diff --git a/.changeset/clever-otters-give.md b/.changeset/clever-otters-give.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fd6361bb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/clever-otters-give.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+"@modelcontextprotocol/core": patch
+---
+
+fix(transport): validate JSON-RPC request ID is a safe integer
diff --git a/packages/core/src/shared/protocol.ts b/packages/core/src/shared/protocol.ts
index d6daf0172..f62416426 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/shared/protocol.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/shared/protocol.ts
@@ -480,6 +480,28 @@ export abstract class Protocol<ContextT extends BaseContext> {
             } else if (isJSONRPCNotification(message)) {
                 this._onnotification(message);
             } else {
+                // Check if this is a request-like message with an invalid ID (e.g.,
+                // a numeric ID exceeding Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER). Such IDs fail
+                // schema validation because JavaScript cannot represent them exactly,
+                // which prevents reliable request/response correlation. Respond with
+                // a JSON-RPC Invalid Request error instead of silently dropping it.
+                const msg = message as Record<string, unknown>;
+                if (msg && typeof msg === 'object' && msg.jsonrpc === '2.0' && 'id' in msg && 'method' in msg) {
+                    const errorResponse: JSONRPCErrorResponse = {
+                        jsonrpc: '2.0',
+                        id: msg.id as RequestId,
+                        error: {
+                            code: ProtocolErrorCode.InvalidRequest,
+                            message: 'Invalid request: ID must be a string or a safe integer'
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    this._transport
+                        ?.send(errorResponse)
+                        .catch(error => this._onerror(new Error(`Failed to send an error response: ${error}`)));
+                    return;
+                }
+
                 this._onerror(new Error(`Unknown message type: ${JSON.stringify(message)}`));
             }
         };
diff --git a/packages/core/test/shared/protocol.test.ts b/packages/core/test/shared/protocol.test.ts
index 69735bc3a..1c1e68142 100644
--- a/packages/core/test/shared/protocol.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/test/shared/protocol.test.ts
@@ -5509,6 +5509,106 @@ describe('Error handling for missing resolvers', () => {
             expect(callOrder).toEqual([1, 2, 3]);
         });
     });
+
+    describe('unsafe integer request ID validation', () => {
+        let protocol: Protocol<BaseContext>;
+        let transport: MockTransport;
+
+        beforeEach(() => {
+            transport = new MockTransport();
+            protocol = new (class extends Protocol<BaseContext> {
+                protected assertCapabilityForMethod(): void {}
+                protected assertNotificationCapability(): void {}
+                protected assertRequestHandlerCapability(): void {}
+                protected assertTaskCapability(): void {}
+                protected buildContext(ctx: BaseContext): BaseContext {
+                    return ctx;
+                }
+                protected assertTaskHandlerCapability(): void {}
+            })();
+        });
+
+        it('should respond with InvalidRequest error when request ID exceeds MAX_SAFE_INTEGER', async () => {
+            await protocol.connect(transport);
+            const sendSpy = vi.spyOn(transport, 'send');
+
+            // Send a request with an ID exceeding Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER
+            // Note: 9007199254740992 === Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER + 1, but due to
+            // floating-point precision loss, JavaScript cannot represent it exactly.
+            const unsafeId = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER + 1;
+            transport.onmessage?.({
+                jsonrpc: '2.0',
+                id: unsafeId,
+                method: 'tools/list',
+                params: {}
+            });
+
+            // Wait for async processing
+            await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 50));
+
+            // Should have sent an error response
+            expect(sendSpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+            const sentMessage = sendSpy.mock.calls[0]![0] as JSONRPCErrorResponse;
+            expect(sentMessage.jsonrpc).toBe('2.0');
+            expect(sentMessage.id).toBe(unsafeId);
+            expect(sentMessage.error.code).toBe(ProtocolErrorCode.InvalidRequest);
+            expect(sentMessage.error.message).toBe('Invalid request: ID must be a string or a safe integer');
+        });
+
+        it('should process requests normally when ID is at MAX_SAFE_INTEGER', async () => {
+            await protocol.connect(transport);
+            const sendSpy = vi.spyOn(transport, 'send');
+
+            protocol.setRequestHandler('tools/list', async () => {
+                return { tools: [] };
+            });
+
+            // Send a request with ID exactly at Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER
+            transport.onmessage?.({
+                jsonrpc: '2.0',
+                id: Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER,
+                method: 'tools/list',
+                params: {}
+            });
+
+            // Wait for async processing
+            await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 50));
+
+            // Should have sent a successful response, not an error
+            expect(sendSpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+            const sentMessage = sendSpy.mock.calls[0]![0] as JSONRPCResultResponse;
+            expect(sentMessage.jsonrpc).toBe('2.0');
+            expect(sentMessage.id).toBe(Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER);
+            expect(sentMessage.result).toBeDefined();
+        });
+
+        it('should process requests normally when ID is a string', async () => {
+            await protocol.connect(transport);
+            const sendSpy = vi.spyOn(transport, 'send');
+
+            protocol.setRequestHandler('tools/list', async () => {
+                return { tools: [] };
+            });
+
+            // String IDs should always be accepted regardless of content
+            transport.onmessage?.({
+                jsonrpc: '2.0',
+                id: '9007199254740992',
+                method: 'tools/list',
+                params: {}
+            });
+
+            // Wait for async processing
+            await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 50));
+
+            // Should have sent a successful response
+            expect(sendSpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+            const sentMessage = sendSpy.mock.calls[0]![0] as JSONRPCResultResponse;
+            expect(sentMessage.jsonrpc).toBe('2.0');
+            expect(sentMessage.id).toBe('9007199254740992');
+            expect(sentMessage.result).toBeDefined();
+        });
+    });
 });
 
 describe('Protocol without task configuration', () => {