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Restructuring lectures.
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‎notes/courses/LING-UA-1/01-intro.md‎

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---
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title: 01 – What is Language
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title: What is Language
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date: 2025-05-19
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---
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notes/courses/LING-UA-1/02-phonetics.md renamed to notes/courses/LING-UA-1/02-03-phonetics.md

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---
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title: 02 – Phonetics
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date: 2025-05-20
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title: Phonetics
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date: 2025-05-20/21
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---
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# Phonetics
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- Glides
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- Semi-vowels, very vowel-like.
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**Describe: Voicing, place, manner**
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**Describe: Voicing, place, manner**
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## Vowels
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**Bold** = tense, *italic* = lax
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| Height | Front | Central | Back |
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| :------: | :---------: | :-----: | :---------: |
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| **High** | **i** / *ɪ* | | *ʊ* / **u** |
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| **Mid** | **e** / *ɛ* | *ə* | *ɔ* / **o** |
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| **Low** | *æ* | *ʌ* | **a** |
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### What are vowels?
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- Relative to consonants.
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### Three features to describe vowels
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- Tongue height
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- Tongue backness/frontness
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- Roundedness (Are lips are being rounded or not?)
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#### Monophthongs vs. Diphthongs
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- Monophthongs [^1] for one syllable.
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- Diphthongs [^2] for two put together
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## Acoustics and perception
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- Periodic sounds: Vowels
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- Non-periodic sounds: Fricatives
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- Frequency - Pitch
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- Amplitude - Loudness
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- Formants
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[^1]: Mono-
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[^2]: Di-

‎notes/courses/LING-UA-1/03-phonetics.md‎

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notes/courses/LING-UA-1/04-phonology.md renamed to notes/courses/LING-UA-1/04-05-phonology.md

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---
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title: 04 – Phonology
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date: 2025-05-22
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title: Phonology
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date: 2025-05-22/27
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---
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# Phonology
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To determine the minimal distinguishing feature between two sounds.
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- Continuants vs. Noncontinuants
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- Obstruents vs. Sonorants
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- Sibilants.
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- Sibilants.
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## Phonological Rules
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Human have the tendency to increase the place of articulation.
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Some common phonological processes:
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- **Assimilation**: two nearby sounds become more similar.
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- Ex. In English, nasals undergo assimilation
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- Plurals have the same process (classification with sibilant and voicing)
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- **Dissimilation**: two nearby sounds become more different.
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- **Insertion** (epenthesis) : Adding a phone.
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- **Deletion**: An underlying phoneme is removed when pronouncing a word. (Some rules govern these behaviours)
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- **Metathesis**: Two sounds are switched.

‎notes/courses/LING-UA-1/05-phonology.md‎

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notes/courses/LING-UA-1/06-morphology.md renamed to notes/courses/LING-UA-1/06-07-morphology.md

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title: 06 - Morphology
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date: 2025-05-28
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title: Morphology
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date: 2025-05-28/29
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# Morphology
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## Different types of words
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Content words (open class words):
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- Nouns
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- Verbs
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- Adjectives
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- Adverbs
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Function words (close class words):
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- Conjunctions
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- Prepositions
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- Articles
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- Pronoun
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## What is morphology?
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Study of morphemes, smallest meaningful units in language.
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Perform morphological analysis to identify morphemes.
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Identify **recurring forms** with **recurring meanings**.
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## Different types of words
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Content words (open class words):
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- Nouns
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- Verbs
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- Adjectives
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- Adverbs
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Function words (close class words):
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- Conjunctions
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- Prepositions
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- Articles
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- Pronoun
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## Word Building
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### How languages build words
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- **Non-concatenative** morphology build words by modifying a root. (Semitic languages)
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- **Concatenative** morphology build words by attaching affixes to a root
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- **Agglutination** is when each affix attaches to a root seemingly one-by-one. (undrinkable)
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- **Fusion** is when affixes seem to fuse together before attaching to a root. (The man walks)
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### Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes
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- **Derivational** morphemes create new words with a different meaning and may change the grammatical category.
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- A word may contain multiple derivational affixes.
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- *Class-changing*
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- *Class-maintaining*
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- **Inflectional** morphemes convey grammatical information (e.g., tense, number, person) and never change the grammatical category of the stem. The number of inflectional morphemes in English is limited.
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- Inflectional morphemes can apply to almost all words of the appropriate category (they are *productive*). They are always applied *after* any derivational morphemes.
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- All inflectional morphemes are class maintaining.
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### Multiple affix problem
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- In English, affixes have rules about what word class they attach to and what word class they create.
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- Sometimes affixes can be attached to more than one word class.
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- In these cases the meaning of the affixes are related
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- When more than one affix is involved, there is a order of derivation.
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### Building morphology trees
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- Represent word internal structures as hierarchical trees
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- Features:
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- Binary-branching
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- Labelling each node with the grammatical category
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- **Each level must be a well-formed word**.

‎notes/courses/LING-UA-1/index.json‎

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[
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{
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"slug": "01-intro",
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"title": "01 - What is Language",
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"title": "What is Language",
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"date": "2025-05-19"
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},
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{
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"slug": "02-phonetics",
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"title": "02 - Phonetics",
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"date": "2025-05-20"
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"slug": "02-03-phonetics",
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"title": "Phonetics",
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"date": "2025-05-20/21"
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},
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{
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"slug": "03-phonetics",
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"title": "03 - Phonetics",
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"date": "2025-05-21"
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"slug": "04-05-phonology",
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"title": "Phonology",
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"date": "2025-05-22/27"
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},
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{
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"slug": "04-phonology",
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"title": "04 - Phonology",
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"date": "2025-05-22"
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},
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{
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"slug": "05-phonology",
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"title": "05 - Phonology",
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"date": "2025-05-27"
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},
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{
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"slug": "06-morphology",
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"title": "06 - Morphology",
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"date": "2025-05-28"
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"slug": "06-07-morphology",
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"title": "Morphology",
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"date": "2025-05-28/29"
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}
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]

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