diff --git a/.github/workflows/R-CMD-check.yaml b/.github/workflows/R-CMD-check.yaml
index 722fa8e..251a652 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/R-CMD-check.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/R-CMD-check.yaml
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ jobs:
 
           - {os: ubuntu-latest,  r: 'devel', http-user-agent: 'release'}
           - {os: ubuntu-latest,  r: 'release'}
-          - {os: ubuntu-latest,  r: 'oldrel-1'}
-          - {os: ubuntu-latest,  r: 'oldrel-2'}
+          # - {os: ubuntu-latest,  r: 'oldrel-1'}
+          # - {os: ubuntu-latest,  r: 'oldrel-2'}
           - {os: ubuntu-latest,  r: 'oldrel-3'}
           # - {os: ubuntu-latest,  r: 'oldrel-4'}
 
@@ -57,4 +57,4 @@ jobs:
       - uses: r-lib/actions/check-r-package@v2
         with:
           upload-snapshots: true
-          build_args: 'c("--no-manual","--compact-vignettes=gs+qpdf")'
\ No newline at end of file
+          build_args: 'c("--no-manual","--compact-vignettes=gs+qpdf")'
diff --git a/DESCRIPTION b/DESCRIPTION
index e109ca0..44e9f22 100644
--- a/DESCRIPTION
+++ b/DESCRIPTION
@@ -24,13 +24,13 @@ URL: https://pharmaverse.github.io/gridify/
 BugReports: https://github.com/pharmaverse/gridify/issues
 Encoding: UTF-8
 Roxygen: list(markdown = TRUE)
-RoxygenNote: 7.3.3
 Imports: 
     grDevices,
     grid,
     methods
 Suggests:
     flextable (>= 0.8.0),
+    jsonlite,
     ggplot2,
     gridGraphics,
     gt (>= 0.11.0),
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Suggests:
     spelling,
     testthat (>= 3.0.0)
 Collate:
-    grid_utils.R
+    gridify-utils.R
     gridify-classes.R
     gridify-methods.R
     ansi_colour.R
@@ -54,3 +54,4 @@ Collate:
 VignetteBuilder: knitr
 Config/testthat/edition: 3
 Language: en-GB
+Config/roxygen2/version: 8.0.0
diff --git a/NEWS.md b/NEWS.md
index b90c988..3ac6a0a 100644
--- a/NEWS.md
+++ b/NEWS.md
@@ -2,11 +2,22 @@
 
 ## New features
 
+* `export_to()` gains a `metadata` argument that records effective cell text
+  values, including layout defaults and values supplied via `set_cell()`,
+  alongside the exported output. The default is `metadata = "none"`; pass
+  `"sidecar"` to write a JSON sidecar `<file>.json` next to the output.
+  The sidecar identifies itself as `gridify.sidecar.metadata` and uses a
+  schema-versioned `pages` structure for both single-page and multi-page exports.
+  Re-exporting the same output without metadata, or with no effective cell text,
+  removes any stale sidecar for that output.
+  The default can be changed project-wide by setting
+  `options(gridify.export.metadata = "sidecar")`.
 * Added support for `fill_empty = NA` in the `paginate_table()` function.
 
 ## Bug fixes
 
-* When `fill_empty` in the `paginate_table()` function is a character value, the final paginated table now coerces columns to character before filling empty cells (#20).
+* When `fill_empty` in the `paginate_table()` function is a character value, 
+  the final paginated table now coerces columns to character before filling empty cells (#20).
 
 ## Miscellaneous
 
diff --git a/R/grid_utils.R b/R/grid_utils.R
deleted file mode 100644
index a5fb90d..0000000
--- a/R/grid_utils.R
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-#' Wrapper for `grid::unitType` which supports older R versions
-#' @param x a grid::unit
-#' @param use_grid means try to call grid::unitType if it exists.
-#' The main purpose of this argument is to have full test coverage in tests.
-#' Default TRUE.
-#' @return a character vector with unit type for each element.
-#' @keywords internal
-grid_unit_type <- function(x, use_grid = TRUE) {
-  if (use_grid && is.function(base::asNamespace("grid")[["unitType"]])) {
-    utils::getFromNamespace("unitType", "grid")(x)
-  } else {
-    unit_val <- attr(x, "unit")
-    if (!is.null(unit_val)) {
-      rep(unit_val, length = length(x))
-    } else {
-      stop("grid_unit_type x argument: Not a unit object")
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-#' Get `grid::gpar` arguments
-#' @param gpar a `grid::gpar` object.
-#' @return a list.
-#' @keywords internal
-gpar_args <- function(gpar) {
-  args <- as.list(gpar)
-  fontface <- args[["fontface"]]
-  font <- if (isTRUE(is.na(args[["font"]]))) NULL else args[["font"]]
-
-  # Remove the original font and fontface from args
-  args[["font"]] <- NULL
-  args[["fontface"]] <- NULL
-
-  args[["fontface"]] <- if (!is.null(fontface)) fontface else font
-
-  args
-}
-
-#' Convert `grid::gpar` to a call
-#' @param gpar a `grid::gpar` object.
-#' @return a call.
-#' @keywords internal
-gpar_call <- function(gpar) {
-  if (length(gpar) == 0) {
-    return(as.call(c(quote(grid::gpar), list())))
-  }
-
-  as.call(c(quote(grid::gpar), gpar_args(gpar)))
-}
diff --git a/R/gridify-methods.R b/R/gridify-methods.R
index 69790ad..c54865f 100644
--- a/R/gridify-methods.R
+++ b/R/gridify-methods.R
@@ -941,6 +941,25 @@ setMethod("show", "gridifyLayout", function(object) {
 #' The extension determines the output format.
 #' @param device a function for graphics device.
 #' By default a file name extension is used to choose a graphics device function. Default `NULL`
+#' @param metadata Controls writing of metadata derived from effective cell text
+#' values, including layout defaults and values supplied via [set_cell()].
+#' One of:
+#' \itemize{
+#'   \item `"sidecar"` - write a JSON sidecar file next to the output named `<to>.json`
+#'   containing `schema`, `schema_version` and `pages`. The `schema` value is
+#'   `"gridify.sidecar.metadata"`. Each page contains a `cells` object mapping
+#'   cell names to their text values. Single-page and multi-page exports use the
+#'   same structure; multi-page PDFs contain one page entry per exported object.
+#'   Any stale sidecar is removed when no effective cell text exists.
+#'   \item `"none"` (default) - do not produce any metadata and remove any existing
+#'   sidecar for the same output file.
+#' }
+#' Validated with [match.arg()] so it can be abbreviated.
+#' When `metadata = NULL` (the default), the value is taken from the
+#' `gridify.export.metadata` global option (see [options()]), falling back to
+#' `"none"` if unset. This makes it possible to enable the feature globally
+#' for a project via
+#' `options(gridify.export.metadata = "sidecar")`.
 #' @param ... Additional arguments passed to the graphics device functions
 #' (`pdf()`, `png()`, `tiff()`, `jpeg()` or your custom one).
 #' Default width and height for each export type, respectively:
@@ -1116,17 +1135,25 @@ setMethod("show", "gridifyLayout", function(object) {
 #' )
 #'
 #' @export
-setGeneric("export_to", function(x, to, device = NULL, ...) {
-  standardGeneric("export_to")
-})
+setGeneric(
+  "export_to",
+  function(x, to, device = NULL, metadata = NULL, ...) {
+    standardGeneric("export_to")
+  }
+)
 
 #' @rdname export_to
 #' @export
-setMethod("export_to", "gridifyClass", function(x, to, device = NULL, ...) {
+setMethod(
+  "export_to",
+  "gridifyClass",
+  function(x, to, device = NULL, metadata = NULL, ...) {
   if (!(length(to) == 1 && is.character(to))) {
     stop("`to` must be a single string (file path) for single gridify object.")
   }
 
+  metadata <- resolve_export_metadata(metadata)
+
   dir_name <- dirname(to)
   if (!(dir.exists(dir_name))) {
     stop(sprintf(
@@ -1151,6 +1178,12 @@ setMethod("export_to", "gridifyClass", function(x, to, device = NULL, ...) {
   }
 
   user_args <- list(...)
+  payload <- if (metadata == "none") NULL else gridify_metadata(x)
+  sidecar_json <- if (metadata == "sidecar" && has_metadata_payload(payload)) {
+    gridify_to_json(metadata_sidecar_payload(payload))
+  } else {
+    NULL
+  }
 
   if (ext %in% c("pdf")) {
     default_args <- list(width = 11.69, height = 8.27)
@@ -1162,8 +1195,9 @@ setMethod("export_to", "gridifyClass", function(x, to, device = NULL, ...) {
     }
 
     do.call(device, dev_args)
+    on.exit(grDevices::dev.off(), add = TRUE)
     print(x)
-    on.exit(grDevices::dev.off())
+    sync_metadata_sidecar(to, sidecar_json)
   } else if (ext %in% c("png", "jpeg", "jpg", "tiff", "tif")) {
     default_args <- list(width = 600, height = 400)
     dev_args <- utils::modifyList(default_args, user_args)
@@ -1182,21 +1216,26 @@ setMethod("export_to", "gridifyClass", function(x, to, device = NULL, ...) {
       device <- dev_func
     }
     do.call(device, dev_args)
+    on.exit(grDevices::dev.off(), add = TRUE)
     grid::grid.newpage()
     print(x)
-    on.exit(grDevices::dev.off())
+    sync_metadata_sidecar(to, sidecar_json)
   }
 })
 
 
 #' @rdname export_to
 #' @export
-setMethod("export_to", "list", function(x, to, device = NULL, ...) {
+setMethod(
+  "export_to",
+  "list",
+  function(x, to, device = NULL, metadata = NULL, ...) {
   if (
     !all(vapply(x, function(elem) inherits(elem, "gridifyClass"), logical(1)))
   ) {
     stop("All elements of the list must be 'gridifyClass' objects.")
   }
+  metadata <- resolve_export_metadata(metadata)
 
   to_dirs <- dirname(to)
   dir_exists <- dir.exists(to_dirs)
@@ -1231,18 +1270,30 @@ setMethod("export_to", "list", function(x, to, device = NULL, ...) {
         device <- grDevices::pdf
       }
 
-      do.call(
-        device,
-        utils::modifyList(
-          list(file = to, width = 11.69, height = 8.27, onefile = TRUE),
-          list(...)
-        )
+      payload <- if (metadata == "none") {
+        NULL
+      } else {
+        lapply(x, gridify_metadata)
+      }
+      sidecar_json <- if (metadata == "sidecar" && has_metadata_payload(payload)) {
+        gridify_to_json(metadata_sidecar_payload(payload))
+      } else {
+        NULL
+      }
+
+      user_args <- list(...)
+      dev_args <- utils::modifyList(
+        list(file = to, width = 11.69, height = 8.27, onefile = TRUE),
+        user_args
       )
+      do.call(device, dev_args)
       on.exit(grDevices::dev.off(), add = TRUE)
 
       for (obj in x) {
         print(obj)
       }
+
+      sync_metadata_sidecar(to, sidecar_json)
     } else {
       stop(
         "For a list of gridify objects and a single file path, the `to` extension has to be pdf."
@@ -1251,7 +1302,7 @@ setMethod("export_to", "list", function(x, to, device = NULL, ...) {
   } else if (length(to) == length(x)) {
     # Each plot goes to a separate file path in `to`
     for (i in seq_along(x)) {
-      export_to(x[[i]], to[[i]], ...)
+      export_to(x[[i]], to[[i]], device = device, metadata = metadata, ...)
     }
   } else {
     stop(
@@ -1263,7 +1314,7 @@ setMethod("export_to", "list", function(x, to, device = NULL, ...) {
 
 #' @rdname export_to
 #' @export
-setMethod("export_to", "ANY", function(x, to, ...) {
+setMethod("export_to", "ANY", function(x, to, device = NULL, metadata = NULL, ...) {
   stop(
     "export_to is supported for gridifyClass or list of gridifyClass objects."
   )
diff --git a/R/gridify-utils.R b/R/gridify-utils.R
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a210839
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R/gridify-utils.R
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+#' Wrapper for `grid::unitType` which supports older R versions
+#' @param x a grid::unit
+#' @param use_grid means try to call grid::unitType if it exists.
+#' The main purpose of this argument is to have full test coverage in tests.
+#' Default TRUE.
+#' @return a character vector with unit type for each element.
+#' @keywords internal
+grid_unit_type <- function(x, use_grid = TRUE) {
+  if (use_grid && is.function(base::asNamespace("grid")[["unitType"]])) {
+    utils::getFromNamespace("unitType", "grid")(x)
+  } else {
+    unit_val <- attr(x, "unit")
+    if (!is.null(unit_val)) {
+      rep(unit_val, length = length(x))
+    } else {
+      stop("grid_unit_type x argument: Not a unit object")
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#' Get `grid::gpar` arguments
+#' @param gpar a `grid::gpar` object.
+#' @return a list.
+#' @keywords internal
+gpar_args <- function(gpar) {
+  args <- as.list(gpar)
+  fontface <- args[["fontface"]]
+  font <- if (isTRUE(is.na(args[["font"]]))) NULL else args[["font"]]
+
+  # Remove the original font and fontface from args
+  args[["font"]] <- NULL
+  args[["fontface"]] <- NULL
+
+  args[["fontface"]] <- if (!is.null(fontface)) fontface else font
+
+  args
+}
+
+#' Convert `grid::gpar` to a call
+#' @param gpar a `grid::gpar` object.
+#' @return a call.
+#' @keywords internal
+gpar_call <- function(gpar) {
+  if (length(gpar) == 0) {
+    return(as.call(c(quote(grid::gpar), list())))
+  }
+
+  as.call(c(quote(grid::gpar), gpar_args(gpar)))
+}
+
+#' Build the metadata payload for a `gridifyClass` object
+#'
+#' Extracts the effective text for each layout cell. Values set with
+#' [set_cell()] take precedence over layout default text. Cells with no
+#' effective text are skipped.
+#' @param x a `gridifyClass` object.
+#' @return a named list mapping cell name to its text value.
+#' @keywords internal
+gridify_metadata <- function(x) {
+  cells <- x@layout@cells@cells
+  if (length(cells) == 0) {
+    return(stats::setNames(list(), character(0)))
+  }
+  texts <- lapply(names(cells), function(cell) {
+    elem <- x@elements[[cell]]
+    cell_info <- cells[[cell]]
+    candidates <- c(elem[["text"]], cell_info@text)
+    if (length(candidates) == 0) NULL else candidates[1]
+  })
+  names(texts) <- names(cells)
+  texts[!vapply(texts, is.null, logical(1))]
+}
+
+#' Encode a metadata payload as JSON via `jsonlite`.
+#'
+#' Thin wrapper around `jsonlite::toJSON()` with the options used by gridify
+#' metadata: scalar character/numeric/logical values are unboxed, `NA` and
+#' `NULL` are serialised as `null`. Centralised so the encoder options live in
+#' one place.
+#' @param x value to encode.
+#' @return a length-one character vector with the JSON representation of `x`.
+#' @keywords internal
+gridify_to_json <- function(x) {
+  if (requireNamespace("jsonlite", quietly = TRUE)) {
+    as.character(jsonlite::toJSON(
+      x,
+      auto_unbox = TRUE,
+      null = "null",
+      na = "null"
+    ))
+  } else {
+    stop("Please install the 'jsonlite' package to use the gridify_to_json function")
+  }
+}
+
+#' Build the JSON sidecar metadata structure
+#'
+#' Wraps single-page and multi-page metadata in the same schema so consumers can
+#' always read metadata from `pages[[i]]$cells`.
+#'
+#' @param payload A named list (single page) or list of named lists (multi-page)
+#' of metadata values.
+#' @return A named list containing `schema`, `schema_version` and `pages`.
+#' @keywords internal
+metadata_sidecar_payload <- function(payload) {
+  pages <- if (is.list(payload) && is.null(names(payload))) {
+    payload
+  } else {
+    list(payload)
+  }
+
+  list(
+    schema = "gridify.sidecar.metadata",
+    schema_version = "1.0.0",
+    pages = lapply(pages, function(cells) list(cells = cells))
+  )
+}
+
+#' Check whether a metadata payload contains values
+#'
+#' @param payload A metadata payload.
+#' @return `TRUE` when the payload contains at least one metadata value.
+#' @keywords internal
+has_metadata_payload <- function(payload) {
+  if (is.null(payload) || length(payload) == 0) {
+    return(FALSE)
+  }
+  if (is.list(payload) && is.null(names(payload))) {
+    return(any(vapply(payload, has_metadata_payload, logical(1))))
+  }
+  TRUE
+}
+
+#' Synchronise the JSON metadata sidecar file
+#'
+#' Writes `json` to the sidecar when supplied. Otherwise removes any existing
+#' sidecar for `to`, preventing stale metadata from surviving later exports of
+#' the same output file.
+#'
+#' @param to A length-one character string with the path of the main output
+#' file.
+#' @param json Optional pre-encoded JSON metadata.
+#' @return Invisibly, the path of the sidecar file that was written or removed.
+#' @keywords internal
+sync_metadata_sidecar <- function(to, json = NULL) {
+  side <- paste0(to, ".json")
+  if (!is.null(json)) {
+    writeLines(json, con = side, useBytes = TRUE)
+  } else if (file.exists(side)) {
+    unlink(side)
+  }
+  invisible(side)
+}
+
+#' Resolve the effective `metadata` argument for `export_to()`
+#'
+#' Resolves the `metadata` argument from (in order of precedence):
+#' 1. the value passed by the caller,
+#' 2. the `gridify.export.metadata` global option,
+#' 3. the built-in default `"none"`.
+#'
+#' The result is then validated against the allowed choices via
+#' [match.arg()], so abbreviations are accepted.
+#'
+#' @param metadata the value passed by the user; may be `NULL`.
+#' @return one of `"none"`, `"sidecar"`.
+#' @keywords internal
+resolve_export_metadata <- function(metadata) {
+  choices <- c("none", "sidecar")
+  if (is.null(metadata)) {
+    metadata <- getOption("gridify.export.metadata", "none")
+  }
+  match.arg(metadata, choices)
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/inst/WORDLIST b/inst/WORDLIST
index dcb22d7..46baa54 100644
--- a/inst/WORDLIST
+++ b/inst/WORDLIST
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 Abdy
 Acknowledgments
 Bleier
-centers
 CMD
 Codecov
 Dallimore
-doi
 HersheySerif
 Laetitia
 Lemoine
@@ -22,6 +20,9 @@ Qmd
 RStudio
 Rmd
 TransactionID
+Vicencio
+centers
+doi
 etc
 flextable
 fontfamily
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ gridifying
 gt
 gtable
 labeled
+lifecycle
 npc
 pharmaverse
 px
@@ -43,4 +45,3 @@ rd
 rtables
 sprintf
 unitType
-Vicencio
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/man/export_to.Rd b/man/export_to.Rd
index b78d105..1e7e3b4 100644
--- a/man/export_to.Rd
+++ b/man/export_to.Rd
@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@
 \alias{export_to,ANY-method}
 \title{Export gridify objects to a file}
 \usage{
-export_to(x, to, device = NULL, ...)
+export_to(x, to, device = NULL, metadata = NULL, ...)
 
-\S4method{export_to}{gridifyClass}(x, to, device = NULL, ...)
+\S4method{export_to}{gridifyClass}(x, to, device = NULL, metadata = NULL, ...)
 
-\S4method{export_to}{list}(x, to, device = NULL, ...)
+\S4method{export_to}{list}(x, to, device = NULL, metadata = NULL, ...)
 
-\S4method{export_to}{ANY}(x, to, device = NULL, ...)
+\S4method{export_to}{ANY}(x, to, device = NULL, metadata = NULL, ...)
 }
 \arguments{
 \item{x}{A \code{gridifyClass} object or a list of \code{gridifyClass} objects.}
@@ -24,6 +24,26 @@ The extension determines the output format.}
 \item{device}{a function for graphics device.
 By default a file name extension is used to choose a graphics device function. Default \code{NULL}}
 
+\item{metadata}{Controls writing of metadata derived from effective cell text
+values, including layout defaults and values supplied via \code{\link[=set_cell]{set_cell()}}.
+One of:
+\itemize{
+\item \code{"sidecar"} - write a JSON sidecar file next to the output named \verb{<to>.json}
+containing \code{schema}, \code{schema_version} and \code{pages}. The \code{schema} value is
+\code{"gridify.sidecar.metadata"}. Each page contains a \code{cells} object mapping
+cell names to their text values. Single-page and multi-page exports use the
+same structure; multi-page PDFs contain one page entry per exported object.
+Any stale sidecar is removed when no effective cell text exists.
+\item \code{"none"} (default) - do not produce any metadata and remove any existing
+sidecar for the same output file.
+}
+Validated with \code{\link[=match.arg]{match.arg()}} so it can be abbreviated.
+When \code{metadata = NULL} (the default), the value is taken from the
+\code{gridify.export.metadata} global option (see \code{\link[=options]{options()}}), falling back to
+\code{"none"} if unset. This makes it possible to enable the feature globally
+for a project via
+\code{options(gridify.export.metadata = "sidecar")}.}
+
 \item{...}{Additional arguments passed to the graphics device functions
 (\code{pdf()}, \code{png()}, \code{tiff()}, \code{jpeg()} or your custom one).
 Default width and height for each export type, respectively:
diff --git a/man/gpar_args.Rd b/man/gpar_args.Rd
index 5299e4f..4dd8b1a 100644
--- a/man/gpar_args.Rd
+++ b/man/gpar_args.Rd
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 % Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
-% Please edit documentation in R/grid_utils.R
+% Please edit documentation in R/gridify-utils.R
 \name{gpar_args}
 \alias{gpar_args}
 \title{Get \code{grid::gpar} arguments}
diff --git a/man/gpar_call.Rd b/man/gpar_call.Rd
index a1ebaf0..e45d20b 100644
--- a/man/gpar_call.Rd
+++ b/man/gpar_call.Rd
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 % Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
-% Please edit documentation in R/grid_utils.R
+% Please edit documentation in R/gridify-utils.R
 \name{gpar_call}
 \alias{gpar_call}
 \title{Convert \code{grid::gpar} to a call}
diff --git a/man/grid_unit_type.Rd b/man/grid_unit_type.Rd
index e2b0924..0c7a070 100644
--- a/man/grid_unit_type.Rd
+++ b/man/grid_unit_type.Rd
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 % Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
-% Please edit documentation in R/grid_utils.R
+% Please edit documentation in R/gridify-utils.R
 \name{grid_unit_type}
 \alias{grid_unit_type}
 \title{Wrapper for \code{grid::unitType} which supports older R versions}
diff --git a/man/gridify_metadata.Rd b/man/gridify_metadata.Rd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1828e71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/gridify_metadata.Rd
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
+% Please edit documentation in R/gridify-utils.R
+\name{gridify_metadata}
+\alias{gridify_metadata}
+\title{Build the metadata payload for a \code{gridifyClass} object}
+\usage{
+gridify_metadata(x)
+}
+\arguments{
+\item{x}{a \code{gridifyClass} object.}
+}
+\value{
+a named list mapping cell name to its text value.
+}
+\description{
+Extracts the effective text for each layout cell. Values set with
+\code{\link[=set_cell]{set_cell()}} take precedence over layout default text. Cells with no
+effective text are skipped.
+}
+\keyword{internal}
diff --git a/man/gridify_to_json.Rd b/man/gridify_to_json.Rd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..608d69a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/gridify_to_json.Rd
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
+% Please edit documentation in R/gridify-utils.R
+\name{gridify_to_json}
+\alias{gridify_to_json}
+\title{Encode a metadata payload as JSON via \code{jsonlite}.}
+\usage{
+gridify_to_json(x)
+}
+\arguments{
+\item{x}{value to encode.}
+}
+\value{
+a length-one character vector with the JSON representation of \code{x}.
+}
+\description{
+Thin wrapper around \code{jsonlite::toJSON()} with the options used by gridify
+metadata: scalar character/numeric/logical values are unboxed, \code{NA} and
+\code{NULL} are serialised as \code{null}. Centralised so the encoder options live in
+one place.
+}
+\keyword{internal}
diff --git a/man/has_metadata_payload.Rd b/man/has_metadata_payload.Rd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2372514
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/has_metadata_payload.Rd
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
+% Please edit documentation in R/gridify-utils.R
+\name{has_metadata_payload}
+\alias{has_metadata_payload}
+\title{Check whether a metadata payload contains values}
+\usage{
+has_metadata_payload(payload)
+}
+\arguments{
+\item{payload}{A metadata payload.}
+}
+\value{
+\code{TRUE} when the payload contains at least one metadata value.
+}
+\description{
+Check whether a metadata payload contains values
+}
+\keyword{internal}
diff --git a/man/metadata_sidecar_payload.Rd b/man/metadata_sidecar_payload.Rd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..975d0be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/metadata_sidecar_payload.Rd
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
+% Please edit documentation in R/gridify-utils.R
+\name{metadata_sidecar_payload}
+\alias{metadata_sidecar_payload}
+\title{Build the JSON sidecar metadata structure}
+\usage{
+metadata_sidecar_payload(payload)
+}
+\arguments{
+\item{payload}{A named list (single page) or list of named lists (multi-page)
+of metadata values.}
+}
+\value{
+A named list containing \code{schema}, \code{schema_version} and \code{pages}.
+}
+\description{
+Wraps single-page and multi-page metadata in the same schema so consumers can
+always read metadata from \code{pages[[i]]$cells}.
+}
+\keyword{internal}
diff --git a/man/resolve_export_metadata.Rd b/man/resolve_export_metadata.Rd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e8a067
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/resolve_export_metadata.Rd
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
+% Please edit documentation in R/gridify-utils.R
+\name{resolve_export_metadata}
+\alias{resolve_export_metadata}
+\title{Resolve the effective \code{metadata} argument for \code{export_to()}}
+\usage{
+resolve_export_metadata(metadata)
+}
+\arguments{
+\item{metadata}{the value passed by the user; may be \code{NULL}.}
+}
+\value{
+one of \code{"none"}, \code{"sidecar"}.
+}
+\description{
+Resolves the \code{metadata} argument from (in order of precedence):
+\enumerate{
+\item the value passed by the caller,
+\item the \code{gridify.export.metadata} global option,
+\item the built-in default \code{"none"}.
+}
+}
+\details{
+The result is then validated against the allowed choices via
+\code{\link[=match.arg]{match.arg()}}, so abbreviations are accepted.
+}
+\keyword{internal}
diff --git a/man/sync_metadata_sidecar.Rd b/man/sync_metadata_sidecar.Rd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3e05ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sync_metadata_sidecar.Rd
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
+% Please edit documentation in R/gridify-utils.R
+\name{sync_metadata_sidecar}
+\alias{sync_metadata_sidecar}
+\title{Synchronise the JSON metadata sidecar file}
+\usage{
+sync_metadata_sidecar(to, json = NULL)
+}
+\arguments{
+\item{to}{A length-one character string with the path of the main output
+file.}
+
+\item{json}{Optional pre-encoded JSON metadata.}
+}
+\value{
+Invisibly, the path of the sidecar file that was written or removed.
+}
+\description{
+Writes \code{json} to the sidecar when supplied. Otherwise removes any existing
+sidecar for \code{to}, preventing stale metadata from surviving later exports of
+the same output file.
+}
+\keyword{internal}
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test_export_to.R b/tests/testthat/test_export_to.R
index 1effbe8..7305d40 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test_export_to.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test_export_to.R
@@ -191,3 +191,194 @@ test_that("length(to) == length(x) check", {
     "`to` must be either a single pdf file path or a character vector matching the length of `x`."
   )
 })
+
+mock_gridify_with_cells <- function() {
+  grb <- grid::rectGrob()
+  obj <- gridify(grb, pharma_layout_base())
+  obj <- set_cell(obj, "header_left_1", "My Company")
+  obj <- set_cell(obj, "title_1", "<Title 1>")
+  obj <- set_cell(obj, "watermark", "DRAFT \"x\" \\ y\nz")
+  obj
+}
+
+test_that("default metadata writes no sidecar (option unset)", {
+  old <- options(gridify.export.metadata = NULL)
+  on.exit(options(old), add = TRUE)
+  x <- mock_gridify_with_cells()
+  out_file <- file.path(tempdir(), "meta_default.pdf")
+  side <- paste0(out_file, ".json")
+  if (file.exists(side)) file.remove(side)
+
+  expect_no_error(export_to(x, out_file))
+  expect_true(file.exists(out_file))
+  expect_false(file.exists(side))
+})
+
+test_that("metadata = 'sidecar' writes JSON sidecar for PDF and PNG", {
+  skip_if_not_installed("jsonlite")
+  x <- mock_gridify_with_cells()
+
+  for (ext in c("pdf", "png")) {
+    out_file <- file.path(tempdir(), paste0("meta_single.", ext))
+    side <- paste0(out_file, ".json")
+    if (file.exists(side)) file.remove(side)
+
+    expect_no_error(export_to(x, out_file, metadata = "sidecar"))
+    expect_true(file.exists(out_file))
+    expect_true(file.exists(side))
+
+    parsed <- jsonlite::fromJSON(side, simplifyVector = FALSE)
+    expect_identical(parsed$schema, "gridify.sidecar.metadata")
+    expect_identical(parsed$schema_version, "1.0.0")
+    expect_length(parsed$pages, 1)
+    expect_identical(parsed$pages[[1]]$cells$header_left_1, "My Company")
+    expect_identical(parsed$pages[[1]]$cells$title_1, "<Title 1>")
+    expect_identical(parsed$pages[[1]]$cells$watermark, "DRAFT \"x\" \\ y\nz")
+  }
+})
+
+test_that("gridify.export.metadata option provides the default", {
+  old <- options(gridify.export.metadata = "sidecar")
+  on.exit(options(old), add = TRUE)
+  x <- mock_gridify_with_cells()
+  out_file <- file.path(tempdir(), "meta_option.pdf")
+  side <- paste0(out_file, ".json")
+  if (file.exists(side)) file.remove(side)
+
+  expect_no_error(export_to(x, out_file))
+  expect_true(file.exists(side))
+
+  # Explicit argument still beats the option
+  if (file.exists(side)) file.remove(side)
+  expect_no_error(export_to(x, out_file, metadata = "none"))
+  expect_false(file.exists(side))
+})
+
+test_that("gridify.export.metadata option accepts abbreviations", {
+  old <- options(gridify.export.metadata = "s")
+  on.exit(options(old), add = TRUE)
+  x <- mock_gridify_with_cells()
+  out_file <- file.path(tempdir(), "meta_option_abbr.pdf")
+  side <- paste0(out_file, ".json")
+  if (file.exists(side)) file.remove(side)
+
+  expect_no_error(export_to(x, out_file))
+  expect_true(file.exists(side))
+})
+
+test_that("gridify.export.metadata invalid option value is rejected", {
+  old <- options(gridify.export.metadata = "yes")
+  on.exit(options(old), add = TRUE)
+  x <- mock_gridify_with_cells()
+  expect_error(
+    export_to(x, file.path(tempdir(), "bad.pdf")),
+    "should be one of"
+  )
+})
+
+test_that("metadata = 'none' writes no sidecar", {
+  x <- mock_gridify_with_cells()
+  out_file <- file.path(tempdir(), "meta_off.pdf")
+  side <- paste0(out_file, ".json")
+  if (file.exists(side)) file.remove(side)
+
+  expect_no_error(export_to(x, out_file, metadata = "none"))
+  expect_true(file.exists(out_file))
+  expect_false(file.exists(side))
+})
+
+test_that("metadata sidecar includes layout default text", {
+  skip_if_not_installed("jsonlite")
+  x <- gridify(grid::rectGrob(), pharma_layout_base())
+  out_file <- file.path(tempdir(), "meta_defaults.pdf")
+  side <- paste0(out_file, ".json")
+  if (file.exists(side)) file.remove(side)
+
+  expect_no_error(export_to(x, out_file, metadata = "sidecar"))
+  expect_true(file.exists(out_file))
+  expect_true(file.exists(side))
+
+  parsed <- jsonlite::fromJSON(side, simplifyVector = FALSE)
+  expect_identical(parsed$pages[[1]]$cells, list(header_right_1 = "CONFIDENTIAL"))
+})
+
+test_that("metadata = 'none' removes stale sidecar", {
+  x <- mock_gridify_with_cells()
+  out_file <- file.path(tempdir(), "meta_stale_removed.pdf")
+  side <- paste0(out_file, ".json")
+  if (file.exists(side)) file.remove(side)
+
+  expect_no_error(export_to(x, out_file, metadata = "sidecar"))
+  expect_true(file.exists(side))
+
+  expect_no_error(export_to(x, out_file, metadata = "none"))
+  expect_true(file.exists(out_file))
+  expect_false(file.exists(side))
+})
+
+test_that("metadata writes no sidecar when no cells are set", {
+  x <- mock_gridify()
+  out_file <- file.path(tempdir(), "meta_empty.pdf")
+  side <- paste0(out_file, ".json")
+  if (file.exists(side)) file.remove(side)
+
+  expect_no_error(export_to(x, out_file, metadata = "sidecar"))
+  expect_true(file.exists(out_file))
+  expect_false(file.exists(side))
+})
+
+test_that("empty metadata removes stale sidecar", {
+  out_file <- file.path(tempdir(), "meta_empty_removes_stale.pdf")
+  side <- paste0(out_file, ".json")
+  if (file.exists(side)) file.remove(side)
+
+  expect_no_error(export_to(mock_gridify_with_cells(), out_file, metadata = "sidecar"))
+  expect_true(file.exists(side))
+
+  expect_no_error(export_to(mock_gridify(), out_file, metadata = "sidecar"))
+  expect_true(file.exists(out_file))
+  expect_false(file.exists(side))
+})
+
+test_that("metadata sidecar for multi-page PDF uses pages schema", {
+  skip_if_not_installed("jsonlite")
+  x_list <- list(mock_gridify_with_cells(), mock_gridify_with_cells())
+  out_file <- file.path(tempdir(), "meta_multi.pdf")
+  side <- paste0(out_file, ".json")
+  if (file.exists(side)) file.remove(side)
+
+  expect_no_error(export_to(x_list, out_file, metadata = "sidecar"))
+  expect_true(file.exists(side))
+
+  parsed <- jsonlite::fromJSON(side, simplifyVector = FALSE)
+  expect_identical(parsed$schema, "gridify.sidecar.metadata")
+  expect_identical(parsed$schema_version, "1.0.0")
+  expect_length(parsed$pages, 2)
+  expect_identical(parsed$pages[[1]]$cells$header_left_1, "My Company")
+  expect_identical(parsed$pages[[2]]$cells$header_left_1, "My Company")
+})
+
+test_that("metadata can be abbreviated via match.arg", {
+  x <- mock_gridify_with_cells()
+  out_file <- file.path(tempdir(), "meta_abbr.pdf")
+  side <- paste0(out_file, ".json")
+  if (file.exists(side)) file.remove(side)
+
+  expect_no_error(export_to(x, out_file, metadata = "s"))
+  expect_true(file.exists(side))
+})
+
+test_that("metadata invalid values are rejected", {
+  x <- mock_gridify()
+  expect_error(
+    export_to(x, file.path(tempdir(), "bad.pdf"), metadata = "yes"),
+    "should be one of"
+  )
+  expect_error(
+    export_to(
+      list(x, x),
+      file.path(tempdir(), "bad.pdf"),
+      metadata = 1
+    )
+  )
+})
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test_gridify_to_json.R b/tests/testthat/test_gridify_to_json.R
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8706a53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testthat/test_gridify_to_json.R
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+test_that("gridify_to_json round-trips basic payloads", {
+  skip_if_not_installed("jsonlite")
+  expect_identical(
+    jsonlite::fromJSON(gridify_to_json(list(a = "x", b = "y"))),
+    list(a = "x", b = "y")
+  )
+  expect_identical(
+    jsonlite::fromJSON(gridify_to_json(list())),
+    list()
+  )
+})
+
+test_that("gridify_to_json unboxes scalars", {
+  json <- gridify_to_json(list(a = "x", n = 1))
+  expect_match(json, "\"a\":\"x\"", fixed = TRUE)
+  expect_match(json, "\"n\":1", fixed = TRUE)
+})
+
+test_that("gridify_to_json escapes special characters", {
+  skip_if_not_installed("jsonlite")
+  s <- "DRAFT \"x\" \\ y\nz"
+  json <- gridify_to_json(list(w = s))
+  expect_identical(jsonlite::fromJSON(json)$w, s)
+})
+
+test_that("gridify_metadata extracts effective cell text values", {
+  obj <- gridify(grid::rectGrob(), pharma_layout_base())
+  obj <- set_cell(obj, "header_left_1", "Co")
+  obj <- set_cell(obj, "header_right_1", "Not confidential")
+  obj <- set_cell(obj, "title_1", "T1")
+  meta <- gridify_metadata(obj)
+  expect_identical(
+    meta,
+    list(
+      header_left_1 = "Co",
+      header_right_1 = "Not confidential",
+      title_1 = "T1"
+    )
+  )
+})
+
+test_that("gridify_metadata includes layout default text values", {
+  obj <- gridify(grid::rectGrob(), pharma_layout_base())
+  expect_identical(gridify_metadata(obj), list(header_right_1 = "CONFIDENTIAL"))
+})
+
+test_that("gridify_metadata returns empty list when no effective text exists", {
+  obj <- gridify(grid::rectGrob(), simple_layout())
+  expect_identical(gridify_metadata(obj), stats::setNames(list(), character(0)))
+})
+
+test_that("has_metadata_payload detects populated payloads", {
+  expect_false(has_metadata_payload(NULL))
+  expect_false(has_metadata_payload(list()))
+  expect_false(has_metadata_payload(list(list(), list())))
+  expect_true(has_metadata_payload(list(a = "x")))
+  expect_true(has_metadata_payload(list(list(), list(a = "x"))))
+})
+
+test_that("metadata_sidecar_payload uses a uniform pages schema", {
+  single <- metadata_sidecar_payload(list(a = "x"))
+  expect_identical(single$schema, "gridify.sidecar.metadata")
+  expect_identical(single$schema_version, "1.0.0")
+  expect_length(single$pages, 1)
+  expect_identical(single$pages[[1]]$cells, list(a = "x"))
+
+  multi <- metadata_sidecar_payload(list(list(a = "1"), list(a = "2")))
+  expect_identical(multi$schema, "gridify.sidecar.metadata")
+  expect_identical(multi$schema_version, "1.0.0")
+  expect_length(multi$pages, 2)
+  expect_identical(multi$pages[[1]]$cells, list(a = "1"))
+  expect_identical(multi$pages[[2]]$cells, list(a = "2"))
+})
+
+test_that("sync_metadata_sidecar writes populated sidecars", {
+  skip_if_not_installed("jsonlite")
+  base <- tempfile(fileext = ".pdf")
+  side <- paste0(base, ".json")
+  if (file.exists(side)) file.remove(side)
+  json <- gridify_to_json(metadata_sidecar_payload(list(a = "x")))
+
+  expect_identical(sync_metadata_sidecar(base, json), side)
+  expect_true(file.exists(side))
+  parsed <- jsonlite::fromJSON(side, simplifyVector = FALSE)
+  expect_identical(parsed$schema, "gridify.sidecar.metadata")
+  expect_identical(parsed$schema_version, "1.0.0")
+  expect_identical(parsed$pages[[1]]$cells$a, "x")
+})
+
+test_that("sync_metadata_sidecar serialises multi-page list payload", {
+  skip_if_not_installed("jsonlite")
+  base <- tempfile(fileext = ".pdf")
+  side <- paste0(base, ".json")
+  if (file.exists(side)) file.remove(side)
+
+  payload <- list(list(a = "1"), list(a = "2"))
+  sync_metadata_sidecar(base, gridify_to_json(metadata_sidecar_payload(payload)))
+
+  parsed <- jsonlite::fromJSON(side, simplifyVector = FALSE)
+  expect_identical(parsed$schema, "gridify.sidecar.metadata")
+  expect_identical(parsed$schema_version, "1.0.0")
+  expect_length(parsed$pages, 2)
+  expect_identical(parsed$pages[[1]]$cells$a, "1")
+  expect_identical(parsed$pages[[2]]$cells$a, "2")
+})
+
+test_that("sync_metadata_sidecar uses pre-encoded JSON", {
+  base <- tempfile(fileext = ".pdf")
+  side <- paste0(base, ".json")
+  if (file.exists(side)) file.remove(side)
+
+  expect_identical(sync_metadata_sidecar(base, "{\"a\":\"y\"}"), side)
+  expect_identical(readLines(side, warn = FALSE), "{\"a\":\"y\"}")
+})
+
+test_that("sync_metadata_sidecar removes stale files", {
+  base <- tempfile(fileext = ".pdf")
+  side <- paste0(base, ".json")
+
+  writeLines("stale", side)
+  expect_identical(sync_metadata_sidecar(base), side)
+  expect_false(file.exists(side))
+
+  writeLines("stale", side)
+  expect_identical(sync_metadata_sidecar(base, NULL), side)
+  expect_false(file.exists(side))
+})
+
diff --git a/vignettes/multi_page_examples.Rmd b/vignettes/multi_page_examples.Rmd
index 8562cf2..cbf2baa 100644
--- a/vignettes/multi_page_examples.Rmd
+++ b/vignettes/multi_page_examples.Rmd
@@ -347,6 +347,49 @@ export_to(
 )
 ```
 
+Passing `metadata = "sidecar"` to `export_to()` writes a JSON sidecar next to
+each output file. The sidecar identifies itself as `gridify.sidecar.metadata`
+and uses the same schema-versioned `pages` structure for single-page and
+multi-page exports. It records effective cell text values, including layout
+defaults and values supplied via `set_cell()`:
+
+```json
+{
+  "schema": "gridify.sidecar.metadata",
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "pages": [
+    {
+      "cells": {
+        "title_1": "Page 1"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "cells": {
+        "title_1": "Page 2"
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+The number of sidecars and page entries depends on how the output is structured:
+
+- **Single multi-page PDF** (a list of objects exported to one `.pdf` path) —
+  one sidecar `<file>.pdf.json` containing one `pages` entry per exported
+  object.
+- **Multiple separate files** (a list of objects exported to a vector of paths,
+  or any single-object export) — one sidecar per file (e.g. `fig1.pdf.json`,
+  `fig2.pdf.json`, ...), each containing one `pages` entry.
+
+The default is `"none"` (no metadata). Set
+`options(gridify.export.metadata = "sidecar")` to change the default
+project-wide.
+
+When reusing the same output path, `export_to()` keeps the output and sidecar in
+sync: exporting without metadata, or exporting an object/list with no
+effective cell text values, removes any existing sidecar for that output. This
+avoids leaving stale JSON metadata next to a newer PDF, PNG, TIFF or JPEG file.
+
 ### Extending The Multi-Page Example
 
 In pharmaceutical and other industries, presenting tables often requires customization to meet reporting standards. While splitting by rows is a common approach for handling large datasets, it is not the only option. Here are some potential ways in which a table could be split up, where `gridify` could then be used to generate a new page for each table:
diff --git a/vignettes/simple_examples.Rmd b/vignettes/simple_examples.Rmd
index 8310087..4b5b803 100644
--- a/vignettes/simple_examples.Rmd
+++ b/vignettes/simple_examples.Rmd
@@ -765,6 +765,53 @@ and `height` by passing them into `export_to()` after the `to` argument.
 export_to(gridify_obj, to = "output.jpeg", width = 2400, height = 1800, res = 300)
 ```
 
+### Metadata
+
+`export_to()` can optionally record effective cell text values alongside the
+output, including text from layout defaults and values supplied via
+`set_cell()`. This makes it easy to track which header, footer or watermark
+text was used to produce a given figure without parsing the file.
+The feature is opt-in via the `metadata` argument. The sidecar identifies itself
+as `gridify.sidecar.metadata` and uses the same schema-versioned `pages`
+structure for single-page and multi-page exports.
+
+```{r, eval = FALSE}
+# Default: just the PDF, no metadata is written
+export_to(gridify_obj, to = "output.pdf")
+
+# Write a JSON sidecar (output.pdf.json) next to the output
+export_to(gridify_obj, to = "output.pdf", metadata = "sidecar")
+```
+
+For a single-page export, the JSON sidecar has one page entry:
+
+```json
+{
+  "schema": "gridify.sidecar.metadata",
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "pages": [
+    {
+      "cells": {
+        "header_left_1": "My Company",
+        "title_1": "<Title 1>"
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+If the same output path is exported later with `metadata = "none"`, or with
+`metadata = "sidecar"` but no effective cell text values, any existing sidecar
+for that output is removed. This prevents an older `output.pdf.json` from being
+mistaken for metadata from the latest export.
+
+To enable metadata writing globally for a project, set the
+`gridify.export.metadata` option once (e.g. in `.Rprofile`):
+
+```{r, eval = FALSE}
+options(gridify.export.metadata = "sidecar")
+```
+
 ## Conclusion
 
 These examples should give you a good understanding of how to use the `gridify` package to add text