diff --git a/components/screens/HistoryStackScreen/HistoryScreen.tsx b/components/screens/HistoryStackScreen/HistoryScreen.tsx
index 7e908da..3c2be06 100644
--- a/components/screens/HistoryStackScreen/HistoryScreen.tsx
+++ b/components/screens/HistoryStackScreen/HistoryScreen.tsx
@@ -123,30 +123,6 @@ const HistoryScreen = () => {
     );
   }
 
-  if (flashcards.length === 0) {
-    return (
-      <BackgroundView>
-        <RefreshableScrollView
-          refreshing={refreshing}
-          onRefresh={handleRefresh}
-          contentContainerStyle={tw`flex-1 justify-center items-center p-5`}
-        >
-          <Text style={tw`text-xl mb-8 text-center px-4 ${theme.classes.textPrimary}`}>{t('no_flashcards_added')}</Text>
-          <Button
-            mode="contained"
-            onPress={() => navigation.reset({
-              index: 0,
-              routes: [{ name: 'Main', params: { screen: 'Read' } }],
-            })}
-            style={tw`bg-purple-600`}
-          >
-            <Text style={tw`text-white`}>{t('go_to_readings')}</Text>
-          </Button>
-        </RefreshableScrollView>
-      </BackgroundView>
-    );
-  }
-
   const handleDeleteFlashcard = async (id: string) => {
     await deleteFlashcard(id);
     setFlashcards(prevFlashcards => prevFlashcards.filter(card => card.id !== id));
@@ -179,6 +155,11 @@ const HistoryScreen = () => {
           </View>
         </Button>
         <View style={tw`pb-10`}>
+          {flashcards.length === 0 ?
+            <View style={tw`pt-20`}>
+              <Text style={tw`text-xl mb-8 text-center px-4 ${theme.classes.textPrimary}`}>{t('no_flashcards_added')}</Text>
+            </View>
+          : null}
           {sortedDates.map(date => (
             <View key={date} style={tw`mb-5`}>
               <Text style={tw`text-base font-medium mb-3 ${theme.classes.textPrimary}`}>{date}:</Text>
diff --git a/components/screens/ReadStackScreen/ReadingScreen.tsx b/components/screens/ReadStackScreen/ReadingScreen.tsx
index 3d22bf4..f4a9559 100644
--- a/components/screens/ReadStackScreen/ReadingScreen.tsx
+++ b/components/screens/ReadStackScreen/ReadingScreen.tsx
@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@ import { LanguageContext } from '../../../contexts/LanguageContext';
 import { ActivityIndicator } from 'react-native-paper';
 import { getWordTimeStamps } from '../../../services/whisper';
 import { useTranslation } from 'react-i18next';
-import { useHardestWord } from '../../../services/chatGpt';
+import { translatePassage, useHardestWord } from '../../../services/chatGpt';
+import RomanizeButton from '../../RomanizeButton';
 
 type ReadingScreenRouteProp = RouteProp<RootStackParamList, 'Reading'>;
 
@@ -37,7 +38,11 @@ const ReadingScreen: React.FC<Props> = ({ route }) => {
   const [pausedToOpenDefinition, setPausedToOpenDefinition] = useState(false);
   const [flashingWordIndex, setFlashingWordIndex] = useState<number | null>(null);
 
-  const { targetLanguage } = useContext(LanguageContext);
+  const [translationVisible, setTranslationVisible] = useState<boolean>(false);
+  const [translationLoading, setTranslationLoading] = useState<boolean>(false);
+  const [translation, setTranslation] = useState<string>();
+
+  const { targetLanguage, nativeLanguage } = useContext(LanguageContext);
 
   const { 
     pauseAudio, 
@@ -102,6 +107,24 @@ const ReadingScreen: React.FC<Props> = ({ route }) => {
     }
   }, [audioFile, reading, wordTimestamps, duration]);
 
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const fetchTranslation = async () => {
+      if (!reading?.passage) return
+      setTranslationLoading(true)
+      const translation = await translatePassage({
+        passage: reading.passage,
+        language: targetLanguage,
+        translateTo: nativeLanguage,
+      });
+      console.log('translation: ', translation)
+      setTranslation(translation ?? undefined);
+      setTranslationLoading(false)
+    };
+    if (!translation) {
+      fetchTranslation();
+    }
+  }, [reading?.passage]);
+
   useEffect(() => {
     if (wordTimestamps) {
       const interval = setInterval(() => {
@@ -177,7 +200,18 @@ const ReadingScreen: React.FC<Props> = ({ route }) => {
   return (
     <View style={tw`flex-1 ${theme.classes.backgroundPrimary} px-5`}>
       <ScrollView style={tw`flex-1 px-5 pt-20`}>
-        <Text style={tw`text-2xl mb-4 ${theme.classes.textPrimary}`}>{reading.title}</Text>
+        <View style={tw`flex flex-row justify-between items-start`}>
+          <Text style={tw`text-2xl mb-4 ${theme.classes.textPrimary}`}>
+            {reading.title}
+          </Text>
+          {translationVisible && translationLoading ?
+            <ActivityIndicator size="small" color={theme.colors.purplePrimary} />
+          : <RomanizeButton show={!translationVisible} onPress={() => setTranslationVisible(!translationVisible)}/> }
+        </View>
+        { translationVisible ? 
+          <Text>{translation}</Text> 
+        : null}
+          
         <View style={tw`mb-60`}>
           {passage.split('\n').map((line, index) => (
             <ParagraphComponent
diff --git a/components/screens/ReadStackScreen/components/WordComponent.tsx b/components/screens/ReadStackScreen/components/WordComponent.tsx
index 45f7fd6..8febe80 100644
--- a/components/screens/ReadStackScreen/components/WordComponent.tsx
+++ b/components/screens/ReadStackScreen/components/WordComponent.tsx
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ const WordComponent: React.FC<Props> = ({
   }, [isFlashing]);
 
   const color = isHighlighted ? `text-[${theme.colors.tomato}]` : theme.classes.textPrimary;
-  const backgroundColor = flash ? 'bg-purple-300' : 'transparent';
+  const backgroundColor = flash ? 'bg-purple-300' : '';
 
   return (
     <View key={`${word}-${paragraphIndex}-${wordIndex}`} style={tw`flex-row`}>
diff --git a/services/chatGpt.ts b/services/chatGpt.ts
index ade6ba6..5f293a4 100644
--- a/services/chatGpt.ts
+++ b/services/chatGpt.ts
@@ -295,3 +295,33 @@ export async function useHardestWord(passage: string) {
     throw error;
   }
 }
+
+
+export async function translatePassage({
+  passage,
+  language,
+  translateTo,
+}: {
+  passage: string
+  language: LanguageCode
+  translateTo: LanguageCode
+}) {
+  try {
+    const response = await openai.chat.completions.create({
+      model: "gpt-4o-mini",
+      messages: [
+        { 
+          role: "user", 
+          content: 
+            `Translate the follow ${language} passage into ${translateTo}: \n\n${passage}. Only respond with the translated passage.` }
+      ],
+      temperature: 0.7,
+      n: 1
+    });
+
+    return response.choices[0].message.content
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error('Error getting hardest word:', error);
+    throw error;
+  }
+}