Add 04-phonology.md

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notes/courses/LING-UA-1/02-phonetics.md

@@ -76,10 +76,10 @@ Three key features:
 **Describe: Voicing, place, manner**
 
 ## Natural Classes
-|              | **Obstruent** | **Sonorant** | **Noncontinuant** | **Approximant** | **Sibilant** |
-| :----------: | :-----------: | :----------: | :---------------: | :-------------: | :----------: |
-|     Stop     |       x       |              |         x         |                 |              |
-|   Affricate  |       x       |              |         x         |                 |       x      |
-|   Fricative  |       x       |              |                   |                 |       x      |
-|     Nasal    |               |       x      |         x         |                 |              |
-|  Approximant |               |       x      |                   |        x        |              |
+|              | **Obstruent** | **Sonorant** | **Noncontinuant** | **Continuant** | **Sibilant** |
+| :----------: | :-----------: | :----------: | :---------------: | :------------: | :----------: |
+|     Stop     |       x       |              |         x         |                |              |
+|   Affricate  |       x       |              |         x         |                |       x      |
+|   Fricative  |       x       |              |                   |       x        |       x      |
+|     Nasal    |               |       x      |         x         |                |              |
+|  Approximant |               |       x      |                   |       x        |              |

notes/courses/LING-UA-1/04-phonology.md

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+---
+title: 04 – Phonology
+date: 2025-05-22
+---
+
+# Phonology
+## Phones, Phonemes, Allophones
+
+Phones: basic unit of speech sound, concrete, what we hear.
+
+Two languages may use the same tone, but used differently.
+- Difference between the **underlying sound** and how it is **phonetically realized**.
+
+Checking for minimal pairs
+- determining whether two phones are different.
+
+Word pair where everything is identical except for a sound is called a minimal pair.
+
+### Type of distribution
+
+#### Contrastive distribution
+There is a minimal pair
+
+#### Complementary distribution
+If there are no minimal pairs, it is not contrastive. That they are is a complementary distribution, meaning:
+- they are used in different phonological contexts
+
+#### Free Variation
+can occur in the same context, but do not result in a contrast in meaning.
+
+### Introducing the phoneme
+
+Two sounds are in complementary distribution
+They represent the same underlying sounds
+
+i.e. smallest contrastive unit
+
+#### Phonemes are not universal
+Different ways to pronounce the phonemes are called allophones.
+Phonemes and their allophones are language-specific.
+
+one phone can be an allophone of more than one phoneme (Sounds like some type of polymorphism to me)
+
+## Phonotactics
+- How languages differ in their phonemic inventory.
+- Differ how they use phonemes.
+
+How phonemes can be sequenced.
+
+### Syllables
+- Prosodic unit in most languages.
+
+```
+syllable
+|--rime
+|  |--coda
+|  |--nucleus                - Have to be there (usually vowels)
+|--onset
+```
+
+#### Phonotactic constraints of English
+
+### Sonority hierarchy
+Sounds are ranked based on how 'loud' phones are.
+
+### Tests
+- Look for minimal pairs
+  - Y: are phonemes
+  - N: Allophones for the same phoneme
+- Environments the words occur
+  - In complementary or not
+
+## Phonological Rules
+
+### Example
+
+#### Flapping rule
+```
+/t/ -> [r] | 'V_V
+/t/ -> [t] | *elsewhere
+```
+
+#### Aspiration
+```
+/t/ -> [t^h] | _.'
+/t/ -> [t] | elsewhere*
+```
+
+`/p/`, `/t/`, `/d/` follows this pattern with aspiration in English.
+
+### Natural classes
+Referring back to [the chart in 02](https://robinc.vercel.app).
+Groupd of phones that can be defined by some phonetic similarity.
+
+#### Feature specifications (based on the manner of articulation)
+To determine the minimal distinguishing feature between two sounds.
+- Continuants vs. Noncontinuants
+- Obstruents vs. Sonorants
+- Sibilants.

notes/courses/LING-UA-1/index.json

@@ -13,5 +13,10 @@
         "slug": "03-phonetics",
         "title": "03 – Phonetics",
         "date": "2025-05-21"
+    },
+    {
+        "slug": "04-phonology",
+        "title": "04 - Phonology",
+        "date": "2025-05-22"
     }
 ]