabilize mixtures (e.g., Potassium cetyl sulfate).
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- **Preservatives** 🧴: Increase shelf life (e.g., benzyl alcohol, salicylic acid).
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- **Thickeners** 🧈: Give appealing texture (e.g., cetyl alcohol, stearic acid).
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- **Emollients** 🧴: Soften skin by preventing water loss (e.g., glycerine, zinc oxide).
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- **Glimmer \& Shiners** ✨: Add shine (e.g., mica, bismuth oxychloride).
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### 💧 Bottled Water Expiry
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- **Why expiry date?** To ensure packaging quality.
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- **After expiry:** Taste may change due to chemicals leaching from packaging.
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### 🧬 Elements in the Human Body
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- **Water:** 60% of body.
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- **Main elements:** Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen (96% of body).
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- **Others:** Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, etc.
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---
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### 🌞 Sun Protection
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- **UV-A \& UV-B rays** are harmful.
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- **Sunscreen:** Acts as a screen, protects mainly from UV-B (prevents sunburn).
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- **Sunblock:** Reflects both UV-A \& UV-B.
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**Tip:** Use these emojis and short explanations to quickly recall chemistry facts for your SSC CHSL exam!
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<div style="text-align: center">⁂</div>
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[^1]: Chemistry-in-Everyday.pdf
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‎content/notes/chsl-exam-syllabus/general-awareness/Chemistry.md‎

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title: Blood and Relation
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<img src="https://r2cdn.perplexity.ai/pplx-full-logo-primary-dark%402x.png" class="logo" width="120"/>
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## 🧪 SSC CHSL Chemistry Study Material – Easy Guide with Emojis
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Here's a simple, emoji-filled summary of the key Chemistry concepts from your SSC CHSL PDF[^1]:
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### 🌌 **Matter \& Its States**
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- **Matter** is anything that has mass and takes up space (except: heat, light, electricity, sound, magnetism, vacuum, shadow).
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- **Particles of matter** are tiny, have spaces between them, and are always moving (kinetic energy 💨).
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- **Intermolecular force**: Strongest in solids 🧱, weaker in liquids 💧, weakest in gases 💨.
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#### **States of Matter**
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- 🧱 **Solid**: Fixed shape \& volume, particles packed tightly, not compressible.
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- 💧 **Liquid**: No fixed shape, fixed volume, particles move more freely.
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- 💨 **Gas**: No fixed shape or volume, particles move freely, highly compressible.
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- 🌟 **Plasma**: Super-energized, ionized gas (found in stars, neon signs).
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- ❄️ **Bose-Einstein Condensate**: Super-cooled, low-density gas where atoms act as one quantum state.
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### 🔬 **Atoms \& Molecules**
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- **Atom**: Smallest part of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction.
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- Example: Hydrogen atom is the smallest.
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- **Atomic mass**: Measured in atomic mass units (u), based on carbon-12.
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- **Molecule**: Group of two or more atoms bonded together (can be same or different elements).
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- **Atomicity**: Number of atoms in a molecule.
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- **Ion**: Charged particle.
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- Positive = Cation ➕
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- Negative = Anion ➖
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### ⚖️ **Laws of Chemistry**
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- **Law of Conservation of Mass**: Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
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- **Law of Constant Proportions**: Elements in a compound are always in fixed ratios by mass.
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### 🧑‍🔬 **Atomic Models**
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- **Dalton’s Atomic Theory**:
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- All matter is made of atoms.
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- Atoms can't be created/destroyed.
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- Atoms of the same element are identical.
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- **Thomson’s Model**: "Plum pudding" – electrons in a positive sphere.
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- **Rutherford’s Model**: Tiny nucleus (positive), electrons revolve around it.
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- **Bohr’s Model**: Electrons in energy levels (shells: K, L, M, N...).
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### 🧩 **Subatomic Particles**
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- **Electron (e⁻)**: Discovered by J.J. Thomson, negative charge.
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- **Proton (p⁺)**: Discovered by Goldstein, positive charge.
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- **Neutron (n⁰)**: Discovered by Chadwick, neutral.
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### 🧮 **Key Atomic Terms**
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- **Atomic Number (Z)**: Number of protons.
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- **Mass Number (A)**: Protons + Neutrons.
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- **Isotopes**: Same atomic number, different mass (e.g., Hydrogen: Protium, Deuterium, Tritium).
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- **Isobars**: Same mass number, different atomic number (e.g., Argon-40 \& Calcium-40).
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- **Isotones**: Same number of neutrons.
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### 🧪 **Chemical Formulae \& Valency**
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- **Chemical formula**: Shows which elements and how many atoms are in a compound.
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- **Valency**: Combining capacity of an element (number of electrons lost, gained, or shared).
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### 🧬 **Molecular Mass \& Avogadro’s Number**
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- **Molecular mass**: Sum of atomic masses in a molecule (e.g., H₂O = 2×1 + 16 = 18u).
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- **Avogadro’s constant**: $6.022 \times 10^{23}$ (number of atoms in 12g of carbon-12).
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### 💡 **Fun Facts \& Exceptions**
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- **Diffusion**: Mixing of particles; fastest in gases, slowest in solids.
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- **Rubber band**: Can stretch (solid with flexibility).
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- **Sponge**: Solid but compressible due to air holes.
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- **Plasma**: Found in stars, neon lights.
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- **BEC**: Predicted by S.N. Bose \& Einstein, at ultra-low temperatures.
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### 📝 **Quick Reference Table**
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| State | Shape | Volume | Compressible | Example |
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| :-- | :-- | :-- | :-- | :-- |
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| 🧱 Solid | Fixed | Fixed | No | Ice, Iron |
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| 💧 Liquid | No | Fixed | Slightly | Water, Oil |
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| 💨 Gas | No | No | Yes | Oxygen, Steam |
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| 🌟 Plasma | No | No | Yes | Sun, Neon Signs |
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| ❄️ BEC | No | No | Yes | Ultra-cold gases |
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Use these emojis and points to quickly revise Chemistry for SSC CHSL! Good luck! 🍀[^1]
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<div style="text-align: center">⁂</div>
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[^1]: Chemistry.pdf
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[^2]: https://www.nsta.org/blog/emoji-chemistry
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[^3]: https://www.jkchrome.com/ssc-chsl-study-material-pdf/
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[^4]: https://www.scribd.com/document/783401089/Chemistry-Complete-Notes-for-CGL22MAINS-and-CHSL-2022
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[^5]: https://prepp.in/ssc-chsl-exam/study-material
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[^6]: https://www.instagram.com/reel/DIYU7_GPUsh/
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[^7]: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=in.oliveboard.ssc
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[^8]: https://toppersnotes.com/ssc-chsl-toppers-handwritten-notes-all-subjects-english/
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