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notes/courses/LING-UA-1/02-phonetics.md

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- Glides
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- Semi-vowels, very vowel-like.
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**Describe: Voicing, place, manner**
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## Natural Classes
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| | **Obstruent** | **Sonorant** | **Noncontinuant** | **Continuant** | **Sibilant** |
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| :----------: | :-----------: | :----------: | :---------------: | :------------: | :----------: |
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| Stop | x | | x | | |
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| Affricate | x | | x | | x |
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| Fricative | x | | | x | x |
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| Nasal | | x | x | | |
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| Approximant | | x | | x | |
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**Describe: Voicing, place, manner**

notes/courses/LING-UA-1/03-phonetics.md

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**Bold** = tense, *italic* = lax
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| Height | Front | Central | Back |
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|:------:|:------------:|:-------:|:-----------:|
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| Height | Front | Central | Back |
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| :------: | :---------: | :-----: | :---------: |
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| **High** | **i** / *ɪ* | | *ʊ* / **u** |
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| **Mid** | **e** / *ɛ* | *ə* | *ɔ* / **o** |
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| **Low** | *æ* | *ʌ* | **a** |
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| **Mid** | **e** / *ɛ* | *ə* | *ɔ* / **o** |
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| **Low** | *æ* | *ʌ* | **a** |
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### What are vowels?
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- Roundedness (Are lips are being rounded or not?)
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#### Monophthongs vs. Diphthongs
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- Monophthongs (mono-) for one
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- Diphthongs (di-) for two put together
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- Monophthongs [^1] for one syllable.
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- Diphthongs [^2] for two put together
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## Acoustics and perception
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- Periodic sounds: Vowels
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- Amplitude - Loudness
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- Formants
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[^1]: Mono-
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[^2]: Di-

notes/courses/LING-UA-1/04-phonology.md

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---
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# Phonology
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The study of the structures and patterns of speech sounds, at a more abstract level than phonetics.
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## Phones, Phonemes, Allophones
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Phones: basic unit of speech sound, concrete, what we hear.
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### Phones
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Two languages may use the same tone, but used differently.
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- Difference between the **underlying sound** and how it is **phonetically realized**.
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Basic unit of speech sound, concrete, what we hear. (Correspond to individual IPA symbols)
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Checking for minimal pairs
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- determining whether two phones are different.
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- IPA is a list of universal phones, but no language would use every phone.
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- Two languages may use the same tone, but used differently.
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- Difference between the **underlying sound** and how it is **phonetically realized**.
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Word pair where everything is identical except for a sound is called a minimal pair.
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### Checking for minimal pairs
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- A minimal pair is word tuple where everything is identical except for a single sound.
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### Type of distribution
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Word pair where everything is identical except for a sound is called a minimal pair.
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#### Contrastive distribution
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There is a minimal pair
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##### Contrastive distribution
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There is a minimal pair, that two phones can occur in the same phonological context.
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#### Complementary distribution
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If there are no minimal pairs, it is not contrastive. That they are is a complementary distribution, meaning:
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- they are used in different phonological contexts
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##### Complementary distribution
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If there are no minimal pairs, it is *not* contrastive. That they are is a complementary distribution, meaning these to are used in different phonological contexts.
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#### Free Variation
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can occur in the same context, but do not result in a contrast in meaning.
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##### Free Variation
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Can occur in the same context, but do *not* result in a contrast in meaning.
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### Introducing the phoneme
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### Phoneme
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Two sounds are in complementary distribution
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They represent the same underlying sounds
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Two sounds are in complementary distribution that represent the same underlying sounds.
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i.e. smallest contrastive unit
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`/p/`, `/t/`, `/d/` follows this pattern with aspiration in English.
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### Natural classes
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Referring back to [the chart in 02](https://robinc.vercel.app).
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Groupd of phones that can be defined by some phonetic similarity.
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| | **Obstruent** | **Sonorant** | **Noncontinuant** | **Continuant** | **Sibilant** |
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| :----------: | :-----------: | :----------: | :---------------: | :------------: | :----------: |
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| Stop | x | | x | | |
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| Affricate | x | | x | | x |
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| Fricative | x | | | x | x |
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| Nasal | | x | x | | |
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| Approximant | | x | | x | |
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#### Feature specifications (based on the manner of articulation)
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To determine the minimal distinguishing feature between two sounds.
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- Continuants vs. Noncontinuants

notes/courses/LING-UA-1/index.json

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[
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{
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"slug": "01-intro",
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"title": "01 What is Language",
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"title": "01 - What is Language",
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"date": "2025-05-19"
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},
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{
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"slug": "02-phonetics",
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"title": "02 Phonetics",
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"title": "02 - Phonetics",
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"date": "2025-05-20"
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},
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{
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"slug": "03-phonetics",
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"title": "03 Phonetics",
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"title": "03 - Phonetics",
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"date": "2025-05-21"
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},
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{

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