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| 1 | +# What is Language? |
| 2 | +- Cultural artifact |
| 3 | +- Articulation of thoughts |
| 4 | +- Code for communication |
| 5 | +- Human biological trait |
| 6 | + |
| 7 | +## How does language work? |
| 8 | +- Language as a mapping |
| 9 | + ``` |
| 10 | + form <-> function |
| 11 | + sound/sign <-> words <-> sentences <-> meaning |
| 12 | + ``` |
| 13 | +- what exactly do we know when we say we 'know' a language? |
| 14 | +
|
| 15 | +## What does it mean to 'know' a language |
| 16 | +### Linguistic competence |
| 17 | +Sounds, words, linguistic structures, meanings, etc. |
| 18 | +Mostly unconscious |
| 19 | +
|
| 20 | +#### Knowledge of sound patterns: Phonetics |
| 21 | +- Inventory of sounds |
| 22 | + - Which sounds exists in the language |
| 23 | + - How does sounds distinct from each other |
| 24 | +- which sounds can occur where |
| 25 | +
|
| 26 | +#### Knowledge of Word patterns: Morphology |
| 27 | +[Morpheme:= smallest meaningful unit.](##Morphology) |
| 28 | +
|
| 29 | +#### Knowledge of sentence patterns: Syntax |
| 30 | +
|
| 31 | +#### Knowledge of meaning patterns: Semantics |
| 32 | +Logical implication for the sentence. |
| 33 | +
|
| 34 | +### Communicative competence |
| 35 | +- Knowledge of how and when to use those linguistic structures |
| 36 | +- Evalutation of others' linguistic (in)competance |
| 37 | +
|
| 38 | +#### Knowledge of usage patterns: Sociolinguistics |
| 39 | +Association of meaning with the words |
| 40 | +
|
| 41 | +### Linguistic performance |
| 42 | +The way people use languages. |
| 43 | +
|
| 44 | +## Key features of language |
| 45 | +1. Arbitrariness |
| 46 | + No inherent connection between the word and the thing, just **convention**. |
| 47 | +2. Displacement |
| 48 | + Use language to communicate about things that are unrelated to (or distant from) the here and now. |
| 49 | +3. Discreteness |
| 50 | + Made up of discrete units: sounds, words, phrases, etc. |
| 51 | +5. Creativity |
| 52 | + Use language to form an infinite set of well-formed, grammatical sentences. |
| 53 | +6. Rule-Governedness |
| 54 | + - Follow a set of conventional rules (grammar). |
| 55 | + - Govern how linguistic units are constructed and how they fit together. |
| 56 | + - (Include "non-standard" dialects and slangs as well) |
| 57 | +
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| 58 | +Does not have a distinguish between dialect and language for linguists. |
| 59 | +## What exactly is Linguistics? |
| 60 | +- Scientific study of language |
| 61 | + - Unconscious knowledge we have |
| 62 | + - the way we learn language |
| 63 | + - structure of language and of particular languages |
| 64 | + - how languages vary |
| 65 | + - how language is used in society |
| 66 | +
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| 67 | +### Descriptivism vs. Prescriptivism |
| 68 | +- Descriptive grammar: description or model of the mental grammar, what speaker know about their language |
| 69 | +- Prescriptive Grammar: |
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