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@@ -4,34 +4,36 @@ date: 2025-05-22
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# Phonology
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The study of the structures and patterns of speech sounds, at a more abstract level than phonetics.
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## Phones, Phonemes, Allophones
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Phones: basic unit of speech sound, concrete, what we hear.
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### Phones
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Two languages may use the same tone, but used differently.
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- Difference between the **underlying sound** and how it is **phonetically realized**.
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Basic unit of speech sound, concrete, what we hear. (Correspond to individual IPA symbols)
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Checking for minimal pairs
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- determining whether two phones are different.
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- IPA is a list of universal phones, but no language would use every phone.
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- Two languages may use the same tone, but used differently.
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- Difference between the **underlying sound** and how it is **phonetically realized**.
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Word pair where everything is identical except for a sound is called a minimal pair.
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### Checking for minimal pairs
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- A minimal pair is word tuple where everything is identical except for a single sound.
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### Type of distribution
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Word pair where everything is identical except for a sound is called a minimal pair.
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#### Contrastive distribution
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There is a minimal pair
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#####Contrastive distribution
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There is a minimal pair, that two phones can occur in the same phonological context.
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#### Complementary distribution
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If there are no minimal pairs, it is not contrastive. That they are is a complementary distribution, meaning:
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- they are used in different phonological contexts
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##### Complementary distribution
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If there are no minimal pairs, it is *not* contrastive. That they are is a complementary distribution, meaning these to are used in different phonological contexts.
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#### Free Variation
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can occur in the same context, but do not result in a contrast in meaning.
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#####Free Variation
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Can occur in the same context, but do *not* result in a contrast in meaning.
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### Introducing the phoneme
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### Phoneme
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Two sounds are in complementary distribution
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They represent the same underlying sounds
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Two sounds are in complementary distribution that represent the same underlying sounds.
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i.e. smallest contrastive unit
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`/p/`, `/t/`, `/d/` follows this pattern with aspiration in English.
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### Natural classes
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Referring back to [the chart in 02](https://robinc.vercel.app).
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Groupd of phones that can be defined by some phonetic similarity.
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