Updated Notes

Author: localhost433

notes/courses/LING-UA-1/15-neurolinguistics.md

@@ -117,6 +117,7 @@ Measure *blood*, a dependent measure of neural activity
 - fMRI: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imagining
 
 Premise:
+
 Increase in neuronal activity -> Increase in metabolic demand for glucose and oxygen -> Increase in cerebral blood flow to the activated region
 
 *Measures the work of the brain after it has happened.*
@@ -146,13 +147,13 @@ Phillips et al. (2000)
 *Does auditory cortex have access to phonemic categories? And when is phonemic category information accessed?*
 
 Obstacle:
-Prove that any results are due to crossing a *phoneme* boundary rather than just differeces in the *acoustics* properties.
+- Prove that any results are due to crossing a *phoneme* boundary rather than just differeces in the *acoustics* properties.
 
 Approach:
-Examine the **Auditory Mismatch Field** elicited in auditory cortex at ~180ms post stimulus onset by deviant stimuli in an **oddball paradigm**.
+- Examine the **Auditory Mismatch Field** elicited in auditory cortex at ~180ms post stimulus onset by deviant stimuli in an **oddball paradigm**.
 
 Conclusion:
-The brain (auditory cortex) has access to phonemes, not just acoustic features, and they are recognized quickly.
+- The brain (auditory cortex) has access to phonemes, not just acoustic features, and they are recognized quickly.
 
 ---
 
@@ -161,8 +162,8 @@ Finding evidence for high-level processes? (higher than phonemes)
 
 So called **violation studies** use EEG has investigated brain responses to when languages goes awry.
 
-N400: Semantic anomalies. (negativity 400 ms after the stimulus onset)
-P600: Syntactic anomalies. (positivity 600 ms after the stimulus onset)
+- N400: Semantic anomalies. (negativity 400 ms after the stimulus onset)
+- P600: Syntactic anomalies. (positivity 600 ms after the stimulus onset)
 
 Progression from smaller unit to larger unit in terms of time.
 
@@ -179,7 +180,7 @@ Combining two lexical items involves at least three processes
 
 What aspects of composition is the brain sentitive to?
 
-Bemis & Pylkkänen(2011)
+Bemis & Pylkkänen (2011)
 
 Approach:
 - 2 words vs. 1 word
@@ -190,8 +191,8 @@ Approach:
   - Task varied for composition and list stimuli to avoid composition in list stimuli
 
 Results: 
-difference from two-word composition and one-word composition.
+- difference from two-word composition and one-word composition.
 
 Conclusion:
-The combination of minimal stimuli reflects **conceptual combination**-not syntactic nor semantic.
+- The combination of minimal stimuli reflects **conceptual combination**-not syntactic nor semantic.
 

notes/courses/LING-UA-1/16-bilingualism.md

@@ -172,20 +172,4 @@ Typical factors:
 ---
 
 ### Diglossia
-A situation in which two languages are used in a community, often by the same speakers, but are generally confined to different domains of use.
-
----
-
-### Languages in Context
-**Pidgins & Creoles**
-
-
-Rule-governed with simplified grammatical system and lexicons
-Superstrate language, infra
-
-Pidgins has no native speakers, stabilized, Becomes creole.
-
-Pidginization and Creolization
-
-
-
+A situation in which two languages are used in a community, often by the same speakers, but are generally confined to different domains of use.

notes/courses/LING-UA-1/17-18-19-sociolinguistics.md

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ A "non-standard" variety:
 
 ---
 
-##### "Covert" vs. "Overt" Prestige
+#### "Covert" vs. "Overt" Prestige
 Covert Prestige
 - Hidden or community-based recognition
 - Linked to non-standard varieties and local identities
@@ -80,15 +80,15 @@ Overt prestige
 
 ---
 
-##### How is the "Standard" Established
+#### How is the "Standard" Established
 - A standard variety is determined by social, economic, historical etc. factors, not because any linguistic features
 - A given linguistic feature is never inherently “standard” / “non-standard
 - Social context dynamically assigns perceptions of “standardness” or “non-standardness” to certain features
 - Sometimes norms are implemented by some governing body, such as la Real Academia Española (RAE), l'Académie Française, but not always.
 
 ---
 
-##### Standard is arbitrary
+#### Standard is arbitrary
 - Standard British English, SBE (aka. Received pronounciation, RP) omits /ɹ/ when not followed by a vowel, and RP is considered "standard".
 - But in US, dialects that does this is considered "non-standard" (e.g., Boston English)
 - What considered a "standard" dialect has a social basis, not a linguistic one.
@@ -286,6 +286,18 @@ Dialect spoken by many Mexican Americans in California and the Southwestern regi
 
 ---
 
+### Languages in Context
+**Pidgins & Creoles**
+
+Rule-governed with simplified grammatical system and lexicons
+Superstrate language, infra
+
+Pidgins has no native speakers, stabilized, Becomes creole.
+
+Pidginization and Creolization
+
+---
+
 ### Linguistic Discrimination in Education
 
 ---
@@ -434,4 +446,30 @@ Identities are not *stable*
 
 ---
 
-#### Anwar
+#### Anwar
+
+---
+
+## Language, Power, 
+
+---
+
+### Language and (Generative) AI
+
+---
+
+#### Implicit vs. Explicit Bias
+
+Bias against different languages
+
+### Language and Government
+
+1. Language in the Courtroom
+Language equity
+Language in
+
+2. Language and Immigration
+shibboleth, 'archaic' but here, the word used that align with certain groups
+
+Discursive Frames, Narrative Expectations
+