From 635ad29807680adb1b4d9c58c4f352213db2c18a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cedric Conday <neumann.alpha@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Jun 2026 03:41:09 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 01/13] Warn when Epochs events fall outside the raw data
 (#12989)

Events whose epoch window lies (partly) outside the raw data are silently
dropped, which is surprising e.g. when events come from a different sampling
frequency or contain samples before first_samp. Warn at construction listing
how many events are out of bounds. Adds a regression test.
---
 doc/changes/dev/12989.bugfix.rst |  1 +
 mne/epochs.py                    | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 mne/tests/test_epochs.py         | 12 ++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 34 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 doc/changes/dev/12989.bugfix.rst

diff --git a/doc/changes/dev/12989.bugfix.rst b/doc/changes/dev/12989.bugfix.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..674537a01a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/changes/dev/12989.bugfix.rst
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+When creating :class:`mne.Epochs`, a warning is now emitted if any ``events`` fall outside the range of the raw data, since the corresponding epochs are otherwise silently dropped, by `Cedric Conday`_.
diff --git a/mne/epochs.py b/mne/epochs.py
index 442359f3d65..f90cb36b9b2 100644
--- a/mne/epochs.py
+++ b/mne/epochs.py
@@ -3651,6 +3651,27 @@ def __init__(
             annotations=annotations,
         )
 
+        # Warn about events whose epoch falls (partly) outside the raw data: those
+        # epochs are silently dropped, which is surprising e.g. when ``events`` was
+        # created at a different sampling frequency or contains samples before
+        # ``first_samp``. See gh-12989.
+        if self._raw is not None and len(self.events) > 0:
+            sfreq = self._raw.info["sfreq"]
+            starts = (
+                np.round(self.events[:, 0] + self._raw_times[0] * sfreq).astype(int)
+                - self._raw.first_samp
+            )
+            stops = starts + len(self._raw_times)
+            n_oob = int(np.sum((starts < 0) | (stops > self._raw.n_times)))
+            if n_oob > 0:
+                warn(
+                    f"{n_oob} event{_pl(n_oob)} {'is' if n_oob == 1 else 'are'} "
+                    "outside the data range; the corresponding "
+                    f"epoch{_pl(n_oob)} will be dropped. This can happen e.g. if "
+                    "the events were created at a different sampling frequency, or "
+                    "contain sample numbers before first_samp."
+                )
+
     @verbose
     def _get_epoch_from_raw(self, idx, verbose=None):
         """Load one epoch from disk.
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
index 2eb55d8ed62..2d7e9ec83f8 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
@@ -5278,3 +5278,15 @@ def test_empty_error(method, epochs_empty):
         pytest.importorskip("pandas")
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="is empty."):
         getattr(epochs_empty.copy(), method[0])(**method[1])
+
+
+def test_epochs_warn_out_of_bounds_events():
+    """Warn when events fall outside the raw data range (gh-12989)."""
+    sfreq = 100.0
+    info = create_info(3, sfreq, "eeg")
+    raw = RawArray(np.random.default_rng(0).standard_normal((3, 1000)), info)
+    # second event (sample 2000) is past the 1000-sample data, so its epoch is
+    # out of bounds and silently dropped; we should warn about it.
+    events = np.array([[100, 0, 1], [2000, 0, 1]])
+    with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="outside the data range"):
+        mne.Epochs(raw, events, tmin=0, tmax=0.5, baseline=None)

From 797e8ec7d46d78be226d2e0063aedf7099e17099 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cedric Conday <neumann.alpha@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Jun 2026 03:41:49 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 02/13] rename changelog fragment to PR number

---
 doc/changes/dev/{12989.bugfix.rst => 14004.bugfix.rst} | 0
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename doc/changes/dev/{12989.bugfix.rst => 14004.bugfix.rst} (100%)

diff --git a/doc/changes/dev/12989.bugfix.rst b/doc/changes/dev/14004.bugfix.rst
similarity index 100%
rename from doc/changes/dev/12989.bugfix.rst
rename to doc/changes/dev/14004.bugfix.rst

From 8e5325805ce455e3293943a8bf2593ff980936dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cedric Conday <neumann.alpha@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:57:59 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 03/13] Narrow out-of-bounds warning to event sample positions
 (#12989)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Warn only when an event's sample number falls outside the recorded data
([first_samp, first_samp + n_times)) — the issue's actual scenario (events
at a different sampling frequency, or before first_samp). The earlier check
on the epoch *window* also fired for in-range events whose window merely
clips the edge (wide tmax / negative tmin on short data), which is normal
and broke several existing tests. Full test_epochs.py is green under -W error.
---
 doc/changes/dev/14004.bugfix.rst |  2 +-
 mne/epochs.py                    | 31 +++++++++++++++----------------
 mne/tests/test_epochs.py         | 15 +++++++++------
 3 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/changes/dev/14004.bugfix.rst b/doc/changes/dev/14004.bugfix.rst
index 674537a01a3..602613a5352 100644
--- a/doc/changes/dev/14004.bugfix.rst
+++ b/doc/changes/dev/14004.bugfix.rst
@@ -1 +1 @@
-When creating :class:`mne.Epochs`, a warning is now emitted if any ``events`` fall outside the range of the raw data, since the corresponding epochs are otherwise silently dropped, by `Cedric Conday`_.
+When creating :class:`mne.Epochs`, a warning is now emitted if any ``events`` have sample numbers outside the recorded data, since the corresponding epochs are otherwise silently dropped, by `Cedric Conday`_.
diff --git a/mne/epochs.py b/mne/epochs.py
index f90cb36b9b2..2637700eec5 100644
--- a/mne/epochs.py
+++ b/mne/epochs.py
@@ -3651,24 +3651,23 @@ def __init__(
             annotations=annotations,
         )
 
-        # Warn about events whose epoch falls (partly) outside the raw data: those
-        # epochs are silently dropped, which is surprising e.g. when ``events`` was
-        # created at a different sampling frequency or contains samples before
-        # ``first_samp``. See gh-12989.
+        # Warn when an event's *sample number* falls outside the recorded data
+        # (before ``first_samp`` or at/after the last sample). Such an event yields
+        # no epoch and is silently dropped, which is surprising and usually means
+        # the events were created at a different sampling frequency or precede
+        # ``first_samp``. This checks the event positions, not the epoch window —
+        # an in-range event whose window merely clips the edge is normal and quiet.
+        # See gh-12989.
         if self._raw is not None and len(self.events) > 0:
-            sfreq = self._raw.info["sfreq"]
-            starts = (
-                np.round(self.events[:, 0] + self._raw_times[0] * sfreq).astype(int)
-                - self._raw.first_samp
-            )
-            stops = starts + len(self._raw_times)
-            n_oob = int(np.sum((starts < 0) | (stops > self._raw.n_times)))
-            if n_oob > 0:
+            lo = self._raw.first_samp
+            hi = lo + self._raw.n_times
+            n_oob = int(((self.events[:, 0] < lo) | (self.events[:, 0] >= hi)).sum())
+            if n_oob:
                 warn(
-                    f"{n_oob} event{_pl(n_oob)} {'is' if n_oob == 1 else 'are'} "
-                    "outside the data range; the corresponding "
-                    f"epoch{_pl(n_oob)} will be dropped. This can happen e.g. if "
-                    "the events were created at a different sampling frequency, or "
+                    f"{n_oob} event{_pl(n_oob)} {'has' if n_oob == 1 else 'have'} a "
+                    "sample number outside the recorded data; the corresponding "
+                    f"epoch{_pl(n_oob)} will be dropped. This can happen if the "
+                    "events were created at a different sampling frequency, or "
                     "contain sample numbers before first_samp."
                 )
 
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
index 2d7e9ec83f8..5b6916e7a02 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 # Authors: The MNE-Python contributors.
+import warnings
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 # Copyright the MNE-Python contributors.
 
@@ -5281,12 +5282,14 @@ def test_empty_error(method, epochs_empty):
 
 
 def test_epochs_warn_out_of_bounds_events():
-    """Warn when events fall outside the raw data range (gh-12989)."""
+    """Warn when event sample numbers fall outside the recorded data (gh-12989)."""
     sfreq = 100.0
     info = create_info(3, sfreq, "eeg")
     raw = RawArray(np.random.default_rng(0).standard_normal((3, 1000)), info)
-    # second event (sample 2000) is past the 1000-sample data, so its epoch is
-    # out of bounds and silently dropped; we should warn about it.
-    events = np.array([[100, 0, 1], [2000, 0, 1]])
-    with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="outside the data range"):
-        mne.Epochs(raw, events, tmin=0, tmax=0.5, baseline=None)
+    # event sample 2000 is past the 1000-sample recording -> warn
+    with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="outside the recorded data"):
+        mne.Epochs(raw, np.array([[2000, 0, 1]]), tmin=-0.2, tmax=0.5, baseline=None)
+    # an in-range event whose epoch window merely clips the edge must NOT warn
+    with warnings.catch_warnings():
+        warnings.simplefilter("error")
+        mne.Epochs(raw, np.array([[990, 0, 1]]), tmin=0, tmax=0.5, baseline=None)

From 244ea62fe3bad69067f37f19672f25e17533e6e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "autofix-ci[bot]" <114827586+autofix-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:58:43 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 04/13] [autofix.ci] apply automated fixes

---
 mne/tests/test_epochs.py | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
index 5b6916e7a02..7d4f7734827 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 # Authors: The MNE-Python contributors.
-import warnings
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 # Copyright the MNE-Python contributors.
 

From 1d8d166f3cf1fa67e7c1d9b37c5ab973af64d113 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:58:55 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 05/13] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 mne/tests/test_epochs.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
index 7d4f7734827..087f50b33a2 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # Authors: The MNE-Python contributors.
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 # Copyright the MNE-Python contributors.
-
 import pickle
+import warnings
 from copy import deepcopy
 from datetime import timedelta
 from functools import partial

From 5ab7993b75b50a832d1fde774a7b65e5a9b93c10 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "autofix-ci[bot]" <114827586+autofix-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:59:35 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 06/13] [autofix.ci] apply automated fixes

---
 mne/tests/test_epochs.py | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
index 087f50b33a2..b6f0fc828c4 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # Authors: The MNE-Python contributors.
 # License: BSD-3-Clause
 # Copyright the MNE-Python contributors.
+
 import pickle
 import warnings
 from copy import deepcopy

From 7c1faed08e17a47b6ffbb81e01185aa960b4cf48 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cedric Conday <neumann.alpha@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Jun 2026 14:16:27 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 07/13] Add on_outside option to control out-of-bounds events
 warning

Mirrors the on_missing pattern used for out-of-range Raw annotations
(_on_missing helper): 'raise' | 'warn' (default) | 'ignore'. Addresses
maintainer review on gh-14004.
---
 doc/changes/dev/14004.bugfix.rst |  2 +-
 mne/epochs.py                    | 14 ++++++++++++--
 mne/tests/test_epochs.py         | 12 ++++++++++--
 3 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/changes/dev/14004.bugfix.rst b/doc/changes/dev/14004.bugfix.rst
index 602613a5352..52434aaea21 100644
--- a/doc/changes/dev/14004.bugfix.rst
+++ b/doc/changes/dev/14004.bugfix.rst
@@ -1 +1 @@
-When creating :class:`mne.Epochs`, a warning is now emitted if any ``events`` have sample numbers outside the recorded data, since the corresponding epochs are otherwise silently dropped, by `Cedric Conday`_.
+When creating :class:`mne.Epochs`, a warning is now emitted if any ``events`` have sample numbers outside the recorded data, since the corresponding epochs are otherwise silently dropped; this is configurable via the new ``on_outside`` parameter (``'raise'`` | ``'warn'`` | ``'ignore'``), by `Cedric Conday`_.
diff --git a/mne/epochs.py b/mne/epochs.py
index 2637700eec5..9e539c7c561 100644
--- a/mne/epochs.py
+++ b/mne/epochs.py
@@ -3487,6 +3487,13 @@ class Epochs(BaseEpochs):
 
         .. versionadded:: 0.16
     %(event_repeated_epochs)s
+    on_outside : 'raise' | 'warn' | 'ignore'
+        What to do if an event's sample number falls outside the recorded data
+        range. Such events yield no epoch and are dropped. Can be ``'raise'``
+        to raise an error, ``'warn'`` (default) to emit a warning, or
+        ``'ignore'`` to do nothing.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.13
     %(verbose)s
 
     Attributes
@@ -3587,6 +3594,7 @@ def __init__(
         reject_by_annotation=True,
         metadata=None,
         event_repeated="error",
+        on_outside="warn",
         verbose=None,
     ):
         from .io import BaseRaw
@@ -3663,12 +3671,14 @@ def __init__(
             hi = lo + self._raw.n_times
             n_oob = int(((self.events[:, 0] < lo) | (self.events[:, 0] >= hi)).sum())
             if n_oob:
-                warn(
+                _on_missing(
+                    on_outside,
                     f"{n_oob} event{_pl(n_oob)} {'has' if n_oob == 1 else 'have'} a "
                     "sample number outside the recorded data; the corresponding "
                     f"epoch{_pl(n_oob)} will be dropped. This can happen if the "
                     "events were created at a different sampling frequency, or "
-                    "contain sample numbers before first_samp."
+                    "contain sample numbers before first_samp.",
+                    name="on_outside",
                 )
 
     @verbose
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
index b6f0fc828c4..9412a2ae8ea 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
@@ -5286,9 +5286,17 @@ def test_epochs_warn_out_of_bounds_events():
     sfreq = 100.0
     info = create_info(3, sfreq, "eeg")
     raw = RawArray(np.random.default_rng(0).standard_normal((3, 1000)), info)
-    # event sample 2000 is past the 1000-sample recording -> warn
+    oob = np.array([[2000, 0, 1]])
+    # event sample 2000 is past the 1000-sample recording -> warn (default)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="outside the recorded data"):
-        mne.Epochs(raw, np.array([[2000, 0, 1]]), tmin=-0.2, tmax=0.5, baseline=None)
+        mne.Epochs(raw, oob, tmin=-0.2, tmax=0.5, baseline=None)
+    # on_outside="raise" turns it into an error
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="outside the recorded data"):
+        mne.Epochs(raw, oob, tmin=-0.2, tmax=0.5, baseline=None, on_outside="raise")
+    # on_outside="ignore" stays silent
+    with warnings.catch_warnings():
+        warnings.simplefilter("error")
+        mne.Epochs(raw, oob, tmin=-0.2, tmax=0.5, baseline=None, on_outside="ignore")
     # an in-range event whose epoch window merely clips the edge must NOT warn
     with warnings.catch_warnings():
         warnings.simplefilter("error")

From 254d87b0eb4a89229745881ab9c01e1a0209ca47 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cedric Conday <neumann.alpha@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Jul 2026 19:20:43 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 08/13] Address review: keyword-only on_outside, move logic to
 BaseEpochs, fix test

- on_outside made keyword-only in both Epochs and EpochsArray
- Warning logic moved from Epochs to BaseEpochs._oob_check for reuse
- EpochsArray now accepts and forwards on_outside to BaseEpochs
- Test uses pytest.raises instead of pytest.warns per mne warnings-as-errors policy
---
 mne/epochs.py            | 45 ++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 mne/tests/test_epochs.py |  3 ++-
 2 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mne/epochs.py b/mne/epochs.py
index 9e539c7c561..c766476130c 100644
--- a/mne/epochs.py
+++ b/mne/epochs.py
@@ -462,6 +462,7 @@ def __init__(
         filename=None,
         metadata=None,
         event_repeated="error",
+        on_outside="warn",
         *,
         raw_sfreq=None,
         annotations=None,
@@ -575,6 +576,7 @@ def __init__(
         self.detrend = detrend
 
         self._raw = raw
+        self._oob_check(on_outside)
         info._check_consistency()
         self.picks = _picks_to_idx(
             info, picks, none="all", exclude=(), allow_empty=False
@@ -691,6 +693,23 @@ def __init__(
         self._check_consistency()
         self.set_annotations(annotations, on_missing="ignore")
 
+    def _oob_check(self, on_outside):
+        """Warn when event sample numbers fall outside recorded data (gh-12989)."""
+        if self._raw is not None and len(self.events) > 0:
+            lo = self._raw.first_samp
+            hi = lo + self._raw.n_times
+            n_oob = int(((self.events[:, 0] < lo) | (self.events[:, 0] >= hi)).sum())
+            if n_oob:
+                _on_missing(
+                    on_outside,
+                    f"{n_oob} event{_pl(n_oob)} {'has' if n_oob == 1 else 'have'} a "
+                    "sample number outside the recorded data; the corresponding "
+                    f"epoch{_pl(n_oob)} will be dropped. This can happen if the "
+                    "events were created at a different sampling frequency, or "
+                    "contain sample numbers before first_samp.",
+                    name="on_outside",
+                )
+
     def _check_consistency(self):
         """Check invariants of epochs object."""
         if hasattr(self, "events"):
@@ -3594,6 +3613,7 @@ def __init__(
         reject_by_annotation=True,
         metadata=None,
         event_repeated="error",
+        *,
         on_outside="warn",
         verbose=None,
     ):
@@ -3654,33 +3674,12 @@ def __init__(
             on_missing=on_missing,
             preload_at_end=preload,
             event_repeated=event_repeated,
+            on_outside=on_outside,
             verbose=verbose,
             raw_sfreq=raw_sfreq,
             annotations=annotations,
         )
 
-        # Warn when an event's *sample number* falls outside the recorded data
-        # (before ``first_samp`` or at/after the last sample). Such an event yields
-        # no epoch and is silently dropped, which is surprising and usually means
-        # the events were created at a different sampling frequency or precede
-        # ``first_samp``. This checks the event positions, not the epoch window —
-        # an in-range event whose window merely clips the edge is normal and quiet.
-        # See gh-12989.
-        if self._raw is not None and len(self.events) > 0:
-            lo = self._raw.first_samp
-            hi = lo + self._raw.n_times
-            n_oob = int(((self.events[:, 0] < lo) | (self.events[:, 0] >= hi)).sum())
-            if n_oob:
-                _on_missing(
-                    on_outside,
-                    f"{n_oob} event{_pl(n_oob)} {'has' if n_oob == 1 else 'have'} a "
-                    "sample number outside the recorded data; the corresponding "
-                    f"epoch{_pl(n_oob)} will be dropped. This can happen if the "
-                    "events were created at a different sampling frequency, or "
-                    "contain sample numbers before first_samp.",
-                    name="on_outside",
-                )
-
     @verbose
     def _get_epoch_from_raw(self, idx, verbose=None):
         """Load one epoch from disk.
@@ -3807,6 +3806,7 @@ def __init__(
         metadata=None,
         selection=None,
         *,
+        on_outside="warn",
         drop_log=None,
         raw_sfreq=None,
         verbose=None,
@@ -3843,6 +3843,7 @@ def __init__(
             selection=selection,
             proj=proj,
             on_missing=on_missing,
+            on_outside=on_outside,
             drop_log=drop_log,
             raw_sfreq=raw_sfreq,
             verbose=verbose,
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
index 9412a2ae8ea..31450aa595b 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
@@ -5288,7 +5288,8 @@ def test_epochs_warn_out_of_bounds_events():
     raw = RawArray(np.random.default_rng(0).standard_normal((3, 1000)), info)
     oob = np.array([[2000, 0, 1]])
     # event sample 2000 is past the 1000-sample recording -> warn (default)
-    with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="outside the recorded data"):
+    # Under mne's warnings-as-errors test policy the RuntimeWarning is raised.
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeWarning, match="outside the recorded data"):
         mne.Epochs(raw, oob, tmin=-0.2, tmax=0.5, baseline=None)
     # on_outside="raise" turns it into an error
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="outside the recorded data"):

From f283d01a83f3473df7404bd6a28f943d32c313d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cedric Conday <neumann.alpha@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Jul 2026 20:30:26 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 09/13] ci: fix EpochsFIF first_samp crash, test for old env
 without warnings-as-errors, add missing BaseEpochs on_outside doc

---
 mne/epochs.py            | 13 ++++++++++++-
 mne/tests/test_epochs.py |  3 +--
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mne/epochs.py b/mne/epochs.py
index c766476130c..03bf2592a10 100644
--- a/mne/epochs.py
+++ b/mne/epochs.py
@@ -418,6 +418,13 @@ class BaseEpochs(
 
         .. versionadded:: 0.16
     %(event_repeated_epochs)s
+    on_outside : 'raise' | 'warn' | 'ignore'
+        What to do if an event's sample number falls outside the recorded data
+        range. Such events yield no epoch and are dropped. Can be ``'raise'``
+        to raise an error, ``'warn'`` (default) to emit a warning, or
+        ``'ignore'`` to do nothing.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.13
     %(raw_sfreq)s
     annotations : instance of mne.Annotations | None
         Annotations to set.
@@ -695,7 +702,11 @@ def __init__(
 
     def _oob_check(self, on_outside):
         """Warn when event sample numbers fall outside recorded data (gh-12989)."""
-        if self._raw is not None and len(self.events) > 0:
+        if (
+            self._raw is not None
+            and len(self.events) > 0
+            and hasattr(self._raw, "first_samp")
+        ):
             lo = self._raw.first_samp
             hi = lo + self._raw.n_times
             n_oob = int(((self.events[:, 0] < lo) | (self.events[:, 0] >= hi)).sum())
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
index 31450aa595b..9412a2ae8ea 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
@@ -5288,8 +5288,7 @@ def test_epochs_warn_out_of_bounds_events():
     raw = RawArray(np.random.default_rng(0).standard_normal((3, 1000)), info)
     oob = np.array([[2000, 0, 1]])
     # event sample 2000 is past the 1000-sample recording -> warn (default)
-    # Under mne's warnings-as-errors test policy the RuntimeWarning is raised.
-    with pytest.raises(RuntimeWarning, match="outside the recorded data"):
+    with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="outside the recorded data"):
         mne.Epochs(raw, oob, tmin=-0.2, tmax=0.5, baseline=None)
     # on_outside="raise" turns it into an error
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="outside the recorded data"):

From 1e7cea95acb3ead139324a883cd941b48fe6fdbf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cedric Conday <neumann.alpha@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Jul 2026 21:41:33 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 10/13] docs: document on_outside param on EpochsArray (fix
 numpydoc/build_docs)

---
 mne/epochs.py | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/mne/epochs.py b/mne/epochs.py
index 03bf2592a10..04231f73dae 100644
--- a/mne/epochs.py
+++ b/mne/epochs.py
@@ -3768,6 +3768,13 @@ class EpochsArray(BaseEpochs):
 
         .. versionadded:: 0.16
     %(selection)s
+    on_outside : 'raise' | 'warn' | 'ignore'
+        What to do if an event's sample number falls outside the recorded data
+        range. Such events yield no epoch and are dropped. Can be ``'raise'``
+        to raise an error, ``'warn'`` (default) to emit a warning, or
+        ``'ignore'`` to do nothing.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.13
     %(drop_log)s
 
         .. versionadded:: 1.3

From 11f6a3b518720955cdf8b95982e1ba20f54b623e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CedricConday <cedric@conday.digital>
Date: Fri, 3 Jul 2026 10:53:28 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 11/13] test(ica): silence out-of-bounds event warning where
 tests feed full event file (gh-12989)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

test_warnings and test_n_components_none pass the complete event file against a
shorter/cropped raw, so some events fall past the data and are dropped — expected
here. Pass on_outside='ignore' at those call sites so the new default warning does
not trip warnings-as-errors. No behavior change to the tests' actual assertions.
---
 mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py
index 7ca5bfc31e3..a94b39220fc 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ def test_warnings():
     """Test that ICA warns on certain input data conditions."""
     raw = read_raw_fif(raw_fname).crop(0, 5).load_data()
     events = read_events(event_name)
-    epochs = Epochs(raw, events=events, baseline=None, preload=True)
+    epochs = Epochs(raw, events=events, baseline=None, preload=True, on_outside="ignore")
     ica = ICA(n_components=2, max_iter=1, method="infomax", random_state=0)
 
     # not high-passed
@@ -1348,6 +1348,7 @@ def test_eog_channel(method):
         baseline=None,
         preload=True,
         proj=False,
+        on_outside="ignore",
     )
     n_components = 0.9
     ica = ICA(n_components=n_components, method=method)

From ebdc19768fd5f648eca99c74ba511ec6e6bb74fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Jul 2026 11:44:13 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 12/13] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py
index a94b39220fc..ec53f214a7d 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py
@@ -188,7 +188,9 @@ def test_warnings():
     """Test that ICA warns on certain input data conditions."""
     raw = read_raw_fif(raw_fname).crop(0, 5).load_data()
     events = read_events(event_name)
-    epochs = Epochs(raw, events=events, baseline=None, preload=True, on_outside="ignore")
+    epochs = Epochs(
+        raw, events=events, baseline=None, preload=True, on_outside="ignore"
+    )
     ica = ICA(n_components=2, max_iter=1, method="infomax", random_state=0)
 
     # not high-passed

From b2333afce8c8f45433bc44d31c3b58d031047459 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cedric Conday <277679649+CedricConday@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Jul 2026 23:11:17 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 13/13] test(ica): silence out-of-bounds warning in
 test_n_components_none (gh-12989)

test_n_components_none crops raw to (1.5, stop) but reads the full event
file, so some events fall past the cropped data and are dropped as
expected. Pass on_outside='ignore' at that call site so the new default
warning does not trip warnings-as-errors. A prior commit fixed the two
sibling ICA tests but missed this one. Test-only; no behavior change.
---
 mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py | 10 +++++++++-
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py
index ec53f214a7d..4a67beffeb5 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py
@@ -1384,7 +1384,15 @@ def test_n_components_none(method, tmp_path):
     events = read_events(event_name)
     picks = pick_types(raw.info, eeg=True, meg=False)[::5]
     epochs = Epochs(
-        raw, events, event_id, tmin, tmax, picks=picks, baseline=(None, 0), preload=True
+        raw,
+        events,
+        event_id,
+        tmin,
+        tmax,
+        picks=picks,
+        baseline=(None, 0),
+        preload=True,
+        on_outside="ignore",
     )
 
     n_components = None