Divide Two Integers.java

In this problem, we are asked to divide two integers. 
However, we are not allowed to use division, multiplication and mod operations. 
So, what else can we use? Yeah, bit manipulations.

Let's do an example and see how bit manipulations work.
Suppose we want to divide 15 by 3, so 15 is dividend and 3 is divisor. 
Well, division simply requires us to find 
how many times we can subtract the divisor from the the dividend without making the dividend negative.

Let's get started. We subtract 3 from 15 and we get 12, which is positive. Let's try to subtract more. 
Well, we shift 3 to the left by 1 bit and we get 6. Subtracting 6 from 15 still gives a positive result. 
Well, we shift again and get 12. We subtract 12 from 15 and it is still positive. 
We shift again, obtaining 24 and we know we can at most subtract 12. 
Well, since 12 is obtained by shifting 3 to left twice, we know it is 4 times of 3. 
How do we obtain this 4? Well, we start from 1 and shift it to left twice at the same time. 
We add 4 to an answer (initialized to be 0). 
In fact, the above process is like 15 = 3 * 4 + 3. We now get part of the quotient (4), with a remainder 3.

Then we repeat the above process again. We subtract divisor = 3 from the remaining dividend = 3 and obtain 0. 
We know we are done. No shift happens, so we simply add 1 << 0 to the answer.
Now we have the full algorithm to perform division.

According to the problem statement, we need to handle some exceptions, such as overflow.
Two cases may cause overflow:
divisor = 0;
dividend = INT_MIN and divisor = -1 (because abs(INT_MIN) = INT_MAX + 1).
Of course, we also need to take the sign into considerations, which is relatively easy.

/*
Description
Divide two integers without using multiplication, division and mod operator.
If it is overflow, return 2147483647

Example
Given dividend = 100 and divisor = 9, return 11.
*/

public class Solution {
    /*
     * @param dividend: the dividend
     * @param divisor: the divisor
     * @return: the result
     */
    public int divide(int dividend, int divisor) {
        if (divisor == 0) {
            return dividend > 0 ? Integer.MAX_VALUE : Integer.MIN_VALUE;
        }
        if (dividend == 0) {
            return 0;
        }
        // this case is often igonred
        if (dividend == Integer.MIN_VALUE && divisor == -1) {
            return Integer.MAX_VALUE;
        }
        
        boolean isNegative = (dividend < 0 && divisor > 0) ||
                             (dividend > 0 && divisor < 0);
        long a = Math.abs((long)dividend);
        long b = Math.abs((long)divisor);
        int rst = 0;
        
        while (a >= b) {
            int shift = 0;
            while (a >= (b << shift)) {
                shift++;
            }
            a -= b << (shift - 1);
            rst += 1 << (shift - 1);
        }
        
        return isNegative ? -rst : rst;
    }
}