diff --git a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIBase.cpp b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIBase.cpp
index 65b271f14..762700935 100644
--- a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIBase.cpp
+++ b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIBase.cpp
@@ -8,23 +8,11 @@
 #include "ASIBase.h"
 
 ASIBase::ASIBase(MM::Device* device, const char* prefix) :
-	core_(nullptr),
 	device_(device),
-	port_("Undefined"),
-	initialized_(false),
-	oldstage_(false),
-	version_(Version()),
-	firmwareVersion_("Undefined"),
-	firmwareBuild_("Undefined"),
-	firmwareDate_("Undefined"),
-	oldstagePrefix_(prefix),
-	commandPrefix_(""),
-	serialTerm_("\r\n")
-{
+	oldstagePrefix_(prefix) {
 }
 
-ASIBase::~ASIBase()
-{
+ASIBase::~ASIBase() {
 }
 
 // Clear contents of serial port
@@ -105,8 +93,8 @@ int ASIBase::CheckDeviceStatus() {
 
 int ASIBase::GetVersion(std::string& version) const {
     std::string answer;
-    if (const int error = QueryCommand("V", answer)) {
-        return error;
+	if (const int status = QueryCommand("V", answer); status != DEVICE_OK) {
+        return status;
     }
     if (answer.size() > 16 && answer.compare(0, 2, ":A") == 0) {
         const size_t start = 16; // dash position
diff --git a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIBase.h b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIBase.h
index 5c5ef124b..7881448c6 100644
--- a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIBase.h
+++ b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIBase.h
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@
  *              Jon Daniels (jon@asiimaging.com)
  */
 
-#ifndef ASIBASE_H
-#define ASIBASE_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include "ASIStage.h"
 #include "MMDevice.h"
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@
 // New version format: ":A Version: USB-9.50 \r\n" (revision is a digit character: '0'-'9')
 class Version {
 public:
-	Version() : major_(0), minor_(0), rev_(0) { }
+	Version() = default;
 	explicit Version(unsigned int major, unsigned int minor, unsigned int rev)
 		: major_(major), minor_(minor), rev_(rev) { }
 
@@ -78,9 +77,9 @@ class Version {
 	}
 
 private:
-	unsigned int major_;
-	unsigned int minor_;
-	unsigned int rev_;
+	unsigned int major_ = 0;
+	unsigned int minor_ = 0;
+	unsigned int rev_ = 0;
 };
 
 // Note: concrete device classes deriving ASIBase must set core_ in Initialize()
@@ -111,22 +110,20 @@ class ASIBase {
 	static constexpr size_t SERIAL_RXBUFFER_SIZE = 2048;
 	static constexpr size_t CLEAR_BUFFER_SIZE = 255;
 
-	MM::Core* core_;
-	MM::Device* device_;
-	std::string port_;
+	MM::Core* core_ = nullptr;
+	MM::Device* device_ = nullptr;
+	std::string port_ = "Undefined";
 
-	bool initialized_;
-	bool oldstage_;
+	bool initialized_ = false;
+	bool oldstage_ = false;
 
-	Version version_;
-	std::string firmwareVersion_;
-	std::string firmwareBuild_;
-	std::string firmwareDate_;
+	Version version_{};
+	std::string firmwareVersion_ = "Undefined";
+	std::string firmwareBuild_ = "Undefined";
+	std::string firmwareDate_ = "Undefined";
 
-	// Stage-specific configuration
-	std::string oldstagePrefix_; // "1H" or "2H" for LX-4000 stages, empty string for MS-2000 stages
-	std::string commandPrefix_; // set to oldstagePrefix_ if oldstage_ is true, otherwise empty string
-	std::string serialTerm_; // changes if oldstage_ is true
+	// stage-specific configuration
+	std::string oldstagePrefix_{}; // "1H" or "2H" for LX-4000 stages, empty string for MS-2000 stages
+	std::string commandPrefix_{}; // set to oldstagePrefix_ if oldstage_ is true, otherwise empty string
+	std::string serialTerm_ = "\r\n"; // changes if oldstage_ is true
 };
-
-#endif // ASIBASE_H
diff --git a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASICRISP.cpp b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASICRISP.cpp
index f29a0f182..24f45c852 100644
--- a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASICRISP.cpp
+++ b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASICRISP.cpp
@@ -42,30 +42,14 @@ constexpr char SetLockOffset[] = "Set Lock Offset (Advanced Users Only)";
 namespace Props = Properties;
 } // namespace
 
-CRISP::CRISP() :
-	ASIBase(this, ""),
-	axisLetter_("Z"),
-	focusState_(""),
-	waitAfterLock_(1000),
-	answerTimeoutMs_(1000),
-	// init cached properties
-	gainMultiplier_(0),
-	ledIntensity_(0),
-	numAverages_(0),
-	numSkips_(0),
-	calibrationRange_(0),
-	inFocusRange_(0),
-	lockRange_(0),
-	objectiveNA_(0)
-{
+CRISP::CRISP() : ASIBase(this, "") {
 	InitializeDefaultErrorMessages();
 
 	SetErrorText(ERR_NOT_CALIBRATED, "CRISP is not calibrated. Try focusing close to a coverslip and selecting 'Calibrate'");
 	SetErrorText(ERR_UNRECOGNIZED_ANSWER, "The ASI controller said something incomprehensible");
 	SetErrorText(ERR_NOT_LOCKED, "The CRISP failed to lock");
 
-	// create pre-initialization properties
-	// ------------------------------------
+	// create pre-init properties
 
 	// Name
 	CreateProperty(MM::g_Keyword_Name, g_CRISPDeviceName, MM::String, true);
@@ -403,12 +387,11 @@ int CRISP::SetFocusState(const std::string& focusState) {
 		return DEVICE_OK;
 	}
 
-	if (const int error = ForceSetFocusState(focusState)) {
-		return error;
+	if (const int status = ForceSetFocusState(focusState); status != DEVICE_OK) {
+		return status;
 	}
 
 	focusState_ = focusState;
-
 	return DEVICE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -497,8 +480,8 @@ int CRISP::SetContinuousFocusing(bool state)
 
 // Update focusState_ from the controller and check if focus is locked or trying to lock ('F' or 'K' state).
 int CRISP::GetContinuousFocusing(bool& state) {
-	if (const int error = UpdateFocusState()) {
-		return error;
+	if (const int status = UpdateFocusState(); status != DEVICE_OK) {
+		return status;
 	}
 	state = (focusState_ == g_CRISP_K) || (focusState_ == g_CRISP_F);
 	return DEVICE_OK;
@@ -558,8 +541,8 @@ int CRISP::GetCurrentFocusScore(double& score) {
 
 int CRISP::GetValue(const std::string& command, double& value) {
 	std::string answer;
-	if (const int error = QueryCommand(command.c_str(), answer)) {
-		return error;
+	if (const int status = QueryCommand(command.c_str(), answer); status != DEVICE_OK) {
+		return status;
 	}
 
 	if (answer.length() > 2 && answer.compare(0, 2, ":N") == 0) {
@@ -584,8 +567,8 @@ int CRISP::GetValue(const std::string& command, double& value) {
 
 int CRISP::SetCommand(const std::string& command) {
 	std::string answer;
-	if (const int error = QueryCommand(command.c_str(), answer)) {
-		return error;
+	if (const int status = QueryCommand(command.c_str(), answer); status != DEVICE_OK) {
+		return status;
 	}
 	if (answer.compare(0, 2, ":A") == 0) {
 		return DEVICE_OK;
@@ -621,14 +604,14 @@ int CRISP::OnPort(MM::PropertyBase* pProp, MM::ActionType eAct)
 int CRISP::OnFocus(MM::PropertyBase* pProp, MM::ActionType eAct)
 {
 	if (eAct == MM::BeforeGet) {
-		if (const int error = UpdateFocusState()) {
-			return error;
+		if (const int status = UpdateFocusState(); status != DEVICE_OK) {
+			return status;
 		}
 		pProp->Set(focusState_.c_str());
 	} else if (eAct == MM::AfterSet) {
 		pProp->Get(focusState_);
-		if (const int error = SetFocusState(focusState_)) {
-			return error;
+		if (const int status = SetFocusState(focusState_); status != DEVICE_OK) {
+			return status;
 		}
 	}
 	return DEVICE_OK;
@@ -1016,8 +999,8 @@ void CRISP::CreateStateProperty() {
 		new MM::ActionLambda([this](MM::PropertyBase* pProp, MM::ActionType eAct) {
 			if (eAct == MM::BeforeGet) {
 				std::string answer;
-				if (const int error = QueryCommand("LK X?", answer)) {
-					return error;
+				if (const int status = QueryCommand("LK X?", answer); status != DEVICE_OK) {
+					return status;
 				}
 				const char* state = &answer[answer.size() - 1];
 				if (!pProp->Set(state)) {
@@ -1056,8 +1039,8 @@ void CRISP::CreateLockOffsetProperty() {
 		new MM::ActionLambda([this](MM::PropertyBase* pProp, MM::ActionType eAct) {
 			if (eAct == MM::BeforeGet) {
 				double offset; // Note: autofocus API requires double
-				if (const int error = GetOffset(offset)) {
-					return error;
+				if (const int status = GetOffset(offset); status != DEVICE_OK) {
+					return status;
 				}
 				// cast to long to match integer property
 				if (!pProp->Set(static_cast<long>(offset))) {
@@ -1174,8 +1157,8 @@ void CRISP::CreateLogAmpAGCProperty() {
 		new MM::ActionLambda([this](MM::PropertyBase* pProp, MM::ActionType eAct) {
 			if (eAct == MM::BeforeGet) {
 				double tmp{}; // Note: response is ":A X=1.000000", parse as double
-				if (const int error = GetValue("AL X?", tmp)) {
-					return error;
+				if (const int status = GetValue("AL X?", tmp); status != DEVICE_OK) {
+					return status;
 				}
 				// cast to long to match integer property
 				pProp->Set(static_cast<long>(tmp));
diff --git a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASICRISP.h b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASICRISP.h
index 9bba2e09a..e3957f4f6 100644
--- a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASICRISP.h
+++ b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASICRISP.h
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@
  *              Jon Daniels (jon@asiimaging.com)
  */
 
-#ifndef ASICRISP_H
-#define ASICRISP_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include "ASIBase.h"
 
@@ -87,24 +86,22 @@ class CRISP : public CAutoFocusBase<CRISP>, public ASIBase {
 	void CreateSetLogAmpAGCProperty();
 	void CreateSetLockOffsetProperty();
 
-	std::string axisLetter_;
-	std::string focusState_;
-	long waitAfterLock_;
+	std::string axisLetter_ = "Z"; // determined by pre-init property
+	std::string focusState_{};
 
-	int answerTimeoutMs_;
+	long waitAfterLock_ = 1000;
+	int answerTimeoutMs_ = 1000;
 
 	// cached properties
-	long gainMultiplier_;
-	long ledIntensity_;
-	long numAverages_;
-	long numSkips_; // update rate (milliseconds)
-	double calibrationRange_; // microns
-	double inFocusRange_; // microns
-	double lockRange_; // millimeters
-	double objectiveNA_;
+	long gainMultiplier_ = 0;
+	long ledIntensity_ = 0;
+	long numAverages_ = 0;
+	long numSkips_ = 0; // update rate (milliseconds)
+	double calibrationRange_ = 0; // microns
+	double inFocusRange_ = 0; // microns
+	double lockRange_ = 0; // millimeters
+	double objectiveNA_ = 0;
 
 	static constexpr int SIZE_OF_FC_ARRAY = 24;
-	std::string focusCurveData_[SIZE_OF_FC_ARRAY];
+	std::string focusCurveData_[SIZE_OF_FC_ARRAY]{};
 };
-
-#endif // ASICRISP_H
diff --git a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASILED.cpp b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASILED.cpp
index f5d9d4997..c36d03969 100644
--- a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASILED.cpp
+++ b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASILED.cpp
@@ -7,20 +7,10 @@
 
 #include "ASILED.h"
 
-LED::LED() :
-	ASIBase(this, ""),
-	open_(false),
-	intensity_(20),
-	name_("LED"),
-	answerTimeoutMs_(1000),
-	channel_(0),
-	channelAxisChar_('X'),
-	hasDLED_(false)
-{
+LED::LED() : ASIBase(this, "") {
 	InitializeDefaultErrorMessages();
 
-	// create pre-initialization properties
-	// ------------------------------------
+	// create pre-init properties
 
 	// Name
 	CreateProperty(MM::g_Keyword_Name, g_LEDDeviceName, MM::String, true);
@@ -51,7 +41,6 @@ void LED::GetName(char* name) const
 	CDeviceUtils::CopyLimitedString(name, g_LEDDeviceName);
 }
 
-
 bool LED::SupportsDeviceDetection()
 {
 	return true;
diff --git a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASILED.h b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASILED.h
index c134de0de..16a966d91 100644
--- a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASILED.h
+++ b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASILED.h
@@ -5,13 +5,11 @@
  *              Jon Daniels (jon@asiimaging.com)
  */
 
-#ifndef ASILED_H
-#define ASILED_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include "ASIBase.h"
 
-class LED : public CShutterBase<LED>, public ASIBase
-{
+class LED : public CShutterBase<LED>, public ASIBase {
 public:
 	LED();
 	~LED();
@@ -40,13 +38,13 @@ class LED : public CShutterBase<LED>, public ASIBase
 	int IsOpen(bool* open); // queries the device rather than using a cached value
 	int CurrentIntensity(long* intensity); // queries the device rather than using a cached value
 
-	bool open_;
-	long intensity_;
-	std::string name_;
-	int answerTimeoutMs_;
-	long channel_;
-	char channelAxisChar_;
-	bool hasDLED_;
-};
+	std::string name_ = "LED";
+	long channel_ = 0;
+	char channelAxisChar_ = 'X';
+
+	bool open_ = false;
+	bool hasDLED_ = false;
 
-#endif // ASILED_H
+	long intensity_ = 20;
+	int answerTimeoutMs_ = 1000;
+};
diff --git a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIMagnifier.cpp b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIMagnifier.cpp
index 6c22f4f1d..8259eaf04 100644
--- a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIMagnifier.cpp
+++ b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIMagnifier.cpp
@@ -7,15 +7,10 @@
 
 #include "ASIMagnifier.h"
 
-Magnifier::Magnifier() :
-    ASIBase(this, ""),
-    axis_("M"), // normally the zoom axis is the M axis
-    answerTimeoutMs_(1000)
-{
+Magnifier::Magnifier() : ASIBase(this, "") {
     InitializeDefaultErrorMessages();
 
-    // create pre-initialization properties
-    // ------------------------------------
+    // create pre-init properties
 
     // Name
     CreateProperty(MM::g_Keyword_Name, g_MagnifierDeviceName, MM::String, true);
@@ -110,12 +105,8 @@ int Magnifier::Initialize()
     return DEVICE_OK;
 }
 
-int Magnifier::Shutdown()
-{
-    if (initialized_)
-    {
-        initialized_ = false;
-    }
+int Magnifier::Shutdown() {
+    initialized_ = false;
     return DEVICE_OK;
 }
 
diff --git a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIMagnifier.h b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIMagnifier.h
index 9704f5726..dd58155da 100644
--- a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIMagnifier.h
+++ b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIMagnifier.h
@@ -5,13 +5,11 @@
  *              Jon Daniels (jon@asiimaging.com)
  */
 
-#ifndef ASIMAGNIFIER_H
-#define ASIMAGNIFIER_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include "ASIBase.h"
 
-class Magnifier : public CMagnifierBase<Magnifier>, public ASIBase
-{
+class Magnifier : public CMagnifierBase<Magnifier>, public ASIBase {
 public:
     Magnifier();
     ~Magnifier();
@@ -38,8 +36,6 @@ class Magnifier : public CMagnifierBase<Magnifier>, public ASIBase
 private:
     int SetMagnification(double mag);
 
-    std::string axis_;
-    int answerTimeoutMs_;
+    std::string axis_ = "M"; // normally the zoom axis is the M axis
+    int answerTimeoutMs_ = 1000;
 };
-
-#endif // ASIMAGNIFIER_H
diff --git a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIStage.h b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIStage.h
index 30deeb993..389680500 100644
--- a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIStage.h
+++ b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIStage.h
@@ -10,8 +10,7 @@
 // Modified by Nico Stuurman, 12/2007
 // Refactored by Brandon Simpson, 3/2022
 
-#ifndef ASISTAGE_H
-#define ASISTAGE_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include "MMDevice.h"
 #include "DeviceBase.h"
@@ -82,4 +81,3 @@ const char* const g_CRISP_Unknown = "Unknown";
 MM::DeviceDetectionStatus ASIDetectDevice(MM::Device& device, MM::Core& core, const std::string& port, double answerTimeoutMs);
 void LogDeviceError(MM::Device& device, MM::Core& core, int errorCode);
 
-#endif // ASISTAGE_H
diff --git a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIStateDevice.cpp b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIStateDevice.cpp
index 65532de78..93c6db13a 100644
--- a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIStateDevice.cpp
+++ b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIStateDevice.cpp
@@ -7,17 +7,10 @@
 
 #include "ASIStateDevice.h"
 
-StateDevice::StateDevice() :
-	ASIBase(this, ""),
-	numPos_(4),
-	axis_("F"),
-	position_(0),
-	answerTimeoutMs_(1000)
-{
+StateDevice::StateDevice() : ASIBase(this, "") {
 	InitializeDefaultErrorMessages();
 
-	// create pre-initialization properties
-	// ------------------------------------
+	// create pre-init properties
 
 	// Name
 	CreateProperty(MM::g_Keyword_Name, g_StateDeviceName, MM::String, true);
@@ -144,12 +137,8 @@ int StateDevice::Initialize()
 	return DEVICE_OK;
 }
 
-int StateDevice::Shutdown()
-{
-	if (initialized_)
-	{
-		initialized_ = false;
-	}
+int StateDevice::Shutdown() {
+	initialized_ = false;
 	return DEVICE_OK;
 }
 
diff --git a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIStateDevice.h b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIStateDevice.h
index dc80b206b..327c0aaf9 100644
--- a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIStateDevice.h
+++ b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIStateDevice.h
@@ -5,13 +5,11 @@
  *              Jon Daniels (jon@asiimaging.com)
  */
 
-#ifndef ASISTATEDEVICE_H
-#define ASISTATEDEVICE_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include "ASIBase.h"
 
-class StateDevice : public CStateDeviceBase<StateDevice>, public ASIBase
-{
+class StateDevice : public CStateDeviceBase<StateDevice>, public ASIBase {
 public:
 	StateDevice();
 	~StateDevice();
@@ -34,10 +32,8 @@ class StateDevice : public CStateDeviceBase<StateDevice>, public ASIBase
 private:
 	int UpdateCurrentPosition();
 
-	long numPos_;
-	std::string axis_;
-	long position_;
-	double answerTimeoutMs_;
+	std::string axis_ = "F";
+	long numPos_ = 4;
+	long position_ = 0;
+	double answerTimeoutMs_ = 1000;
 };
-
-#endif // ASISTATEDEVICE_H
diff --git a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASITIRF.cpp b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASITIRF.cpp
index 4f4cf4bff..c8b791bf7 100644
--- a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASITIRF.cpp
+++ b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASITIRF.cpp
@@ -7,17 +7,10 @@
 
 #include "ASITIRF.h"
 
-TIRF::TIRF() :
-    ASIBase(this, ""),
-    axis_("F"), // normally the TIRF axis is the F axis
-    answerTimeoutMs_(1000),
-    scaleFactor_(1),
-    unitFactor_(10000)
-{
+TIRF::TIRF() : ASIBase(this, "") {
     InitializeDefaultErrorMessages();
 
-    // create pre-initialization properties
-    // ------------------------------------
+    // create pre-init properties
 
     // Name
     CreateProperty(MM::g_Keyword_Name, g_TIRFDeviceName, MM::String, true);
@@ -115,12 +108,8 @@ int TIRF::Initialize()
     return DEVICE_OK;
 }
 
-int TIRF::Shutdown()
-{
-    if (initialized_)
-    {
-        initialized_ = false;
-    }
+int TIRF::Shutdown() {
+    initialized_ = false;
     return DEVICE_OK;
 }
 
diff --git a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASITIRF.h b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASITIRF.h
index db724091b..7748ee570 100644
--- a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASITIRF.h
+++ b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASITIRF.h
@@ -5,13 +5,11 @@
  *              Jon Daniels (jon@asiimaging.com)
  */
 
-#ifndef ASITIRF_H
-#define ASITIRF_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include "ASIBase.h"
 
-class TIRF : public CGenericBase<TIRF>, public ASIBase
-{
+class TIRF : public CGenericBase<TIRF>, public ASIBase {
 public:
     TIRF();
     ~TIRF();
@@ -38,10 +36,8 @@ class TIRF : public CGenericBase<TIRF>, public ASIBase
     int SetAngle(double angle);
     double GetAngle();
 
-    std::string axis_;
-    int answerTimeoutMs_;
-    double scaleFactor_;
-    double unitFactor_;
+    std::string axis_ = "F"; // normally the TIRF axis is the F axis
+    int answerTimeoutMs_ = 1000;
+    double scaleFactor_ = 1;
+    double unitFactor_ = 10000;
 };
-
-#endif // ASITIRF_H
diff --git a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASITurret.cpp b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASITurret.cpp
index db69206d2..969a70c86 100644
--- a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASITurret.cpp
+++ b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASITurret.cpp
@@ -7,15 +7,10 @@
 
 #include "ASITurret.h"
 
-AZ100Turret::AZ100Turret() :
-	ASIBase(this, ""),
-	numPos_(4),
-	position_(0)
-{
+AZ100Turret::AZ100Turret() : ASIBase(this, "") {
 	InitializeDefaultErrorMessages();
 
-	// create pre-initialization properties
-	// ------------------------------------
+	// create pre-init properties
 
 	// Name
 	CreateProperty(MM::g_Keyword_Name, g_AZ100TurretName, MM::String, true);
@@ -109,12 +104,8 @@ int AZ100Turret::Initialize()
 	return DEVICE_OK;
 }
 
-int AZ100Turret::Shutdown()
-{
-	if (initialized_)
-	{
-		initialized_ = false;
-	}
+int AZ100Turret::Shutdown() {
+	initialized_ = false;
 	return DEVICE_OK;
 }
 
diff --git a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASITurret.h b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASITurret.h
index 0f1ee0361..473ba461c 100644
--- a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASITurret.h
+++ b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASITurret.h
@@ -5,13 +5,11 @@
  *              Jon Daniels (jon@asiimaging.com)
  */
 
-#ifndef ASITURRET_H
-#define ASITURRET_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include "ASIBase.h"
 
-class AZ100Turret : public CStateDeviceBase<AZ100Turret>, public ASIBase
-{
+class AZ100Turret : public CStateDeviceBase<AZ100Turret>, public ASIBase {
 public:
 	AZ100Turret();
 	~AZ100Turret();
@@ -28,9 +26,6 @@ class AZ100Turret : public CStateDeviceBase<AZ100Turret>, public ASIBase
 	int OnPort(MM::PropertyBase* pProp, MM::ActionType eAct);
 
 private:
-	MM::MMTime changedTime_;
-	long numPos_;
-	long position_;
+	long numPos_ = 4;
+	long position_ = 0;
 };
-
-#endif // ASITURRET_H
diff --git a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIXYStage.cpp b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIXYStage.cpp
index 6af8b5b2f..ea0653e46 100644
--- a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIXYStage.cpp
+++ b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIXYStage.cpp
@@ -7,37 +7,10 @@
 
 #include "ASIXYStage.h"
 
-XYStage::XYStage() :
-	ASIBase(this, "2H"), // LX-4000 prefix
-	axisletterX_("X"),
-	axisletterY_("Y"),
-	stepSizeXUm_(0.0),
-	stepSizeYUm_(0.0),
-	maxSpeed_(7.5),
-	ASISerialUnit_(10.0),
-	motorOn_(true),
-	joyStickSpeedFast_(60),
-	joyStickSpeedSlow_(5),
-	joyStickMirror_(false),
-	nrMoveRepetitions_(0),
-	answerTimeoutMs_(1000),
-	stopSignal_(false),
-	serialOnlySendChanged_(true),
-	manualSerialAnswer_(""),
-	advancedPropsEnabled_(false),
-	// init cached properties
-	acceleration_(0),
-	waitCycles_(0),
-	speed_(0),
-	backlash_(0),
-	error_(0),
-	finishError_(0),
-	overShoot_(0)
-{
+XYStage::XYStage() : ASIBase(this, "2H") { // "2H" is the LX-4000 prefix
 	InitializeDefaultErrorMessages();
 
-	// create pre-initialization properties
-	// ------------------------------------
+	// create pre-init properties
 
 	// Name
 	CreateProperty(MM::g_Keyword_Name, g_XYStageDeviceName, MM::String, true);
@@ -287,12 +260,8 @@ int XYStage::Initialize()
 	return DEVICE_OK;
 }
 
-int XYStage::Shutdown()
-{
-	if (initialized_)
-	{
-		initialized_ = false;
-	}
+int XYStage::Shutdown() {
+	initialized_ = false;
 	return DEVICE_OK;
 }
 
diff --git a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIXYStage.h b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIXYStage.h
index 9555828ca..d9a54c380 100644
--- a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIXYStage.h
+++ b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIXYStage.h
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@
  *              Jon Daniels (jon@asiimaging.com)
  */
 
-#ifndef ASIXYSTAGE_H
-#define ASIXYSTAGE_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include "ASIBase.h"
 
@@ -89,30 +88,28 @@ class XYStage : public CXYStageBase<XYStage>, public ASIBase
 	int OnVectorY(MM::PropertyBase* pProp, MM::ActionType eAct) { return OnVectorGeneric(pProp, eAct, axisletterY_); }
 
 
-	std::string axisletterX_;
-	std::string axisletterY_;
-	double stepSizeXUm_;
-	double stepSizeYUm_;
-	double maxSpeed_;
-	double ASISerialUnit_; // this variable converts the floating point number provided by ASI (in 10ths of microns) into a long
-	bool motorOn_;
-	int joyStickSpeedFast_;
-	int joyStickSpeedSlow_;
-	bool joyStickMirror_;
-	long nrMoveRepetitions_;
-	double answerTimeoutMs_;
-	bool stopSignal_;
-	bool serialOnlySendChanged_; // if true the serial command is only sent when it has changed
-	std::string manualSerialAnswer_; // last answer received when the SerialCommand property was used
-	bool advancedPropsEnabled_;
+	std::string axisletterX_ = "X";
+	std::string axisletterY_ = "Y";
+	double stepSizeXUm_= 0.0;
+	double stepSizeYUm_ = 0.0;
+	double maxSpeed_ = 7.5;
+	double ASISerialUnit_ = 10.0; // this variable converts the floating point number provided by ASI (in 10ths of microns) into a long
+	bool motorOn_ = true;
+	int joyStickSpeedFast_ = 60;
+	int joyStickSpeedSlow_ = 5;
+	bool joyStickMirror_ = false;
+	long nrMoveRepetitions_ = 0;
+	double answerTimeoutMs_ = 1000;
+	bool stopSignal_ = false;
+	bool serialOnlySendChanged_ = true; // if true the serial command is only sent when it has changed
+	std::string manualSerialAnswer_{}; // last answer received when the SerialCommand property was used
+	bool advancedPropsEnabled_ = false;
 	// cached properties
-	long acceleration_;
-	long waitCycles_;
-	double speed_;
-	double backlash_;
-	double error_;
-	double finishError_;
-	double overShoot_;
+	long acceleration_ = 0;
+	long waitCycles_ = 0;
+	double speed_ = 0;
+	double backlash_ = 0;
+	double error_ = 0;
+	double finishError_ = 0;
+	double overShoot_ = 0;
 };
-
-#endif // ASIXYSTAGE_H
diff --git a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIZStage.cpp b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIZStage.cpp
index 6d6e14185..93486f823 100644
--- a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIZStage.cpp
+++ b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIZStage.cpp
@@ -7,36 +7,10 @@
 
 #include "ASIZStage.h"
 
-ZStage::ZStage() :
-    ASIBase(this, "1H"), // LX-4000 prefix
-    axis_("Z"),
-    axisNr_(4),
-    stepSizeUm_(0.1),
-    answerTimeoutMs_(1000),
-    sequenceable_(false),
-    runningFastSequence_(false),
-    hasRingBuffer_(false),
-    nrEvents_(0),
-    curSteps_(0),
-    maxSpeed_(7.5),
-    motorOn_(true),
-    supportsLinearSequence_(false),
-    linearSequenceIntervalUm_(0.0),
-    linearSequenceLength_(0),
-    linearSequenceTimeoutMs_(10000),
-    // init cached properties
-    speed_(0),
-    waitCycles_(0),
-    backlash_(0),
-    error_(0),
-    acceleration_(0),
-    finishError_(0),
-    overShoot_(0)
-{
+ZStage::ZStage() : ASIBase(this, "1H") { // "1H" is the LX-4000 prefix
     InitializeDefaultErrorMessages();
 
-    // create pre-initialization properties
-    // ------------------------------------
+    // create pre-init properties
 
     // Name
     CreateProperty(MM::g_Keyword_Name, g_ZStageDeviceName, MM::String, true);
@@ -280,12 +254,8 @@ int ZStage::Initialize()
     return DEVICE_OK;
 }
 
-int ZStage::Shutdown()
-{
-    if (initialized_)
-    {
-        initialized_ = false;
-    }
+int ZStage::Shutdown() {
+    initialized_ = false;
     return DEVICE_OK;
 }
 
diff --git a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIZStage.h b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIZStage.h
index f9a5cfefe..e7f2f7054 100644
--- a/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIZStage.h
+++ b/DeviceAdapters/ASIStage/ASIZStage.h
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@
  *              Jon Daniels (jon@asiimaging.com)
  */
 
-#ifndef ASIZSTAGE_H
-#define ASIZSTAGE_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include "ASIBase.h"
 
@@ -83,30 +82,28 @@ class ZStage : public CStageBase<ZStage>, public ASIBase
 	bool HasCommand(const std::string& command);
 	int OnVector(MM::PropertyBase* pProp, MM::ActionType eAct);
 
-	std::vector<double> sequence_;
-	std::string axis_;
-	unsigned int axisNr_;
-	double stepSizeUm_;
-	double answerTimeoutMs_;
-	bool sequenceable_;
-	bool runningFastSequence_;
-	bool hasRingBuffer_;
-	long nrEvents_;
-	long curSteps_;
-	double maxSpeed_;
-	bool motorOn_;
-	bool supportsLinearSequence_;
-	double linearSequenceIntervalUm_;
-	long linearSequenceLength_;
-	long linearSequenceTimeoutMs_;
+	std::vector<double> sequence_{};
+	std::string axis_ = "Z";
+	unsigned int axisNr_ = 4;
+	double stepSizeUm_ = 0.1;
+	double answerTimeoutMs_ = 1000;
+	bool sequenceable_ = false;
+	bool runningFastSequence_ = false;
+	bool hasRingBuffer_ = false;
+	long nrEvents_ = 0;
+	long curSteps_ = 0;
+	double maxSpeed_ = 7.5;
+	bool motorOn_ = true;
+	bool supportsLinearSequence_ = false;
+	double linearSequenceIntervalUm_ = 0.0;
+	long linearSequenceLength_ = 0;
+	long linearSequenceTimeoutMs_ = 10000;
 	// cached properties
-	double speed_;
-	long waitCycles_;
-	double backlash_;
-	double error_;
-	long acceleration_;
-	double finishError_;
-	double overShoot_;
+	double speed_ = 0;
+	long waitCycles_ = 0;
+	double backlash_ = 0;
+	double error_ = 0;
+	long acceleration_ = 0;
+	double finishError_ = 0;
+	double overShoot_ = 0;
 };
-
-#endif // ASIZSTAGE_H