diff --git a/.golangci.yml b/.golangci.yml
index f9a51eae8..d4b090bd9 100644
--- a/.golangci.yml
+++ b/.golangci.yml
@@ -57,6 +57,14 @@ linters:
       - path: internal/vfs/
         linters:
           - forbidigo
+      # internal/gen build-time generators (standalone `package main` run via
+      # go:generate) are not shortcut runtime code — no ctx/runtime/framework —
+      # so the shortcut forbidigo bans don't apply. Going "compliant" is also
+      # impossible here: a structured error return needs os.Exit (also banned),
+      # and the vfs.Xxx() alternative is blocked by depguard shortcuts-no-vfs.
+      - path: shortcuts/.*/internal/gen/
+        linters:
+          - forbidigo
       # shortcuts-no-raw-http is shortcuts-only; internal/ wraps raw HTTP
       # for the client / credential layer.
       - path-except: shortcuts/
diff --git a/cmd/build.go b/cmd/build.go
index a748544b0..84828ed77 100644
--- a/cmd/build.go
+++ b/cmd/build.go
@@ -117,6 +117,13 @@ func buildInternal(ctx context.Context, inv cmdutil.InvocationContext, opts ...B
 
 	installTipsHelpFunc(rootCmd)
 	rootCmd.SilenceErrors = true
+	// SilenceUsage as a static field (not only in PersistentPreRun) so it also
+	// covers flag-parse errors, which fail before PreRun runs — otherwise cobra
+	// dumps usage instead of our structured error. SetFlagErrorFunc on root is
+	// inherited by every subcommand, turning unknown-flag errors into a
+	// structured "did you mean" envelope.
+	rootCmd.SilenceUsage = true
+	rootCmd.SetFlagErrorFunc(flagDidYouMean)
 
 	RegisterGlobalFlags(rootCmd.PersistentFlags(), &cfg.globals)
 	rootCmd.PersistentPreRun = func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
diff --git a/cmd/event/suggestions.go b/cmd/event/suggestions.go
index f3275fda4..2bdaf5dff 100644
--- a/cmd/event/suggestions.go
+++ b/cmd/event/suggestions.go
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 
 	eventlib "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/suggest"
 )
 
 const maxSuggestions = 3
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ func suggestEventKeys(input string) []string {
 			hits = append(hits, match{def.Key, 0})
 			continue
 		}
-		if d := levenshtein(input, def.Key); d <= threshold {
+		if d := suggest.Levenshtein(input, def.Key); d <= threshold {
 			hits = append(hits, match{def.Key, d})
 		}
 	}
@@ -69,34 +70,3 @@ func unknownEventKeyErr(key string) error {
 		"Run 'lark-cli event list' to see available keys.",
 	)
 }
-
-// levenshtein computes classic edit distance (two-row DP).
-func levenshtein(a, b string) int {
-	if a == b {
-		return 0
-	}
-	ra, rb := []rune(a), []rune(b)
-	if len(ra) == 0 {
-		return len(rb)
-	}
-	if len(rb) == 0 {
-		return len(ra)
-	}
-	prev := make([]int, len(rb)+1)
-	curr := make([]int, len(rb)+1)
-	for j := range prev {
-		prev[j] = j
-	}
-	for i := 1; i <= len(ra); i++ {
-		curr[0] = i
-		for j := 1; j <= len(rb); j++ {
-			cost := 1
-			if ra[i-1] == rb[j-1] {
-				cost = 0
-			}
-			curr[j] = min(prev[j]+1, curr[j-1]+1, prev[j-1]+cost)
-		}
-		prev, curr = curr, prev
-	}
-	return prev[len(rb)]
-}
diff --git a/cmd/event/suggestions_test.go b/cmd/event/suggestions_test.go
index 0838fb623..fdaaa2c01 100644
--- a/cmd/event/suggestions_test.go
+++ b/cmd/event/suggestions_test.go
@@ -10,27 +10,6 @@ import (
 	_ "github.com/larksuite/cli/events"
 )
 
-func TestLevenshtein(t *testing.T) {
-	cases := []struct {
-		a, b string
-		want int
-	}{
-		{"", "", 0},
-		{"a", "", 1},
-		{"", "abc", 3},
-		{"kitten", "kitten", 0},
-		{"kitten", "sitten", 1},
-		{"kitten", "sitting", 3},
-		{"飞书", "飞书", 0},
-		{"飞书", "飞s", 1},
-	}
-	for _, tc := range cases {
-		if got := levenshtein(tc.a, tc.b); got != tc.want {
-			t.Errorf("levenshtein(%q,%q) = %d, want %d", tc.a, tc.b, got, tc.want)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 func TestSuggestEventKeys(t *testing.T) {
 	cases := []struct {
 		name              string
diff --git a/cmd/flag_suggest_test.go b/cmd/flag_suggest_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7adb35053
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/flag_suggest_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+func TestUnknownFlagName(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		in   string
+		name string
+		ok   bool
+	}{
+		{"unknown flag: --query", "query", true},
+		{"unknown flag: --with-styles", "with-styles", true},
+		{"unknown shorthand flag: 'z' in -z", "", false},
+		{"flag needs an argument: --find", "", false},
+		{`invalid argument "x" for "--count"`, "", false},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		name, ok := unknownFlagName(errors.New(c.in))
+		if name != c.name || ok != c.ok {
+			t.Errorf("unknownFlagName(%q) = (%q,%v), want (%q,%v)", c.in, name, ok, c.name, c.ok)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFlagDidYouMean_UnknownFlagSuggestsAndListsValid(t *testing.T) {
+	c := &cobra.Command{Use: "demo"}
+	c.Flags().String("range", "", "")
+	c.Flags().String("find", "", "")
+	c.Flags().Bool("dry-run", false, "")
+
+	err := flagDidYouMean(c, errors.New("unknown flag: --rang")) // typo of --range
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T", err)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "unknown_flag" {
+		t.Errorf("type = %q, want unknown_flag", exitErr.Detail.Type)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, "--range") {
+		t.Errorf("hint should suggest --range, got %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint)
+	}
+	detail, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
+	valid, _ := detail["valid_flags"].([]string)
+	if !slices.Contains(valid, "find") || !slices.Contains(valid, "range") {
+		t.Errorf("valid_flags should list find & range, got %v", valid)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFlagDidYouMean_OtherErrorStaysGeneric(t *testing.T) {
+	c := &cobra.Command{Use: "demo"}
+	err := flagDidYouMean(c, errors.New("flag needs an argument: --find"))
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T", err)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "flag_error" {
+		t.Errorf("type = %q, want flag_error (non-unknown-flag errors stay generic)", exitErr.Detail.Type)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/cmd/notice_test.go b/cmd/notice_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..51842ad8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/notice_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/deprecation"
+)
+
+// composePendingNotice must surface a deprecated-command alias under the
+// "deprecated_command" key, with the migration target and a skill-update hint,
+// so the JSON "_notice" envelope reaches users who run pre-refactor commands
+// without ever reading --help.
+func TestComposePendingNoticeDeprecatedCommand(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Cleanup(func() { deprecation.SetPending(nil) })
+
+	deprecation.SetPending(&deprecation.Notice{
+		Command:     "+read",
+		Replacement: "+cells-get",
+		Skill:       "lark-sheets",
+	})
+
+	got := composePendingNotice()
+	if got == nil {
+		t.Fatal("composePendingNotice() = nil, want deprecated_command entry")
+	}
+	entry, ok := got["deprecated_command"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("missing deprecated_command key: %#v", got)
+	}
+	if entry["command"] != "+read" {
+		t.Errorf("command = %v, want +read", entry["command"])
+	}
+	if entry["replacement"] != "+cells-get" {
+		t.Errorf("replacement = %v, want +cells-get", entry["replacement"])
+	}
+	if entry["skill"] != "lark-sheets" {
+		t.Errorf("skill = %v, want lark-sheets", entry["skill"])
+	}
+	if msg, _ := entry["message"].(string); !strings.Contains(msg, "update your lark-sheets skill") {
+		t.Errorf("message missing skill-update hint: %q", msg)
+	}
+}
+
+// With nothing pending, the provider returns nil so no "_notice" field is
+// emitted on a clean run.
+func TestComposePendingNoticeEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Cleanup(func() { deprecation.SetPending(nil) })
+	deprecation.SetPending(nil)
+
+	if got := composePendingNotice(); got != nil {
+		// update/skills pending are process-global; only assert the absence of
+		// our own key to stay robust against unrelated pending state.
+		if _, ok := got["deprecated_command"]; ok {
+			t.Fatalf("deprecated_command present after clear: %#v", got)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/cmd/root.go b/cmd/root.go
index 11fdf0a5f..4cbb072bd 100644
--- a/cmd/root.go
+++ b/cmd/root.go
@@ -18,14 +18,17 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdpolicy"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/deprecation"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/errclass"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/errcompat"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/hook"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/registry"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/skillscheck"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/suggest"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/update"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
 )
 
 const rootLong = `lark-cli — Lark/Feishu CLI tool.
@@ -69,7 +72,15 @@ COMMUNITY:
 More help: lark-cli <command> --help`
 
 // Execute runs the root command and returns the process exit code.
+// rawInvocationArgs holds os.Args[1:] captured at Execute() entry. cobra's
+// UnknownFlags whitelist (installUnknownSubcommandGuard) swallows unknown flags
+// before they reach a group's RunE, so unknownSubcommandRunE re-derives them
+// from here. It stays nil in unit tests that invoke a RunE directly with
+// explicit args — correct, since those don't exercise the whitelist path.
+var rawInvocationArgs []string
+
 func Execute() int {
+	rawInvocationArgs = os.Args[1:]
 	inv, err := BootstrapInvocationContext(os.Args[1:])
 	if err != nil {
 		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "Error:", err)
@@ -133,29 +144,49 @@ func setupNotices() {
 	skillscheck.Init(build.Version)
 
 	// Composed notice provider — emits keys only when each pending is set.
-	output.PendingNotice = func() map[string]interface{} {
-		notice := map[string]interface{}{}
-		if info := update.GetPending(); info != nil {
-			notice["update"] = map[string]interface{}{
-				"current": info.Current,
-				"latest":  info.Latest,
-				"message": info.Message(),
-				"command": "lark-cli update",
-			}
+	output.PendingNotice = composePendingNotice
+}
+
+// composePendingNotice merges all process-level pending notices (available
+// update, skills/binary drift, deprecated-command alias) into the map surfaced
+// as the JSON "_notice" envelope field. Returns nil when nothing is pending.
+// Extracted from Execute so the composition is unit-testable.
+func composePendingNotice() map[string]interface{} {
+	notice := map[string]interface{}{}
+	if info := update.GetPending(); info != nil {
+		notice["update"] = map[string]interface{}{
+			"current": info.Current,
+			"latest":  info.Latest,
+			"message": info.Message(),
+			"command": "lark-cli update",
 		}
-		if stale := skillscheck.GetPending(); stale != nil {
-			notice["skills"] = map[string]interface{}{
-				"current": stale.Current,
-				"target":  stale.Target,
-				"message": stale.Message(),
-				"command": "lark-cli update",
-			}
+	}
+	if stale := skillscheck.GetPending(); stale != nil {
+		notice["skills"] = map[string]interface{}{
+			"current": stale.Current,
+			"target":  stale.Target,
+			"message": stale.Message(),
+			"command": "lark-cli update",
+		}
+	}
+	if dep := deprecation.GetPending(); dep != nil {
+		entry := map[string]interface{}{
+			"command": dep.Command,
+			"message": dep.Message(),
+			"action":  "lark-cli update",
 		}
-		if len(notice) == 0 {
-			return nil
+		if dep.Replacement != "" {
+			entry["replacement"] = dep.Replacement
 		}
-		return notice
+		if dep.Skill != "" {
+			entry["skill"] = dep.Skill
+		}
+		notice["deprecated_command"] = entry
+	}
+	if len(notice) == 0 {
+		return nil
 	}
+	return notice
 }
 
 // isCompletionCommand returns true if args indicate a shell completion request.
@@ -260,6 +291,19 @@ func handleRootError(f *cmdutil.Factory, err error) int {
 		return exitErr.Code
 	}
 
+	// A backward-compat alias records its deprecation notice in PreRunE, which
+	// runs before cobra's required-flag validation — but a missing required flag
+	// fails before RunE and lands here, where the bare "Error:" line would drop
+	// the notice. When a deprecation is pending, route through the structured
+	// envelope so the migration hint still reaches the caller; all other errors
+	// keep the existing plain output.
+	if deprecation.GetPending() != nil {
+		output.WriteErrorEnvelope(errOut, &output.ExitError{
+			Code:   1,
+			Detail: &output.ErrDetail{Type: "validation", Message: err.Error()},
+		}, string(f.ResolvedIdentity))
+		return 1
+	}
 	fmt.Fprintln(errOut, "Error:", err)
 	return 1
 }
@@ -301,6 +345,12 @@ func asExitError(err error) *output.ExitError {
 func installUnknownSubcommandGuard(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 	if cmd.HasSubCommands() && cmd.Run == nil && cmd.RunE == nil {
 		cmd.RunE = unknownSubcommandRunE
+		// Route an unknown subcommand to unknownSubcommandRunE even when flags
+		// are also present (e.g. `sheets +cells-find --url ...`). A pure group
+		// consumes no flags itself, so unknown flags belong to the (missing)
+		// subcommand; whitelisting them here prevents cobra from erroring on the
+		// flag first and printing usage instead of our structured suggestion.
+		cmd.FParseErrWhitelist.UnknownFlags = true
 		if cmd.Annotations == nil {
 			cmd.Annotations = map[string]string{}
 		}
@@ -320,14 +370,89 @@ func installUnknownSubcommandGuard(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 // they have moved to the typed surface.
 func unknownSubcommandRunE(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	if len(args) == 0 {
-		return cmd.Help()
+		// A bare group (e.g. `sheets`), or one carrying only group-valid flags
+		// like the global --profile, legitimately prints help. But a flag that
+		// belongs to a (missing) subcommand is a user error: the guard's
+		// FParseErrWhitelist swallows such flags and leaves args empty, so without
+		// the checks below they would silently fall through to help + exit 0 —
+		// letting an agent mistake a malformed call (`im --format json`,
+		// `sheets --badflag`) for success. Recover the swallowed tokens from the
+		// raw invocation and fail structured instead.
+		flags := flagTokensInArgs(rawInvocationArgs)
+		if len(flags) == 0 {
+			return cmd.Help()
+		}
+		if unknown := unknownFlagTokens(cmd, rawInvocationArgs); len(unknown) > 0 {
+			return &output.ExitError{
+				Code: output.ExitValidation,
+				Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
+					Type:    "unknown_flag",
+					Message: fmt.Sprintf("unknown flag %s before a subcommand for %q", strings.Join(unknown, ", "), cmd.CommandPath()),
+					Hint:    fmt.Sprintf("flags belong to a subcommand; run `%s --help` to list subcommands and their flags", cmd.CommandPath()),
+					Detail: map[string]any{
+						// Keep the same detail keys as flagDidYouMean's unknown_flag
+						// so a consumer keyed on Type can read a stable shape. The
+						// subcommand isn't resolved here, so suggestions/valid_flags
+						// have no meaningful universe to draw from — emit empty
+						// rather than the group's own (misleading) flags. unknown is
+						// the back-compat singular field; unknown_flags carries the
+						// full list when more than one flag was supplied.
+						"unknown":       strings.Join(unknown, ", "),
+						"unknown_flags": unknown,
+						"command_path":  cmd.CommandPath(),
+						"suggestions":   []string{},
+						"valid_flags":   []string{},
+					},
+				},
+			}
+		}
+		// The remaining flags are all defined somewhere in the tree. Those valid
+		// on the group itself or inherited (e.g. the global --profile) do not
+		// require a subcommand, so a bare group carrying only those still prints
+		// help. Anything left belongs to a subcommand that was omitted
+		// (e.g. `im --format json`): distinct from unknown_flag — the flags are
+		// real, the subcommand is what's missing.
+		misplaced := subcommandOnlyFlagTokens(cmd, rawInvocationArgs)
+		if len(misplaced) == 0 {
+			return cmd.Help()
+		}
+		return &output.ExitError{
+			Code: output.ExitValidation,
+			Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
+				Type:    "missing_subcommand",
+				Message: fmt.Sprintf("missing subcommand for %q; flag %s belongs to a subcommand, not the group", cmd.CommandPath(), strings.Join(misplaced, ", ")),
+				Hint:    fmt.Sprintf("run `%s --help` to list subcommands and their flags", cmd.CommandPath()),
+				Detail: map[string]any{
+					"command_path": cmd.CommandPath(),
+					"flags":        misplaced,
+					"suggestions":  []string{},
+				},
+			},
+		}
 	}
 	unknown := args[0]
-	available := availableSubcommandNames(cmd)
+	available, deprecated := availableSubcommandNames(cmd)
+	// Rank suggestions across both current and deprecated names so a mistyped
+	// legacy command (e.g. +raed → +read) still resolves; the alias stays
+	// runnable and self-flags via the _notice on execution.
+	suggestions := suggest.Closest(unknown, append(append([]string{}, available...), deprecated...), 6)
 	msg := fmt.Sprintf("unknown subcommand %q for %q", unknown, cmd.CommandPath())
 	hint := fmt.Sprintf("run `%s --help` to see available subcommands", cmd.CommandPath())
-	if len(available) > 0 {
-		hint = fmt.Sprintf("available subcommands: %s", strings.Join(available, ", "))
+	if len(suggestions) > 0 {
+		hint = fmt.Sprintf("did you mean one of: %s? (run `%s --help` for the full list)",
+			strings.Join(suggestions, ", "), cmd.CommandPath())
+	}
+	detail := map[string]any{
+		"unknown":      unknown,
+		"command_path": cmd.CommandPath(),
+		"suggestions":  suggestions,
+		"available":    available,
+	}
+	// Only services with backward-compat aliases (currently sheets) carry a
+	// deprecated bucket; omit the key elsewhere so every other service's
+	// envelope is unchanged.
+	if len(deprecated) > 0 {
+		detail["deprecated"] = deprecated
 	}
 	return &output.ExitError{
 		Code: output.ExitValidation,
@@ -335,17 +460,114 @@ func unknownSubcommandRunE(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			Type:    "unknown_subcommand",
 			Message: msg,
 			Hint:    hint,
-			Detail: map[string]any{
-				"unknown":      unknown,
-				"command_path": cmd.CommandPath(),
-				"available":    available,
-			},
+			Detail:  detail,
 		},
 	}
 }
 
-func availableSubcommandNames(cmd *cobra.Command) []string {
-	subs := make([]string, 0, len(cmd.Commands()))
+// flagTokensInArgs returns the flag-like tokens (-x, --foo, --foo=bar) in
+// rawArgs, stopping at the "--" positional terminator. Whether a flag is
+// defined is not considered (see unknownFlagTokens for that). A pure group
+// with any flag token but no subcommand is a user error — a pure group
+// consumes no flags of its own, so the flag must belong to a subcommand — so
+// the caller fails structured instead of falling through to help.
+func flagTokensInArgs(rawArgs []string) []string {
+	var toks []string
+	for _, a := range rawArgs {
+		if a == "--" {
+			break // everything after -- is positional
+		}
+		if len(a) < 2 || a[0] != '-' {
+			continue
+		}
+		toks = append(toks, a)
+	}
+	return toks
+}
+
+// unknownFlagTokens returns the flag tokens in rawArgs that cmd does not define
+// (on itself, inherited, or any direct subcommand). installUnknownSubcommandGuard
+// whitelists unknown flags on pure groups so a mistyped subcommand still reaches
+// the suggestion path; the side effect is that flags before a subcommand are
+// swallowed. This recovers the genuinely-unknown ones so the caller can name
+// them in a "did you mean" envelope.
+func unknownFlagTokens(cmd *cobra.Command, rawArgs []string) []string {
+	var unknown []string
+	for _, a := range flagTokensInArgs(rawArgs) {
+		name := strings.SplitN(strings.TrimLeft(a, "-"), "=", 2)[0]
+		if name != "" && !flagDefinedInTree(cmd, name) {
+			unknown = append(unknown, a)
+		}
+	}
+	return unknown
+}
+
+// flagKnownOnGroup reports whether name is a flag defined on cmd itself or
+// inherited (a global persistent flag like --profile) — i.e. valid on the bare
+// group and therefore not requiring a subcommand.
+func flagKnownOnGroup(cmd *cobra.Command, name string) bool {
+	short := len(name) == 1
+	lookup := func(fs *pflag.FlagSet) bool {
+		if short {
+			return fs.ShorthandLookup(name) != nil
+		}
+		return fs.Lookup(name) != nil
+	}
+	return lookup(cmd.Flags()) || lookup(cmd.InheritedFlags())
+}
+
+// subcommandOnlyFlagTokens returns the flag tokens in rawArgs that are valid on
+// a subcommand of cmd but not on cmd itself/inherited — flags supplied while
+// omitting the subcommand they belong to (`im --format json`). Global flags
+// valid on the bare group (e.g. --profile) are excluded so
+// `lark-cli --profile p im` still prints help rather than erroring.
+func subcommandOnlyFlagTokens(cmd *cobra.Command, rawArgs []string) []string {
+	var misplaced []string
+	for _, a := range flagTokensInArgs(rawArgs) {
+		name := strings.SplitN(strings.TrimLeft(a, "-"), "=", 2)[0]
+		if name == "" || flagKnownOnGroup(cmd, name) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if flagDefinedInTree(cmd, name) {
+			misplaced = append(misplaced, a)
+		}
+	}
+	return misplaced
+}
+
+// flagDefinedInTree reports whether name is defined on cmd, its inherited
+// (persistent) flags, or any direct subcommand. The subcommand case covers a
+// user who merely omitted the subcommand — e.g. `sheets --format json`, where
+// --format is injected on every leaf shortcut, not on the group — so only a
+// genuinely unknown flag like `sheets --badflag` is reported.
+func flagDefinedInTree(cmd *cobra.Command, name string) bool {
+	short := len(name) == 1
+	known := func(c *cobra.Command, inherited bool) bool {
+		fs := c.Flags()
+		if inherited {
+			fs = c.InheritedFlags()
+		}
+		if short {
+			return fs.ShorthandLookup(name) != nil
+		}
+		return fs.Lookup(name) != nil
+	}
+	if known(cmd, false) || known(cmd, true) {
+		return true
+	}
+	for _, c := range cmd.Commands() {
+		if known(c, false) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// availableSubcommandNames returns the invokable subcommand names of cmd, split
+// into current commands and backward-compatibility aliases (those tagged into
+// the deprecated cobra group via cmdutil.DeprecatedGroupID). Both slices are
+// sorted; hidden commands plus help/completion are omitted.
+func availableSubcommandNames(cmd *cobra.Command) (available, deprecated []string) {
 	for _, c := range cmd.Commands() {
 		if c.Hidden || !c.IsAvailableCommand() {
 			continue
@@ -354,10 +576,95 @@ func availableSubcommandNames(cmd *cobra.Command) []string {
 		if name == "help" || name == "completion" {
 			continue
 		}
-		subs = append(subs, name)
+		if cmdutil.IsDeprecatedCommand(c) {
+			deprecated = append(deprecated, name)
+		} else {
+			available = append(available, name)
+		}
+	}
+	sort.Strings(available)
+	sort.Strings(deprecated)
+	return available, deprecated
+}
+
+// flagDidYouMean is the root FlagErrorFunc (inherited by all subcommands). It
+// converts cobra's flag-parse errors into the structured ErrorEnvelope: an
+// unknown flag gets a focused "did you mean" hint plus the full valid-flag list
+// in detail (so agents recover even when the typo is semantic, e.g. --query vs
+// --find, where edit distance alone finds nothing). Other flag errors stay
+// structured but generic.
+func flagDidYouMean(c *cobra.Command, ferr error) error {
+	name, isUnknown := unknownFlagName(ferr)
+	if !isUnknown {
+		return &output.ExitError{
+			Code: output.ExitValidation,
+			Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
+				Type:    "flag_error",
+				Message: ferr.Error(),
+				Hint:    fmt.Sprintf("run `%s --help` for valid flags", c.CommandPath()),
+			},
+		}
 	}
-	sort.Strings(subs)
-	return subs
+	valid := visibleFlagNames(c)
+	suggestions := suggest.Closest(name, valid, 3)
+	hint := fmt.Sprintf("run `%s --help` to see valid flags", c.CommandPath())
+	if len(suggestions) > 0 {
+		for i := range suggestions {
+			suggestions[i] = "--" + suggestions[i]
+		}
+		hint = fmt.Sprintf("did you mean %s? (run `%s --help` for all flags)",
+			strings.Join(suggestions, ", "), c.CommandPath())
+	}
+	return &output.ExitError{
+		Code: output.ExitValidation,
+		Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
+			Type:    "unknown_flag",
+			Message: fmt.Sprintf("unknown flag %q for %q", "--"+name, c.CommandPath()),
+			Hint:    hint,
+			Detail: map[string]any{
+				"unknown":      "--" + name,
+				"command_path": c.CommandPath(),
+				"suggestions":  suggestions,
+				"valid_flags":  valid,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// unknownFlagName extracts the offending long-flag name from cobra's flag-parse
+// error text ("unknown flag: --query" → "query"). Returns ok=false for anything
+// else (missing argument, invalid value, unknown shorthand) so the caller keeps
+// those structured but generic — hallucinated flags are essentially always long.
+//
+// CONTRACT: this matches cobra's English wording "unknown flag: --" (go.mod
+// pins github.com/spf13/cobra). If cobra rewords this or gains i18n the match
+// silently fails and unknown flags degrade to a generic flag_error — re-verify
+// this prefix when bumping cobra.
+func unknownFlagName(err error) (string, bool) {
+	const p = "unknown flag: --"
+	msg := err.Error()
+	i := strings.Index(msg, p)
+	if i < 0 {
+		return "", false
+	}
+	rest := msg[i+len(p):]
+	if j := strings.IndexAny(rest, " \t"); j >= 0 {
+		rest = rest[:j]
+	}
+	return rest, true
+}
+
+// visibleFlagNames lists the non-hidden flag names of c (for suggestions and
+// the valid_flags detail).
+func visibleFlagNames(c *cobra.Command) []string {
+	var names []string
+	c.Flags().VisitAll(func(f *pflag.Flag) {
+		if !f.Hidden {
+			names = append(names, f.Name)
+		}
+	})
+	sort.Strings(names)
+	return names
 }
 
 // installTipsHelpFunc wraps the default help function to append a TIPS section
diff --git a/cmd/root_test.go b/cmd/root_test.go
index 3ab78ceb2..fb1759e8f 100644
--- a/cmd/root_test.go
+++ b/cmd/root_test.go
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	internalauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/deprecation"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/registry"
 )
@@ -268,6 +269,54 @@ func (f *failingWriter) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
 	return len(p), nil
 }
 
+// TestHandleRootError_DeprecatedAliasMissingFlagStructured pins issue #4: a
+// backward-compat alias that fails on a cobra-level required flag (which
+// short-circuits before RunE) still routes through the structured envelope,
+// because OnInvoke records the deprecation in PreRunE and the legacy fallback
+// switches to WriteErrorEnvelope when a deprecation is pending — so the
+// migration notice is no longer dropped on the plain "Error:" line.
+func TestHandleRootError_DeprecatedAliasMissingFlagStructured(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	t.Cleanup(func() { deprecation.SetPending(nil) })
+
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	errOut := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	f.IOStreams.ErrOut = errOut
+
+	deprecation.SetPending(&deprecation.Notice{
+		Command: "+write", Replacement: "+cells-set", Skill: "lark-sheets",
+	})
+	// The bare error shape cobra's ValidateRequiredFlags produces: neither typed
+	// nor an *output.ExitError, so it reaches the legacy fallback.
+	handleRootError(f, fmt.Errorf(`required flag(s) %q not set`, "values"))
+
+	out := errOut.String()
+	if strings.HasPrefix(strings.TrimSpace(out), "Error:") {
+		t.Fatalf("deprecation pending: want a structured envelope, got a plain Error: line:\n%s", out)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(out, `"message"`) || !strings.Contains(out, "values") {
+		t.Errorf("expected a JSON error envelope carrying the failure message; got:\n%s", out)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestHandleRootError_NoDeprecationKeepsPlainError pins the other half: with no
+// deprecation pending, the legacy fallback stays a plain "Error:" line, so the
+// fix does not reshape every unrecognized cobra error.
+func TestHandleRootError_NoDeprecationKeepsPlainError(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	t.Cleanup(func() { deprecation.SetPending(nil) })
+	deprecation.SetPending(nil)
+
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	errOut := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	f.IOStreams.ErrOut = errOut
+
+	handleRootError(f, fmt.Errorf(`required flag(s) %q not set`, "values"))
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(errOut.String(), "Error:") {
+		t.Errorf("no deprecation pending: want a plain 'Error:' line, got:\n%s", errOut.String())
+	}
+}
+
 // TestHandleRootError_PartialWritePreservesExitCode pins that when the
 // stderr write fails mid-envelope, handleRootError still returns the typed
 // exit code (ExitAuth=3 for AuthenticationError), not fall through to the
diff --git a/cmd/unknown_subcommand_test.go b/cmd/unknown_subcommand_test.go
index 4bba607d5..6bff7e7e4 100644
--- a/cmd/unknown_subcommand_test.go
+++ b/cmd/unknown_subcommand_test.go
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )
 
@@ -72,6 +73,149 @@ func TestInstallUnknownSubcommandGuard_PreservesExistingRunE(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestUnknownFlagTokens(t *testing.T) {
+	_, drive, _ := newGroupTree()
+	// Give a subcommand a flag so a misplaced-but-known flag (the user omitted
+	// the subcommand) is distinguished from a genuinely unknown one.
+	for _, c := range drive.Commands() {
+		if c.Name() == "+search" {
+			c.Flags().String("query", "", "")
+		}
+	}
+	cases := []struct {
+		name    string
+		rawArgs []string
+		want    []string
+	}{
+		{"genuinely unknown long flag", []string{"drive", "--badflag"}, []string{"--badflag"}},
+		{"flag known on a subcommand (misplaced)", []string{"drive", "--query", "x"}, nil},
+		{"no flags at all", []string{"drive"}, nil},
+		{"tokens after -- are positional", []string{"drive", "--", "--badflag"}, nil},
+		{"unknown shorthand", []string{"drive", "-Z"}, []string{"-Z"}},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := unknownFlagTokens(drive, tc.rawArgs)
+			if len(got) != len(tc.want) {
+				t.Fatalf("unknownFlagTokens(%v) = %v, want %v", tc.rawArgs, got, tc.want)
+			}
+			for i := range got {
+				if got[i] != tc.want[i] {
+					t.Errorf("token[%d] = %q, want %q", i, got[i], tc.want[i])
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUnknownSubcommandRunE_FlagBeforeSubcommandIsStructured(t *testing.T) {
+	_, drive, _ := newGroupTree()
+	installUnknownSubcommandGuard(drive.Root())
+
+	// Simulate `lark-cli drive --badflag`: the UnknownFlags whitelist swallows
+	// --badflag, so RunE sees no args; the guard must recover it from
+	// rawInvocationArgs and fail structured rather than print help + exit 0.
+	rawInvocationArgs = []string{"drive", "--badflag"}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { rawInvocationArgs = nil })
+
+	err := drive.RunE(drive, nil)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected a structured unknown_flag error, got nil (help fallthrough)")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "unknown flag") {
+		t.Errorf("error = %q, want it to mention an unknown flag", err.Error())
+	}
+
+	// The detail must stay schema-compatible with flagDidYouMean's unknown_flag
+	// (same Type → same keys), so a consumer keyed on Type reads a stable shape.
+	exitErr, ok := err.(*output.ExitError)
+	if !ok || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError with Detail, got %T", err)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "unknown_flag" {
+		t.Errorf("detail.Type = %q, want unknown_flag", exitErr.Detail.Type)
+	}
+	detail, ok := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected detail to be map[string]any, got %T", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+	}
+	if detail["unknown"] != "--badflag" {
+		t.Errorf("detail.unknown = %v, want --badflag", detail["unknown"])
+	}
+	if got, _ := detail["unknown_flags"].([]string); len(got) != 1 || got[0] != "--badflag" {
+		t.Errorf("detail.unknown_flags = %v, want [--badflag]", detail["unknown_flags"])
+	}
+	for _, key := range []string{"suggestions", "valid_flags"} {
+		if _, present := detail[key]; !present {
+			t.Errorf("detail.%s missing; must be present (empty) to match the unknown_flag schema", key)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUnknownSubcommandRunE_ValidFlagWithoutSubcommandIsStructured(t *testing.T) {
+	_, drive, _ := newGroupTree()
+	// --query is defined on the +search subcommand, so it is a *valid* flag that
+	// was placed before the (omitted) subcommand. Unlike an unknown flag, this
+	// must still fail structured (missing_subcommand) rather than fall through to
+	// help + exit 0 — `drive --query x` is a malformed call, not a help request.
+	for _, c := range drive.Commands() {
+		if c.Name() == "+search" {
+			c.Flags().String("query", "", "")
+		}
+	}
+	installUnknownSubcommandGuard(drive.Root())
+
+	rawInvocationArgs = []string{"drive", "--query", "x"}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { rawInvocationArgs = nil })
+
+	err := drive.RunE(drive, nil)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected a structured missing_subcommand error, got nil (help fallthrough)")
+	}
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T", err)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitValidation)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Detail == nil || exitErr.Detail.Type != "missing_subcommand" {
+		t.Fatalf("detail.Type = %v, want missing_subcommand", exitErr.Detail)
+	}
+	detail, ok := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("detail is not a map: %#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+	}
+	if flags, _ := detail["flags"].([]string); len(flags) != 1 || flags[0] != "--query" {
+		t.Errorf("detail.flags = %v, want [--query]", detail["flags"])
+	}
+	if detail["command_path"] != "lark-cli drive" {
+		t.Errorf("detail.command_path = %v, want lark-cli drive", detail["command_path"])
+	}
+}
+
+// A bare group carrying only a group-valid global flag (e.g. the inherited
+// --profile) is not missing a subcommand — those flags do not belong to a
+// subcommand — so it must print help, not fail with missing_subcommand.
+func TestUnknownSubcommandRunE_GroupValidGlobalFlagShowsHelp(t *testing.T) {
+	_, drive, _ := newGroupTree()
+	drive.Root().PersistentFlags().String("profile", "", "") // global, inherited by drive
+	installUnknownSubcommandGuard(drive.Root())
+
+	rawInvocationArgs = []string{"--profile", "p", "drive"}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { rawInvocationArgs = nil })
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	drive.SetOut(&buf)
+	drive.SetErr(&buf)
+	if err := drive.RunE(drive, nil); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("bare group with only a global flag should print help, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(buf.String(), "drive ops") {
+		t.Errorf("expected help output, got:\n%s", buf.String())
+	}
+}
+
 func TestUnknownSubcommandRunE_NoArgsShowsHelp(t *testing.T) {
 	_, drive, _ := newGroupTree()
 	installUnknownSubcommandGuard(drive.Root())
@@ -113,11 +257,11 @@ func TestUnknownSubcommandRunE_UnknownReturnsStructuredError(t *testing.T) {
 	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, `"+bogus"`) {
 		t.Errorf("message should echo the unknown token, got %q", exitErr.Detail.Message)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, "+search") || !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, "+upload") {
-		t.Errorf("hint should list available shortcuts, got %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint)
-	}
-	if strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, "+secret") {
-		t.Error("hidden commands must not appear in the hint")
+	// "+bogus" has no close neighbor among drive's subcommands, so the hint falls
+	// back to pointing at --help; the full machine-readable list lives in
+	// detail.available below (which also excludes hidden commands).
+	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, "--help") {
+		t.Errorf("hint should guide to --help when there is no suggestion, got %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint)
 	}
 
 	detail, ok := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
@@ -164,7 +308,7 @@ func TestAvailableSubcommandNames_FiltersHelpAndCompletion(t *testing.T) {
 		&cobra.Command{Use: "gamma", RunE: func(*cobra.Command, []string) error { return nil }},
 	)
 
-	got := availableSubcommandNames(root)
+	got, _ := availableSubcommandNames(root)
 	want := []string{"alpha", "gamma"}
 	if len(got) != len(want) {
 		t.Fatalf("expected %v, got %v", want, got)
@@ -175,3 +319,61 @@ func TestAvailableSubcommandNames_FiltersHelpAndCompletion(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestAvailableSubcommandNames_SplitsDeprecatedGroup(t *testing.T) {
+	root := &cobra.Command{Use: "lark-cli"}
+	root.AddGroup(&cobra.Group{ID: cmdutil.DeprecatedGroupID, Title: "Deprecated"})
+	root.AddCommand(
+		&cobra.Command{Use: "+new-cmd", RunE: func(*cobra.Command, []string) error { return nil }},
+		&cobra.Command{Use: "+old-cmd", GroupID: cmdutil.DeprecatedGroupID, RunE: func(*cobra.Command, []string) error { return nil }},
+	)
+
+	available, deprecated := availableSubcommandNames(root)
+	if len(available) != 1 || available[0] != "+new-cmd" {
+		t.Errorf("available = %v, want [+new-cmd]", available)
+	}
+	if len(deprecated) != 1 || deprecated[0] != "+old-cmd" {
+		t.Errorf("deprecated = %v, want [+old-cmd]", deprecated)
+	}
+}
+
+// unknownSubcommandRunE must split current vs deprecated subcommands into
+// separate detail buckets, while suggestions still rank across both so a
+// mistyped legacy alias resolves.
+func TestUnknownSubcommandRunE_SplitsDeprecatedBucket(t *testing.T) {
+	svc := &cobra.Command{Use: "sheets"}
+	svc.AddGroup(&cobra.Group{ID: cmdutil.DeprecatedGroupID, Title: "Deprecated"})
+	svc.AddCommand(
+		&cobra.Command{Use: "+cells-get", RunE: func(*cobra.Command, []string) error { return nil }},
+		&cobra.Command{Use: "+read", GroupID: cmdutil.DeprecatedGroupID, RunE: func(*cobra.Command, []string) error { return nil }},
+	)
+
+	err := unknownSubcommandRunE(svc, []string{"+reat"})
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T", err)
+	}
+	detail, ok := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("detail is not a map: %#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+	}
+
+	if available, _ := detail["available"].([]string); len(available) != 1 || available[0] != "+cells-get" {
+		t.Errorf("available = %v, want [+cells-get]", available)
+	}
+	deprecated, ok := detail["deprecated"].([]string)
+	if !ok || len(deprecated) != 1 || deprecated[0] != "+read" {
+		t.Errorf("deprecated = %v, want [+read]", deprecated)
+	}
+	// suggestions rank across both buckets: "+reat" is closest to +read.
+	suggestions, _ := detail["suggestions"].([]string)
+	found := false
+	for _, s := range suggestions {
+		if s == "+read" {
+			found = true
+		}
+	}
+	if !found {
+		t.Errorf("suggestions %v should include +read (typo target)", suggestions)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 1ee4b73cc..8c76bd7d7 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/sergi/go-diff v1.4.0
 	github.com/skip2/go-qrcode v0.0.0-20200617195104-da1b6568686e
 	github.com/smartystreets/goconvey v1.8.1
-	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.10.2
+	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.10.2 // flag-error-text contract: see cmd/root.go unknownFlagName
 	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.9
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1
 	github.com/tidwall/gjson v1.18.0
diff --git a/internal/cmdpolicy/suggest.go b/internal/cmdpolicy/suggest.go
index 2f7362e31..ea2ae5979 100644
--- a/internal/cmdpolicy/suggest.go
+++ b/internal/cmdpolicy/suggest.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ package cmdpolicy
 
 import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/platform"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/suggest"
 )
 
 // suggestRisk returns the closest valid Risk literal by edit distance
@@ -20,9 +21,9 @@ func suggestRisk(bad string) string {
 		platform.RiskRead, platform.RiskWrite, platform.RiskHighRiskWrite,
 	}
 	best := string(candidates[0])
-	bestDist := levenshtein(lowered, best)
+	bestDist := suggest.Levenshtein(lowered, best)
 	for _, c := range candidates[1:] {
-		if d := levenshtein(lowered, string(c)); d < bestDist {
+		if d := suggest.Levenshtein(lowered, string(c)); d < bestDist {
 			bestDist, best = d, string(c)
 		}
 	}
@@ -40,47 +41,3 @@ func toLower(s string) string {
 	}
 	return string(b)
 }
-
-// levenshtein computes the classic edit distance between two strings.
-// O(len(a)*len(b)) time, O(min(a,b)) space. Three-element string set
-// makes raw performance irrelevant — clarity beats trickiness here.
-func levenshtein(a, b string) int {
-	if len(a) == 0 {
-		return len(b)
-	}
-	if len(b) == 0 {
-		return len(a)
-	}
-	prev := make([]int, len(b)+1)
-	curr := make([]int, len(b)+1)
-	for j := 0; j <= len(b); j++ {
-		prev[j] = j
-	}
-	for i := 1; i <= len(a); i++ {
-		curr[0] = i
-		for j := 1; j <= len(b); j++ {
-			cost := 1
-			if a[i-1] == b[j-1] {
-				cost = 0
-			}
-			curr[j] = min3(
-				prev[j]+1,      // deletion
-				curr[j-1]+1,    // insertion
-				prev[j-1]+cost, // substitution
-			)
-		}
-		prev, curr = curr, prev
-	}
-	return prev[len(b)]
-}
-
-func min3(a, b, c int) int {
-	m := a
-	if b < m {
-		m = b
-	}
-	if c < m {
-		m = c
-	}
-	return m
-}
diff --git a/internal/cmdpolicy/suggest_test.go b/internal/cmdpolicy/suggest_test.go
index da91495a2..e8aae8e6c 100644
--- a/internal/cmdpolicy/suggest_test.go
+++ b/internal/cmdpolicy/suggest_test.go
@@ -29,23 +29,3 @@ func TestSuggestRisk(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
-
-func TestLevenshtein(t *testing.T) {
-	cases := []struct {
-		a, b string
-		want int
-	}{
-		{"", "", 0},
-		{"", "abc", 3},
-		{"abc", "", 3},
-		{"abc", "abc", 0},
-		{"wrtie", "write", 2},
-		{"kitten", "sitting", 3},
-	}
-	for _, c := range cases {
-		got := levenshtein(c.a, c.b)
-		if got != c.want {
-			t.Errorf("levenshtein(%q,%q) = %d, want %d", c.a, c.b, got, c.want)
-		}
-	}
-}
diff --git a/internal/cmdutil/groups.go b/internal/cmdutil/groups.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5045f555b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/cmdutil/groups.go
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package cmdutil
+
+import "github.com/spf13/cobra"
+
+// DeprecatedGroupID is the cobra GroupID that marks a backward-compatibility
+// command — one kept alive for users whose skill predates a refactor. Service
+// registration assigns it (e.g. the sheets pre-refactor aliases); both --help
+// rendering and unknown-subcommand suggestions read it to separate these
+// aliases from the current commands.
+const DeprecatedGroupID = "deprecated"
+
+// IsDeprecatedCommand reports whether c was tagged into the deprecated group.
+func IsDeprecatedCommand(c *cobra.Command) bool {
+	return c != nil && c.GroupID == DeprecatedGroupID
+}
diff --git a/internal/deprecation/deprecation.go b/internal/deprecation/deprecation.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad5b4be5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/deprecation/deprecation.go
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+// Package deprecation carries a process-level notice that the command currently
+// being executed is a backward-compatibility alias, kept alive for users whose
+// skill predates a refactor. The notice is surfaced in JSON output envelopes via
+// output.PendingNotice (wired in cmd/root.go), mirroring internal/skillscheck.
+//
+// A CLI process runs exactly one shortcut, so a single process-level slot is
+// sufficient: the command's Execute records the notice before producing output,
+// and the output layer reads it back when building the envelope.
+package deprecation
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"sync/atomic"
+)
+
+// Notice describes a deprecated command alias and the current command that
+// replaces it. Replacement and Skill are optional.
+type Notice struct {
+	Command     string `json:"command"`
+	Replacement string `json:"replacement,omitempty"`
+	Skill       string `json:"skill,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// Message returns a single-line, AI-agent-parseable description of the alias
+// plus the canonical fix (update the skill). Mirrors the style of
+// internal/skillscheck.StaleNotice.Message ("..., run: lark-cli update").
+func (n *Notice) Message() string {
+	var b strings.Builder
+	b.WriteString(n.Command)
+	b.WriteString(" is a pre-refactor compatibility alias")
+	if n.Replacement != "" {
+		b.WriteString("; use ")
+		b.WriteString(n.Replacement)
+		b.WriteString(" instead")
+	}
+	if n.Skill != "" {
+		b.WriteString("; update your ")
+		b.WriteString(n.Skill)
+		b.WriteString(" skill, run: lark-cli update")
+	} else {
+		b.WriteString("; update your skill, run: lark-cli update")
+	}
+	return b.String()
+}
+
+// pending stores the latest deprecation notice for the current process.
+var pending atomic.Pointer[Notice]
+
+// SetPending stores the notice for consumption by output decorators.
+// Pass nil to clear.
+func SetPending(n *Notice) { pending.Store(n) }
+
+// GetPending returns the pending deprecation notice, or nil.
+func GetPending() *Notice { return pending.Load() }
diff --git a/internal/deprecation/deprecation_test.go b/internal/deprecation/deprecation_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..69237c9f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/deprecation/deprecation_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package deprecation
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestNoticeMessage(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		notice Notice
+		want   string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:   "replacement and skill",
+			notice: Notice{Command: "+read", Replacement: "+cells-get", Skill: "lark-sheets"},
+			want:   "+read is a pre-refactor compatibility alias; use +cells-get instead; update your lark-sheets skill, run: lark-cli update",
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "no replacement",
+			notice: Notice{Command: "+read", Skill: "lark-sheets"},
+			want:   "+read is a pre-refactor compatibility alias; update your lark-sheets skill, run: lark-cli update",
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "no skill",
+			notice: Notice{Command: "+read", Replacement: "+cells-get"},
+			want:   "+read is a pre-refactor compatibility alias; use +cells-get instead; update your skill, run: lark-cli update",
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := tt.notice.Message(); got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("Message() =\n  %q\nwant\n  %q", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSetGetPending(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Cleanup(func() { SetPending(nil) })
+
+	SetPending(nil)
+	if got := GetPending(); got != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected nil pending after clear, got %#v", got)
+	}
+
+	n := &Notice{Command: "+write", Replacement: "+cells-set", Skill: "lark-sheets"}
+	SetPending(n)
+	got := GetPending()
+	if got == nil || got.Command != "+write" || got.Replacement != "+cells-set" {
+		t.Fatalf("GetPending() = %#v, want %#v", got, n)
+	}
+
+	SetPending(nil)
+	if GetPending() != nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected nil after clearing")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/suggest/suggest.go b/internal/suggest/suggest.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fe4471f6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/suggest/suggest.go
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+// Package suggest provides the shared "did you mean" primitives: a rune-aware
+// Levenshtein edit distance and a prefix-weighted Closest ranker. It is the
+// single home for these so cmd, cmd/event, and internal/cmdpolicy stop each
+// carrying their own copy.
+package suggest
+
+import "sort"
+
+// Levenshtein computes the classic edit distance between two strings. It is
+// rune-aware, so it is correct for multi-byte input.
+func Levenshtein(a, b string) int {
+	if a == b {
+		return 0
+	}
+	ra, rb := []rune(a), []rune(b)
+	if len(ra) == 0 {
+		return len(rb)
+	}
+	if len(rb) == 0 {
+		return len(ra)
+	}
+	prev := make([]int, len(rb)+1)
+	curr := make([]int, len(rb)+1)
+	for j := range prev {
+		prev[j] = j
+	}
+	for i := 1; i <= len(ra); i++ {
+		curr[0] = i
+		for j := 1; j <= len(rb); j++ {
+			cost := 1
+			if ra[i-1] == rb[j-1] {
+				cost = 0
+			}
+			curr[j] = min(prev[j]+1, curr[j-1]+1, prev[j-1]+cost)
+		}
+		prev, curr = curr, prev
+	}
+	return prev[len(rb)]
+}
+
+// Closest returns up to maxN of candidates that plausibly match typed, ranked
+// by shared-prefix length (desc) then edit distance (asc), keeping only
+// reasonably-close ones.
+//
+// Shared prefix is weighted first on purpose: hallucinated names are often
+// semantically close but lexically far (e.g. "+cells-find" vs "+cells-search",
+// "--with-styles" vs nothing close), where the common prefix is the strongest
+// signal of intent that raw edit distance misses.
+func Closest(typed string, candidates []string, maxN int) []string {
+	type scored struct {
+		name   string
+		prefix int
+		dist   int
+	}
+	limit := editLimit(typed)
+	ranked := make([]scored, 0, len(candidates))
+	for _, c := range candidates {
+		p := sharedPrefixLen(typed, c)
+		d := Levenshtein(typed, c)
+		// Keep only plausible matches: a meaningful shared prefix, or an edit
+		// distance within budget. Drop everything else so the hint stays short.
+		if p >= 3 || d <= limit {
+			ranked = append(ranked, scored{name: c, prefix: p, dist: d})
+		}
+	}
+	sort.Slice(ranked, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if ranked[i].prefix != ranked[j].prefix {
+			return ranked[i].prefix > ranked[j].prefix
+		}
+		if ranked[i].dist != ranked[j].dist {
+			return ranked[i].dist < ranked[j].dist
+		}
+		return ranked[i].name < ranked[j].name
+	})
+	if maxN <= 0 || maxN > len(ranked) {
+		maxN = len(ranked)
+	}
+	out := make([]string, 0, maxN)
+	for _, s := range ranked[:maxN] {
+		out = append(out, s.name)
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// editLimit allows roughly one third of the typed length in edits (min 2), so
+// short names tolerate a couple of typos and longer ones proportionally more.
+func editLimit(s string) int {
+	if l := len([]rune(s)) / 3; l > 2 {
+		return l
+	}
+	return 2
+}
+
+func sharedPrefixLen(a, b string) int {
+	ra, rb := []rune(a), []rune(b)
+	n := 0
+	for n < len(ra) && n < len(rb) && ra[n] == rb[n] {
+		n++
+	}
+	return n
+}
diff --git a/internal/suggest/suggest_test.go b/internal/suggest/suggest_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dcf194349
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/suggest/suggest_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package suggest
+
+import (
+	"slices"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestClosest_HallucinatedSharesPrefix(t *testing.T) {
+	cmds := []string{
+		"+cells-get", "+cells-set", "+cells-search", "+cells-replace",
+		"+cells-clear", "+cells-merge", "+csv-get", "+chart-create",
+		"+pivot-create", "+sheet-info",
+	}
+	// "+cells-find" is semantically +cells-search but lexically far; the shared
+	// "+cells-" prefix should still surface the right family (incl. +cells-search).
+	got := Closest("+cells-find", cmds, 6)
+	if len(got) == 0 || len(got) > 6 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1..6 suggestions, got %v", got)
+	}
+	if !slices.Contains(got, "+cells-search") {
+		t.Errorf("expected +cells-search among suggestions, got %v", got)
+	}
+	for _, s := range got {
+		if len(s) < 7 || s[:7] != "+cells-" {
+			t.Errorf("suggestion %q does not share the +cells- prefix", s)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestClosest_TypoRanksExactNeighborFirst(t *testing.T) {
+	got := Closest("+cell-get", []string{"+cells-get", "+cells-set", "+csv-get", "+sheet-info"}, 3)
+	if len(got) == 0 || got[0] != "+cells-get" {
+		t.Errorf("expected +cells-get first for typo +cell-get, got %v", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestClosest_NoPlausibleMatch(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := Closest("+zzzzzz", []string{"+cells-get", "+csv-get"}, 6); len(got) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected no suggestions for unrelated input, got %v", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLevenshtein(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		a, b string
+		want int
+	}{
+		{"", "abc", 3},
+		{"abc", "", 3},
+		{"abc", "abc", 0},
+		{"kitten", "sitting", 3},
+		{"cell-get", "cells-get", 1},
+		{"--query", "--find", 5},
+		{"飞书", "飞书", 0}, // rune-aware: multi-byte equal
+		{"飞书", "飞s", 1}, // one rune substitution, not byte count
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		if d := Levenshtein(c.a, c.b); d != c.want {
+			t.Errorf("Levenshtein(%q,%q) = %d, want %d", c.a, c.b, d, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSharedPrefixLen(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := sharedPrefixLen("+cells-find", "+cells-search"); got != 7 {
+		t.Errorf("sharedPrefixLen = %d, want 7", got)
+	}
+	if got := sharedPrefixLen("abc", "xyz"); got != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("sharedPrefixLen = %d, want 0", got)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/common/runner.go b/shortcuts/common/runner.go
index 4c533896e..a7772a3bd 100644
--- a/shortcuts/common/runner.go
+++ b/shortcuts/common/runner.go
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
 )
 
 // RuntimeContext provides helpers for shortcut execution.
@@ -72,6 +73,16 @@ func (ctx *RuntimeContext) IsBot() bool {
 	return ctx.As().IsBot()
 }
 
+// Command returns the shortcut command name as cobra knows it (e.g.
+// "+pivot-create"). Used by per-service helpers (e.g. sheets schema
+// validation) that key off the shortcut identity.
+func (ctx *RuntimeContext) Command() string {
+	if ctx.Cmd == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return ctx.Cmd.Name()
+}
+
 // UserOpenId returns the current user's open_id from config.
 func (ctx *RuntimeContext) UserOpenId() string { return ctx.Config.UserOpenId }
 
@@ -200,6 +211,12 @@ func (ctx *RuntimeContext) Int(name string) int {
 	return v
 }
 
+// Float64 returns a float64 flag value (non-integer numbers).
+func (ctx *RuntimeContext) Float64(name string) float64 {
+	v, _ := ctx.Cmd.Flags().GetFloat64(name)
+	return v
+}
+
 // StrArray returns a string-array flag value (repeated flag, no CSV splitting).
 func (ctx *RuntimeContext) StrArray(name string) []string {
 	v, _ := ctx.Cmd.Flags().GetStringArray(name)
@@ -938,6 +955,29 @@ func (s Shortcut) mountDeclarative(ctx context.Context, parent *cobra.Command, f
 			return runShortcut(cmd, f, &shortcut, botOnly)
 		},
 	}
+	if shortcut.PrintFlagSchema != nil || shortcut.OnInvoke != nil {
+		onInvoke := shortcut.OnInvoke
+		relaxRequiredForSchema := shortcut.PrintFlagSchema != nil
+		// PreRunE runs before cobra's ValidateRequiredFlags. Two opt-in uses:
+		//   - OnInvoke: fire a side effect (e.g. a deprecation notice) that must
+		//     surface even when the call later fails on a missing required flag.
+		//   - --print-schema: pure local introspection; relax the required-flag
+		//     gate so callers don't fill in unrelated flags just to ask for a
+		//     schema (clearing the annotation here is the supported opt-out).
+		cmd.PreRunE = func(c *cobra.Command, _ []string) error {
+			if onInvoke != nil {
+				onInvoke()
+			}
+			if relaxRequiredForSchema {
+				if want, _ := c.Flags().GetBool("print-schema"); want {
+					c.Flags().VisitAll(func(fl *pflag.Flag) {
+						delete(fl.Annotations, cobra.BashCompOneRequiredFlag)
+					})
+				}
+			}
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
 	cmdutil.SetSupportedIdentities(cmd, shortcut.AuthTypes)
 	registerShortcutFlagsWithContext(ctx, cmd, f, &shortcut)
 	cmdutil.SetTips(cmd, shortcut.Tips)
@@ -951,6 +991,31 @@ func (s Shortcut) mountDeclarative(ctx context.Context, parent *cobra.Command, f
 // runShortcut is the execution pipeline for a declarative shortcut.
 // Each step is a clear phase: identity → config → scopes → context → validate → execute.
 func runShortcut(cmd *cobra.Command, f *cmdutil.Factory, s *Shortcut, botOnly bool) error {
+	// --print-schema short-circuits everything below: it's pure local
+	// introspection, no identity / scope / network needed. The flag is
+	// only registered when the shortcut opts in via PrintFlagSchema.
+	if s.PrintFlagSchema != nil {
+		if want, _ := cmd.Flags().GetBool("print-schema"); want {
+			flagName, _ := cmd.Flags().GetString("flag-name")
+			out, err := s.PrintFlagSchema(strings.TrimSpace(flagName))
+			if err != nil {
+				// PrintFlagSchema implementations return bare errors; wrap as a
+				// structured ExitError so --print-schema (an agent-facing
+				// introspection path) yields a parseable envelope, not a plain
+				// string.
+				if _, ok := err.(*output.ExitError); !ok {
+					err = output.Errorf(output.ExitValidation, "print_schema_error", "%s", err.Error())
+				}
+				return err
+			}
+			if len(out) == 0 {
+				return nil
+			}
+			fmt.Fprintln(f.IOStreams.Out, string(out))
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+
 	as, err := resolveShortcutIdentity(cmd, f, s)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -1055,6 +1120,16 @@ func newRuntimeContext(cmd *cobra.Command, f *cmdutil.Factory, s *Shortcut, conf
 	return rctx, nil
 }
 
+// stripUTF8BOM removes a leading UTF-8 byte-order mark from content read from a
+// file or stdin. A BOM that survives into a CSV cell corrupts the first value
+// (e.g. "\ufeffNorth", which then makes a MAXIFS/lookup miss it), and a BOM at the
+// head of a JSON payload makes json.Unmarshal fail with "invalid character 'ï'".
+// Some editors and exporters add it silently. Only a leading BOM is removed; interior
+// occurrences are left untouched.
+func stripUTF8BOM(s string) string {
+	return strings.TrimPrefix(s, "\uFEFF")
+}
+
 // resolveInputFlags resolves @file and - (stdin) for flags with Input sources.
 // Must be called before Validate/DryRun/Execute so that runtime.Str() returns resolved content.
 func resolveInputFlags(rctx *RuntimeContext, flags []Flag) error {
@@ -1089,7 +1164,9 @@ func resolveInputFlags(rctx *RuntimeContext, flags []Flag) error {
 					WithParam("--" + fl.Name).
 					WithCause(err)
 			}
-			rctx.Cmd.Flags().Set(fl.Name, string(data))
+			// strip a leading UTF-8 BOM so it can't corrupt the first CSV
+			// cell or break JSON parsing downstream.
+			rctx.Cmd.Flags().Set(fl.Name, stripUTF8BOM(string(data)))
 			continue
 		}
 
@@ -1116,7 +1193,9 @@ func resolveInputFlags(rctx *RuntimeContext, flags []Flag) error {
 					WithParam("--" + fl.Name).
 					WithCause(err)
 			}
-			rctx.Cmd.Flags().Set(fl.Name, string(data))
+			// strip a leading UTF-8 BOM so it
+			// can't corrupt the first CSV cell or break JSON parsing downstream.
+			rctx.Cmd.Flags().Set(fl.Name, stripUTF8BOM(string(data)))
 			continue
 		}
 	}
@@ -1203,6 +1282,10 @@ func registerShortcutFlagsWithContext(ctx context.Context, cmd *cobra.Command, f
 			var d int
 			fmt.Sscanf(fl.Default, "%d", &d)
 			cmd.Flags().Int(fl.Name, d, desc)
+		case "float64":
+			var d float64
+			fmt.Sscanf(fl.Default, "%g", &d)
+			cmd.Flags().Float64(fl.Name, d, desc)
 		case "string_array":
 			cmd.Flags().StringArray(fl.Name, nil, desc)
 		case "string_slice":
@@ -1237,6 +1320,17 @@ func registerShortcutFlagsWithContext(ctx context.Context, cmd *cobra.Command, f
 	if s.Risk == "high-risk-write" {
 		cmd.Flags().Bool("yes", false, "confirm high-risk operation")
 	}
+	if s.PrintFlagSchema != nil {
+		// Guard against a shortcut that already declares these reserved
+		// introspection flags: pflag panics on a duplicate registration.
+		// Mirrors the Lookup guard on --format above.
+		if cmd.Flags().Lookup("print-schema") == nil {
+			cmd.Flags().Bool("print-schema", false, "print JSON Schema for a composite flag instead of executing")
+		}
+		if cmd.Flags().Lookup("flag-name") == nil {
+			cmd.Flags().String("flag-name", "", "flag whose schema to print (omit to list introspectable flags); used with --print-schema")
+		}
+	}
 	cmd.Flags().StringP("jq", "q", "", "jq expression to filter JSON output")
 	cmdutil.AddShortcutIdentityFlag(ctx, cmd, f, s.AuthTypes)
 }
diff --git a/shortcuts/common/runner_flag_completion_test.go b/shortcuts/common/runner_flag_completion_test.go
index c0eaf2807..49da9a275 100644
--- a/shortcuts/common/runner_flag_completion_test.go
+++ b/shortcuts/common/runner_flag_completion_test.go
@@ -97,6 +97,46 @@ func TestShortcutMount_FlagCompletionsDisabled(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// TestShortcutMount_ReservedIntrospectionFlagCollision verifies the reserved
+// --print-schema / --flag-name flags are registered defensively: a shortcut
+// that already declares same-named flags must not trigger pflag's duplicate-
+// registration panic (the Lookup guard in registerShortcutFlagsWithContext).
+func TestShortcutMount_ReservedIntrospectionFlagCollision(t *testing.T) {
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	parent := &cobra.Command{Use: "root"}
+	shortcut := Shortcut{
+		Service:     "docs",
+		Command:     "+introspect",
+		Description: "x",
+		// The shortcut's own flags collide with the names the runner auto-
+		// injects when PrintFlagSchema is set. Without the guard, pflag panics.
+		Flags: []Flag{
+			{Name: "print-schema", Desc: "user-defined collision"},
+			{Name: "flag-name", Desc: "user-defined collision"},
+		},
+		PrintFlagSchema: func(string) ([]byte, error) { return nil, nil },
+		Execute:         func(context.Context, *RuntimeContext) error { return nil },
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		if r := recover(); r != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Mount panicked on a reserved-flag name collision (Lookup guard missing?): %v", r)
+		}
+	}()
+	shortcut.Mount(parent, f)
+
+	cmd, _, err := parent.Find([]string{"+introspect"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Find() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if cmd.Flags().Lookup("print-schema") == nil {
+		t.Error("print-schema flag should still exist after the guarded registration")
+	}
+	if cmd.Flags().Lookup("flag-name") == nil {
+		t.Error("flag-name flag should still exist after the guarded registration")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestShortcutMount_JsonFlag_AcceptedWhenHasFormat(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	parent := &cobra.Command{Use: "root"}
diff --git a/shortcuts/common/runner_input_test.go b/shortcuts/common/runner_input_test.go
index 1d44023a7..1b46dda1e 100644
--- a/shortcuts/common/runner_input_test.go
+++ b/shortcuts/common/runner_input_test.go
@@ -221,3 +221,53 @@ func TestResolveInputFlags_DuplicateStdin(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("unexpected error: %v", err)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestStripUTF8BOM(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct{ name, in, want string }{
+		{"leading BOM removed", "\uFEFFhello", "hello"},
+		{"no BOM unchanged", "hello", "hello"},
+		{"empty unchanged", "", ""},
+		{"only BOM becomes empty", "\uFEFF", ""},
+		{"interior BOM preserved", "a\uFEFFb", "a\uFEFFb"},
+		{"only the first BOM removed", "\uFEFF\uFEFFx", "\uFEFFx"},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		if got := stripUTF8BOM(c.in); got != c.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s: stripUTF8BOM(%q) = %q, want %q", c.name, c.in, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveInputFlags_StripBOMStdin(t *testing.T) {
+	// A CSV piped via stdin with a leading BOM (e.g. from an upstream export)
+	// must reach the shortcut without the BOM, so it can't corrupt the first cell.
+	rctx := newTestRuntimeWithStdin(map[string]string{"csv": "-"}, "\uFEFFname,age\nzhang,8")
+	flags := []Flag{{Name: "csv", Input: []string{File, Stdin}}}
+
+	if err := resolveInputFlags(rctx, flags); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if got := rctx.Str("csv"); got != "name,age\nzhang,8" {
+		t.Errorf("leading BOM not stripped from stdin, got %q", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveInputFlags_StripBOMFile(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	cmdutil.TestChdir(t, dir)
+
+	// A JSON operations file saved with a BOM would otherwise fail json.Unmarshal
+	// with "invalid character 'ï'".
+	if err := os.WriteFile("ops.json", []byte("\uFEFF[{\"shortcut\":\"+cells-set\"}]"), 0644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	rctx := newTestRuntimeWithStdin(map[string]string{"operations": "@ops.json"}, "")
+	flags := []Flag{{Name: "operations", Input: []string{File, Stdin}}}
+
+	if err := resolveInputFlags(rctx, flags); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if got := rctx.Str("operations"); got != "[{\"shortcut\":\"+cells-set\"}]" {
+		t.Errorf("leading BOM not stripped from file, got %q", got)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/common/types.go b/shortcuts/common/types.go
index bf3f0307b..86eb80b74 100644
--- a/shortcuts/common/types.go
+++ b/shortcuts/common/types.go
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ const (
 // Flag describes a CLI flag for a shortcut.
 type Flag struct {
 	Name     string // flag name (e.g. "calendar-id")
-	Type     string // "string" (default) | "bool" | "int" | "string_array" | "string_slice"
+	Type     string // "string" (default) | "bool" | "int" | "float64" | "string_array" | "string_slice"
 	Default  string // default value as string
 	Desc     string // help text
 	Hidden   bool   // hidden from --help, still readable at runtime
@@ -58,6 +58,29 @@ type Shortcut struct {
 	Validate func(ctx context.Context, runtime *RuntimeContext) error      // optional pre-execution validation
 	Execute  func(ctx context.Context, runtime *RuntimeContext) error      // main logic
 
+	// OnInvoke, when non-nil, runs from the command's cobra PreRunE — before
+	// cobra validates required flags — so its side effect fires even when the
+	// call later fails on a missing required flag (which short-circuits before
+	// Validate/Execute). The backward-compat aliases use it to record a
+	// deprecation notice that must surface regardless of whether the call
+	// validates. Fire-and-forget: no args, no return (e.g. deprecation.SetPending).
+	OnInvoke func()
+
+	// PrintFlagSchema, when non-nil, opts this shortcut into the
+	// `--print-schema --flag-name <name>` runtime introspection contract.
+	// The framework auto-injects those two system flags and short-circuits
+	// Validate/Execute when --print-schema is set, dispatching to this hook.
+	//
+	// Contract:
+	//   - flagName == ""     → list the flags this shortcut can describe
+	//                          (output is impl-defined; agents read this to
+	//                          discover which flags are introspectable).
+	//   - flagName == "...": → return the JSON Schema (or schema-like blob)
+	//                          for that flag.
+	// Return value is written to stdout verbatim; callers typically format
+	// it as JSON. Returning an error surfaces as a normal command error.
+	PrintFlagSchema func(flagName string) ([]byte, error)
+
 	// PostMount is an optional hook called after the cobra.Command is fully
 	// configured (flags registered, tips set) and after parent.AddCommand(cmd)
 	// has attached it to the parent. Use it to install custom help functions or
diff --git a/shortcuts/register.go b/shortcuts/register.go
index 395990285..8efa979a8 100644
--- a/shortcuts/register.go
+++ b/shortcuts/register.go
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdmeta"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/deprecation"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/registry"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/apps"
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/markdown"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/minutes"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/sheets"
+	sheetsbackward "github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/sheets/backward"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/slides"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/task"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/vc"
@@ -64,6 +66,11 @@ func init() {
 	allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, im.Shortcuts()...)
 	allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, contact_shortcuts.Shortcuts()...)
 	allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, sheets.Shortcuts()...)
+	// Backward-compatible sheets shortcuts (pre-refactor command names),
+	// kept under shortcuts/sheets/backward so external callers relying on the
+	// old `+create`, `+read`, `+write`, ... commands keep working alongside the
+	// refactored ones. Command names are disjoint from sheets.Shortcuts().
+	allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, wrapSheetsBackwardDeprecation(sheetsbackward.Shortcuts())...)
 	allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, base.Shortcuts()...)
 	allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, event.Shortcuts()...)
 	allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, mail.Shortcuts()...)
@@ -146,6 +153,9 @@ func RegisterShortcutsWithContext(ctx context.Context, program *cobra.Command, f
 		if service == "mail" {
 			mail.InstallOnMail(svc)
 		}
+		if service == "sheets" {
+			applySheetsCompatGroups(svc)
+		}
 
 		if !IsShortcutServiceAvailable(service, brand) {
 			installBrandRestrictionGuard(svc, service, brand)
@@ -189,3 +199,153 @@ func installBrandRestrictionGuard(svc *cobra.Command, service string, brand core
 	// --help bypasses RunE, so surface the restriction in Long too.
 	svc.Long = fmt.Sprintf("The %q feature is not yet supported on the %s brand.", service, brand)
 }
+
+// Sheets backward-compatibility help grouping.
+//
+// shortcuts/sheets/backward keeps the pre-refactor command names alive so that
+// users whose lark-sheets skill predates the refactor keep working even after
+// upgrading only the binary. In `sheets --help` those aliases would otherwise
+// sort alphabetically into the same flat list as the current commands,
+// indistinguishable from them. applySheetsCompatGroups splits them into a
+// dedicated cobra group whose heading tells the user to update their skill, and
+// appends a "(→ +new-command)" pointer to each alias so the migration target is
+// obvious. Pure presentation — the aliases stay fully executable.
+const (
+	sheetsCurrentGroupID = "sheets-current"
+	// sheetsDeprecatedGroupID aliases the shared deprecated-group id so both
+	// `sheets --help` grouping and the generic unknown-subcommand path
+	// (cmd/root.go) classify these aliases the same way.
+	sheetsDeprecatedGroupID = cmdutil.DeprecatedGroupID
+)
+
+// sheetsAliasReplacement maps each pre-refactor sheets alias to the current
+// command(s) that replace it, shown as a "(→ ...)" suffix in --help. Aliases
+// absent from this map still land in the deprecated group, just without a
+// pointer, so a missing entry degrades gracefully rather than misgrouping.
+var sheetsAliasReplacement = map[string]string{
+	// spreadsheet / sheet management
+	"+create":       "+workbook-create",
+	"+info":         "+workbook-info",
+	"+export":       "+workbook-export",
+	"+create-sheet": "+sheet-create",
+	"+copy-sheet":   "+sheet-copy",
+	"+delete-sheet": "+sheet-delete",
+	"+update-sheet": "+sheet-rename / +sheet-move / …",
+	// cell data
+	"+read":    "+cells-get",
+	"+write":   "+cells-set",
+	"+append":  "+cells-set",
+	"+find":    "+cells-search",
+	"+replace": "+cells-replace",
+	// cell style / merge / image
+	"+set-style":       "+cells-set-style",
+	"+batch-set-style": "+cells-batch-set-style",
+	"+merge-cells":     "+cells-merge",
+	"+unmerge-cells":   "+cells-unmerge",
+	"+write-image":     "+cells-set-image",
+	// row / column dimensions
+	"+add-dimension":    "+dim-insert",
+	"+insert-dimension": "+dim-insert",
+	"+update-dimension": "+rows-resize / +dim-hide / …",
+	"+move-dimension":   "+dim-move",
+	"+delete-dimension": "+dim-delete",
+	// filter views (conditions folded into the view flags)
+	"+create-filter-view":           "+filter-view-create",
+	"+update-filter-view":           "+filter-view-update",
+	"+list-filter-views":            "+filter-view-list",
+	"+get-filter-view":              "+filter-view-list",
+	"+delete-filter-view":           "+filter-view-delete",
+	"+create-filter-view-condition": "+filter-view-update",
+	"+update-filter-view-condition": "+filter-view-update",
+	"+list-filter-view-conditions":  "+filter-view-list",
+	"+get-filter-view-condition":    "+filter-view-list",
+	"+delete-filter-view-condition": "+filter-view-update",
+	// dropdowns
+	"+set-dropdown":    "+dropdown-set",
+	"+update-dropdown": "+dropdown-update",
+	"+get-dropdown":    "+dropdown-get",
+	"+delete-dropdown": "+dropdown-delete",
+	// float images (media-upload folded into create)
+	"+media-upload":       "+float-image-create",
+	"+create-float-image": "+float-image-create",
+	"+update-float-image": "+float-image-update",
+	"+get-float-image":    "+float-image-list",
+	"+list-float-images":  "+float-image-list",
+	"+delete-float-image": "+float-image-delete",
+}
+
+func applySheetsCompatGroups(svc *cobra.Command) {
+	svc.AddGroup(
+		&cobra.Group{ID: sheetsCurrentGroupID, Title: "Available Commands:"},
+		&cobra.Group{
+			ID:    sheetsDeprecatedGroupID,
+			Title: "Deprecated pre-refactor commands (still work) — update your lark-sheets skill, then: lark-cli update",
+		},
+	)
+
+	deprecated := make(map[string]struct{})
+	for _, s := range sheetsbackward.Shortcuts() {
+		deprecated[s.Command] = struct{}{}
+	}
+
+	for _, c := range svc.Commands() {
+		name := c.Name()
+		if _, ok := deprecated[name]; ok {
+			c.GroupID = sheetsDeprecatedGroupID
+			if repl := sheetsAliasReplacement[name]; repl != "" {
+				c.Short = c.Short + "  (→ " + repl + ")"
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		// Only the refactored shortcuts (all "+"-prefixed) belong in the current
+		// group. Leave the OpenAPI metaapi subcommands (spreadsheets, ...) and the
+		// auto-added help/completion ungrouped so cobra files them under
+		// "Additional Commands".
+		if len(name) > 0 && name[0] == '+' {
+			c.GroupID = sheetsCurrentGroupID
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// wrapSheetsBackwardDeprecation decorates each backward-compatibility sheets
+// alias so that invoking it records a process-level deprecation notice, which
+// cmd/root.go surfaces in the JSON "_notice" envelope. This reaches the users
+// the --help grouping cannot: those whose pre-refactor skill calls +read /
+// +write directly and never reads --help. Replacement targets come from
+// sheetsAliasReplacement — the same single source of truth that drives the
+// "(→ +new)" help pointers.
+func wrapSheetsBackwardDeprecation(list []common.Shortcut) []common.Shortcut {
+	for i := range list {
+		notice := &deprecation.Notice{
+			Command:     list[i].Command,
+			Replacement: sheetsAliasReplacement[list[i].Command],
+			Skill:       "lark-sheets",
+		}
+		// Record the notice as soon as the command's own logic runs, so it is
+		// surfaced even when Validate rejects the call — an out-of-date skill
+		// can pass pre-refactor argument shapes (e.g. a range without the new
+		// sheet-id prefix) and fail validation before Execute — and when
+		// --dry-run short-circuits before Execute. Both hooks store the same
+		// pointer, so setting it twice is harmless.
+		if origValidate := list[i].Validate; origValidate != nil {
+			list[i].Validate = func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+				deprecation.SetPending(notice)
+				return origValidate(ctx, runtime)
+			}
+		}
+		if origExecute := list[i].Execute; origExecute != nil {
+			list[i].Execute = func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+				deprecation.SetPending(notice)
+				return origExecute(ctx, runtime)
+			}
+		}
+		// The Validate/Execute wrappers above miss one path: a cobra-level
+		// required flag (MarkFlagRequired) that is absent fails at
+		// ValidateRequiredFlags, before RunE — so neither hook runs and the
+		// notice would be lost on exactly the "stale skill calls the old command
+		// and mis-supplies flags" case it exists for. OnInvoke runs from PreRunE,
+		// ahead of ValidateRequiredFlags, so the notice still surfaces there.
+		list[i].OnInvoke = func() { deprecation.SetPending(notice) }
+	}
+	return list
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/register_test.go b/shortcuts/register_test.go
index 82b067c62..4f7cb52d0 100644
--- a/shortcuts/register_test.go
+++ b/shortcuts/register_test.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ package shortcuts
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
@@ -16,7 +17,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdmeta"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/deprecation"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
@@ -471,3 +474,152 @@ func TestGenerateShortcutsJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	t.Logf("wrote %d bytes to %s", len(data), output)
 }
+
+// applySheetsCompatGroups must split the sheets service into a current group
+// (refactored "+"-shortcuts) and a deprecated group (backward-compat aliases),
+// append a "(→ +new)" migration pointer to each alias, and leave non-"+"
+// subcommands (OpenAPI metaapi, help/completion) ungrouped so cobra files them
+// under "Additional Commands".
+func TestApplySheetsCompatGroups(t *testing.T) {
+	svc := &cobra.Command{Use: "sheets"}
+	newCmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "+cells-get", Short: "Read ranges"}
+	aliasCmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "+read", Short: "Read spreadsheet cell values"}
+	metaCmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "spreadsheets", Short: "spreadsheets operations"}
+	svc.AddCommand(newCmd, aliasCmd, metaCmd)
+
+	applySheetsCompatGroups(svc)
+
+	if !svc.ContainsGroup(sheetsCurrentGroupID) {
+		t.Errorf("current group %q not registered", sheetsCurrentGroupID)
+	}
+	if !svc.ContainsGroup(sheetsDeprecatedGroupID) {
+		t.Errorf("deprecated group %q not registered", sheetsDeprecatedGroupID)
+	}
+	if newCmd.GroupID != sheetsCurrentGroupID {
+		t.Errorf("+cells-get GroupID = %q, want %q", newCmd.GroupID, sheetsCurrentGroupID)
+	}
+	if aliasCmd.GroupID != sheetsDeprecatedGroupID {
+		t.Errorf("+read GroupID = %q, want %q", aliasCmd.GroupID, sheetsDeprecatedGroupID)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(aliasCmd.Short, "(→ +cells-get)") {
+		t.Errorf("+read Short missing migration pointer, got %q", aliasCmd.Short)
+	}
+	if metaCmd.GroupID != "" {
+		t.Errorf("metaapi spreadsheets should stay ungrouped, got GroupID %q", metaCmd.GroupID)
+	}
+}
+
+// End-to-end: the rendered `sheets --help` must surface the deprecated-group
+// heading (telling users to update their skill) plus the per-alias migration
+// pointers, while keeping the refactored shortcuts under Available Commands.
+func TestRegisterShortcutsSheetsHelpGroupsDeprecatedAliases(t *testing.T) {
+	program := &cobra.Command{Use: "root"}
+	RegisterShortcuts(program, newRegisterTestFactory(t))
+
+	sheetsCmd, _, err := program.Find([]string{"sheets"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("find sheets command: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var out bytes.Buffer
+	sheetsCmd.SetOut(&out)
+	if err := sheetsCmd.Help(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("sheets help failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	got := out.String()
+
+	for _, want := range []string{
+		"Available Commands:",
+		"Deprecated pre-refactor commands",
+		"update your lark-sheets skill",
+		"+read",
+		"(→ +cells-get)",
+		"+write",
+		"(→ +cells-set)",
+	} {
+		if !strings.Contains(got, want) {
+			t.Fatalf("sheets help missing %q:\n%s", want, got)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// wrapSheetsBackwardDeprecation must decorate each alias's Execute so that
+// invoking it records a process-level deprecation notice (reusing
+// sheetsAliasReplacement for the migration target) while still calling the
+// original Execute. cmd/root.go reads that notice into the JSON "_notice".
+func TestWrapSheetsBackwardDeprecation(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Cleanup(func() { deprecation.SetPending(nil) })
+	deprecation.SetPending(nil)
+
+	called := false
+	in := []common.Shortcut{{
+		Service: "sheets",
+		Command: "+read",
+		Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+			called = true
+			return nil
+		},
+	}}
+
+	out := wrapSheetsBackwardDeprecation(in)
+	if len(out) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("wrapped list len = %d, want 1", len(out))
+	}
+	if deprecation.GetPending() != nil {
+		t.Fatal("notice set before wrapped Execute ran")
+	}
+
+	if err := out[0].Execute(context.Background(), nil); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("wrapped Execute returned error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !called {
+		t.Fatal("original Execute was not invoked by the wrapper")
+	}
+
+	dep := deprecation.GetPending()
+	if dep == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected a pending deprecation notice after Execute")
+	}
+	if dep.Command != "+read" {
+		t.Errorf("notice Command = %q, want +read", dep.Command)
+	}
+	if dep.Replacement != "+cells-get" {
+		t.Errorf("notice Replacement = %q, want +cells-get (from sheetsAliasReplacement)", dep.Replacement)
+	}
+	if dep.Skill != "lark-sheets" {
+		t.Errorf("notice Skill = %q, want lark-sheets", dep.Skill)
+	}
+}
+
+// The wrapper must also decorate Validate, so an out-of-date skill whose
+// pre-refactor argument shape fails validation (before Execute) still gets the
+// deprecation notice in its error envelope.
+func TestWrapSheetsBackwardDeprecationValidateHook(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Cleanup(func() { deprecation.SetPending(nil) })
+	deprecation.SetPending(nil)
+
+	validated := false
+	in := []common.Shortcut{{
+		Service: "sheets",
+		Command: "+write",
+		Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+			validated = true
+			return nil
+		},
+	}}
+
+	out := wrapSheetsBackwardDeprecation(in)
+	if out[0].Validate == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Validate hook was dropped by the wrapper")
+	}
+	if err := out[0].Validate(context.Background(), nil); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("wrapped Validate returned error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !validated {
+		t.Fatal("original Validate was not invoked")
+	}
+	dep := deprecation.GetPending()
+	if dep == nil || dep.Command != "+write" || dep.Replacement != "+cells-set" {
+		t.Fatalf("Validate hook did not record expected notice: %#v", dep)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/backward/helpers.go b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/helpers.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9c8f3284c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/helpers.go
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package backward
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"regexp"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+var (
+	singleCellRangePattern = regexp.MustCompile(`^[A-Za-z]+[1-9][0-9]*$`)
+	cellSpanRangePattern   = regexp.MustCompile(`^[A-Za-z]+[1-9][0-9]*:[A-Za-z]+[1-9][0-9]*$`)
+	cellToColRangePattern  = regexp.MustCompile(`^[A-Za-z]+[1-9][0-9]*:[A-Za-z]+$`)
+	colSpanRangePattern    = regexp.MustCompile(`^[A-Za-z]+:[A-Za-z]+$`)
+	rowSpanRangePattern    = regexp.MustCompile(`^[1-9][0-9]*:[1-9][0-9]*$`)
+	cellRefPattern         = regexp.MustCompile(`^([A-Za-z]+)([1-9][0-9]*)$`)
+)
+
+var sheetRangeSeparatorReplacer = strings.NewReplacer(`\！`, "!", `\!`, "!", "！", "!")
+
+// getFirstSheetID queries the spreadsheet and returns the first sheet's ID.
+func getFirstSheetID(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, spreadsheetToken string) (string, error) {
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPI("GET", fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/sheets/v3/spreadsheets/%s/sheets/query", validate.EncodePathSegment(spreadsheetToken)), nil, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	sheets, _ := data["sheets"].([]interface{})
+	if len(sheets) > 0 {
+		sheet, _ := sheets[0].(map[string]interface{})
+		if id, ok := sheet["sheet_id"].(string); ok && id != "" {
+			return id, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "not_found", "no sheets found in this spreadsheet")
+}
+
+// extractSpreadsheetToken extracts spreadsheet token from URL.
+func extractSpreadsheetToken(input string) string {
+	input = strings.TrimSpace(input)
+	prefixes := []string{"/sheets/", "/spreadsheets/"}
+	for _, prefix := range prefixes {
+		if idx := strings.Index(input, prefix); idx >= 0 {
+			token := input[idx+len(prefix):]
+			if idx2 := strings.IndexAny(token, "/?#"); idx2 >= 0 {
+				token = token[:idx2]
+			}
+			return token
+		}
+	}
+	return input
+}
+
+func normalizeSheetRange(sheetID, input string) string {
+	input = normalizeSheetRangeSeparators(input)
+	if input == "" || strings.Contains(input, "!") || sheetID == "" {
+		return input
+	}
+	if looksLikeRelativeRange(input) {
+		return sheetID + "!" + input
+	}
+	return input
+}
+
+func normalizePointRange(sheetID, input string) string {
+	input = normalizeSheetRange(sheetID, input)
+	if input == "" {
+		return input
+	}
+	rangeSheetID, subRange, ok := splitSheetRange(input)
+	if !ok || !singleCellRangePattern.MatchString(subRange) {
+		return input
+	}
+	return rangeSheetID + "!" + subRange + ":" + subRange
+}
+
+func normalizeWriteRange(sheetID, input string, values interface{}) string {
+	rows, cols := matrixDimensions(values)
+	input = normalizeSheetRangeSeparators(input)
+	if input == "" {
+		return buildRectRange(sheetID, "A1", rows, cols)
+	}
+
+	input = normalizeSheetRange(sheetID, input)
+	rangeSheetID, subRange, ok := splitSheetRange(input)
+	if !ok {
+		return buildRectRange(input, "A1", rows, cols)
+	}
+	if singleCellRangePattern.MatchString(subRange) {
+		return buildRectRange(rangeSheetID, subRange, rows, cols)
+	}
+	return input
+}
+
+func validateSheetRangeInput(sheetID, input string) error {
+	input = normalizeSheetRangeSeparators(input)
+	if input == "" || strings.Contains(input, "!") || sheetID != "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if looksLikeRelativeRange(input) {
+		return common.FlagErrorf("--range %q requires --sheet-id or a <sheetId>! prefix", input)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// validateSingleCellRange rejects multi-cell spans (e.g. "A1:B2") that are
+// invalid for single-cell operations like write-image. Empty and single-cell
+// values pass through.
+func validateSingleCellRange(input string) error {
+	input = normalizeSheetRangeSeparators(input)
+	if input == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Extract the sub-range after the sheet ID prefix, if present.
+	subRange := input
+	if _, sr, ok := splitSheetRange(input); ok {
+		subRange = sr
+	}
+	if cellSpanRangePattern.MatchString(subRange) {
+		parts := strings.SplitN(subRange, ":", 2)
+		if strings.EqualFold(parts[0], parts[1]) {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return common.FlagErrorf("--range %q must be a single cell (e.g. A1 or A1:A1), got a multi-cell span", input)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func looksLikeRelativeRange(input string) bool {
+	input = normalizeSheetRangeSeparators(input)
+	if input == "" {
+		return false
+	}
+	return singleCellRangePattern.MatchString(input) ||
+		cellSpanRangePattern.MatchString(input) ||
+		cellToColRangePattern.MatchString(input) ||
+		colSpanRangePattern.MatchString(input) ||
+		rowSpanRangePattern.MatchString(input)
+}
+
+func splitSheetRange(input string) (sheetID, subRange string, ok bool) {
+	parts := strings.SplitN(normalizeSheetRangeSeparators(input), "!", 2)
+	if len(parts) != 2 || parts[0] == "" || parts[1] == "" {
+		return "", "", false
+	}
+	return parts[0], parts[1], true
+}
+
+func normalizeSheetRangeSeparators(input string) string {
+	input = strings.TrimSpace(input)
+	if input == "" {
+		return input
+	}
+	return sheetRangeSeparatorReplacer.Replace(input)
+}
+
+func buildRectRange(sheetID, anchor string, rows, cols int) string {
+	if sheetID == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if rows < 1 {
+		rows = 1
+	}
+	if cols < 1 {
+		cols = 1
+	}
+	endCell, err := offsetCell(anchor, rows-1, cols-1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return sheetID
+	}
+	return sheetID + "!" + anchor + ":" + endCell
+}
+
+func matrixDimensions(values interface{}) (rows, cols int) {
+	rowList, ok := values.([]interface{})
+	if !ok || len(rowList) == 0 {
+		return 1, 1
+	}
+	rows = len(rowList)
+	for _, row := range rowList {
+		if cells, ok := row.([]interface{}); ok && len(cells) > cols {
+			cols = len(cells)
+		}
+	}
+	if cols == 0 {
+		cols = 1
+	}
+	return rows, cols
+}
+
+func offsetCell(cell string, rowOffset, colOffset int) (string, error) {
+	matches := cellRefPattern.FindStringSubmatch(strings.TrimSpace(cell))
+	if len(matches) != 3 {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("invalid cell reference: %s", cell)
+	}
+	colIndex := columnNameToIndex(matches[1])
+	if colIndex < 1 {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("invalid column: %s", matches[1])
+	}
+	rowIndex, err := strconv.Atoi(matches[2])
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", columnIndexToName(colIndex+colOffset), rowIndex+rowOffset), nil
+}
+
+func columnNameToIndex(name string) int {
+	name = strings.ToUpper(strings.TrimSpace(name))
+	if name == "" {
+		return 0
+	}
+	index := 0
+	for _, r := range name {
+		if r < 'A' || r > 'Z' {
+			return 0
+		}
+		index = index*26 + int(r-'A'+1)
+	}
+	return index
+}
+
+func columnIndexToName(index int) string {
+	if index < 1 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	var out []byte
+	for index > 0 {
+		index--
+		out = append([]byte{byte('A' + index%26)}, out...)
+		index /= 26
+	}
+	return string(out)
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_cell_data.go b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_cell_data.go
similarity index 87%
rename from shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_cell_data.go
rename to shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_cell_data.go
index 8c654716f..59d6fa74e 100644
--- a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_cell_data.go
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_cell_data.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-package sheets
+package backward
 
 import (
 	"context"
@@ -54,10 +54,14 @@ var SheetRead = common.Shortcut{
 	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
 		token, _ := validateSheetManageToken(runtime)
 		readRange := runtime.Str("range")
-		if readRange == "" && runtime.Str("sheet-id") != "" {
+		if readRange == "" {
+			// Sheet-only selector: pass the bare sheet id through verbatim.
+			// Routing it via the range normalizer mangles ids that look
+			// A1-ish (e.g. "shtABC123" -> "shtABC123!shtABC123:shtABC123").
 			readRange = runtime.Str("sheet-id")
+		} else {
+			readRange = normalizePointRange(runtime.Str("sheet-id"), readRange)
 		}
-		readRange = normalizePointRange(runtime.Str("sheet-id"), readRange)
 		return common.NewDryRunAPI().
 			GET("/open-apis/sheets/v2/spreadsheets/:token/values/:range").
 			Set("token", token).Set("range", readRange)
@@ -66,18 +70,19 @@ var SheetRead = common.Shortcut{
 		token, _ := validateSheetManageToken(runtime)
 
 		readRange := runtime.Str("range")
-		if readRange == "" && runtime.Str("sheet-id") != "" {
-			readRange = runtime.Str("sheet-id")
-		}
-
 		if readRange == "" {
-			var err error
-			readRange, err = getFirstSheetID(runtime, token)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
+			// Sheet-only selector: keep the resolved sheet id verbatim (see DryRun).
+			readRange = runtime.Str("sheet-id")
+			if readRange == "" {
+				var err error
+				readRange, err = getFirstSheetID(runtime, token)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
 			}
+		} else {
+			readRange = normalizePointRange(runtime.Str("sheet-id"), readRange)
 		}
-		readRange = normalizePointRange(runtime.Str("sheet-id"), readRange)
 
 		params := map[string]interface{}{}
 		renderOption := runtime.Str("value-render-option")
@@ -124,11 +129,14 @@ var SheetWrite = common.Shortcut{
 	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
 		token, _ := validateSheetManageToken(runtime)
 		writeRange := runtime.Str("range")
-		if writeRange == "" && runtime.Str("sheet-id") != "" {
-			writeRange = runtime.Str("sheet-id")
-		}
 		values, _ := parseValues2DJSON(runtime.Str("values"))
-		writeRange = normalizeWriteRange(runtime.Str("sheet-id"), writeRange, values)
+		if writeRange == "" {
+			// Sheet-only selector: build the write rect from the selector's
+			// A1 instead of treating the bare sheet id as a cell anchor.
+			writeRange = normalizeWriteRange(runtime.Str("sheet-id"), "", values)
+		} else {
+			writeRange = normalizeWriteRange(runtime.Str("sheet-id"), writeRange, values)
+		}
 		return common.NewDryRunAPI().
 			PUT("/open-apis/sheets/v2/spreadsheets/:token/values").
 			Body(map[string]interface{}{"valueRange": map[string]interface{}{"range": writeRange, "values": values}}).
@@ -143,18 +151,21 @@ var SheetWrite = common.Shortcut{
 		}
 
 		writeRange := runtime.Str("range")
-		if writeRange == "" && runtime.Str("sheet-id") != "" {
-			writeRange = runtime.Str("sheet-id")
-		}
-
 		if writeRange == "" {
-			var err error
-			writeRange, err = getFirstSheetID(runtime, token)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
+			// Sheet-only selector: build the write rect from the selector's
+			// A1 (see DryRun). Resolve the first sheet when none was given.
+			sel := runtime.Str("sheet-id")
+			if sel == "" {
+				var err error
+				sel, err = getFirstSheetID(runtime, token)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
 			}
+			writeRange = normalizeWriteRange(sel, "", values)
+		} else {
+			writeRange = normalizeWriteRange(runtime.Str("sheet-id"), writeRange, values)
 		}
-		writeRange = normalizeWriteRange(runtime.Str("sheet-id"), writeRange, values)
 
 		data, err := runtime.CallAPI("PUT", fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/sheets/v2/spreadsheets/%s/values", validate.EncodePathSegment(token)), nil, map[string]interface{}{
 			"valueRange": map[string]interface{}{
@@ -200,11 +211,14 @@ var SheetAppend = common.Shortcut{
 	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
 		token, _ := validateSheetManageToken(runtime)
 		appendRange := runtime.Str("range")
-		if appendRange == "" && runtime.Str("sheet-id") != "" {
+		if appendRange == "" {
+			// Sheet-only selector: pass the bare sheet id through verbatim
+			// (see SheetRead.DryRun for the normalizer-mangling rationale).
 			appendRange = runtime.Str("sheet-id")
+		} else {
+			appendRange = normalizePointRange(runtime.Str("sheet-id"), appendRange)
 		}
 		values, _ := parseValues2DJSON(runtime.Str("values"))
-		appendRange = normalizePointRange(runtime.Str("sheet-id"), appendRange)
 		return common.NewDryRunAPI().
 			POST("/open-apis/sheets/v2/spreadsheets/:token/values_append").
 			Body(map[string]interface{}{"valueRange": map[string]interface{}{"range": appendRange, "values": values}}).
@@ -219,18 +233,19 @@ var SheetAppend = common.Shortcut{
 		}
 
 		appendRange := runtime.Str("range")
-		if appendRange == "" && runtime.Str("sheet-id") != "" {
-			appendRange = runtime.Str("sheet-id")
-		}
-
 		if appendRange == "" {
-			var err error
-			appendRange, err = getFirstSheetID(runtime, token)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
+			// Sheet-only selector: keep the resolved sheet id verbatim (see DryRun).
+			appendRange = runtime.Str("sheet-id")
+			if appendRange == "" {
+				var err error
+				appendRange, err = getFirstSheetID(runtime, token)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
 			}
+		} else {
+			appendRange = normalizePointRange(runtime.Str("sheet-id"), appendRange)
 		}
-		appendRange = normalizePointRange(runtime.Str("sheet-id"), appendRange)
 
 		data, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/sheets/v2/spreadsheets/%s/values_append", validate.EncodePathSegment(token)), nil, map[string]interface{}{
 			"valueRange": map[string]interface{}{
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_cell_images.go b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_cell_images.go
similarity index 99%
rename from shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_cell_images.go
rename to shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_cell_images.go
index cd2ba9c66..d2c0af692 100644
--- a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_cell_images.go
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_cell_images.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-package sheets
+package backward
 
 import (
 	"context"
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_cell_style_and_merge.go b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_cell_style_and_merge.go
similarity index 99%
rename from shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_cell_style_and_merge.go
rename to shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_cell_style_and_merge.go
index 3553fd945..520f91e36 100644
--- a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_cell_style_and_merge.go
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_cell_style_and_merge.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-package sheets
+package backward
 
 import (
 	"context"
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_dropdown.go b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_dropdown.go
similarity index 99%
rename from shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_dropdown.go
rename to shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_dropdown.go
index fe092bbac..e5645af65 100644
--- a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_dropdown.go
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_dropdown.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-package sheets
+package backward
 
 import (
 	"context"
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_filter_views.go b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_filter_views.go
similarity index 99%
rename from shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_filter_views.go
rename to shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_filter_views.go
index ec385a9b4..b76a473f3 100644
--- a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_filter_views.go
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_filter_views.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-package sheets
+package backward
 
 import (
 	"context"
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_float_images.go b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_float_images.go
similarity index 99%
rename from shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_float_images.go
rename to shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_float_images.go
index cb70d6ca0..a0b7bf490 100644
--- a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_float_images.go
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_float_images.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-package sheets
+package backward
 
 import (
 	"context"
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_row_column_management.go b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_row_column_management.go
similarity index 99%
rename from shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_row_column_management.go
rename to shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_row_column_management.go
index 5d5f9dec5..581c8eb0e 100644
--- a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_row_column_management.go
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_row_column_management.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-package sheets
+package backward
 
 import (
 	"context"
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_cell_ops_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_cell_ops_test.go
similarity index 99%
rename from shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_cell_ops_test.go
rename to shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_cell_ops_test.go
index 708fc9f1a..c0dd5b070 100644
--- a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_cell_ops_test.go
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_cell_ops_test.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-package sheets
+package backward
 
 import (
 	"context"
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_create_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_create_test.go
similarity index 99%
rename from shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_create_test.go
rename to shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_create_test.go
index 665de88c0..cfd4781c4 100644
--- a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_create_test.go
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_create_test.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-package sheets
+package backward
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_dimension_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_dimension_test.go
similarity index 99%
rename from shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_dimension_test.go
rename to shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_dimension_test.go
index ee165412a..51b13ff5b 100644
--- a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_dimension_test.go
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_dimension_test.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-package sheets
+package backward
 
 import (
 	"context"
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_dropdown_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_dropdown_test.go
similarity index 99%
rename from shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_dropdown_test.go
rename to shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_dropdown_test.go
index 135d91ce3..e07dbd2f1 100644
--- a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_dropdown_test.go
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_dropdown_test.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-package sheets
+package backward
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_export_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_export_test.go
similarity index 99%
rename from shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_export_test.go
rename to shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_export_test.go
index 83bef63de..afe456b5d 100644
--- a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_export_test.go
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_export_test.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-package sheets
+package backward
 
 import (
 	"context"
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_filter_view_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_filter_view_test.go
similarity index 99%
rename from shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_filter_view_test.go
rename to shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_filter_view_test.go
index a28aec242..66e49d4a5 100644
--- a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_filter_view_test.go
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_filter_view_test.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-package sheets
+package backward
 
 import (
 	"context"
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_float_image_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_float_image_test.go
similarity index 99%
rename from shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_float_image_test.go
rename to shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_float_image_test.go
index e8658d199..e9640098a 100644
--- a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_float_image_test.go
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_float_image_test.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-package sheets
+package backward
 
 import (
 	"context"
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_manage_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_manage_test.go
similarity index 99%
rename from shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_manage_test.go
rename to shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_manage_test.go
index 97156ca5d..1a8115b7a 100644
--- a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_manage_test.go
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_manage_test.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-package sheets
+package backward
 
 import (
 	"context"
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_management.go b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_management.go
similarity index 99%
rename from shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_management.go
rename to shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_management.go
index bfbd56494..0484a6cd4 100644
--- a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_management.go
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_management.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-package sheets
+package backward
 
 import (
 	"context"
@@ -355,6 +355,7 @@ func wrapCopySheetMoveError(err error, token, sheetID string, index int) error {
 				Detail:     mergeSheetErrorDetail(exitErr.Detail.Detail, detail),
 			},
 			Err: err,
+			Raw: exitErr.Raw,
 		}
 	}
 
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_media_upload_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_media_upload_test.go
similarity index 99%
rename from shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_media_upload_test.go
rename to shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_media_upload_test.go
index 181ebcdf7..03b104160 100644
--- a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_media_upload_test.go
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_media_upload_test.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-package sheets
+package backward
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_ranges_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_ranges_test.go
similarity index 81%
rename from shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_ranges_test.go
rename to shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_ranges_test.go
index a4b2a4eb4..e9961eb97 100644
--- a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_ranges_test.go
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_ranges_test.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-package sheets
+package backward
 
 import (
 	"context"
@@ -126,6 +126,60 @@ func TestSheetAppendDryRunNormalizesEscapedSeparator(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// A bare sheet selector (no --range) must pass through verbatim. Sheet ids
+// that look A1-ish (letters+digits) would otherwise be mangled by the range
+// normalizer into "<id>!<id>:<id>".
+
+func TestSheetReadDryRunSheetOnlyVerbatim(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	runtime := newSheetsTestRuntime(t, map[string]string{
+		"spreadsheet-token": "sht_test",
+		"range":             "",
+		"sheet-id":          "shtABC123",
+	}, nil)
+
+	got := mustMarshalSheetsDryRun(t, SheetRead.DryRun(context.Background(), runtime))
+	if !strings.Contains(got, `"range":"shtABC123"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("SheetRead.DryRun() = %s, want bare sheet id verbatim", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSheetWriteDryRunSheetOnlyBuildsRect(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	runtime := newSheetsTestRuntime(t, map[string]string{
+		"spreadsheet-token": "sht_test",
+		"range":             "",
+		"sheet-id":          "shtABC123",
+		"values":            `[["x"]]`,
+	}, nil)
+
+	got := mustMarshalSheetsDryRun(t, SheetWrite.DryRun(context.Background(), runtime))
+	// Built from the sheet's A1 (A1:A1 for a 1x1 write), NOT the mangled
+	// "shtABC123!shtABC123:shtABC123" that piping a bare id through the
+	// range normalizer produced.
+	if !strings.Contains(got, `"range":"shtABC123!A1:A1"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("SheetWrite.DryRun() = %s, want rect built from sheet A1", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSheetAppendDryRunSheetOnlyVerbatim(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	runtime := newSheetsTestRuntime(t, map[string]string{
+		"spreadsheet-token": "sht_test",
+		"range":             "",
+		"sheet-id":          "shtABC123",
+		"values":            `[["foo"]]`,
+	}, nil)
+
+	got := mustMarshalSheetsDryRun(t, SheetAppend.DryRun(context.Background(), runtime))
+	if !strings.Contains(got, `"range":"shtABC123"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("SheetAppend.DryRun() = %s, want bare sheet id verbatim", got)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestSheetFindDryRunNormalizesEscapedSeparator(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_write_image_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_write_image_test.go
similarity index 99%
rename from shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_write_image_test.go
rename to shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_write_image_test.go
index 05ee69912..02b6701a4 100644
--- a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_sheet_write_image_test.go
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_sheet_write_image_test.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-package sheets
+package backward
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_spreadsheet_management.go b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_spreadsheet_management.go
similarity index 99%
rename from shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_spreadsheet_management.go
rename to shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_spreadsheet_management.go
index d60b5df27..5aa1fdaec 100644
--- a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheets_spreadsheet_management.go
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/lark_sheets_spreadsheet_management.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-package sheets
+package backward
 
 import (
 	"context"
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/backward/shortcuts.go b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/shortcuts.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8fd8bb2ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/backward/shortcuts.go
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package backward
+
+import "github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+
+// Shortcuts returns all sheets shortcuts.
+func Shortcuts() []common.Shortcut {
+	return []common.Shortcut{
+		// Spreadsheet management
+		SheetCreate,
+		SheetInfo,
+		SheetExport,
+
+		// Sheet management
+		SheetCreateSheet,
+		SheetCopySheet,
+		SheetDeleteSheet,
+		SheetUpdateSheet,
+
+		// Cell data
+		SheetRead,
+		SheetWrite,
+		SheetAppend,
+		SheetFind,
+		SheetReplace,
+
+		// Cell style and merge
+		SheetSetStyle,
+		SheetBatchSetStyle,
+		SheetMergeCells,
+		SheetUnmergeCells,
+
+		// Cell images
+		SheetWriteImage,
+
+		// Row/column management
+		SheetAddDimension,
+		SheetInsertDimension,
+		SheetUpdateDimension,
+		SheetMoveDimension,
+		SheetDeleteDimension,
+
+		// Filter views
+		SheetCreateFilterView,
+		SheetUpdateFilterView,
+		SheetListFilterViews,
+		SheetGetFilterView,
+		SheetDeleteFilterView,
+		SheetCreateFilterViewCondition,
+		SheetUpdateFilterViewCondition,
+		SheetListFilterViewConditions,
+		SheetGetFilterViewCondition,
+		SheetDeleteFilterViewCondition,
+
+		// Dropdown
+		SheetSetDropdown,
+		SheetUpdateDropdown,
+		SheetGetDropdown,
+		SheetDeleteDropdown,
+
+		// Float images
+		SheetMediaUpload,
+		SheetCreateFloatImage,
+		SheetUpdateFloatImage,
+		SheetGetFloatImage,
+		SheetListFloatImages,
+		SheetDeleteFloatImage,
+	}
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/batch_op_contract_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/batch_op_contract_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b5d552a79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/batch_op_contract_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,907 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// TestBatchOp_BodyMatchesStandalone is the core contract: for every batchable
+// shortcut, the MCP body produced inside +batch-update must be byte-for-byte
+// identical to the body the same shortcut produces when invoked standalone
+// (both observed via --dry-run, comparing tool_name + decoded input). This is
+// what guarantees "a sub-op behaves exactly like the standalone command", and
+// it is the regression guard for the whole flag→body translator reuse.
+//
+// Each case provides the standalone CLI args and the equivalent sub-op input
+// object (same CLI flag names, minus the spreadsheet locator which the batch
+// supplies at the top level).
+func TestBatchOp_BodyMatchesStandalone(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		shortcut string
+		sc       common.Shortcut
+		// standalone args (excluding --url, which every case shares)
+		args []string
+		// sub-op input object as JSON (CLI flag names; no excel_id/url)
+		subInput string
+	}{
+		{
+			shortcut: "+cells-set",
+			sc:       CellsSet,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--range", "A1:B1", "--cells", `[[{"value":"x"},{"value":"y"}]]`},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","range":"A1:B1","cells":[[{"value":"x"},{"value":"y"}]]}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+cells-clear",
+			sc:       CellsClear,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--range", "A1:C3", "--scope", "formats"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","range":"A1:C3","scope":"formats"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+cells-replace",
+			sc:       CellsReplace,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--find", "foo", "--replacement", "bar", "--match-case"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","find":"foo","replacement":"bar","match-case":true}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+csv-put",
+			sc:       CsvPut,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--csv", "a,b\n1,2", "--start-cell", "B2"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","csv":"a,b\n1,2","start-cell":"B2"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+cells-merge",
+			sc:       CellsMerge,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--range", "A1:C1", "--merge-type", "rows"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","range":"A1:C1","merge-type":"rows"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+cells-unmerge",
+			sc:       CellsUnmerge,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--range", "A1:C1"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","range":"A1:C1"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+dim-insert",
+			sc:       DimInsert,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--position", "11", "--count", "2", "--inherit-style", "before"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","position":"11","count":2,"inherit-style":"before"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+dim-delete",
+			sc:       DimDelete,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--range", "C:D"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","range":"C:D"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+dim-hide",
+			sc:       DimHide,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--range", "2:3"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","range":"2:3"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+dim-freeze",
+			sc:       DimFreeze,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--dimension", "row", "--count", "2"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","dimension":"row","count":2}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+dim-group",
+			sc:       DimGroup,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--range", "2:5", "--group-state", "fold"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","range":"2:5","group-state":"fold"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+rows-resize",
+			sc:       RowsResize,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--range", "1", "--type", "pixel", "--size", "30"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","range":"1","type":"pixel","size":30}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+cols-resize",
+			sc:       ColsResize,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--range", "B:D", "--type", "standard"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","range":"B:D","type":"standard"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+range-move",
+			sc:       RangeMove,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--source-range", "A1:C5", "--target-range", "D1"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","source-range":"A1:C5","target-range":"D1"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+range-copy",
+			sc:       RangeCopy,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--source-range", "A1:B2", "--target-range", "A10", "--paste-type", "values"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","source-range":"A1:B2","target-range":"A10","paste-type":"values"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+range-fill",
+			sc:       RangeFill,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--source-range", "A1:A2", "--target-range", "A1:A10", "--series-type", "linear"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","source-range":"A1:A2","target-range":"A1:A10","series-type":"linear"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+range-sort",
+			sc:       RangeSort,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--range", "A1:D10", "--sort-keys", `[{"column":"B","ascending":true}]`, "--has-header"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","range":"A1:D10","sort-keys":[{"column":"B","ascending":true}],"has-header":true}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+sheet-create",
+			sc:       SheetCreate,
+			args:     []string{"--title", "New", "--index", "2"},
+			subInput: `{"title":"New","index":2}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+sheet-delete",
+			sc:       SheetDelete,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+sheet-rename",
+			sc:       SheetRename,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--title", "Renamed"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","title":"Renamed"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+sheet-copy",
+			sc:       SheetCopy,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--title", "Copy"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","title":"Copy"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+sheet-hide",
+			sc:       SheetHide,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+sheet-unhide",
+			sc:       SheetUnhide,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+sheet-set-tab-color",
+			sc:       SheetSetTabColor,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--color", "#FF0000"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","color":"#FF0000"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+dropdown-set",
+			sc:       DropdownSet,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--range", "A2:A4", "--options", `["x","y"]`, "--multiple"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","range":"A2:A4","options":["x","y"],"multiple":true}`,
+		},
+		{
+			// --highlight=false explicitly opts out of the server's new
+			// enable_highlight=true default. Covers the tri-state Changed()
+			// branch in buildDropdownValidation: standalone reads the cobra
+			// "Changed" bit; sub-op reads the key's presence in the map.
+			shortcut: "+dropdown-set",
+			sc:       DropdownSet,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--range", "A2:A4", "--options", `["x","y"]`, "--highlight=false"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","range":"A2:A4","options":["x","y"],"highlight":false}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+chart-create",
+			sc:       ChartCreate,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--properties", `{"position":{"row":0,"col":"A"},"size":{"width":400,"height":300}}`},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","properties":{"position":{"row":0,"col":"A"},"size":{"width":400,"height":300}}}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+chart-update",
+			sc:       ChartUpdate,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--chart-id", "c1", "--properties", `{"position":{"row":0,"col":"A"},"size":{"width":400,"height":300}}`},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","chart-id":"c1","properties":{"position":{"row":0,"col":"A"},"size":{"width":400,"height":300}}}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+chart-delete",
+			sc:       ChartDelete,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--chart-id", "c1"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","chart-id":"c1"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+pivot-create",
+			sc:       PivotCreate,
+			// +pivot-create renamed --sheet-id / --sheet-name → --target-sheet-id /
+			// --target-sheet-name to flag the placement-sheet semantics (the data
+			// source is in --source). Both standalone args and the +batch-update
+			// sub-op input must use the new names.
+			args:     []string{"--target-sheet-id", "sh1", "--properties", `{"rows":[]}`, "--source", "Sheet1!A1:D100"},
+			subInput: `{"target-sheet-id":"sh1","properties":{"rows":[]},"source":"Sheet1!A1:D100"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+cond-format-create",
+			sc:       CondFormatCreate,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--properties", `{"style":{}}`, "--rule-type", "duplicateValues", "--ranges", `["A1:A100"]`},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","properties":{"style":{}},"rule-type":"duplicateValues","ranges":["A1:A100"]}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+filter-create",
+			sc:       FilterCreate,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--range", "A1:F1000", "--properties", `{"rules":[]}`},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","range":"A1:F1000","properties":{"rules":[]}}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+filter-update",
+			sc:       FilterUpdate,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--range", "A1:F1000", "--properties", `{"rules":[]}`},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","range":"A1:F1000","properties":{"rules":[]}}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+filter-delete",
+			sc:       FilterDelete,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+filter-view-create",
+			sc:       FilterViewCreate,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--range", "A1:Z100", "--view-name", "v1", "--properties", `{"rules":[]}`},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","range":"A1:Z100","view-name":"v1","properties":{"rules":[]}}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+sparkline-create",
+			sc:       SparklineCreate,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--properties", `{"type":"line","data_range":"A2:F2","target_range":"G2"}`},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","properties":{"type":"line","data_range":"A2:F2","target_range":"G2"}}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+sparkline-delete",
+			sc:       SparklineDelete,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--group-id", "g1"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","group-id":"g1"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+float-image-create",
+			sc:       FloatImageCreate,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--image-name", "logo.png", "--image-token", "tok", "--position-row", "0", "--position-col", "A", "--size-width", "100", "--size-height", "50"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","image-name":"logo.png","image-token":"tok","position-row":0,"position-col":"A","size-width":100,"size-height":50}`,
+		},
+		{
+			shortcut: "+float-image-delete",
+			sc:       FloatImageDelete,
+			args:     []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--float-image-id", "fi1"},
+			subInput: `{"sheet-id":"sh1","float-image-id":"fi1"}`,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.shortcut, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			mapping, ok := batchOpDispatch[tc.shortcut]
+			if !ok {
+				t.Fatalf("%s not in batchOpDispatch", tc.shortcut)
+			}
+
+			// Standalone body via the shortcut's own dry-run.
+			standaloneBody := decodeToolInput(t, parseDryRunBody(t, tc.sc, append([]string{"--url", testURL}, tc.args...)), mapping.mcpToolName)
+
+			// Batch body via the +batch-update translator.
+			var subInput map[string]interface{}
+			if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(tc.subInput), &subInput); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("bad subInput JSON: %v", err)
+			}
+			fv := newMapFlagViewForCommand(tc.shortcut, subInput)
+			// Match what translateBatchOp does — read the sheet selector
+			// via the shortcut-specific flag names so +pivot-create
+			// (target-sheet-id / target-sheet-name) and the rest
+			// (sheet-id / sheet-name) both resolve correctly.
+			sidFlag, snameFlag := sheetSelectorFlagsForSubOp(tc.shortcut)
+			sidStr, _ := subInput[sidFlag].(string)
+			snameStr, _ := subInput[snameFlag].(string)
+			batchBody, err := mapping.translate(fv, testToken, sidStr, snameStr)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("batch translate failed: %v", err)
+			}
+
+			// Round-trip the batch body through JSON so number types match the
+			// standalone path (which is decoded from a JSON string).
+			batchBody = jsonRoundTrip(t, batchBody)
+
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(standaloneBody, batchBody) {
+				t.Errorf("%s: batch body != standalone body\n standalone=%#v\n batch     =%#v", tc.shortcut, standaloneBody, batchBody)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func jsonRoundTrip(t *testing.T, m map[string]interface{}) map[string]interface{} {
+	t.Helper()
+	b, err := json.Marshal(m)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("marshal: %v", err)
+	}
+	var out map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &out); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal: %v", err)
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// TestBatchOp_ErrorEquivalence is the second half of the contract: for the
+// same bad input, the standalone shortcut Validate and the +batch-update
+// sub-op translator must emit the same friendly CLI error. Previously a
+// sub-op that omitted --sheet-id (or another required flag) slipped through
+// to the server and surfaced as "sheet undefined not found"; with the
+// validation pushed down into the xxxInput builders both paths now stop the
+// request before the API call.
+//
+// Scope: this test covers checks that cobra cannot enforce — XOR pairs
+// (sheet selector, image token/uri), range relationships, enum-bound rules,
+// pixel/size cross-flag coupling. cobra's own MarkFlagRequired catches the
+// single-required cases on the standalone path with its own
+// "required flag(s) \"X\" not set" wording; the batch path now catches the
+// same situations with our friendlier "--X is required" wording — those are
+// asserted by TestBatchOp_RejectsBadSubOpInput below.
+func TestBatchOp_ErrorEquivalence(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		// shortcut & standalone args. --url is supplied by the runner. Args
+		// satisfy every cobra-required flag so cobra doesn't short-circuit
+		// before our shared validator runs.
+		shortcut common.Shortcut
+		args     []string
+		// matching sub-op input; reach the same failing check.
+		subShortcut string
+		subInput    string
+		// substring expected in both errors. We assert *contains* rather than
+		// equality because the batch path wraps the inner error with
+		// "operations[i] (<name>): " context — the inner message must match.
+		wantContains string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:         "+cells-set missing sheet selector",
+			shortcut:     CellsSet,
+			args:         []string{"--range", "A1", "--cells", `[[{"value":"x"}]]`},
+			subShortcut:  "+cells-set",
+			subInput:     `{"range":"A1","cells":[[{"value":"x"}]]}`,
+			wantContains: "specify at least one of --sheet-id or --sheet-name",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "+cells-set both sheet-id and sheet-name",
+			shortcut:     CellsSet,
+			args:         []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--sheet-name", "Sheet1", "--range", "A1", "--cells", `[[{"value":"x"}]]`},
+			subShortcut:  "+cells-set",
+			subInput:     `{"sheet-id":"sh1","sheet-name":"Sheet1","range":"A1","cells":[[{"value":"x"}]]}`,
+			wantContains: "mutually exclusive",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "+dim-insert missing sheet selector",
+			shortcut:     DimInsert,
+			args:         []string{"--position", "1", "--count", "1"},
+			subShortcut:  "+dim-insert",
+			subInput:     `{"position":"1","count":1}`,
+			wantContains: "specify at least one of --sheet-id or --sheet-name",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "+dim-insert count <= 0",
+			shortcut:     DimInsert,
+			args:         []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--position", "5", "--count", "0"},
+			subShortcut:  "+dim-insert",
+			subInput:     `{"sheet-id":"sh1","position":"5","count":0}`,
+			wantContains: "--count must be > 0",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "+rows-resize --type pixel without --size",
+			shortcut:     RowsResize,
+			args:         []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--range", "1:2", "--type", "pixel"},
+			subShortcut:  "+rows-resize",
+			subInput:     `{"sheet-id":"sh1","range":"1:2","type":"pixel"}`,
+			wantContains: "--type pixel requires --size",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "+sheet-delete missing sheet selector",
+			shortcut:     SheetDelete,
+			args:         []string{},
+			subShortcut:  "+sheet-delete",
+			subInput:     `{}`,
+			wantContains: "specify at least one of --sheet-id or --sheet-name",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "+float-image-create both image-token and image-uri",
+			shortcut:     FloatImageCreate,
+			args:         []string{"--sheet-id", "sh1", "--image-name", "x.png", "--image-token", "t", "--image-uri", "u", "--position-row", "0", "--position-col", "A", "--size-width", "100", "--size-height", "50"},
+			subShortcut:  "+float-image-create",
+			subInput:     `{"sheet-id":"sh1","image-name":"x.png","image-token":"t","image-uri":"u","position-row":0,"position-col":"A","size-width":100,"size-height":50}`,
+			wantContains: "mutually exclusive",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			// Standalone path: run the shortcut with --dry-run + bad args.
+			// Validate runs before DryRun, so we expect it to fail there.
+			_, _, standaloneErr := runShortcutCapturingErr(
+				t, tc.shortcut,
+				append([]string{"--url", testURL, "--dry-run"}, tc.args...),
+			)
+			if standaloneErr == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("standalone Validate accepted bad input — expected error containing %q", tc.wantContains)
+			}
+			if !strings.Contains(standaloneErr.Error(), tc.wantContains) {
+				t.Errorf("standalone error = %q, want substring %q", standaloneErr.Error(), tc.wantContains)
+			}
+
+			// Batch path: translate the matching sub-op. The translator wraps
+			// the inner error with "operations[i] (<shortcut>): " — assert the
+			// inner message survives the wrap.
+			var subInput map[string]interface{}
+			if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(tc.subInput), &subInput); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("bad subInput JSON: %v", err)
+			}
+			rawOp := map[string]interface{}{
+				"shortcut": tc.subShortcut,
+				"input":    subInput,
+			}
+			_, batchErr := translateBatchOp(rawOp, testToken, 0)
+			if batchErr == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("batch translator accepted bad input — expected error containing %q", tc.wantContains)
+			}
+			if !strings.Contains(batchErr.Error(), tc.wantContains) {
+				t.Errorf("batch error = %q, want substring %q (operations[i] prefix is fine)", batchErr.Error(), tc.wantContains)
+			}
+			// And the wrap context must include the sub-op index + shortcut
+			// name so error reports stay actionable in multi-op batches.
+			wrapHint := "operations[0] (" + tc.subShortcut + "):"
+			if !strings.Contains(batchErr.Error(), wrapHint) {
+				t.Errorf("batch error %q missing context prefix %q", batchErr.Error(), wrapHint)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestBatchOp_RejectsWrongScalarType locks the type-check that closes the
+// silent-coercion gap: `operations` skips parse-time schema validation, and
+// mapFlagView coerces a mismatched scalar to its zero value, so a sub-op field
+// whose JSON type contradicts its flag-defs type must be rejected up front
+// rather than landing as 0 / false in the wrong place.
+func TestBatchOp_RejectsWrongScalarType(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	cases := []struct {
+		name         string
+		subShortcut  string
+		subInput     string
+		wantContains string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:         "int flag given a string",
+			subShortcut:  "+sheet-move",
+			subInput:     `{"sheet-id":"sh1","source-index":2,"index":"abc"}`,
+			wantContains: "--index must be a number",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "int flag given a boolean",
+			subShortcut:  "+sheet-move",
+			subInput:     `{"sheet-id":"sh1","source-index":true,"index":0}`,
+			wantContains: "--source-index must be a number",
+		},
+		{
+			// Standalone cobra rejects 1.5 for an int flag at parse time;
+			// mapFlagView.Int would silently truncate it to 1, so the batch
+			// path must reject it too instead of executing on a floored index.
+			name:         "int flag given a non-integer number",
+			subShortcut:  "+sheet-move",
+			subInput:     `{"sheet-id":"sh1","source-index":2,"index":1.5}`,
+			wantContains: "--index must be an integer",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "bool flag given a string",
+			subShortcut:  "+cells-set",
+			subInput:     `{"sheet-id":"sh1","range":"A1","cells":[[{"value":1}]],"allow-overwrite":"true"}`,
+			wantContains: "--allow-overwrite must be a boolean",
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			var subInput map[string]interface{}
+			if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(tc.subInput), &subInput); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("bad subInput JSON: %v", err)
+			}
+			rawOp := map[string]interface{}{"shortcut": tc.subShortcut, "input": subInput}
+			_, err := translateBatchOp(rawOp, testToken, 0)
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("translateBatchOp accepted wrong-typed field; want error containing %q", tc.wantContains)
+			}
+			if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), tc.wantContains) {
+				t.Errorf("error = %q, want substring %q", err.Error(), tc.wantContains)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestBatchOp_GuardsBeyondCobra locks the two batch sub-ops whose standalone
+// required-flag enforcement lives OUTSIDE the shared *Input builder — so it is
+// invisible to TestBatchOp_ErrorEquivalence and was missed by the refactor:
+//   - +csv-put: standalone requires one-of(start-cell, range) via cobra's
+//     MarkFlagsOneRequired (PostMount); a batch sub-op never runs cobra.
+//   - +sheet-move: standalone requires --index (>=0) and source-index>=0 in
+//     SheetMove.Validate; the batch path uses a dedicated builder.
+//
+// Without an explicit guard, mapFlagView's flag-default fallback silently wins
+// (start-cell→"A1", index→0), so the batch sub-op diverges from the standalone
+// contract instead of failing.
+func TestBatchOp_GuardsBeyondCobra(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	cases := []struct {
+		name         string
+		subShortcut  string
+		subInput     string
+		wantContains string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:         "+csv-put without start-cell or range",
+			subShortcut:  "+csv-put",
+			subInput:     `{"sheet-id":"sh1","csv":"a,b"}`,
+			wantContains: "--start-cell or --range is required",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "+sheet-move without index",
+			subShortcut:  "+sheet-move",
+			subInput:     `{"sheet-id":"sh1","source-index":2}`,
+			wantContains: "requires index",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "+sheet-move negative index",
+			subShortcut:  "+sheet-move",
+			subInput:     `{"sheet-id":"sh1","source-index":2,"index":-1}`,
+			wantContains: "--index must be >= 0",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "+sheet-move negative source-index",
+			subShortcut:  "+sheet-move",
+			subInput:     `{"sheet-id":"sh1","source-index":-1,"index":0}`,
+			wantContains: "--source-index must be >= 0",
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			var subInput map[string]interface{}
+			if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(tc.subInput), &subInput); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("bad subInput JSON: %v", err)
+			}
+			rawOp := map[string]interface{}{"shortcut": tc.subShortcut, "input": subInput}
+			_, err := translateBatchOp(rawOp, testToken, 0)
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("translateBatchOp accepted bad input; want error containing %q", tc.wantContains)
+			}
+			if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), tc.wantContains) {
+				t.Errorf("error = %q, want substring %q", err.Error(), tc.wantContains)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestBatchOp_RejectsBadSubOpInput pins down the secondary guard: for
+// inputs that cobra's MarkFlagRequired catches on the standalone path,
+// the +batch-update sub-op (which has no cobra layer) must still reject
+// CLI-side with its own friendly error before issuing any API call. This
+// closes the original bug — a sub-op missing --sheet-id used to slip
+// through and surface as "sheet undefined not found" only after a
+// network round-trip.
+func TestBatchOp_RejectsBadSubOpInput(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		name         string
+		subShortcut  string
+		subInput     string
+		wantContains string
+	}{
+		{
+			"+cells-set missing --range",
+			"+cells-set",
+			`{"sheet-id":"sh1","cells":[[{"value":"x"}]]}`,
+			"--range is required",
+		},
+		{
+			"+dim-insert missing --position",
+			"+dim-insert",
+			`{"sheet-id":"sh1","count":1}`,
+			"--position is required",
+		},
+		{
+			"+rows-resize missing --type",
+			"+rows-resize",
+			`{"sheet-id":"sh1","range":"1:1"}`,
+			"--type is required",
+		},
+		{
+			"+range-copy missing --target-range",
+			"+range-copy",
+			`{"sheet-id":"sh1","source-range":"A1:B2"}`,
+			"--target-range is required",
+		},
+		{
+			"+sheet-rename missing --title",
+			"+sheet-rename",
+			`{"sheet-id":"sh1"}`,
+			"--title is required",
+		},
+		{
+			"+chart-update missing --chart-id",
+			"+chart-update",
+			`{"sheet-id":"sh1","properties":{"title":"T"}}`,
+			"--chart-id is required",
+		},
+		{
+			"+filter-create missing --range",
+			"+filter-create",
+			`{"sheet-id":"sh1"}`,
+			"--range is required",
+		},
+		{
+			"+float-image-update missing --float-image-id",
+			"+float-image-update",
+			`{"sheet-id":"sh1","image-name":"x.png","image-token":"t","position-row":0,"position-col":"A","size-width":100,"size-height":50}`,
+			"--float-image-id is required",
+		},
+		// +float-image-update's core (image_name / position / size) is mandatory
+		// on update too — the tool rejects without them and +float-image-list
+		// can't backfill image_name. cobra gates these on the standalone path;
+		// the batch sub-op must reject them here. The image source stays optional
+		// (omitting it keeps the current image), so these inputs omit it.
+		{
+			"+float-image-update missing --image-name",
+			"+float-image-update",
+			`{"sheet-id":"sh1","float-image-id":"fi1","position-row":0,"position-col":"A","size-width":100,"size-height":50}`,
+			"--image-name is required",
+		},
+		{
+			"+float-image-update missing position",
+			"+float-image-update",
+			`{"sheet-id":"sh1","float-image-id":"fi1","image-name":"x.png","size-width":100,"size-height":50}`,
+			"--position-row and --position-col are required",
+		},
+		{
+			"+float-image-update missing size",
+			"+float-image-update",
+			`{"sheet-id":"sh1","float-image-id":"fi1","image-name":"x.png","position-row":0,"position-col":"A"}`,
+			"--size-width and --size-height are required",
+		},
+		// +filter-{update,delete} need sheet-id (not sheet-name) because
+		// server contract: filter_id === sheet_id, and we can't resolve
+		// sheet-name → sheet-id mid-batch.
+		{
+			"+filter-update with --sheet-name only (filter_id must equal sheet_id)",
+			"+filter-update",
+			`{"sheet-name":"Sheet1","range":"A1:F1000","properties":{"rules":[]}}`,
+			"+filter-update requires --sheet-id",
+		},
+		{
+			"+filter-delete with --sheet-name only (filter_id must equal sheet_id)",
+			"+filter-delete",
+			`{"sheet-name":"Sheet1"}`,
+			"+filter-delete requires --sheet-id",
+		},
+		// +sparkline-update requires sparkline_id on every
+		// properties.sparklines[i] (server contract). CLI surfaces this
+		// with a pointer to +sparkline-list so the agent doesn't have to
+		// guess the id from an opaque server-side rejection.
+		{
+			"+sparkline-update item missing sparkline_id",
+			"+sparkline-update",
+			`{"sheet-id":"sh1","group-id":"g1","properties":{"sparklines":[{"position":{"row":0,"col":"A"}}]}}`,
+			"missing sparkline_id",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			var subInput map[string]interface{}
+			if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(tc.subInput), &subInput); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("bad subInput JSON: %v", err)
+			}
+			rawOp := map[string]interface{}{
+				"shortcut": tc.subShortcut,
+				"input":    subInput,
+			}
+			_, err := translateBatchOp(rawOp, testToken, 0)
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("translator accepted bad input — expected error containing %q", tc.wantContains)
+			}
+			if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), tc.wantContains) {
+				t.Errorf("error = %q, want substring %q", err.Error(), tc.wantContains)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestBatchOp_SchemaValidatesSubOps confirms the schema-driven
+// validator fires on +batch-update sub-operations the same way it
+// fires on standalone shortcuts. mapFlagView.Command() returns the
+// sub-op's shortcut name, so validateInputAgainstSchema (called at
+// each input builder's tail) routes through the same (command, flag)
+// lookup pipeline a standalone invocation would. This regression
+// pins that wiring — without it, agents could slip past CLI-side
+// schema checks by wrapping a bad input in +batch-update.
+func TestBatchOp_SchemaValidatesSubOps(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		name         string
+		subShortcut  string
+		subInput     string
+		wantContains string
+	}{
+		// +pivot-create properties.values items enforce summarize_by
+		// enum — schema rejects an out-of-enum value as a sub-op too.
+		{
+			"+pivot-create summarize_by out of enum",
+			"+pivot-create",
+			`{"sheet-id":"sh1","source":"Sheet1!A1:D100","properties":{"values":[{"field":"A","summarize_by":"BOGUS"}]}}`,
+			"summarize_by",
+		},
+		// +chart-create properties.position.row has minimum:0 — P0
+		// addition; validator must catch -1 even in the batch path.
+		{
+			"+chart-create position.row below minimum",
+			"+chart-create",
+			`{"sheet-id":"sh1","properties":{"position":{"row":-1,"col":"A"},"size":{"width":400,"height":300}}}`,
+			"below minimum",
+		},
+		// +cells-set --cells is a 2D array of objects per the
+		// upstream-fixed schema; sub-op passing an object must be
+		// rejected at the schema layer (not "expected JSON array").
+		{
+			"+cells-set cells wrong shape",
+			"+cells-set",
+			`{"sheet-id":"sh1","range":"A1","cells":{"foo":"bar"}}`,
+			`expected type "array"`,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			var subInput map[string]interface{}
+			if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(tc.subInput), &subInput); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("bad subInput JSON: %v", err)
+			}
+			rawOp := map[string]interface{}{
+				"shortcut": tc.subShortcut,
+				"input":    subInput,
+			}
+			_, err := translateBatchOp(rawOp, testToken, 0)
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("translator accepted schema-violating sub-op — expected error containing %q", tc.wantContains)
+			}
+			if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), tc.wantContains) {
+				t.Errorf("error = %q, want substring %q", err.Error(), tc.wantContains)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestBatchOp_DispatchCoversReportedBugs is a focused guard for the two
+// originally reported failures: +range-copy and +rows-resize sub-ops must
+// translate to the correct MCP body (not a near-passthrough that drops
+// required fields).
+func TestBatchOp_DispatchCoversReportedBugs(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// +range-copy → transform_range with range / destination_range (not the
+	// raw source_range / target_range that used to leak through).
+	body := parseDryRunBody(t, BatchUpdate, []string{
+		"--url", testURL,
+		"--operations", `[{"shortcut":"+range-copy","input":{"sheet-id":"sh1","source-range":"A1:B2","target-range":"A10","paste-type":"all"}}]`,
+		"--yes",
+	})
+	ops := decodeToolInput(t, body, "batch_update")["operations"].([]interface{})
+	copyIn := ops[0].(map[string]interface{})["input"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if copyIn["range"] != "A1:B2" || copyIn["destination_range"] != "A10" {
+		t.Errorf("+range-copy sub-op body wrong: %#v", copyIn)
+	}
+	if copyIn["operation"] != "copy" {
+		t.Errorf("+range-copy operation = %v, want copy", copyIn["operation"])
+	}
+
+	// +rows-resize → resize_range with range + resize_height. The CLI's single
+	// "23" input must be expanded to "23:23" because resize_range rejects
+	// bare single-element ranges.
+	body = parseDryRunBody(t, BatchUpdate, []string{
+		"--url", testURL,
+		"--operations", `[{"shortcut":"+rows-resize","input":{"sheet-id":"sh1","range":"23","type":"pixel","size":40}}]`,
+		"--yes",
+	})
+	ops = decodeToolInput(t, body, "batch_update")["operations"].([]interface{})
+	resizeIn := ops[0].(map[string]interface{})["input"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if resizeIn["range"] != "23:23" {
+		t.Errorf("+rows-resize single-row range = %v, want 23:23", resizeIn["range"])
+	}
+	rh, _ := resizeIn["resize_height"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if rh == nil || rh["type"] != "pixel" {
+		t.Errorf("+rows-resize resize_height wrong: %#v", resizeIn)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestBatchOp_RequiredFlagParity is the systematic standalone-vs-batch parity
+// contract: for EVERY batchable shortcut, a +batch-update sub-op that satisfies
+// the sheet locator but omits all of the shortcut's business-required flags must
+// fail in translateBatchOp — never silently fall back to a default. The earlier
+// cases (TestBatchOp_ErrorEquivalence / GuardsBeyondCobra) cover hand-picked
+// shortcuts; this one is data-driven over batchOpDispatch + flag-defs, so it
+// guards the whole surface and auto-covers any shortcut added later. If a future
+// refactor moves a required check out of the shared *Input builder (the exact
+// failure mode behind the csv-put / sheet-move gaps), the corresponding sub-op
+// would start accepting missing args and this test fails.
+func TestBatchOp_RequiredFlagParity(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	defs, err := loadFlagDefs()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("loadFlagDefs: %v", err)
+	}
+	// Flags supplied by the +batch-update top level (url/token), or that form the
+	// sub-op's own sheet selector, are context — not "business" inputs.
+	locator := map[string]bool{
+		"url": true, "spreadsheet-token": true,
+		"sheet-id": true, "sheet-name": true,
+		"target-sheet-id": true, "target-sheet-name": true,
+	}
+	// How each command expresses its sheet locator in a sub-op, so the error we
+	// trigger is the business one, not a missing-locator error.
+	sheetSel := func(cmd string) map[string]interface{} {
+		switch cmd {
+		case "+sheet-create": // create needs no existing-sheet anchor
+			return map[string]interface{}{}
+		case "+pivot-create": // placement selector is target-sheet-*; data source is --source
+			return map[string]interface{}{"target-sheet-id": "sh1"}
+		default:
+			return map[string]interface{}{"sheet-id": "sh1"}
+		}
+	}
+	for cmd := range batchOpDispatch {
+		spec, ok := defs[cmd]
+		if !ok {
+			t.Errorf("%s is in batchOpDispatch but has no flag-defs entry", cmd)
+			continue
+		}
+		var business []string
+		for _, fl := range spec.Flags {
+			if fl.Kind == "system" || locator[fl.Name] {
+				continue
+			}
+			if fl.Required == "required" || fl.Required == "xor" {
+				business = append(business, fl.Name)
+			}
+		}
+		if len(business) == 0 {
+			continue // only-locator commands (sheet-delete/hide/unhide/copy/filter-delete): nothing to omit
+		}
+		t.Run(cmd, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			rawOp := map[string]interface{}{"shortcut": cmd, "input": sheetSel(cmd)}
+			_, err := translateBatchOp(rawOp, testToken, 0)
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Errorf("%s: a sub-op omitting business-required %v was accepted; want an error "+
+					"(batch must reject missing required flags, not silently default)", cmd, business)
+				return
+			}
+			// The sub-op DID supply a sheet selector, so a missing-locator error
+			// would mean the fixture is wrong and the business-required check never
+			// actually ran — reject that shape so the parity check stays honest.
+			if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "specify at least one of") {
+				t.Errorf("%s: got a missing-locator error, not a business-required one (fixture bug): %v", cmd, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/batch_op_dispatch.go b/shortcuts/sheets/batch_op_dispatch.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..271d4eeca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/batch_op_dispatch.go
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// ─── +batch-update sub-op dispatch ─────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// 用户传给 +batch-update --operations 的形态是 CLI 视角的 {shortcut, input}：
+//
+//     [{"shortcut": "+range-copy", "input": {"sheet_id":"...","source-range":"A1:B2","target-range":"A10"}}, ...]
+//
+// input 里用的是该 shortcut 的 **CLI flag 名**（与 standalone 调用一致；连字符 /
+// 下划线两种写法都接受）。底层 MCP batch_update tool 要的是
+// {tool_name, input(MCP body)} —— body 的字段名往往与 CLI flag 名不同
+// （如 +range-copy 的 source-range/target-range 要翻成 range/destination_range）。
+//
+// 关键：每个子操作复用 **standalone shortcut 同一套 flag→body translator**
+// （那些 *Input 构建函数，现在统一接收 flagView 接口）。这样 batch 子操作
+// 产出的 MCP body 与该 shortcut 单独调用产出的 body 完全一致（由
+// batch-vs-standalone 契约测试保证）。dispatch 表只列**可纳入 atomic batch
+// 的 write shortcut**——读操作、fan-out wrapper（+batch-update 自身、
+// +cells-batch-set-style、+cells-batch-clear、+dropdown-{update,delete}）一律不放进表里，
+// 用户传到 +batch-update 里会被 translator 拒绝。
+
+// batchTranslateFn turns a sub-op's CLI-shape input (via flagView) into the MCP
+// tool body for the underlying batch_update sub-tool. token is the
+// +batch-update top-level spreadsheet token; sheetID/sheetName are the resolved
+// sheet selector for this sub-op. The returned body already carries excel_id
+// and (where the tool needs one) the operation discriminator — exactly as the
+// standalone shortcut would emit.
+type batchTranslateFn func(fv flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string) (map[string]interface{}, error)
+
+type batchOpMapping struct {
+	// mcpToolName 是底层 MCP batch_update 接受的 tool_name。
+	mcpToolName string
+	// translate 复用 standalone 的 *Input 构建逻辑，产出 MCP body。
+	translate batchTranslateFn
+}
+
+// sheetSelectorFlagsForSubOp returns the (id, name) flag names a +batch-update
+// sub-op uses to express its placement / context sheet. Defaults are
+// `sheet-id` / `sheet-name`; +pivot-create deviates because its create
+// shortcut renamed the placement selector to `target-sheet-id` /
+// `target-sheet-name` (the data-source sheet is encoded in --source as
+// `'SheetName'!Range`, not in a sheet selector flag). Update / delete on
+// pivot still use the default names — only the create create-side
+// shortcut was renamed.
+func sheetSelectorFlagsForSubOp(shortcut string) (string, string) {
+	if shortcut == "+pivot-create" {
+		return "target-sheet-id", "target-sheet-name"
+	}
+	return "sheet-id", "sheet-name"
+}
+
+// objCreateTranslate / objUpdateTranslate / objDeleteTranslate bind an object
+// CRUD spec to the shared object_crud builders.
+func objCreateTranslate(spec objectCRUDSpec) batchTranslateFn {
+	return func(fv flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+		return objectCreateInput(fv, token, sheetID, sheetName, spec)
+	}
+}
+
+func objUpdateTranslate(spec objectCRUDSpec) batchTranslateFn {
+	return func(fv flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+		return objectUpdateInput(fv, token, sheetID, sheetName, spec)
+	}
+}
+
+func objDeleteTranslate(spec objectCRUDSpec) batchTranslateFn {
+	return func(fv flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+		return objectDeleteInput(fv, token, sheetID, sheetName, spec)
+	}
+}
+
+// batchOpDispatch covers every write shortcut that can join an atomic batch.
+// Each entry plugs the shortcut's standalone xxxInput builder into the
+// batch translator path — so the body is byte-identical to the standalone
+// invocation (locked by TestBatchOp_BodyMatchesStandalone) and the missing-
+// flag error is identical too (locked by TestBatchOp_ErrorEquivalence).
+var batchOpDispatch = map[string]batchOpMapping{
+	// ─── 单元格内容 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+	"+cells-set":       {"set_cell_range", cellsSetInput},
+	"+cells-set-style": {"set_cell_range", cellsSetStyleInput},
+	"+cells-clear":     {"clear_cell_range", cellsClearInput},
+	"+cells-replace":   {"replace_data", replaceInput},
+	"+csv-put":         {"set_range_from_csv", csvPutInput},
+	"+dropdown-set":    {"set_cell_range", dropdownSetInput},
+
+	// ─── 单元格合并 (merge_cells, operation 区分) ────────────────────
+	"+cells-merge": {"merge_cells", func(fv flagView, token, sid, sname string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+		return mergeInput(fv, token, sid, sname, "merge", true)
+	}},
+	"+cells-unmerge": {"merge_cells", func(fv flagView, token, sid, sname string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+		return mergeInput(fv, token, sid, sname, "unmerge", false)
+	}},
+
+	// ─── 行列结构 (modify_sheet_structure, operation 区分) ──────────
+	"+dim-insert": {"modify_sheet_structure", dimInsertInput},
+	"+dim-delete": {"modify_sheet_structure", func(fv flagView, token, sid, sname string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+		return dimRangeOpInput(fv, token, sid, sname, "delete")
+	}},
+	"+dim-hide": {"modify_sheet_structure", func(fv flagView, token, sid, sname string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+		return dimRangeOpInput(fv, token, sid, sname, "hide")
+	}},
+	"+dim-unhide": {"modify_sheet_structure", func(fv flagView, token, sid, sname string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+		return dimRangeOpInput(fv, token, sid, sname, "unhide")
+	}},
+	"+dim-freeze": {"modify_sheet_structure", dimFreezeInput},
+	"+dim-group": {"modify_sheet_structure", func(fv flagView, token, sid, sname string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+		return dimGroupInput(fv, token, sid, sname, "group")
+	}},
+	"+dim-ungroup": {"modify_sheet_structure", func(fv flagView, token, sid, sname string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+		return dimGroupInput(fv, token, sid, sname, "ungroup")
+	}},
+
+	// ─── 行高列宽 (resize_range, 无 operation 字段) ─────────────────
+	"+rows-resize": {"resize_range", func(fv flagView, token, sid, sname string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+		return resizeInput(fv, token, sid, sname, "row")
+	}},
+	"+cols-resize": {"resize_range", func(fv flagView, token, sid, sname string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+		return resizeInput(fv, token, sid, sname, "column")
+	}},
+
+	// ─── 区域操作 (transform_range, operation 区分) ─────────────────
+	"+range-move": {"transform_range", func(fv flagView, token, sid, sname string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+		return transformMoveCopyInput(fv, token, sid, sname, "move", false)
+	}},
+	"+range-copy": {"transform_range", func(fv flagView, token, sid, sname string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+		return transformMoveCopyInput(fv, token, sid, sname, "copy", true)
+	}},
+	"+range-fill": {"transform_range", rangeFillInput},
+	"+range-sort": {"transform_range", rangeSortInput},
+
+	// ─── 工作簿 / 子表 (modify_workbook_structure, operation 区分) ──
+	"+sheet-create": {"modify_workbook_structure", func(fv flagView, token, _, _ string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+		return sheetCreateInput(fv, token)
+	}},
+	"+sheet-delete": {"modify_workbook_structure", sheetDeleteInput},
+	"+sheet-rename": {"modify_workbook_structure", sheetRenameInput},
+	"+sheet-move":   {"modify_workbook_structure", sheetMoveBatchInput},
+	"+sheet-copy":   {"modify_workbook_structure", sheetCopyInput},
+	"+sheet-hide": {"modify_workbook_structure", func(fv flagView, t, sid, sn string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+		return sheetVisibilityInput(fv, t, sid, sn, "hide")
+	}},
+	"+sheet-unhide": {"modify_workbook_structure", func(fv flagView, t, sid, sn string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+		return sheetVisibilityInput(fv, t, sid, sn, "unhide")
+	}},
+	"+sheet-set-tab-color": {"modify_workbook_structure", sheetSetTabColorInput},
+
+	// ─── 对象族 CRUD (manage_*_object, operation 区分) ─────────────
+	"+chart-create": {"manage_chart_object", objCreateTranslate(chartSpec)},
+	"+chart-update": {"manage_chart_object", objUpdateTranslate(chartSpec)},
+	"+chart-delete": {"manage_chart_object", objDeleteTranslate(chartSpec)},
+
+	"+pivot-create": {"manage_pivot_table_object", objCreateTranslate(pivotSpec)},
+	"+pivot-update": {"manage_pivot_table_object", objUpdateTranslate(pivotSpec)},
+	"+pivot-delete": {"manage_pivot_table_object", objDeleteTranslate(pivotSpec)},
+
+	"+cond-format-create": {"manage_conditional_format_object", objCreateTranslate(condFormatSpec)},
+	"+cond-format-update": {"manage_conditional_format_object", objUpdateTranslate(condFormatSpec)},
+	"+cond-format-delete": {"manage_conditional_format_object", objDeleteTranslate(condFormatSpec)},
+
+	"+filter-create": {"manage_filter_object", filterCreateInput},
+	"+filter-update": {"manage_filter_object", filterUpdateInput},
+	"+filter-delete": {"manage_filter_object", filterDeleteInput},
+
+	"+filter-view-create": {"manage_filter_view_object", objCreateTranslate(filterViewSpec)},
+	"+filter-view-update": {"manage_filter_view_object", objUpdateTranslate(filterViewSpec)},
+	"+filter-view-delete": {"manage_filter_view_object", objDeleteTranslate(filterViewSpec)},
+
+	"+sparkline-create": {"manage_sparkline_object", objCreateTranslate(sparklineSpec)},
+	"+sparkline-update": {"manage_sparkline_object", objUpdateTranslate(sparklineSpec)},
+	"+sparkline-delete": {"manage_sparkline_object", objDeleteTranslate(sparklineSpec)},
+
+	"+float-image-create": {"manage_float_image_object", func(fv flagView, token, sid, sname string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+		if err := rejectLocalImageInBatch(fv); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return floatImageWriteInput(fv, token, sid, sname, "create", false, "")
+	}},
+	"+float-image-update": {"manage_float_image_object", func(fv flagView, token, sid, sname string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+		if err := rejectLocalImageInBatch(fv); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return floatImageWriteInput(fv, token, sid, sname, "update", true, "")
+	}},
+	"+float-image-delete": {"manage_float_image_object", objDeleteTranslate(floatImageDeleteSpec)},
+}
+
+// rejectLocalImageInBatch blocks the local-file --image source inside
+// +batch-update: a batch sub-op has no upload phase, so the file could not be
+// turned into a file_token. Callers must pass --image-token / --image-uri.
+func rejectLocalImageInBatch(fv flagView) error {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(fv.Str("image")) != "" {
+		return common.FlagErrorf("--image (local upload) is not supported inside +batch-update; pass --image-token or --image-uri instead")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// sheetMoveBatchInput translates +sheet-move inside a batch. Unlike the
+// standalone shortcut it cannot issue the get_workbook_structure read that
+// auto-derives sheet_id / source_index, so both must be supplied explicitly.
+func sheetMoveBatchInput(fv flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if sheetID == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("+sheet-move in +batch-update requires sheet_id (sheet_name needs a network lookup unavailable mid-batch)")
+	}
+	if !fv.Changed("source-index") {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("+sheet-move in +batch-update requires source_index (auto-derive needs a network lookup unavailable mid-batch)")
+	}
+	if fv.Int("source-index") < 0 {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--source-index must be >= 0")
+	}
+	// Standalone +sheet-move requires --index (see SheetMove.Validate). A batch
+	// sub-op skips that path, and mapFlagView falls back to the flag default (0),
+	// which would silently move the sheet to the front. Require it explicitly so
+	// the batch contract matches the standalone one.
+	if !fv.Changed("index") {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("+sheet-move in +batch-update requires index")
+	}
+	if fv.Int("index") < 0 {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--index must be >= 0")
+	}
+	return map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":     token,
+		"operation":    "move",
+		"sheet_id":     sheetID,
+		"source_index": fv.Int("source-index"),
+		"target_index": fv.Int("index"),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// reservedSubOpKeys 是禁止用户在 sub-op input 里手填的 key —— 它们由
+// +batch-update 顶层 --url/--token 统一提供（excel_id / spreadsheet_token / url）。
+var reservedSubOpKeys = []string{"excel_id", "spreadsheet_token", "url"}
+
+// translateBatchOp 把一个 CLI 视角的 {shortcut, input} 翻成底层 MCP
+// batch_update 的 {tool_name, input}。`index` 用于错误信息定位。input 用
+// shortcut 的 CLI flag 名（连字符/下划线均可），经该 shortcut 的 standalone
+// translator 翻成 MCP body。
+//
+// 失败场景：
+//   - shortcut 字段缺失 / 非 string
+//   - shortcut 不在 dispatch 表（拼写错；read 操作；嵌套 fan-out wrapper）
+//   - input 不是 object
+//   - input 里手填了 operation（由 shortcut 名隐含，禁手填以防 mismatch）
+//   - input 里手填了 excel_id / spreadsheet_token / url
+//   - 子操作的 translator 报错（如缺必填字段）
+func translateBatchOp(raw interface{}, token string, index int) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	op, ok := raw.(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("operations[%d] must be a JSON object", index)
+	}
+	scRaw, present := op["shortcut"]
+	if !present {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("operations[%d]: 'shortcut' field is required", index)
+	}
+	sc, ok := scRaw.(string)
+	if !ok || sc == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("operations[%d]: 'shortcut' must be a non-empty string (got %T)", index, scRaw)
+	}
+	mapping, ok := batchOpDispatch[sc]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf(
+			"operations[%d]: shortcut %q not allowed in +batch-update "+
+				"(read ops / fan-out wrappers like +batch-update / +cells-batch-set-style / +cells-batch-clear / +dropdown-{update,delete} are excluded; "+
+				"run `lark-cli sheets +batch-update --print-schema --flag-name operations` to see the full enum)",
+			index, sc,
+		)
+	}
+	inputRaw, hasInput := op["input"]
+	var input map[string]interface{}
+	if !hasInput || inputRaw == nil {
+		input = map[string]interface{}{}
+	} else {
+		input, ok = inputRaw.(map[string]interface{})
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, common.FlagErrorf("operations[%d] (%s): 'input' must be a JSON object (got %T)", index, sc, inputRaw)
+		}
+	}
+	// 禁手填 operation —— 由 shortcut 名表达，手填易与 shortcut 不一致。
+	if _, has := input["operation"]; has {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf(
+			"operations[%d] (%s): do not pass input.operation manually — it is implied by the shortcut name",
+			index, sc,
+		)
+	}
+	// 禁在 sub-op 重复填 spreadsheet 定位 —— 由 +batch-update 顶层 --url/--token 统一提供。
+	for _, k := range reservedSubOpKeys {
+		if _, has := input[k]; has {
+			return nil, common.FlagErrorf(
+				"operations[%d] (%s): do not pass input.%s — it is already set from +batch-update top-level --url / --token",
+				index, sc, k,
+			)
+		}
+	}
+	// 拒绝任何额外的 sub-op 顶层 key（防御未来 schema drift / 用户笔误）。
+	for k := range op {
+		if k != "shortcut" && k != "input" {
+			return nil, common.FlagErrorf("operations[%d] (%s): unknown top-level key %q (expected only 'shortcut' and 'input')", index, sc, k)
+		}
+	}
+	fv := newMapFlagViewForCommand(sc, input)
+	// operations is skipped by parse-time schema validation, so type-check the
+	// sub-op's scalar fields here before the translator reads them via
+	// Int/Bool/Float64 (which would otherwise coerce a wrong type to zero).
+	if err := fv.validateRawTypes(); err != nil {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("operations[%d] (%s): %v", index, sc, err)
+	}
+	sheetIDFlag, sheetNameFlag := sheetSelectorFlagsForSubOp(sc)
+	sheetID := strings.TrimSpace(fv.Str(sheetIDFlag))
+	sheetName := strings.TrimSpace(fv.Str(sheetNameFlag))
+	body, err := mapping.translate(fv, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("operations[%d] (%s): %v", index, sc, err)
+	}
+	return map[string]interface{}{
+		"tool_name": mapping.mcpToolName,
+		"input":     body,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// translateBatchOperations 翻译整个 ops 数组；fail-fast，遇错立即返回。
+func translateBatchOperations(rawOps []interface{}, token string) ([]interface{}, error) {
+	if len(rawOps) == 0 {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--operations must be a non-empty JSON array")
+	}
+	out := make([]interface{}, 0, len(rawOps))
+	for i, raw := range rawOps {
+		translated, err := translateBatchOp(raw, token, i)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		out = append(out, translated)
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/csv_put_range_alias_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/csv_put_range_alias_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4a631d6f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/csv_put_range_alias_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// +csv-put locates with --start-cell, while +csv-get / +cells-set locate with
+// --range. Agents routinely carry --range over to +csv-put and hit a guaranteed
+// first-try failure. csvPutInput now accepts --range as an alias for
+// --start-cell; a range value collapses to its top-left cell.
+func TestCsvPutInput_RangeAliasForStartCell(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		raw        map[string]interface{}
+		wantAnchor string
+	}{
+		{"start-cell direct (unchanged)", map[string]interface{}{"csv": "a,b", "start-cell": "B2"}, "B2"},
+		{"range alias, single cell", map[string]interface{}{"csv": "a,b", "range": "B2"}, "B2"},
+		{"range alias collapses to top-left", map[string]interface{}{"csv": "a,b", "range": "A1:H17"}, "A1"},
+		{"start-cell wins when both set", map[string]interface{}{"csv": "a,b", "start-cell": "C3", "range": "A1:H17"}, "C3"},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			fv := newMapFlagViewForCommand("+csv-put", tt.raw)
+			input, err := csvPutInput(fv, "tok", "sid", "")
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("csvPutInput returned error: %v", err)
+			}
+			got, _ := input["start_cell"].(string)
+			if got != tt.wantAnchor {
+				t.Errorf("start_cell = %q, want %q", got, tt.wantAnchor)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// With neither --start-cell nor --range explicitly set, csvPutInput rejects the
+// call instead of silently anchoring at the "A1" flag default. Standalone never
+// reaches this path — cobra's MarkFlagsOneRequired(start-cell, range) catches it
+// first — but a +batch-update sub-op skips cobra, so the guard must live in the
+// shared builder too. Otherwise a batch +csv-put with no anchor silently pastes
+// at A1, diverging from the standalone contract.
+func TestCsvPutInput_RequiresStartCellOrRange(t *testing.T) {
+	fv := newMapFlagViewForCommand("+csv-put", map[string]interface{}{"csv": "a,b"})
+	_, err := csvPutInput(fv, "tok", "sid", "")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("csvPutInput accepted missing start-cell/range; want a required-flag error")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "--start-cell or --range is required") {
+		t.Errorf("error = %q, want it to mention '--start-cell or --range is required'", err.Error())
+	}
+}
+
+// csvPutWriteRangeFromInput surfaces the real paste footprint so agents can see
+// how far a CSV reaches from its anchor — it auto-expands to the CSV's own size,
+// not to any user-set range.
+func TestCsvPutWriteRangeFromInput(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		input map[string]interface{}
+		want  string
+		ok    bool
+	}{
+		{"3x3 at B2", map[string]interface{}{"start_cell": "B2", "csv": "a,b,c\n1,2,3\n4,5,6"}, "B2:D4", true},
+		{"single cell at A1", map[string]interface{}{"start_cell": "A1", "csv": "x"}, "A1:A1", true},
+		{"1 row 3 cols at C3", map[string]interface{}{"start_cell": "C3", "csv": "a,b,c"}, "C3:E3", true},
+		{"ragged rows use max width", map[string]interface{}{"start_cell": "A1", "csv": "a,b\nc,d,e"}, "A1:C2", true},
+		{"missing csv", map[string]interface{}{"start_cell": "A1"}, "", false},
+		{"non-single anchor", map[string]interface{}{"start_cell": "A1:B2", "csv": "x"}, "", false},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got, ok := csvPutWriteRangeFromInput(tt.input)
+			if ok != tt.ok || got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("got (%q, %v), want (%q, %v)", got, ok, tt.want, tt.ok)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/data/flag-defs.json b/shortcuts/sheets/data/flag-defs.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a9fe4dc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/data/flag-defs.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4542 @@
+{
+  "+workbook-info": {
+    "risk": "read",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet locator"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet locator"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+sheet-create": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "title",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "New sheet title"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "index",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Insert position; appended to the end when omitted",
+        "default": "-1"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "row-count",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Initial row count (default 200, max 50000)",
+        "default": "200"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "col-count",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Initial column count (default 20, max 200)",
+        "default": "20"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+sheet-delete": {
+    "risk": "high-risk-write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "yes",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Confirm high-risk write (exit code 10 without this flag)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+sheet-rename": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "title",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "New title"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+sheet-move": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "index",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Target position (0-based)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "source-index",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Source position (0-based); optional. If omitted, the CLI runtime derives it from the current workbook index of `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name`",
+        "default": "-1"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+sheet-copy": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "title",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Copy title; auto-generated by the server when omitted"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "index",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Insert position for the copy (0-based); appended to the end when omitted",
+        "default": "-1"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+sheet-hide": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+sheet-unhide": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+sheet-set-tab-color": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "color",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Hex color like `#FF0000`; pass empty string `\"\"` to clear"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+workbook-create": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "title",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet title"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "folder-token",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Target folder token; placed at the drive root when omitted"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "headers",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Header row as a JSON array: `[\"Col A\",\"Col B\"]`",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "values",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Initial data as a 2D JSON array: `[[\"alice\",95]]`",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+workbook-export": {
+    "risk": "read",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "file-extension",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Export file format; `csv` mode requires `--sheet-id`",
+        "default": "xlsx",
+        "enum": [
+          "xlsx",
+          "csv"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Required only in csv mode: which sheet to export as CSV. This is a `+workbook-export`-specific flag, unrelated to the common four-tuple sheet locator (this shortcut does not accept the common sheet locator)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "output-path",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Local save path; export is triggered but not downloaded when omitted"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+sheet-info": {
+    "risk": "read",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "include",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string_slice",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Comma-separated structure info categories to return",
+        "enum": [
+          "merges",
+          "row_heights",
+          "col_widths",
+          "hidden_rows",
+          "hidden_cols",
+          "groups",
+          "frozen"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Limit structure info to this A1 range; whole sheet when omitted"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+dim-insert": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "inherit-style",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Style inheritance for the new row/column: `before` (from preceding) / `after` (from following) / `none` (default)",
+        "default": "none",
+        "enum": [
+          "before",
+          "after",
+          "none"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "position",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Insert position (1-based row number like `3` or column letter like `C`); new rows/columns are inserted *before* this position"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "count",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Number of rows/columns to insert (must be > 0)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+dim-delete": {
+    "risk": "high-risk-write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Row/column closed range to delete; rows use 1-based numbers like `3:7` or `5` (single row), columns use letters like `C:F` or `C`"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "yes",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Confirm destructive write (exit code 10 without this flag); row/column deletion is irreversible"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+dim-hide": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Row/column closed range to hide; rows use 1-based numbers like `3:7`, columns use letters like `C:F`"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+dim-unhide": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Row/column closed range to unhide; rows use 1-based numbers like `3:7`, columns use letters like `C:F`"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+dim-freeze": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dimension",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Dimension (row or column)",
+        "enum": [
+          "row",
+          "column"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "count",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Freeze the first N rows/columns; pass 0 to unfreeze"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+dim-group": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "depth",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Nesting level for grouping; default 1",
+        "default": "1"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "group-state",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Initial group expand state",
+        "default": "expand",
+        "enum": [
+          "expand",
+          "fold"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Row/column closed range to group; rows use 1-based numbers like `3:7`, columns use letters like `C:F`"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+dim-ungroup": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "depth",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Group nesting level to ungroup; default 1 (outermost)",
+        "default": "1"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Row/column closed range to ungroup; rows use 1-based numbers like `3:7`, columns use letters like `C:F`"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+dim-move": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "source-range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Source row/column closed range to move; rows use 1-based numbers like `3:7`, columns use letters like `C:F`"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "target",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Destination position (the moved rows/columns are placed *before* this position); rows use 1-based row number like `12`, columns use column letter like `H`. Must match the dimension of --source-range"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+cells-get": {
+    "risk": "read",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "A1 range, e.g. `A1:F10` (no sheet prefix — use `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name` to select the sheet)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "include",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string_slice",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Comma-separated info categories to include",
+        "enum": [
+          "value",
+          "formula",
+          "style",
+          "comment",
+          "data_validation"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "max-chars",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Safety cap; default 200000",
+        "default": "200000",
+        "hidden": true
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "skip-hidden",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Skip hidden rows and columns; default `false`"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+dropdown-get": {
+    "risk": "read",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Target range in A1 notation, e.g. `A2:A100` (no sheet prefix — use `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name` to select the sheet)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+csv-get": {
+    "risk": "read",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "A1 range, e.g. `A1:F30` (no sheet prefix — use `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name` to select the sheet)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "max-chars",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Safety cap; default 200000",
+        "default": "200000",
+        "hidden": true
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "include-row-prefix",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Whether to prefix each row with `[row=N]`; default `true`",
+        "default": "true"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "skip-hidden",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Skip hidden rows and columns; default `false`"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "rows-json",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Return structured rows ({row_number, values:{col→cell}}) instead of CSV text; default false",
+        "default": "false"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Print the request path and parameters without executing"
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+cells-search": {
+    "risk": "read",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "find",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Text to find (interpreted as regex when `--regex` is set)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Search range (A1 notation); whole sheet when omitted"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "match-case",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Case-sensitive match"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "match-entire-cell",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Match the entire cell content"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "regex",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Interpret `--find` as a regex pattern"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "include-formulas",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Also search within formula text"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "max-matches",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Safety cap; default 5000",
+        "default": "5000",
+        "hidden": true
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "offset",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Skip the first N matches (for pagination); default 0",
+        "default": "0"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+cells-replace": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "find",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Text to find for replacement"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "replacement",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Replacement text; pass empty string `\"\"` to delete matched content"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Replace range (A1 notation); whole sheet when omitted"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "match-case",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Case-sensitive match"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "match-entire-cell",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Match the entire cell content"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "regex",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Interpret `--find` as a regex pattern"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "include-formulas",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Also replace within formula text"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Required preflight: outputs `would_replace_count` for user confirmation before the actual replace"
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+cells-set": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Write range (A1 notation)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cells",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "JSON 2D array `[[{cell},...],...]`, dimensions must match `--range`; each cell may carry `value` / `formula` / `cell_styles` / `note` / `rich_text` (incl. `type=\"embed-image\"` in-cell image); run `--print-schema` for full fields",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "allow-overwrite",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Allow overwriting non-empty cells (default true); set false to error if any target cell is non-empty",
+        "default": "true"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "max-cells",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Safety cap; default 50000",
+        "default": "50000",
+        "hidden": true
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "copy-to-range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Copy-to range (A1 notation): replicate what --cells wrote into --range (values/formulas/styles, per the fields actually passed) to this range; formula refs auto-shift (C2=B2 -> C3=B3). Write a one-row/one-block template then fill a whole column/area. Supports full rows '3:6', full columns 'C:E', to-col-end 'D3:D', to-row-end 'D3:3', and comma-separated multiple targets like 'C1:D2,E5:F6'."
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+cells-set-style": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Target range (A1 notation, e.g. `A1:B2`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "background-color",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Background color (hex, e.g. `#ffffff`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "font-color",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Font color (hex, e.g. `#000000`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "font-size",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "float64",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Font size in px (e.g. 10, 12, 14)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "font-style",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Font style",
+        "enum": [
+          "normal",
+          "italic"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "font-weight",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Font weight",
+        "enum": [
+          "normal",
+          "bold"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "font-line",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Font line style",
+        "enum": [
+          "none",
+          "underline",
+          "line-through"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "horizontal-alignment",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Horizontal alignment",
+        "enum": [
+          "left",
+          "center",
+          "right"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "vertical-alignment",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Vertical alignment",
+        "enum": [
+          "top",
+          "middle",
+          "bottom"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "word-wrap",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Word-wrap strategy",
+        "enum": [
+          "overflow",
+          "auto-wrap",
+          "word-clip"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "number-format",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Number format pattern (e.g. text `@`, number `0.00`, currency `$#,##0.00`, date `mm/dd/yyyy`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "border-styles",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Border config JSON: `{ top: {style,color,weight}, bottom: ..., left: ..., right: ... }`; same shape for all 4 sides",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+cells-set-image": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Target cell (A1 notation; must be a single cell, e.g. `A1`; start and end must be identical)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "image",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Local image path (PNG / JPEG / JPG / GIF / BMP / JFIF / EXIF / TIFF / BPG / HEIC)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "name",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Image file name (with extension); defaults to the basename of `--image`"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+dropdown-set": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Target range (A1 notation, e.g. `A2:A100`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "options",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Options as a JSON array, e.g. `[\"opt1\",\"opt2\"]`. Server enforces no item-count cap and no per-item length cap; values containing commas are accepted (they are escape-encoded on the wire). For very large lists prefer `--source-range`.",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "colors",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Per-option pill colors, RGB hex array (e.g. `[\"#1FB6C1\",\"#F006C2\"]`). Length may be shorter than the source (`--options` items / `--source-range` cells) — extras cycle through a 10-color palette — but never longer (CLI Validate rejects: `--colors length (N) must not exceed dropdown source size (M)`). **Applies on its own**; ignored when `--highlight=false`.",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "multiple",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Enable multi-select; default `false`"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "highlight",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Pill-highlight switch. **Omitted = ON** (options cycle through a 10-color palette). Pass `--highlight=false` for a plain dropdown. Override colors via `--colors`."
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "source-range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Source range for listFromRange dropdown (A1 + sheet prefix, e.g. `'Sheet1'!T1:T3`); maps to server `data_validation.range` and auto-sets `data_validation.type='listFromRange'`. XOR with `--options`: pass `--options` for an inline list (type=list), pass this for a range reference (type=listFromRange). `--colors` length rule unchanged (≤ source range cell count); `--highlight` / `--multiple` behave the same. When `--highlight` is on and the source covers more than 2000 cells, the server flags the dropdown as option-error (highlight + large source is an unsupported combo); CLI emits a stderr warning. Pass `--highlight=false` to suppress."
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+csv-put": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "start-cell",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Top-left A1 anchor (e.g. `A1`, `B5`; no sheet prefix — use `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name` to select the sheet); must be a single cell, range notation not accepted; the bottom-right is inferred from CSV row/column counts",
+        "default": "A1"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "csv",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "RFC 4180 CSV text; plain values only (no formulas / styles / comments)",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "allow-overwrite",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Allow overwriting (default true); set false to error if any target cell is non-empty",
+        "default": "true"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "alias for --start-cell (parity with +csv-get / +cells-set, which locate with --range); a range like A1:H17 collapses to its top-left cell",
+        "hidden": true
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+cells-clear": {
+    "risk": "high-risk-write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Range to clear (A1 notation)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "scope",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Clear scope: `content` (default, values only) / `formats` (formats only) / `all` (values and formats)",
+        "default": "content",
+        "enum": [
+          "content",
+          "formats",
+          "all"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "yes",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Confirm destructive write (exit code 10 without this flag); clear is irreversible"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+cells-merge": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Range to merge / unmerge (A1 notation)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "merge-type",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Merge direction (`+cells-merge` only)",
+        "default": "all",
+        "enum": [
+          "all",
+          "rows",
+          "columns"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+cells-unmerge": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Range to merge / unmerge (A1 notation)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+rows-resize": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "type",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Sizing mode: `pixel` (explicit px value, requires `--size`) / `standard` (reset to default row height) / `auto` (fit content)",
+        "enum": [
+          "pixel",
+          "standard",
+          "auto"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "size",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Row height in pixels (e.g. 30 / 40 / 60); required when `--type pixel`, ignored otherwise",
+        "default": "0"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Row closed range to resize; 1-based row numbers like `2:10` or `5` (single row)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+cols-resize": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "type",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Sizing mode: `pixel` (explicit px value, requires `--size`) / `standard` (reset to default column width)",
+        "enum": [
+          "pixel",
+          "standard"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "size",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Column width in pixels (e.g. 80 / 120 / 200); required when `--type pixel`, ignored otherwise",
+        "default": "0"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Column closed range to resize; column letters like `A:E` or `C` (single column)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+range-move": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "source-range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Source A1 range"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "target-sheet-id",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Destination sub-sheet id; defaults to the same sheet as the source"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "target-range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Destination A1 range (anchor cell is enough; size inferred from the source)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+range-copy": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "source-range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Source A1 range"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "target-sheet-id",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Destination sub-sheet id; defaults to the same sheet as the source"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "target-range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Destination A1 range (anchor cell is enough; size inferred from the source)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "paste-type",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Paste content type (`+range-copy` only)",
+        "default": "all",
+        "enum": [
+          "values",
+          "formulas",
+          "formats",
+          "all"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+range-fill": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "source-range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Fill template range (seed cells for the series)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "target-range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Destination fill range (A1 notation)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "series-type",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Fill series type",
+        "default": "auto",
+        "enum": [
+          "auto",
+          "linear",
+          "growth",
+          "date",
+          "copy"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+range-sort": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Sort range (A1 notation; whether the header is included depends on `--has-header`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sort-keys",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "JSON array: `[{\"column\":\"<col letter>\",\"ascending\":<bool>}, ...]`",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "has-header",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Treat the first row as a header and exclude from sort; default `false`"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+batch-update": {
+    "risk": "high-risk-write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet locator (independent from per-operation sheet locator)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet locator (independent from per-operation sheet locator)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "operations",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "JSON array: [{\"shortcut\":\"+xxx-yyy\",\"input\":{...}}, ...]. shortcut uses CLI names; input is that shortcut's flag set — it includes the per-operation sheet locator (sheet_id or sheet_name) but not the spreadsheet token/url (pass that once at the top level via --url/--spreadsheet-token; +batch-update has no top-level --sheet-id). input keys are the shortcut's flags flattened into JSON (e.g. \"range\":\"A11:B12\"), not another nested layer. For basic flags use lark-cli sheets <shortcut> --help; for composite JSON flags use --print-schema --flag-name <flag>. Do not pass an explicit operation field. Strict transaction by default, pass --continue-on-error for soft batch; no nesting; executed serially.",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "continue-on-error",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Continue with remaining operations when a sub-operation fails; default false (abort on first failure)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "yes",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Confirm high-risk write (exit code 10 without this flag)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Print the request template for each sub-operation; no network side effects"
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+cells-batch-set-style": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "ranges",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Target ranges as a JSON array (e.g. `[\"'Sheet1'!A1:B2\",\"'Sheet2'!D1:D10\"]`); each item must include a sheet prefix; the prefix must be the sheet display name (e.g. `Sheet1`), not the sheet reference_id; ranges may target different sheets; the same style is applied to every range",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "background-color",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Background color (hex, e.g. `#ffffff`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "font-color",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Font color (hex, e.g. `#000000`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "font-size",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "float64",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Font size in px (e.g. 10, 12, 14)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "font-style",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Font style",
+        "enum": [
+          "normal",
+          "italic"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "font-weight",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Font weight",
+        "enum": [
+          "normal",
+          "bold"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "font-line",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Font line style",
+        "enum": [
+          "none",
+          "underline",
+          "line-through"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "horizontal-alignment",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Horizontal alignment",
+        "enum": [
+          "left",
+          "center",
+          "right"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "vertical-alignment",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Vertical alignment",
+        "enum": [
+          "top",
+          "middle",
+          "bottom"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "word-wrap",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Word-wrap strategy",
+        "enum": [
+          "overflow",
+          "auto-wrap",
+          "word-clip"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "number-format",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Number format pattern (e.g. text `@`, number `0.00`, currency `$#,##0.00`, date `mm/dd/yyyy`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "border-styles",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Border config JSON (same shape as in +cells-set-style)",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+dropdown-update": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "ranges",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Target ranges as a JSON array (e.g. `[\"'Sheet1'!A2:A100\",\"'Sheet1'!C2:C100\"]`); each item must include a sheet prefix; the prefix must be the sheet display name (e.g. `Sheet1`), not the sheet reference_id",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "options",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Options as a JSON array, e.g. `[\"opt1\",\"opt2\"]`. Server enforces no item-count cap and no per-item length cap; values containing commas are accepted (they are escape-encoded on the wire). For very large lists prefer `--source-range`.",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "colors",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Per-option pill colors, RGB hex array (e.g. `[\"#1FB6C1\",\"#F006C2\"]`). Length may be shorter than the source (`--options` items / `--source-range` cells) — extras cycle through a 10-color palette — but never longer (CLI Validate rejects: `--colors length (N) must not exceed dropdown source size (M)`). **Applies on its own**; ignored when `--highlight=false`.",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "multiple",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Enable multi-select"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "highlight",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Pill-highlight switch. **Omitted = ON** (options cycle through a 10-color palette). Pass `--highlight=false` for a plain dropdown. Override colors via `--colors`."
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "source-range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Source range for listFromRange dropdown (A1 + sheet prefix, e.g. `'Sheet1'!T1:T3`); maps to server `data_validation.range` and auto-sets `data_validation.type='listFromRange'`. XOR with `--options`: pass `--options` for an inline list (type=list), pass this for a range reference (type=listFromRange). `--colors` length rule unchanged (≤ source range cell count); `--highlight` / `--multiple` behave the same. When `--highlight` is on and the source covers more than 2000 cells, the server flags the dropdown as option-error (highlight + large source is an unsupported combo); CLI emits a stderr warning. Pass `--highlight=false` to suppress."
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+dropdown-delete": {
+    "risk": "high-risk-write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "ranges",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Target ranges as a JSON array (up to 100 items, e.g. `[\"'Sheet1'!E2:E6\"]`); each item must include a sheet prefix; the prefix must be the sheet display name (e.g. `Sheet1`), not the sheet reference_id",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "yes",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Confirm high-risk write (exit code 10 without this flag)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+cells-batch-clear": {
+    "risk": "high-risk-write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "ranges",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Target ranges as a JSON array (e.g. `[\"'Sheet1'!A2:Z1000\",\"'Sheet2'!A2:Z1000\"]`); each item must include a sheet prefix; the prefix must be the sheet display name (e.g. `Sheet1`), not the sheet reference_id; ranges may target different sheets; the same scope is cleared from every range",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "scope",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Clear scope: `content` (default, values only) / `formats` (formats only) / `all` (values and formats)",
+        "default": "content",
+        "enum": [
+          "content",
+          "formats",
+          "all"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "yes",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Confirm destructive write (exit code 10 without this flag); batch clear is irreversible"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+chart-list": {
+    "risk": "read",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "chart-id",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Filter to a single chart reference_id"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+chart-create": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "properties",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Full chart config JSON. Top-level keys: `position` / `offset` / `size` / `snapshot` (no top-level `data`, no extra nested `properties`); chart data config lives under `snapshot.data` (`refs` / `headerMode` / `dim1` / `dim2`). Deeply nested — run `--print-schema --flag-name properties` for the full structure.",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Print the request template; no side effects"
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+chart-update": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "chart-id",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Target chart reference_id"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "properties",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Full or sufficiently complete chart config JSON (read back with `+chart-list` first, then patch)",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+chart-delete": {
+    "risk": "high-risk-write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "chart-id",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Target chart reference_id"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "yes",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Confirm destructive write (exit code 10 without this flag)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+pivot-list": {
+    "risk": "read",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "pivot-table-id",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Filter by id"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+pivot-create": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "properties",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "JSON: {\"rows\":[...],\"columns\":[...],\"values\":[...],\"filters\":[...],\"show_row_grand_total\":true,\"show_col_grand_total\":true} (data source goes through --source; do not put source here)",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "target-position",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Top-left cell within the target sub-sheet (A1 notation, e.g. `A1`); maps to the top-level `target_position`, default `A1` (not sent when the value is A1). It and `--range` both express placement but map to different wire fields — avoid passing conflicting values for both.",
+        "default": "A1"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "target-sheet-id",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Reference_id of the target sub-sheet where the pivot table will be placed (mutually exclusive with `--target-sheet-name`; takes priority when both given; when both omitted, a new sub-sheet is auto-created to host the pivot — recommended). Distinct from the data-source sheet, which lives inside --source as a 'Sheet'-prefixed A1 reference like 'Sheet1'!A1:D100."
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "target-sheet-name",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Name of the target sub-sheet where the pivot table will be placed (mutually exclusive with `--target-sheet-id`; when both omitted, a new sub-sheet is auto-created to host the pivot — recommended). Distinct from the data-source sheet, which lives inside --source as a 'Sheet'-prefixed A1 reference like 'Sheet1'!A1:D100."
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "source",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Pivot table source range (A1 notation; format `'SheetName'!StartCell:EndCell`, e.g. `'Sheet1'!A1:D100`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Pivot table top-left placement (single A1 value, e.g. `F1`; create only), maps to `properties.range`; placed at the top-left of the target sub-sheet (a newly created one by default) when omitted. It and `--target-position` both express placement but map to different wire fields — avoid passing conflicting values for both."
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+pivot-update": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "pivot-table-id",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Target pivot table id"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "properties",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Full or sufficiently complete pivot config (read back with `+pivot-list --pivot-table-id <id>` first, then patch)",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+pivot-delete": {
+    "risk": "high-risk-write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "pivot-table-id",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Target pivot table id"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "yes",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Confirm destructive write (exit code 10 without this flag); delete is irreversible"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+cond-format-list": {
+    "risk": "read",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "rule-id",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Filter by rule id"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+cond-format-create": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "properties",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Rule config JSON: `style` (required, applied on match), `attrs?` (rule-type-dependent params), `has_ref?`. `rule_type` and `ranges` are separate flags",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "rule-type",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Conditional format rule type; takes precedence over the same-named field inside `--properties`",
+        "enum": [
+          "duplicateValues",
+          "uniqueValues",
+          "cellIs",
+          "containsText",
+          "timePeriod",
+          "containsBlanks",
+          "notContainsBlanks",
+          "dataBar",
+          "colorScale",
+          "rank",
+          "aboveAverage",
+          "expression",
+          "iconSet"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "ranges",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "A1 ranges where the conditional format applies, as a JSON array (e.g. `[\"A1:A100\",\"C2:C50\"]`); takes precedence over the same-named field inside `--properties`",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+cond-format-update": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "rule-id",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Target rule id"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "properties",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Rule config JSON, same shape as `+cond-format-create --properties`; update overwrites the entire rule",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "rule-type",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Conditional format rule type; takes precedence over the same-named field inside `--properties`",
+        "enum": [
+          "duplicateValues",
+          "uniqueValues",
+          "cellIs",
+          "containsText",
+          "timePeriod",
+          "containsBlanks",
+          "notContainsBlanks",
+          "dataBar",
+          "colorScale",
+          "rank",
+          "aboveAverage",
+          "expression",
+          "iconSet"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "ranges",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "A1 ranges where the conditional format applies, as a JSON array (e.g. `[\"A1:A100\",\"C2:C50\"]`); takes precedence over the same-named field inside `--properties`",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+cond-format-delete": {
+    "risk": "high-risk-write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "rule-id",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Target rule id"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "yes",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Confirm destructive write (exit code 10 without this flag); delete is irreversible"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+filter-list": {
+    "risk": "read",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+filter-create": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Filter range (A1 notation, including header row, e.g. `A1:F1000`); do not duplicate the range field inside `--properties`"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "properties",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Filter rule JSON: `rules` (per-column rule array), `filtered_columns?` (active column index hint). The flag is optional overall — if provided, `rules` must be non-empty; if omitted, an empty filter is created on `--range` (no column conditions). `range` is a separate flag (do not duplicate inside this JSON)",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+filter-update": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "properties",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Filter rule JSON: `rules` and `filtered_columns?`; update overwrites the entire rule set (pass `rules: []` to clear). `range` is a separate flag",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Range the filter applies to (A1 notation, e.g. `A1:F1000`); takes precedence over the same-named field inside `--properties`"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+filter-delete": {
+    "risk": "high-risk-write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "yes",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Confirm destructive write (exit code 10 without this flag); delete is irreversible"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+filter-view-list": {
+    "risk": "read",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "view-id",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Filter by filter-view reference_id (returns the matching single view)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+filter-view-create": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "properties",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Filter-view rule JSON: `rules?` (per-column rule array), `filtered_columns?`. `range` and `view_name` are separate flags",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Range the filter view applies to (A1 notation, e.g. `A1:F1000`); takes precedence over the same-named field inside `--properties`; required on create and must cover the header row"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "view-name",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Filter-view name; auto-assigned by the server when omitted on create, kept unchanged when omitted on update; takes precedence over the same-named field inside `--properties`"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+filter-view-update": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "view-id",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Target filter-view reference_id"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "properties",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Filter-view rule JSON: `rules?`, `filtered_columns?`; update overwrites the entire rule set (read back with `+filter-view-list` first, then patch; pass `rules: []` to clear). `range` and `view_name` are separate flags",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "range",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Range the filter view applies to (A1 notation, e.g. `A1:F1000`); takes precedence over the same-named field inside `--properties`; omit to keep the current range on update"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "view-name",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Filter-view name; auto-assigned by the server when omitted on create, kept unchanged when omitted on update; takes precedence over the same-named field inside `--properties`"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+filter-view-delete": {
+    "risk": "high-risk-write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "view-id",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Target filter-view reference_id"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "yes",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Confirm high-risk write (exit code 10 without this flag)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+sparkline-list": {
+    "risk": "read",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "group-id",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Filter by group_id"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+sparkline-create": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "properties",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "JSON: `{config (shared style), sparklines (array of mini-charts)}`; run `--print-schema` for the full structure",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+sparkline-update": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "group-id",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Target group id"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "properties",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "JSON: `{config, sparklines}`; read back with `+sparkline-list --group-id <id>` first, then patch; run `--print-schema` for the full structure",
+        "input": [
+          "file",
+          "stdin"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+sparkline-delete": {
+    "risk": "high-risk-write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "group-id",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Target group id"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "yes",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Confirm destructive write (exit code 10 without this flag); delete is irreversible"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+float-image-list": {
+    "risk": "read",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "float-image-id",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Filter by id; lists all float images on the sheet when omitted"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+float-image-create": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "image-name",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Image name, including extension (e.g. `logo.png`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "image-token",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Image file_token (XOR with `--image-uri`). Common source: `image_token` returned by `+float-image-list`"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "image-uri",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Image reference_id (XOR with `--image-token`); the reference_id returned by the image upload flow"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "position-row",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Row anchor of the image's top-left corner (0-based)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "position-col",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Column anchor of the image's top-left corner (column letter, e.g. `A` / `B`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "size-width",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Image width in pixels"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "size-height",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Image height in pixels"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "offset-row",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Pixel offset within the anchor row, on top of `--position-row`"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "offset-col",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Pixel offset within the anchor column, on top of `--position-col`"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "z-index",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Image z-index controlling stacking order"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "image",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Local image path; the CLI uploads it as a sheet_image and uses the returned file_token (XOR with --image-token / --image-uri)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+float-image-update": {
+    "risk": "write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "float-image-id",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Target float image id"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "image-name",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Image name, including extension (e.g. `logo.png`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "image-token",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Image file_token (XOR with `--image-uri`). Common source: `image_token` returned by `+float-image-list`"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "image-uri",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Image reference_id (XOR with `--image-token`); the reference_id returned by the image upload flow"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "position-row",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Row anchor of the image's top-left corner (0-based)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "position-col",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Column anchor of the image's top-left corner (column letter, e.g. `A` / `B`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "size-width",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Image width in pixels"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "size-height",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Image height in pixels"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "offset-row",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Pixel offset within the anchor row, on top of `--position-row`"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "offset-col",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Pixel offset within the anchor column, on top of `--position-col`"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "z-index",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "int",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": "Image z-index controlling stacking order"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "+float-image-delete": {
+    "risk": "high-risk-write",
+    "flags": [
+      {
+        "name": "url",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "spreadsheet-token",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-id",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "sheet-name",
+        "kind": "public",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "xor",
+        "desc": "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "float-image-id",
+        "kind": "own",
+        "type": "string",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Target float image id"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "yes",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "required",
+        "desc": "Confirm destructive write (exit code 10 without this flag); delete is irreversible"
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "dry-run",
+        "kind": "system",
+        "type": "bool",
+        "required": "optional",
+        "desc": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/data/flag-schemas.json b/shortcuts/sheets/data/flag-schemas.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c7aad1edf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/data/flag-schemas.json
@@ -0,0 +1,6254 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "2",
+  "flags": {
+    "+batch-update": {
+      "operations": {
+        "type": "array",
+        "description": "要批量执行的 CLI shortcut 操作列表，按声明顺序串行执行；任一失败立即中断。",
+        "items": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "required": [
+            "shortcut",
+            "input"
+          ],
+          "properties": {
+            "shortcut": {
+              "type": "string",
+              "enum": [
+                "+cells-set",
+                "+cells-set-style",
+                "+cells-clear",
+                "+cells-merge",
+                "+cells-unmerge",
+                "+cells-replace",
+                "+csv-put",
+                "+dropdown-set",
+                "+dim-insert",
+                "+dim-delete",
+                "+dim-hide",
+                "+dim-unhide",
+                "+dim-freeze",
+                "+dim-group",
+                "+dim-ungroup",
+                "+rows-resize",
+                "+cols-resize",
+                "+range-move",
+                "+range-copy",
+                "+range-fill",
+                "+range-sort",
+                "+sheet-create",
+                "+sheet-delete",
+                "+sheet-rename",
+                "+sheet-move",
+                "+sheet-copy",
+                "+sheet-hide",
+                "+sheet-unhide",
+                "+sheet-set-tab-color",
+                "+chart-create",
+                "+chart-update",
+                "+chart-delete",
+                "+pivot-create",
+                "+pivot-update",
+                "+pivot-delete",
+                "+cond-format-create",
+                "+cond-format-update",
+                "+cond-format-delete",
+                "+filter-create",
+                "+filter-update",
+                "+filter-delete",
+                "+filter-view-create",
+                "+filter-view-update",
+                "+filter-view-delete",
+                "+sparkline-create",
+                "+sparkline-update",
+                "+sparkline-delete",
+                "+float-image-create",
+                "+float-image-update",
+                "+float-image-delete"
+              ],
+              "description": "CLI shortcut 名（不是底层 MCP tool 名）。+dim-move 不在表中——它走 legacy v2 endpoint，无法批；+cells-set-image / +workbook-create 也不在——前者含多步图片上传，后者是新建工作簿，都不属于 atomic batch 范畴；所有读操作、fan-out wrapper（+batch-update 自身 / +cells-batch-set-style / +cells-batch-clear / +dropdown-{update,delete}）一律禁。"
+            },
+            "input": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "description": "该 shortcut 的入参集——含子表定位 sheet_id（或 sheet_name），但不含 spreadsheet token/url（后者只在顶层 --url/--spreadsheet-token 给一次；+batch-update 顶层没有 --sheet-id）；input 的键是该 shortcut 的 flag 展平成 JSON、不是再套一层嵌套。基础 flag 跑 `lark-cli sheets <shortcut> --help`，复合 JSON flag 跑 `--print-schema --flag-name <flag>`。不要手填 `operation`（动作由 shortcut 名表达）。"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "+cells-batch-set-style": {
+      "border-styles": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "description": "单元格边框配置，含 top/bottom/left/right 四个方向，每个方向的结构相同（见 top）。",
+        "properties": {
+          "top": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "properties": {
+              "style": {
+                "description": "边框线型；传 \"none\" 表示清除该方向边框（无边框线）",
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "solid",
+                  "dashed",
+                  "dotted",
+                  "double",
+                  "none"
+                ]
+              },
+              "weight": {
+                "description": "边框粗细/线宽",
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "thin",
+                  "medium",
+                  "thick"
+                ]
+              },
+              "color": {
+                "description": "边框颜色（十六进制，例如 \"#000000\"）",
+                "type": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "bottom": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "properties": {
+              "style": {
+                "description": "边框线型；传 \"none\" 表示清除该方向边框（无边框线）",
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "solid",
+                  "dashed",
+                  "dotted",
+                  "double",
+                  "none"
+                ]
+              },
+              "weight": {
+                "description": "边框粗细/线宽",
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "thin",
+                  "medium",
+                  "thick"
+                ]
+              },
+              "color": {
+                "description": "边框颜色（十六进制，例如 \"#000000\"）",
+                "type": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "left": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "properties": {
+              "style": {
+                "description": "边框线型；传 \"none\" 表示清除该方向边框（无边框线）",
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "solid",
+                  "dashed",
+                  "dotted",
+                  "double",
+                  "none"
+                ]
+              },
+              "weight": {
+                "description": "边框粗细/线宽",
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "thin",
+                  "medium",
+                  "thick"
+                ]
+              },
+              "color": {
+                "description": "边框颜色（十六进制，例如 \"#000000\"）",
+                "type": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "right": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "properties": {
+              "style": {
+                "description": "边框线型；传 \"none\" 表示清除该方向边框（无边框线）",
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "solid",
+                  "dashed",
+                  "dotted",
+                  "double",
+                  "none"
+                ]
+              },
+              "weight": {
+                "description": "边框粗细/线宽",
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "thin",
+                  "medium",
+                  "thick"
+                ]
+              },
+              "color": {
+                "description": "边框颜色（十六进制，例如 \"#000000\"）",
+                "type": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "+cells-set": {
+      "cells": {
+        "description": "【维度】行列数必须与 range 完全一致：'A1:C2'→[[_,_,_],[_,_,_]]（2行×3列），'B5:B7'→[[_],[_],[_]]（3行×1列），'A1'→[[_]]（1×1）。不修改的单元格填 {}。【内容字段，只能选一个】value（普通值）/ formula（公式，以 = 开头）/ rich_text（富文本）/ multiple_values（多值）。【可叠加字段，可与内容字段自由组合】cell_styles、border_styles、note、data_validation。【增量】所有字段均为增量更新，未传字段保留原值不变。",
+        "type": "array",
+        "items": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "properties": {
+              "value": {
+                "description": "静态单元格值（文本、数字、布尔）。公式请优先使用 'formula' 字段；如果误把以 '=' 开头的公式字符串写到这里，工具会按 Excel 语义自动识别为公式入库，但仍应按 'formula' 字段的契约传参。",
+                "oneOf": [
+                  {
+                    "type": "string"
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "type": "number"
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "type": "boolean"
+                  }
+                ]
+              },
+              "formula": {
+                "description": "以 '=' 开头的单元格公式（例如：'=SUM(A1:A10)'）。公式必须写在此字段，而不是 'value'。",
+                "type": "string"
+              },
+              "note": {
+                "description": "单元格批注/备注。设为 null 可清除已有的批注。",
+                "type": "string",
+                "nullable": true
+              },
+              "cell_styles": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                  "font_color": {
+                    "description": "字体颜色（十六进制，例如 \"#000000\"）",
+                    "type": "string"
+                  },
+                  "font_size": {
+                    "description": "字体大小（单位：px/像素，例如 10、12、14）",
+                    "type": "number"
+                  },
+                  "font_weight": {
+                    "description": "字重",
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "enum": [
+                      "normal",
+                      "bold"
+                    ]
+                  },
+                  "font_style": {
+                    "description": "字体样式",
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "enum": [
+                      "normal",
+                      "italic"
+                    ]
+                  },
+                  "font_line": {
+                    "description": "字体线条样式",
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "enum": [
+                      "none",
+                      "underline",
+                      "line-through"
+                    ]
+                  },
+                  "background_color": {
+                    "description": "背景颜色（十六进制，例如 \"#ffffff\"）",
+                    "type": "string"
+                  },
+                  "horizontal_alignment": {
+                    "description": "水平对齐方式",
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "enum": [
+                      "left",
+                      "center",
+                      "right"
+                    ]
+                  },
+                  "vertical_alignment": {
+                    "description": "垂直对齐方式",
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "enum": [
+                      "top",
+                      "middle",
+                      "bottom"
+                    ]
+                  },
+                  "number_format": {
+                    "description": "数字格式（例如：文本用 \"@\"、数字用 \"0.00\"、货币用 \"$#,##0.00\"、日期用 \"mm/dd/yyyy\"）",
+                    "type": "string"
+                  },
+                  "word_wrap": {
+                    "description": "是否自动换行，默认溢出，可选自动换行或裁剪。",
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "enum": [
+                      "overflow",
+                      "auto-wrap",
+                      "word-clip"
+                    ]
+                  }
+                },
+                "description": "单元格样式属性，包括字体、颜色、对齐方式和数字格式"
+              },
+              "border_styles": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "description": "单元格边框配置，含 top/bottom/left/right 四个方向，每个方向的结构相同（见 top）。",
+                "properties": {
+                  "top": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "style": {
+                        "description": "边框线型；传 \"none\" 表示清除该方向边框（无边框线）",
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "enum": [
+                          "solid",
+                          "dashed",
+                          "dotted",
+                          "double",
+                          "none"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      "weight": {
+                        "description": "边框粗细/线宽",
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "enum": [
+                          "thin",
+                          "medium",
+                          "thick"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      "color": {
+                        "description": "边框颜色（十六进制，例如 \"#000000\"）",
+                        "type": "string"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "bottom": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "style": {
+                        "description": "边框线型；传 \"none\" 表示清除该方向边框（无边框线）",
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "enum": [
+                          "solid",
+                          "dashed",
+                          "dotted",
+                          "double",
+                          "none"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      "weight": {
+                        "description": "边框粗细/线宽",
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "enum": [
+                          "thin",
+                          "medium",
+                          "thick"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      "color": {
+                        "description": "边框颜色（十六进制，例如 \"#000000\"）",
+                        "type": "string"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "left": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "style": {
+                        "description": "边框线型；传 \"none\" 表示清除该方向边框（无边框线）",
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "enum": [
+                          "solid",
+                          "dashed",
+                          "dotted",
+                          "double",
+                          "none"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      "weight": {
+                        "description": "边框粗细/线宽",
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "enum": [
+                          "thin",
+                          "medium",
+                          "thick"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      "color": {
+                        "description": "边框颜色（十六进制，例如 \"#000000\"）",
+                        "type": "string"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "right": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "style": {
+                        "description": "边框线型；传 \"none\" 表示清除该方向边框（无边框线）",
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "enum": [
+                          "solid",
+                          "dashed",
+                          "dotted",
+                          "double",
+                          "none"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      "weight": {
+                        "description": "边框粗细/线宽",
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "enum": [
+                          "thin",
+                          "medium",
+                          "thick"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      "color": {
+                        "description": "边框颜色（十六进制，例如 \"#000000\"）",
+                        "type": "string"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
+              },
+              "rich_text": {
+                "description": "富文本内容。设置后会忽略 value 字段。可包含带样式的文本段 text、超链接 link、@提及 mention、单元格图片 embed-image、附件 attachment。",
+                "type": "array",
+                "items": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "type": {
+                      "description": "段类型",
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "text",
+                        "link",
+                        "mention",
+                        "embed-image",
+                        "attachment"
+                      ]
+                    },
+                    "text": {
+                      "description": "显示文本",
+                      "type": "string"
+                    },
+                    "style": {
+                      "description": "文本段样式（仅 type='text' 时生效），结构同 cell_styles",
+                      "type": "object"
+                    },
+                    "link": {
+                      "description": "超链接地址（仅 type='link' 时必填）",
+                      "type": "string"
+                    },
+                    "mention_token": {
+                      "description": "@提及目标的 token，如 userId 或 fileId（仅 type='mention' 时必填）",
+                      "type": "string"
+                    },
+                    "mention_type": {
+                      "description": "@提及类型编号（仅 type='mention' 时可选）",
+                      "type": "number"
+                    },
+                    "notify": {
+                      "description": "是否发送通知（仅 type='mention' 时可选，默认 true）",
+                      "type": "boolean"
+                    },
+                    "image_width": {
+                      "description": "图片宽度（像素，仅 type='embed-image' 时使用）",
+                      "type": "number"
+                    },
+                    "image_height": {
+                      "description": "图片高度（像素，仅 type='embed-image' 时使用）",
+                      "type": "number"
+                    },
+                    "image_name": {
+                      "description": "图片名称（仅 type='embed-image' 时使用，创建新图片时必填）",
+                      "type": "string"
+                    },
+                    "image_uri": {
+                      "description": "图片文件 reference_id（仅 type='embed-image' 时使用，与 image_token 二选一，如`<|image|>:abcdef` 或者 `<|superscript|>:abcdef-<|image|>:abcdef`，其中 `abcdef` 为实际的对象 ID，占位符仅用于示意）",
+                      "type": "string"
+                    },
+                    "image_token": {
+                      "description": "图片文件 token（仅 type='embed-image' 时可选，修改已有图片时可从 get_cell_range 获取）",
+                      "type": "string"
+                    },
+                    "attachment_token": {
+                      "description": "附件文件 token，通过飞书 Drive 上传获取（仅 type='attachment' 时可选，修改已有附件时可从 get_cell_range 获取）",
+                      "type": "string"
+                    },
+                    "attachment_uri": {
+                      "description": "附件文件 reference_id（仅 type='attachment' 时使用，与 attachment_token 二选一，如`<|attachment|>:abcdef` 或者 `<|superscript|>:abcdef-<|attachment|>:abcdef`，其中 `abcdef` 为实际的对象 ID，占位符仅用于示意）",
+                      "type": "string"
+                    },
+                    "attachment_name": {
+                      "description": "附件文件名称（仅 type='attachment' 时使用，配合 attachment_reference_id 使用，创建新附件时必填）",
+                      "type": "string"
+                    },
+                    "mime_type": {
+                      "description": "附件 MIME 类型（仅 type='attachment' 时使用，例如 'application/pdf'）",
+                      "type": "string"
+                    },
+                    "file_size": {
+                      "description": "附件文件大小（字节，仅 type='attachment' 时使用）",
+                      "type": "number"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "type",
+                    "text"
+                  ]
+                }
+              },
+              "multiple_values": {
+                "description": "多值内容，用于支持多选的列表验证单元格。设置后会忽略 value 和 rich_text 字段。",
+                "type": "array",
+                "items": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "value": {
+                      "description": "值（文本、数字、布尔）",
+                      "oneOf": [
+                        {
+                          "type": "string"
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "type": "number"
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "type": "boolean"
+                        }
+                      ]
+                    },
+                    "format": {
+                      "description": "可选的数字格式（例如 '$#,##0.00'）",
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "value"
+                  ]
+                }
+              },
+              "data_validation": {
+                "description": "数据验证配置。设为 null 可清除已有的数据验证。",
+                "type": "object",
+                "nullable": true,
+                "properties": {
+                  "type": {
+                    "description": "数据验证类型：list（下拉列表）、listFromRange（引用范围下拉列表）、number（数字）、date（日期）、textLength（文本长度）、checkbox（复选框）",
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "enum": [
+                      "list",
+                      "listFromRange",
+                      "number",
+                      "date",
+                      "textLength",
+                      "checkbox"
+                    ]
+                  },
+                  "items": {
+                    "description": "列表选项",
+                    "type": "array",
+                    "items": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "range": {
+                    "description": "源数据区域（type='listFromRange' 时必填，格式：'SheetName!A1:A10'）",
+                    "type": "string"
+                  },
+                  "operator": {
+                    "description": "比较运算符（type='number'/'date'/'textLength' 时必填）",
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "enum": [
+                      "equal",
+                      "notEqual",
+                      "greaterThan",
+                      "greaterThanOrEqual",
+                      "lessThan",
+                      "lessThanOrEqual",
+                      "between",
+                      "notBetween"
+                    ]
+                  },
+                  "values": {
+                    "description": "比较值（operator 为 'between'/'notBetween' 时需要两个值，其它运算符需要一个值）",
+                    "type": "array",
+                    "items": {
+                      "oneOf": [
+                        {
+                          "type": "string"
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "type": "number"
+                        }
+                      ]
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "support_multiple_values": {
+                    "description": "列表验证是否支持多选（type='list'/'listFromRange' 时可选，默认 false）",
+                    "type": "boolean"
+                  },
+                  "help_text": {
+                    "description": "验证失败时显示的提示文本",
+                    "type": "string"
+                  },
+                  "enable_highlight": {
+                    "description": "是否开启下拉选项的胶囊背景色高亮，仅 type='list'/'listFromRange' 生效。默认 true，自动按内置 10 色色板循环上色。仅当用户明确要求纯色下拉时才传 false。当用户要求按下拉项分别染色时，用本字段 + highlight_colors 一步搞定即可，不要走条件格式（条件格式是染整格背景，语义不符）。",
+                    "type": "boolean"
+                  },
+                  "highlight_colors": {
+                    "description": "下拉选项的胶囊背景色数组（十六进制，例如 [\"#FFE699\",\"#bff7d9\",\"#ffb3b3\"]）。按顺序对应（type='list' 对应 items；type='listFromRange' 按 range 内单元格行优先顺序，如 A1:A10 对应第 1-10 项；A1:B2 顺序为 A1,B1,A2,B2）。长度可以短于但不能长于；未指定项及不提供该字段时按内置 10 色色板循环补色。当 enable_highlight=false 时本字段被忽略。",
+                    "type": "array",
+                    "items": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "required": [
+                  "type"
+                ]
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "+cells-set-style": {
+      "border-styles": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "description": "单元格边框配置，含 top/bottom/left/right 四个方向，每个方向的结构相同（见 top）。",
+        "properties": {
+          "top": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "properties": {
+              "style": {
+                "description": "边框线型；传 \"none\" 表示清除该方向边框（无边框线）",
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "solid",
+                  "dashed",
+                  "dotted",
+                  "double",
+                  "none"
+                ]
+              },
+              "weight": {
+                "description": "边框粗细/线宽",
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "thin",
+                  "medium",
+                  "thick"
+                ]
+              },
+              "color": {
+                "description": "边框颜色（十六进制，例如 \"#000000\"）",
+                "type": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "bottom": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "properties": {
+              "style": {
+                "description": "边框线型；传 \"none\" 表示清除该方向边框（无边框线）",
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "solid",
+                  "dashed",
+                  "dotted",
+                  "double",
+                  "none"
+                ]
+              },
+              "weight": {
+                "description": "边框粗细/线宽",
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "thin",
+                  "medium",
+                  "thick"
+                ]
+              },
+              "color": {
+                "description": "边框颜色（十六进制，例如 \"#000000\"）",
+                "type": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "left": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "properties": {
+              "style": {
+                "description": "边框线型；传 \"none\" 表示清除该方向边框（无边框线）",
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "solid",
+                  "dashed",
+                  "dotted",
+                  "double",
+                  "none"
+                ]
+              },
+              "weight": {
+                "description": "边框粗细/线宽",
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "thin",
+                  "medium",
+                  "thick"
+                ]
+              },
+              "color": {
+                "description": "边框颜色（十六进制，例如 \"#000000\"）",
+                "type": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "right": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "properties": {
+              "style": {
+                "description": "边框线型；传 \"none\" 表示清除该方向边框（无边框线）",
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "solid",
+                  "dashed",
+                  "dotted",
+                  "double",
+                  "none"
+                ]
+              },
+              "weight": {
+                "description": "边框粗细/线宽",
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "thin",
+                  "medium",
+                  "thick"
+                ]
+              },
+              "color": {
+                "description": "边框颜色（十六进制，例如 \"#000000\"）",
+                "type": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "+chart-create": {
+      "properties": {
+        "description": "创建/更新的图表属性。",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "position": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "description": "必填。图表在表格中的单元格位置。注意：选择位置时应避免覆盖已有数据的单元格，并确保图表不超出当前表格的行列范围。",
+            "properties": {
+              "row": {
+                "type": "number",
+                "minimum": 0,
+                "description": "行索引（0-based）"
+              },
+              "col": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "description": "列索引，例如 \"A\"、\"B\""
+              }
+            },
+            "required": [
+              "row",
+              "col"
+            ]
+          },
+          "offset": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "description": "可选。图表在位置基础上的偏移量（像素）。",
+            "properties": {
+              "row_offset": {
+                "type": "number",
+                "description": "行偏移量（像素）"
+              },
+              "col_offset": {
+                "type": "number",
+                "description": "列偏移量（像素）"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "size": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "description": "必填。图表大小（像素）。注意：设定大小时应确保图表不超出当前表格的行列范围，并避免覆盖已有数据的单元格。",
+            "properties": {
+              "width": {
+                "type": "number",
+                "minimum": 10,
+                "description": "宽度（像素）"
+              },
+              "height": {
+                "type": "number",
+                "minimum": 10,
+                "description": "高度（像素）"
+              }
+            },
+            "required": [
+              "width",
+              "height"
+            ]
+          },
+          "snapshot": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "description": "图表快照配置。更新图表时必须传入完整的图表属性定义，不能只传修改的部分。应先通过 get_chart_objects 获取当前图表快照，修改需要变更的字段后，将完整快照传入。",
+            "properties": {
+              "title": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "description": "图表标题配置",
+                "properties": {
+                  "text": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "description": "标题文本"
+                  },
+                  "textAlign": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "description": "标题对齐方式",
+                    "enum": [
+                      "left",
+                      "center",
+                      "right"
+                    ]
+                  },
+                  "fontSize": {
+                    "type": "number",
+                    "description": "字体大小"
+                  },
+                  "bold": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否加粗"
+                  },
+                  "italic": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否斜体"
+                  },
+                  "underline": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否下划线"
+                  },
+                  "strikethrough": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否删除线"
+                  },
+                  "color": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "description": "字体颜色，格式为 #RRGGBB"
+                  }
+                },
+                "required": [
+                  "text"
+                ]
+              },
+              "subTitle": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "description": "图表副标题配置",
+                "properties": {
+                  "text": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "description": "副标题文本"
+                  },
+                  "textAlign": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "description": "副标题对齐方式",
+                    "enum": [
+                      "left",
+                      "center",
+                      "right"
+                    ]
+                  },
+                  "fontSize": {
+                    "type": "number",
+                    "description": "字体大小"
+                  },
+                  "bold": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否加粗"
+                  },
+                  "italic": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否斜体"
+                  },
+                  "underline": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否下划线"
+                  },
+                  "strikethrough": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否删除线"
+                  },
+                  "color": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "description": "字体颜色，格式为 #RRGGBB"
+                  }
+                },
+                "required": [
+                  "text"
+                ]
+              },
+              "style": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "description": "图表样式配置",
+                "properties": {
+                  "background": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "背景配置",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "color": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "背景颜色，格式为 #RRGGBB"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "font": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "字体配置",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "size": {
+                        "type": "number",
+                        "description": "字体大小"
+                      },
+                      "color": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "字体颜色，格式为 #RRGGBB"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "border": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "边框配置",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "color": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "边框颜色，格式为 #RRGGBB"
+                      },
+                      "width": {
+                        "type": "number",
+                        "description": "边框宽度"
+                      },
+                      "style": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "边框样式",
+                        "enum": [
+                          "solid",
+                          "dashed",
+                          "dotted"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      "radius": {
+                        "type": "number",
+                        "description": "边框圆角"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "colorTheme": {
+                    "type": "array",
+                    "description": "颜色主题配置。支持两种模式：1. 仅传一个预设主题名称（字符串数组，长度为1）；2. 传多个自定义十六进制颜色字符串。预设主题：brandColorSeries@v2、rainbowColorSeries@v2、complementaryColorSeries@v2、converseColorSeries@v2、primaryColorSeries@v2、singleColorSeries-B-@v2、singleColorSeries-W-@v2、singleColorSeries-G-@v2、singleColorSeries-Y-@v2、singleColorSeries-O-@v2、singleColorSeries-R-@v2、singleColorSeries-D-@v2。十六进制格式：#RRGGBB",
+                    "oneOf": [
+                      {
+                        "minItems": 1,
+                        "maxItems": 1,
+                        "items": {
+                          "type": "string",
+                          "enum": [
+                            "brandColorSeries@v2",
+                            "rainbowColorSeries@v2",
+                            "complementaryColorSeries@v2",
+                            "converseColorSeries@v2",
+                            "primaryColorSeries@v2",
+                            "singleColorSeries-B-@v2",
+                            "singleColorSeries-W-@v2",
+                            "singleColorSeries-G-@v2",
+                            "singleColorSeries-Y-@v2",
+                            "singleColorSeries-O-@v2",
+                            "singleColorSeries-R-@v2",
+                            "singleColorSeries-D-@v2"
+                          ]
+                        }
+                      },
+                      {
+                        "minItems": 2,
+                        "items": {
+                          "type": "string",
+                          "description": "颜色字符串，十六进制格式：#RRGGBB"
+                        }
+                      }
+                    ]
+                  },
+                  "colorGradient": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否启用颜色渐变"
+                  }
+                }
+              },
+              "legend": {
+                "oneOf": [
+                  {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "图例配置",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "position": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "图例位置",
+                        "enum": [
+                          "top",
+                          "bottom",
+                          "left",
+                          "right"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      "fontSize": {
+                        "type": "number",
+                        "description": "字体大小"
+                      },
+                      "bold": {
+                        "type": "boolean",
+                        "description": "是否加粗"
+                      },
+                      "italic": {
+                        "type": "boolean",
+                        "description": "是否斜体"
+                      },
+                      "underline": {
+                        "type": "boolean",
+                        "description": "是否下划线"
+                      },
+                      "strikethrough": {
+                        "type": "boolean",
+                        "description": "是否删除线"
+                      },
+                      "color": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "字体颜色，格式为 #RRGGBB"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "false 表示隐藏图例"
+                  }
+                ]
+              },
+              "plotArea": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "description": "绘图区域配置",
+                "properties": {
+                  "plot": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "绘图配置",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "type": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "图表类型",
+                        "enum": [
+                          "bar",
+                          "column",
+                          "line",
+                          "area",
+                          "combo",
+                          "pie",
+                          "radar",
+                          "scatter"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      "comboType": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "组合图表默认类型",
+                        "enum": [
+                          "column",
+                          "line",
+                          "area"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      "yAxisPosition": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "Y轴位置",
+                        "enum": [
+                          "left",
+                          "right"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      "extra": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "额外配置",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "smooth": {
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "description": "是否平滑曲线"
+                          },
+                          "step": {
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "description": "是否阶梯图"
+                          },
+                          "stack": {
+                            "type": "object",
+                            "description": "堆叠配置",
+                            "properties": {
+                              "percentage": {
+                                "type": "boolean",
+                                "description": "是否百分比堆叠"
+                              }
+                            }
+                          },
+                          "radar": {
+                            "type": "object",
+                            "description": "雷达图配置",
+                            "properties": {
+                              "shape": {
+                                "type": "string",
+                                "description": "雷达图形状",
+                                "enum": [
+                                  "polygon",
+                                  "circle"
+                                ]
+                              },
+                              "area": {
+                                "type": "boolean",
+                                "description": "是否填充区域"
+                              }
+                            }
+                          }
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "points": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "全系列数据点配置，折线图、面积图、雷达图、散点图、组合图生效。",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "color": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "数据点颜色"
+                          },
+                          "shape": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "数据点形状",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "circle",
+                              "triangle",
+                              "rect",
+                              "diamond",
+                              "square"
+                            ]
+                          },
+                          "size": {
+                            "type": "number",
+                            "description": "数据点大小"
+                          },
+                          "point": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "description": "单个数据点配置数组",
+                            "items": {
+                              "type": "object",
+                              "properties": {
+                                "index": {
+                                  "type": "number",
+                                  "description": "数据点索引"
+                                },
+                                "color": {
+                                  "type": "string",
+                                  "description": "颜色"
+                                },
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "type": "string",
+                                  "description": "形状"
+                                },
+                                "size": {
+                                  "type": "number",
+                                  "description": "大小"
+                                }
+                              },
+                              "required": [
+                                "index"
+                              ]
+                            }
+                          }
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "lines": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "全系列线条配置，折线图、面积图、雷达图、组合图生效。",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "color": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "线条颜色"
+                          },
+                          "width": {
+                            "type": "number",
+                            "description": "线条宽度"
+                          },
+                          "style": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "线条样式",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "solid",
+                              "dashed",
+                              "dotted"
+                            ]
+                          },
+                          "invalidType": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "无效值处理方式",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "break",
+                              "zero",
+                              "link"
+                            ]
+                          }
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "areas": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "全系列面积填充配置，面积图、雷达图、组合图生效。",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "color": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "区域填充颜色"
+                          }
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "bars": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "全系列柱状图、条形图、组合图生效。",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "color": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "柱子颜色"
+                          },
+                          "borderColor": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "边框颜色"
+                          },
+                          "borderWidth": {
+                            "type": "number",
+                            "description": "边框宽度"
+                          },
+                          "borderStyle": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "边框样式",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "solid",
+                              "dashed",
+                              "dotted"
+                            ]
+                          },
+                          "width": {
+                            "type": "number",
+                            "description": "柱子宽度"
+                          },
+                          "gap": {
+                            "type": "number",
+                            "description": "柱子间距比例，0-1之间"
+                          },
+                          "backgroundColor": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "背景颜色"
+                          },
+                          "bar": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "description": "单个柱子配置数组",
+                            "items": {
+                              "type": "object",
+                              "properties": {
+                                "index": {
+                                  "type": "number",
+                                  "description": "柱子索引"
+                                },
+                                "color": {
+                                  "type": "string",
+                                  "description": "颜色"
+                                },
+                                "borderColor": {
+                                  "type": "string",
+                                  "description": "边框颜色"
+                                },
+                                "borderWidth": {
+                                  "type": "number",
+                                  "description": "边框宽度"
+                                },
+                                "borderStyle": {
+                                  "type": "string",
+                                  "description": "边框样式"
+                                }
+                              },
+                              "required": [
+                                "index"
+                              ]
+                            }
+                          }
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "labels": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "数据标签配置",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "position": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "标签位置",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "auto",
+                              "top",
+                              "bottom",
+                              "left",
+                              "right",
+                              "center",
+                              "inside",
+                              "outside"
+                            ]
+                          },
+                          "series": {
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "description": "是否显示系列名"
+                          },
+                          "category": {
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "description": "是否显示类别名"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "description": "是否显示值"
+                          },
+                          "percentage": {
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "description": "是否显示百分比"
+                          },
+                          "fontSize": {
+                            "type": "number",
+                            "description": "字体大小"
+                          },
+                          "bold": {
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "description": "是否加粗"
+                          },
+                          "italic": {
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "description": "是否斜体"
+                          },
+                          "underline": {
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "description": "是否下划线"
+                          },
+                          "strikethrough": {
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "description": "是否删除线"
+                          },
+                          "color": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "字体颜色"
+                          }
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "series": {
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "description": "单个系列配置数组",
+                        "items": {
+                          "type": "object",
+                          "description": "系列配置",
+                          "properties": {
+                            "index": {
+                              "type": "number",
+                              "description": "数据列索引，与 dim2.series[].index 值一致，从 1 开始（1 通常对应首列标签维度，2+ 对应后续数据维度列）"
+                            },
+                            "comboType": {
+                              "type": "string",
+                              "description": "组合图下该系列的图表类型，仅在 type 为 combo 时生效",
+                              "enum": [
+                                "column",
+                                "line",
+                                "area"
+                              ]
+                            },
+                            "yAxisPosition": {
+                              "type": "string",
+                              "description": "Y轴位置",
+                              "enum": [
+                                "left",
+                                "right"
+                              ]
+                            },
+                            "points": {
+                              "type": "object",
+                              "description": "数据点配置，配置项同 plotArea.points"
+                            },
+                            "line": {
+                              "type": "object",
+                              "description": "线条配置，配置项同 plotArea.lines"
+                            },
+                            "area": {
+                              "type": "object",
+                              "description": "区域填充配置，配置项同 plotArea.areas"
+                            },
+                            "bars": {
+                              "type": "object",
+                              "description": "柱状图配置，配置项同 plotArea.bars"
+                            },
+                            "labels": {
+                              "type": "object",
+                              "description": "数据标签配置"
+                            },
+                            "sectors": {
+                              "type": "object",
+                              "description": "扇区配置（饼图）",
+                              "properties": {
+                                "borderColor": {
+                                  "type": "string",
+                                  "description": "边框颜色"
+                                },
+                                "innerRadius": {
+                                  "type": "number",
+                                  "description": "内半径比例，0-1之间"
+                                },
+                                "offsetRadius": {
+                                  "type": "number",
+                                  "description": "偏移半径比例"
+                                },
+                                "startAngle": {
+                                  "type": "number",
+                                  "description": "起始角度，0-359"
+                                },
+                                "sector": {
+                                  "type": "array",
+                                  "description": "单个扇区配置数组",
+                                  "items": {
+                                    "type": "object",
+                                    "properties": {
+                                      "index": {
+                                        "type": "number",
+                                        "description": "扇区索引"
+                                      },
+                                      "borderColor": {
+                                        "type": "string",
+                                        "description": "边框颜色"
+                                      },
+                                      "offsetRadius": {
+                                        "type": "number",
+                                        "description": "偏移半径"
+                                      },
+                                      "color": {
+                                        "type": "string",
+                                        "description": "颜色"
+                                      }
+                                    },
+                                    "required": [
+                                      "index"
+                                    ]
+                                  }
+                                }
+                              }
+                            }
+                          },
+                          "required": [
+                            "index"
+                          ]
+                        }
+                      }
+                    },
+                    "required": [
+                      "type"
+                    ]
+                  },
+                  "axes": {
+                    "type": "array",
+                    "description": "坐标轴配置数组",
+                    "items": {
+                      "type": "object",
+                      "description": "坐标轴配置",
+                      "properties": {
+                        "type": {
+                          "type": "string",
+                          "description": "坐标轴类型",
+                          "enum": [
+                            "x",
+                            "y",
+                            "angle",
+                            "radius"
+                          ]
+                        },
+                        "position": {
+                          "type": "string",
+                          "description": "坐标轴位置",
+                          "enum": [
+                            "left",
+                            "right",
+                            "bottom"
+                          ]
+                        },
+                        "max": {
+                          "type": "number",
+                          "description": "最大值"
+                        },
+                        "min": {
+                          "type": "number",
+                          "description": "最小值"
+                        },
+                        "valueType": {
+                          "type": "string",
+                          "description": "是否将横轴数字视为文本，linear 表示将数字视为数值, ordinal 表示将数字视为文本",
+                          "enum": [
+                            "ordinal",
+                            "linear"
+                          ]
+                        },
+                        "title": {
+                          "type": "object",
+                          "description": "坐标轴标题配置",
+                          "properties": {
+                            "text": {
+                              "type": "string",
+                              "description": "标题文本"
+                            },
+                            "fontSize": {
+                              "type": "number",
+                              "description": "字体大小"
+                            },
+                            "bold": {
+                              "type": "boolean",
+                              "description": "是否加粗"
+                            },
+                            "italic": {
+                              "type": "boolean",
+                              "description": "是否斜体"
+                            },
+                            "underline": {
+                              "type": "boolean",
+                              "description": "是否下划线"
+                            },
+                            "strikethrough": {
+                              "type": "boolean",
+                              "description": "是否删除线"
+                            },
+                            "color": {
+                              "type": "string",
+                              "description": "字体颜色"
+                            }
+                          },
+                          "required": [
+                            "text"
+                          ]
+                        },
+                        "label": {
+                          "type": "object",
+                          "description": "坐标轴标签配置",
+                          "properties": {
+                            "angle": {
+                              "type": "number",
+                              "description": "旋转角度，可选值：-90, -45, 0, 45, 90"
+                            },
+                            "fontSize": {
+                              "type": "number",
+                              "description": "字体大小"
+                            },
+                            "bold": {
+                              "type": "boolean",
+                              "description": "是否加粗"
+                            },
+                            "italic": {
+                              "type": "boolean",
+                              "description": "是否斜体"
+                            },
+                            "underline": {
+                              "type": "boolean",
+                              "description": "是否下划线"
+                            },
+                            "strikethrough": {
+                              "type": "boolean",
+                              "description": "是否删除线"
+                            },
+                            "color": {
+                              "type": "string",
+                              "description": "字体颜色"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "axisLine": {
+                          "type": "boolean",
+                          "description": "是否显示轴线"
+                        },
+                        "gridLine": {
+                          "oneOf": [
+                            {
+                              "type": "object",
+                              "description": "网格线配置",
+                              "properties": {
+                                "width": {
+                                  "type": "number",
+                                  "description": "网格线宽度"
+                                },
+                                "color": {
+                                  "type": "string",
+                                  "description": "网格线颜色"
+                                }
+                              }
+                            },
+                            {
+                              "type": "boolean",
+                              "description": "false 表示隐藏网格线"
+                            }
+                          ]
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "required": [
+                        "type"
+                      ]
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "required": [
+                  "plot"
+                ]
+              },
+              "data": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "description": "图表数据配置",
+                "properties": {
+                  "isStaticData": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否为静态数据"
+                  },
+                  "includeHiddenOrFilter": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否包含隐藏或过滤的数据"
+                  },
+                  "direction": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "description": "数据方向，可选值：row（行方向）或column（列方向），常用值为column",
+                    "enum": [
+                      "row",
+                      "column"
+                    ]
+                  },
+                  "headerMode": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "description": "表头模式。inline 表示 refs 首行/首列就是表头；detached 表示 refs 仅覆盖实际数据范围，维度名和系列名需通过 nameRef 显式指定。",
+                    "enum": [
+                      "inline",
+                      "detached"
+                    ]
+                  },
+                  "refs": {
+                    "type": "array",
+                    "description": "数据源引用范围数组",
+                    "items": {
+                      "type": "object",
+                      "properties": {
+                        "value": {
+                          "type": "string",
+                          "description": "图表数据源范围，格式为 'SheetName!A1:D100' 的连续区域"
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "required": [
+                        "value"
+                      ]
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "dim1": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "维度1配置（类别维度）",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "serie": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "系列配置（非静态数据时传此参数）",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "index": {
+                            "type": "number",
+                            "description": "系列索引，数据源从左往右，从 1 开始计数对应数据源的列索引；如果数据方向direction为 'row'，则为从上往下，从 1 开始计数对应数据源的行索引"
+                          },
+                          "aggregate": {
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "description": "是否汇总相同的类别，默认为true，true 情况下 aggregateType 才生效"
+                          },
+                          "nameRef": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "可选。维度名称的单元格引用（A1 表示法，如 'Sheet1!A1'）。当维度名称不直接来自 refs 首行/首列时，可通过此字段把维度名显式指向目标表头单元格，图表会以该单元格当前值作为类别维度名展示。"
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "index"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      "field": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "字段配置（静态数据时传此参数）",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "valueType": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "值类型",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "number",
+                              "string"
+                            ]
+                          },
+                          "name": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "字段名称"
+                          },
+                          "text": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "字段文本数据"
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "text"
+                        ]
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "dim2": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "维度2配置（值维度）",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "series": {
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "description": "系列配置数组（非静态数据时传此参数）",
+                        "items": {
+                          "type": "object",
+                          "properties": {
+                            "index": {
+                              "type": "number",
+                              "description": "系列索引，数据源从左往右，从 1 开始计数对应数据源的列索引；如果数据方向direction为 'row'，则为从上往下，从 1 开始计数对应数据源的行索引"
+                            },
+                            "aggregateType": {
+                              "type": "string",
+                              "description": "汇总方式，默认为'sum'，仅在 aggregate 为 true 时生效",
+                              "enum": [
+                                "sum",
+                                "average",
+                                "count",
+                                "min",
+                                "max",
+                                "median"
+                              ]
+                            },
+                            "nameRef": {
+                              "type": "string",
+                              "description": "可选。系列名称的单元格引用（A1 表示法，如 'Sheet1!C1'）。当系列名称不直接来自 refs 首行/首列时，可通过此字段把系列名显式指向目标表头单元格，图表会以该单元格当前值作为系列名（图例/tooltip）展示。"
+                            }
+                          },
+                          "required": [
+                            "index"
+                          ]
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "fields": {
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "description": "字段配置数组（静态数据时传此参数）",
+                        "items": {
+                          "type": "object",
+                          "properties": {
+                            "valueType": {
+                              "type": "string",
+                              "description": "值类型",
+                              "enum": [
+                                "number"
+                              ]
+                            },
+                            "name": {
+                              "type": "string",
+                              "description": "字段名称"
+                            },
+                            "text": {
+                              "type": "string",
+                              "description": "字段文本数据"
+                            }
+                          },
+                          "required": [
+                            "text"
+                          ]
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "required": [
+              "plotArea",
+              "data"
+            ]
+          }
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "position",
+          "size"
+        ]
+      }
+    },
+    "+chart-update": {
+      "properties": {
+        "description": "创建/更新的图表属性。",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "position": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "description": "必填。图表在表格中的单元格位置。注意：选择位置时应避免覆盖已有数据的单元格，并确保图表不超出当前表格的行列范围。",
+            "properties": {
+              "row": {
+                "type": "number",
+                "minimum": 0,
+                "description": "行索引（0-based）"
+              },
+              "col": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "description": "列索引，例如 \"A\"、\"B\""
+              }
+            },
+            "required": [
+              "row",
+              "col"
+            ]
+          },
+          "offset": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "description": "可选。图表在位置基础上的偏移量（像素）。",
+            "properties": {
+              "row_offset": {
+                "type": "number",
+                "description": "行偏移量（像素）"
+              },
+              "col_offset": {
+                "type": "number",
+                "description": "列偏移量（像素）"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "size": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "description": "必填。图表大小（像素）。注意：设定大小时应确保图表不超出当前表格的行列范围，并避免覆盖已有数据的单元格。",
+            "properties": {
+              "width": {
+                "type": "number",
+                "minimum": 10,
+                "description": "宽度（像素）"
+              },
+              "height": {
+                "type": "number",
+                "minimum": 10,
+                "description": "高度（像素）"
+              }
+            },
+            "required": [
+              "width",
+              "height"
+            ]
+          },
+          "snapshot": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "description": "图表快照配置。更新图表时必须传入完整的图表属性定义，不能只传修改的部分。应先通过 get_chart_objects 获取当前图表快照，修改需要变更的字段后，将完整快照传入。",
+            "properties": {
+              "title": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "description": "图表标题配置",
+                "properties": {
+                  "text": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "description": "标题文本"
+                  },
+                  "textAlign": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "description": "标题对齐方式",
+                    "enum": [
+                      "left",
+                      "center",
+                      "right"
+                    ]
+                  },
+                  "fontSize": {
+                    "type": "number",
+                    "description": "字体大小"
+                  },
+                  "bold": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否加粗"
+                  },
+                  "italic": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否斜体"
+                  },
+                  "underline": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否下划线"
+                  },
+                  "strikethrough": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否删除线"
+                  },
+                  "color": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "description": "字体颜色，格式为 #RRGGBB"
+                  }
+                },
+                "required": [
+                  "text"
+                ]
+              },
+              "subTitle": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "description": "图表副标题配置",
+                "properties": {
+                  "text": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "description": "副标题文本"
+                  },
+                  "textAlign": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "description": "副标题对齐方式",
+                    "enum": [
+                      "left",
+                      "center",
+                      "right"
+                    ]
+                  },
+                  "fontSize": {
+                    "type": "number",
+                    "description": "字体大小"
+                  },
+                  "bold": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否加粗"
+                  },
+                  "italic": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否斜体"
+                  },
+                  "underline": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否下划线"
+                  },
+                  "strikethrough": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否删除线"
+                  },
+                  "color": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "description": "字体颜色，格式为 #RRGGBB"
+                  }
+                },
+                "required": [
+                  "text"
+                ]
+              },
+              "style": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "description": "图表样式配置",
+                "properties": {
+                  "background": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "背景配置",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "color": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "背景颜色，格式为 #RRGGBB"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "font": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "字体配置",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "size": {
+                        "type": "number",
+                        "description": "字体大小"
+                      },
+                      "color": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "字体颜色，格式为 #RRGGBB"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "border": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "边框配置",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "color": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "边框颜色，格式为 #RRGGBB"
+                      },
+                      "width": {
+                        "type": "number",
+                        "description": "边框宽度"
+                      },
+                      "style": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "边框样式",
+                        "enum": [
+                          "solid",
+                          "dashed",
+                          "dotted"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      "radius": {
+                        "type": "number",
+                        "description": "边框圆角"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "colorTheme": {
+                    "type": "array",
+                    "description": "颜色主题配置。支持两种模式：1. 仅传一个预设主题名称（字符串数组，长度为1）；2. 传多个自定义十六进制颜色字符串。预设主题：brandColorSeries@v2、rainbowColorSeries@v2、complementaryColorSeries@v2、converseColorSeries@v2、primaryColorSeries@v2、singleColorSeries-B-@v2、singleColorSeries-W-@v2、singleColorSeries-G-@v2、singleColorSeries-Y-@v2、singleColorSeries-O-@v2、singleColorSeries-R-@v2、singleColorSeries-D-@v2。十六进制格式：#RRGGBB",
+                    "oneOf": [
+                      {
+                        "minItems": 1,
+                        "maxItems": 1,
+                        "items": {
+                          "type": "string",
+                          "enum": [
+                            "brandColorSeries@v2",
+                            "rainbowColorSeries@v2",
+                            "complementaryColorSeries@v2",
+                            "converseColorSeries@v2",
+                            "primaryColorSeries@v2",
+                            "singleColorSeries-B-@v2",
+                            "singleColorSeries-W-@v2",
+                            "singleColorSeries-G-@v2",
+                            "singleColorSeries-Y-@v2",
+                            "singleColorSeries-O-@v2",
+                            "singleColorSeries-R-@v2",
+                            "singleColorSeries-D-@v2"
+                          ]
+                        }
+                      },
+                      {
+                        "minItems": 2,
+                        "items": {
+                          "type": "string",
+                          "description": "颜色字符串，十六进制格式：#RRGGBB"
+                        }
+                      }
+                    ]
+                  },
+                  "colorGradient": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否启用颜色渐变"
+                  }
+                }
+              },
+              "legend": {
+                "oneOf": [
+                  {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "图例配置",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "position": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "图例位置",
+                        "enum": [
+                          "top",
+                          "bottom",
+                          "left",
+                          "right"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      "fontSize": {
+                        "type": "number",
+                        "description": "字体大小"
+                      },
+                      "bold": {
+                        "type": "boolean",
+                        "description": "是否加粗"
+                      },
+                      "italic": {
+                        "type": "boolean",
+                        "description": "是否斜体"
+                      },
+                      "underline": {
+                        "type": "boolean",
+                        "description": "是否下划线"
+                      },
+                      "strikethrough": {
+                        "type": "boolean",
+                        "description": "是否删除线"
+                      },
+                      "color": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "字体颜色，格式为 #RRGGBB"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "false 表示隐藏图例"
+                  }
+                ]
+              },
+              "plotArea": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "description": "绘图区域配置",
+                "properties": {
+                  "plot": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "绘图配置",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "type": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "图表类型",
+                        "enum": [
+                          "bar",
+                          "column",
+                          "line",
+                          "area",
+                          "combo",
+                          "pie",
+                          "radar",
+                          "scatter"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      "comboType": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "组合图表默认类型",
+                        "enum": [
+                          "column",
+                          "line",
+                          "area"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      "yAxisPosition": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "Y轴位置",
+                        "enum": [
+                          "left",
+                          "right"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      "extra": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "额外配置",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "smooth": {
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "description": "是否平滑曲线"
+                          },
+                          "step": {
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "description": "是否阶梯图"
+                          },
+                          "stack": {
+                            "type": "object",
+                            "description": "堆叠配置",
+                            "properties": {
+                              "percentage": {
+                                "type": "boolean",
+                                "description": "是否百分比堆叠"
+                              }
+                            }
+                          },
+                          "radar": {
+                            "type": "object",
+                            "description": "雷达图配置",
+                            "properties": {
+                              "shape": {
+                                "type": "string",
+                                "description": "雷达图形状",
+                                "enum": [
+                                  "polygon",
+                                  "circle"
+                                ]
+                              },
+                              "area": {
+                                "type": "boolean",
+                                "description": "是否填充区域"
+                              }
+                            }
+                          }
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "points": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "全系列数据点配置，折线图、面积图、雷达图、散点图、组合图生效。",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "color": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "数据点颜色"
+                          },
+                          "shape": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "数据点形状",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "circle",
+                              "triangle",
+                              "rect",
+                              "diamond",
+                              "square"
+                            ]
+                          },
+                          "size": {
+                            "type": "number",
+                            "description": "数据点大小"
+                          },
+                          "point": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "description": "单个数据点配置数组",
+                            "items": {
+                              "type": "object",
+                              "properties": {
+                                "index": {
+                                  "type": "number",
+                                  "description": "数据点索引"
+                                },
+                                "color": {
+                                  "type": "string",
+                                  "description": "颜色"
+                                },
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "type": "string",
+                                  "description": "形状"
+                                },
+                                "size": {
+                                  "type": "number",
+                                  "description": "大小"
+                                }
+                              },
+                              "required": [
+                                "index"
+                              ]
+                            }
+                          }
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "lines": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "全系列线条配置，折线图、面积图、雷达图、组合图生效。",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "color": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "线条颜色"
+                          },
+                          "width": {
+                            "type": "number",
+                            "description": "线条宽度"
+                          },
+                          "style": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "线条样式",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "solid",
+                              "dashed",
+                              "dotted"
+                            ]
+                          },
+                          "invalidType": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "无效值处理方式",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "break",
+                              "zero",
+                              "link"
+                            ]
+                          }
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "areas": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "全系列面积填充配置，面积图、雷达图、组合图生效。",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "color": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "区域填充颜色"
+                          }
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "bars": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "全系列柱状图、条形图、组合图生效。",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "color": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "柱子颜色"
+                          },
+                          "borderColor": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "边框颜色"
+                          },
+                          "borderWidth": {
+                            "type": "number",
+                            "description": "边框宽度"
+                          },
+                          "borderStyle": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "边框样式",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "solid",
+                              "dashed",
+                              "dotted"
+                            ]
+                          },
+                          "width": {
+                            "type": "number",
+                            "description": "柱子宽度"
+                          },
+                          "gap": {
+                            "type": "number",
+                            "description": "柱子间距比例，0-1之间"
+                          },
+                          "backgroundColor": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "背景颜色"
+                          },
+                          "bar": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "description": "单个柱子配置数组",
+                            "items": {
+                              "type": "object",
+                              "properties": {
+                                "index": {
+                                  "type": "number",
+                                  "description": "柱子索引"
+                                },
+                                "color": {
+                                  "type": "string",
+                                  "description": "颜色"
+                                },
+                                "borderColor": {
+                                  "type": "string",
+                                  "description": "边框颜色"
+                                },
+                                "borderWidth": {
+                                  "type": "number",
+                                  "description": "边框宽度"
+                                },
+                                "borderStyle": {
+                                  "type": "string",
+                                  "description": "边框样式"
+                                }
+                              },
+                              "required": [
+                                "index"
+                              ]
+                            }
+                          }
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "labels": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "数据标签配置",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "position": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "标签位置",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "auto",
+                              "top",
+                              "bottom",
+                              "left",
+                              "right",
+                              "center",
+                              "inside",
+                              "outside"
+                            ]
+                          },
+                          "series": {
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "description": "是否显示系列名"
+                          },
+                          "category": {
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "description": "是否显示类别名"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "description": "是否显示值"
+                          },
+                          "percentage": {
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "description": "是否显示百分比"
+                          },
+                          "fontSize": {
+                            "type": "number",
+                            "description": "字体大小"
+                          },
+                          "bold": {
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "description": "是否加粗"
+                          },
+                          "italic": {
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "description": "是否斜体"
+                          },
+                          "underline": {
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "description": "是否下划线"
+                          },
+                          "strikethrough": {
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "description": "是否删除线"
+                          },
+                          "color": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "字体颜色"
+                          }
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "series": {
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "description": "单个系列配置数组",
+                        "items": {
+                          "type": "object",
+                          "description": "系列配置",
+                          "properties": {
+                            "index": {
+                              "type": "number",
+                              "description": "数据列索引，与 dim2.series[].index 值一致，从 1 开始（1 通常对应首列标签维度，2+ 对应后续数据维度列）"
+                            },
+                            "comboType": {
+                              "type": "string",
+                              "description": "组合图下该系列的图表类型，仅在 type 为 combo 时生效",
+                              "enum": [
+                                "column",
+                                "line",
+                                "area"
+                              ]
+                            },
+                            "yAxisPosition": {
+                              "type": "string",
+                              "description": "Y轴位置",
+                              "enum": [
+                                "left",
+                                "right"
+                              ]
+                            },
+                            "points": {
+                              "type": "object",
+                              "description": "数据点配置，配置项同 plotArea.points"
+                            },
+                            "line": {
+                              "type": "object",
+                              "description": "线条配置，配置项同 plotArea.lines"
+                            },
+                            "area": {
+                              "type": "object",
+                              "description": "区域填充配置，配置项同 plotArea.areas"
+                            },
+                            "bars": {
+                              "type": "object",
+                              "description": "柱状图配置，配置项同 plotArea.bars"
+                            },
+                            "labels": {
+                              "type": "object",
+                              "description": "数据标签配置"
+                            },
+                            "sectors": {
+                              "type": "object",
+                              "description": "扇区配置（饼图）",
+                              "properties": {
+                                "borderColor": {
+                                  "type": "string",
+                                  "description": "边框颜色"
+                                },
+                                "innerRadius": {
+                                  "type": "number",
+                                  "description": "内半径比例，0-1之间"
+                                },
+                                "offsetRadius": {
+                                  "type": "number",
+                                  "description": "偏移半径比例"
+                                },
+                                "startAngle": {
+                                  "type": "number",
+                                  "description": "起始角度，0-359"
+                                },
+                                "sector": {
+                                  "type": "array",
+                                  "description": "单个扇区配置数组",
+                                  "items": {
+                                    "type": "object",
+                                    "properties": {
+                                      "index": {
+                                        "type": "number",
+                                        "description": "扇区索引"
+                                      },
+                                      "borderColor": {
+                                        "type": "string",
+                                        "description": "边框颜色"
+                                      },
+                                      "offsetRadius": {
+                                        "type": "number",
+                                        "description": "偏移半径"
+                                      },
+                                      "color": {
+                                        "type": "string",
+                                        "description": "颜色"
+                                      }
+                                    },
+                                    "required": [
+                                      "index"
+                                    ]
+                                  }
+                                }
+                              }
+                            }
+                          },
+                          "required": [
+                            "index"
+                          ]
+                        }
+                      }
+                    },
+                    "required": [
+                      "type"
+                    ]
+                  },
+                  "axes": {
+                    "type": "array",
+                    "description": "坐标轴配置数组",
+                    "items": {
+                      "type": "object",
+                      "description": "坐标轴配置",
+                      "properties": {
+                        "type": {
+                          "type": "string",
+                          "description": "坐标轴类型",
+                          "enum": [
+                            "x",
+                            "y",
+                            "angle",
+                            "radius"
+                          ]
+                        },
+                        "position": {
+                          "type": "string",
+                          "description": "坐标轴位置",
+                          "enum": [
+                            "left",
+                            "right",
+                            "bottom"
+                          ]
+                        },
+                        "max": {
+                          "type": "number",
+                          "description": "最大值"
+                        },
+                        "min": {
+                          "type": "number",
+                          "description": "最小值"
+                        },
+                        "valueType": {
+                          "type": "string",
+                          "description": "是否将横轴数字视为文本，linear 表示将数字视为数值, ordinal 表示将数字视为文本",
+                          "enum": [
+                            "ordinal",
+                            "linear"
+                          ]
+                        },
+                        "title": {
+                          "type": "object",
+                          "description": "坐标轴标题配置",
+                          "properties": {
+                            "text": {
+                              "type": "string",
+                              "description": "标题文本"
+                            },
+                            "fontSize": {
+                              "type": "number",
+                              "description": "字体大小"
+                            },
+                            "bold": {
+                              "type": "boolean",
+                              "description": "是否加粗"
+                            },
+                            "italic": {
+                              "type": "boolean",
+                              "description": "是否斜体"
+                            },
+                            "underline": {
+                              "type": "boolean",
+                              "description": "是否下划线"
+                            },
+                            "strikethrough": {
+                              "type": "boolean",
+                              "description": "是否删除线"
+                            },
+                            "color": {
+                              "type": "string",
+                              "description": "字体颜色"
+                            }
+                          },
+                          "required": [
+                            "text"
+                          ]
+                        },
+                        "label": {
+                          "type": "object",
+                          "description": "坐标轴标签配置",
+                          "properties": {
+                            "angle": {
+                              "type": "number",
+                              "description": "旋转角度，可选值：-90, -45, 0, 45, 90"
+                            },
+                            "fontSize": {
+                              "type": "number",
+                              "description": "字体大小"
+                            },
+                            "bold": {
+                              "type": "boolean",
+                              "description": "是否加粗"
+                            },
+                            "italic": {
+                              "type": "boolean",
+                              "description": "是否斜体"
+                            },
+                            "underline": {
+                              "type": "boolean",
+                              "description": "是否下划线"
+                            },
+                            "strikethrough": {
+                              "type": "boolean",
+                              "description": "是否删除线"
+                            },
+                            "color": {
+                              "type": "string",
+                              "description": "字体颜色"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "axisLine": {
+                          "type": "boolean",
+                          "description": "是否显示轴线"
+                        },
+                        "gridLine": {
+                          "oneOf": [
+                            {
+                              "type": "object",
+                              "description": "网格线配置",
+                              "properties": {
+                                "width": {
+                                  "type": "number",
+                                  "description": "网格线宽度"
+                                },
+                                "color": {
+                                  "type": "string",
+                                  "description": "网格线颜色"
+                                }
+                              }
+                            },
+                            {
+                              "type": "boolean",
+                              "description": "false 表示隐藏网格线"
+                            }
+                          ]
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "required": [
+                        "type"
+                      ]
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "required": [
+                  "plot"
+                ]
+              },
+              "data": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "description": "图表数据配置",
+                "properties": {
+                  "isStaticData": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否为静态数据"
+                  },
+                  "includeHiddenOrFilter": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否包含隐藏或过滤的数据"
+                  },
+                  "direction": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "description": "数据方向，可选值：row（行方向）或column（列方向），常用值为column",
+                    "enum": [
+                      "row",
+                      "column"
+                    ]
+                  },
+                  "headerMode": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "description": "表头模式。inline 表示 refs 首行/首列就是表头；detached 表示 refs 仅覆盖实际数据范围，维度名和系列名需通过 nameRef 显式指定。",
+                    "enum": [
+                      "inline",
+                      "detached"
+                    ]
+                  },
+                  "refs": {
+                    "type": "array",
+                    "description": "数据源引用范围数组",
+                    "items": {
+                      "type": "object",
+                      "properties": {
+                        "value": {
+                          "type": "string",
+                          "description": "图表数据源范围，格式为 'SheetName!A1:D100' 的连续区域"
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "required": [
+                        "value"
+                      ]
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "dim1": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "维度1配置（类别维度）",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "serie": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "系列配置（非静态数据时传此参数）",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "index": {
+                            "type": "number",
+                            "description": "系列索引，数据源从左往右，从 1 开始计数对应数据源的列索引；如果数据方向direction为 'row'，则为从上往下，从 1 开始计数对应数据源的行索引"
+                          },
+                          "aggregate": {
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "description": "是否汇总相同的类别，默认为true，true 情况下 aggregateType 才生效"
+                          },
+                          "nameRef": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "可选。维度名称的单元格引用（A1 表示法，如 'Sheet1!A1'）。当维度名称不直接来自 refs 首行/首列时，可通过此字段把维度名显式指向目标表头单元格，图表会以该单元格当前值作为类别维度名展示。"
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "index"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      "field": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "字段配置（静态数据时传此参数）",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "valueType": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "值类型",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "number",
+                              "string"
+                            ]
+                          },
+                          "name": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "字段名称"
+                          },
+                          "text": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "字段文本数据"
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "text"
+                        ]
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "dim2": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "维度2配置（值维度）",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "series": {
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "description": "系列配置数组（非静态数据时传此参数）",
+                        "items": {
+                          "type": "object",
+                          "properties": {
+                            "index": {
+                              "type": "number",
+                              "description": "系列索引，数据源从左往右，从 1 开始计数对应数据源的列索引；如果数据方向direction为 'row'，则为从上往下，从 1 开始计数对应数据源的行索引"
+                            },
+                            "aggregateType": {
+                              "type": "string",
+                              "description": "汇总方式，默认为'sum'，仅在 aggregate 为 true 时生效",
+                              "enum": [
+                                "sum",
+                                "average",
+                                "count",
+                                "min",
+                                "max",
+                                "median"
+                              ]
+                            },
+                            "nameRef": {
+                              "type": "string",
+                              "description": "可选。系列名称的单元格引用（A1 表示法，如 'Sheet1!C1'）。当系列名称不直接来自 refs 首行/首列时，可通过此字段把系列名显式指向目标表头单元格，图表会以该单元格当前值作为系列名（图例/tooltip）展示。"
+                            }
+                          },
+                          "required": [
+                            "index"
+                          ]
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "fields": {
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "description": "字段配置数组（静态数据时传此参数）",
+                        "items": {
+                          "type": "object",
+                          "properties": {
+                            "valueType": {
+                              "type": "string",
+                              "description": "值类型",
+                              "enum": [
+                                "number"
+                              ]
+                            },
+                            "name": {
+                              "type": "string",
+                              "description": "字段名称"
+                            },
+                            "text": {
+                              "type": "string",
+                              "description": "字段文本数据"
+                            }
+                          },
+                          "required": [
+                            "text"
+                          ]
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "required": [
+              "plotArea",
+              "data"
+            ]
+          }
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "position",
+          "size"
+        ]
+      }
+    },
+    "+cond-format-create": {
+      "properties": {
+        "description": "创建/更新的条件格式属性。",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "rule_type": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "enum": [
+              "duplicateValues",
+              "uniqueValues",
+              "cellIs",
+              "containsText",
+              "timePeriod",
+              "containsBlanks",
+              "notContainsBlanks",
+              "dataBar",
+              "colorScale",
+              "rank",
+              "aboveAverage",
+              "expression",
+              "iconSet"
+            ],
+            "description": "条件格式规则类型。"
+          },
+          "ranges": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "description": "应用条件格式的 A1 范围列表。每个元素支持：矩形范围 \"A1:A10\"、整行 \"3:6\"、整列 \"C:C\"、某一格到列尾 \"D3:D\"、某一格到行尾 \"D3:3\"。例如 [\"A1:A10\",\"C:C\"]。",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "style": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "description": "命中规则时应用的单元格样式。",
+            "properties": {
+              "back_color": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "description": "背景色，CSS 十六进制表示，例如 \"#FF0000\"。"
+              },
+              "fore_color": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "description": "前景色/字体颜色。"
+              },
+              "text_decoration": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "none",
+                  "underline",
+                  "strikethrough",
+                  "underline_strikethrough"
+                ],
+                "description": "文字装饰：none=无，underline=下划线，strikethrough=删除线，underline_strikethrough=下划线+删除线。"
+              },
+              "font": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "bold",
+                  "italic",
+                  "bold italic"
+                ],
+                "description": "字体样式：\"bold\"=加粗，\"italic\"=斜体，\"bold italic\"=加粗+斜体。"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "attrs": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "description": "规则参数列表。不同 rule_type 下取值结构不同。当 rule_type 为 dataBar 时，attrs 必须包含两个对象，分别定义正值和负值的数据条颜色。",
+            "items": {
+              "oneOf": [
+                {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "数值比较类规则参数。",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "compare_type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "equal",
+                        "notEqual",
+                        "greaterThan",
+                        "greaterThanOrEqual",
+                        "lessThan",
+                        "lessThanOrEqual",
+                        "between",
+                        "notBetween"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "比较运算符。"
+                    },
+                    "value": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "description": "用于比较的值，例如 \"100\"、\"hello\"。between/notBetween 时用逗号分隔两个值。"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "compare_type",
+                    "value"
+                  ]
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "文本包含类规则参数。",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "text": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "description": "用于匹配的文本内容。"
+                    },
+                    "compare_type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "beginsWith",
+                        "endsWith",
+                        "containsText",
+                        "notContains",
+                        "is"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "文本匹配方式。"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "compare_type",
+                    "text"
+                  ]
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "时间段类规则参数。",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "operator": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "before",
+                        "is",
+                        "after"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "与指定时间段的比较关系。"
+                    },
+                    "time_period": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "today",
+                        "yesterday",
+                        "tomorrow",
+                        "last7Days",
+                        "thisMonth",
+                        "lastMonth",
+                        "nextMonth",
+                        "thisWeek",
+                        "lastWeek",
+                        "nextWeek"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "时间段类型。"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "operator",
+                    "time_period"
+                  ]
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "数据条规则参数。",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "gradient": {
+                      "type": "boolean",
+                      "description": "是否使用渐变色数据条。"
+                    },
+                    "value": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "阈值或比例值，含义由 value_type 决定。"
+                    },
+                    "color": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "description": "主颜色，例如 \"#63BE7B\"。"
+                    },
+                    "hide_value": {
+                      "type": "boolean",
+                      "description": "是否隐藏单元格中的原始值，仅显示数据条。"
+                    },
+                    "value_type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "minValue",
+                        "maxValue",
+                        "num",
+                        "percentile",
+                        "percent",
+                        "formula",
+                        "auto"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "阈值类型。"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "color",
+                    "value_type"
+                  ]
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "色阶规则中的单个分段。ColorScaleAttrs 由 2 或 3 个该对象组成，分别表示最小值/中间值/最大值。",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "value_type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "minValue",
+                        "maxValue",
+                        "num",
+                        "percentile",
+                        "percent",
+                        "formula",
+                        "auto"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "阈值类型。"
+                    },
+                    "value": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "阈值数值，例如百分位或具体数值。"
+                    },
+                    "color": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "description": "该分段对应的颜色。"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "value_type",
+                    "color"
+                  ]
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "前 N/后 N 规则参数。",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "is_bottom": {
+                      "type": "boolean",
+                      "description": "是否选取最后 N 个。true 表示最后 N 个，false 表示前 N 个。"
+                    },
+                    "value_type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "percent",
+                        "sort"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "排名方式：percent 表示百分比，sort 表示按条目数。"
+                    },
+                    "value": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "N 或百分比数值。"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "is_bottom",
+                    "value_type"
+                  ]
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "平均值规则参数。",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "operator": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "greaterThan",
+                        "greaterThanOrEqual",
+                        "lessThan",
+                        "lessThanOrEqual"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "与平均值的比较关系。"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "operator"
+                  ]
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "自定义公式规则参数。",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "formula": {
+                      "type": "array",
+                      "items": {
+                        "type": "string"
+                      },
+                      "description": "条件公式列表，例如 [\"=A1>0\"]。"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "formula"
+                  ]
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "图标集规则参数。",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "icon_type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "3Arrows",
+                        "3ArrowsGray",
+                        "3Triangles",
+                        "4ArrowsGray",
+                        "4Arrows",
+                        "5ArrowsGray",
+                        "5Arrows",
+                        "3Circles",
+                        "3MultiGraphics",
+                        "4Circles",
+                        "5Circles",
+                        "2Status",
+                        "3Status",
+                        "2CommentStatus",
+                        "3Flags",
+                        "3Stars",
+                        "3HeartShaped",
+                        "3Mood",
+                        "5CirclesRatio"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "图标集类型。其中 3Circles/4Circles/5Circles 为不同颜色的实心圆（如红、黄、绿），用于表示状态等级；5CirclesRatio 为不同填充比例的圆（从空心◯到半圆◑到满圆●），用于表示完成度、进度、比例。当涉及半圆、满圆、空心圆、填充比例、进度等场景时，应选择 5CirclesRatio。"
+                    },
+                    "hide_value": {
+                      "type": "boolean",
+                      "description": "是否隐藏单元格原始值，仅显示图标。"
+                    },
+                    "value_type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "minValue",
+                        "maxValue",
+                        "num",
+                        "percentile",
+                        "percent",
+                        "formula",
+                        "auto"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "阈值类型。"
+                    },
+                    "operator": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "greaterThan",
+                        "greaterThanOrEqual",
+                        "lessThan",
+                        "lessThanOrEqual"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "与阈值的比较关系。"
+                    },
+                    "value": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "用于比较的数值，含义由 value_type 决定。"
+                    },
+                    "reverse_icons": {
+                      "type": "boolean",
+                      "description": "是否反转图标顺序。"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "icon_type",
+                    "value_type",
+                    "operator"
+                  ]
+                }
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "has_ref": {
+            "type": "boolean",
+            "description": "可选。是否存在引用，用于标记规则是否依赖其他对象。"
+          }
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "rule_type",
+          "ranges",
+          "style"
+        ]
+      }
+    },
+    "+cond-format-update": {
+      "properties": {
+        "description": "创建/更新的条件格式属性。",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "rule_type": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "enum": [
+              "duplicateValues",
+              "uniqueValues",
+              "cellIs",
+              "containsText",
+              "timePeriod",
+              "containsBlanks",
+              "notContainsBlanks",
+              "dataBar",
+              "colorScale",
+              "rank",
+              "aboveAverage",
+              "expression",
+              "iconSet"
+            ],
+            "description": "条件格式规则类型。"
+          },
+          "ranges": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "description": "应用条件格式的 A1 范围列表。每个元素支持：矩形范围 \"A1:A10\"、整行 \"3:6\"、整列 \"C:C\"、某一格到列尾 \"D3:D\"、某一格到行尾 \"D3:3\"。例如 [\"A1:A10\",\"C:C\"]。",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "style": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "description": "命中规则时应用的单元格样式。",
+            "properties": {
+              "back_color": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "description": "背景色，CSS 十六进制表示，例如 \"#FF0000\"。"
+              },
+              "fore_color": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "description": "前景色/字体颜色。"
+              },
+              "text_decoration": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "none",
+                  "underline",
+                  "strikethrough",
+                  "underline_strikethrough"
+                ],
+                "description": "文字装饰：none=无，underline=下划线，strikethrough=删除线，underline_strikethrough=下划线+删除线。"
+              },
+              "font": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "bold",
+                  "italic",
+                  "bold italic"
+                ],
+                "description": "字体样式：\"bold\"=加粗，\"italic\"=斜体，\"bold italic\"=加粗+斜体。"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "attrs": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "description": "规则参数列表。不同 rule_type 下取值结构不同。当 rule_type 为 dataBar 时，attrs 必须包含两个对象，分别定义正值和负值的数据条颜色。",
+            "items": {
+              "oneOf": [
+                {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "数值比较类规则参数。",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "compare_type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "equal",
+                        "notEqual",
+                        "greaterThan",
+                        "greaterThanOrEqual",
+                        "lessThan",
+                        "lessThanOrEqual",
+                        "between",
+                        "notBetween"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "比较运算符。"
+                    },
+                    "value": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "description": "用于比较的值，例如 \"100\"、\"hello\"。between/notBetween 时用逗号分隔两个值。"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "compare_type",
+                    "value"
+                  ]
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "文本包含类规则参数。",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "text": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "description": "用于匹配的文本内容。"
+                    },
+                    "compare_type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "beginsWith",
+                        "endsWith",
+                        "containsText",
+                        "notContains",
+                        "is"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "文本匹配方式。"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "compare_type",
+                    "text"
+                  ]
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "时间段类规则参数。",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "operator": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "before",
+                        "is",
+                        "after"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "与指定时间段的比较关系。"
+                    },
+                    "time_period": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "today",
+                        "yesterday",
+                        "tomorrow",
+                        "last7Days",
+                        "thisMonth",
+                        "lastMonth",
+                        "nextMonth",
+                        "thisWeek",
+                        "lastWeek",
+                        "nextWeek"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "时间段类型。"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "operator",
+                    "time_period"
+                  ]
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "数据条规则参数。",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "gradient": {
+                      "type": "boolean",
+                      "description": "是否使用渐变色数据条。"
+                    },
+                    "value": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "阈值或比例值，含义由 value_type 决定。"
+                    },
+                    "color": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "description": "主颜色，例如 \"#63BE7B\"。"
+                    },
+                    "hide_value": {
+                      "type": "boolean",
+                      "description": "是否隐藏单元格中的原始值，仅显示数据条。"
+                    },
+                    "value_type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "minValue",
+                        "maxValue",
+                        "num",
+                        "percentile",
+                        "percent",
+                        "formula",
+                        "auto"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "阈值类型。"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "color",
+                    "value_type"
+                  ]
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "色阶规则中的单个分段。ColorScaleAttrs 由 2 或 3 个该对象组成，分别表示最小值/中间值/最大值。",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "value_type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "minValue",
+                        "maxValue",
+                        "num",
+                        "percentile",
+                        "percent",
+                        "formula",
+                        "auto"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "阈值类型。"
+                    },
+                    "value": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "阈值数值，例如百分位或具体数值。"
+                    },
+                    "color": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "description": "该分段对应的颜色。"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "value_type",
+                    "color"
+                  ]
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "前 N/后 N 规则参数。",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "is_bottom": {
+                      "type": "boolean",
+                      "description": "是否选取最后 N 个。true 表示最后 N 个，false 表示前 N 个。"
+                    },
+                    "value_type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "percent",
+                        "sort"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "排名方式：percent 表示百分比，sort 表示按条目数。"
+                    },
+                    "value": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "N 或百分比数值。"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "is_bottom",
+                    "value_type"
+                  ]
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "平均值规则参数。",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "operator": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "greaterThan",
+                        "greaterThanOrEqual",
+                        "lessThan",
+                        "lessThanOrEqual"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "与平均值的比较关系。"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "operator"
+                  ]
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "自定义公式规则参数。",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "formula": {
+                      "type": "array",
+                      "items": {
+                        "type": "string"
+                      },
+                      "description": "条件公式列表，例如 [\"=A1>0\"]。"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "formula"
+                  ]
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "图标集规则参数。",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "icon_type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "3Arrows",
+                        "3ArrowsGray",
+                        "3Triangles",
+                        "4ArrowsGray",
+                        "4Arrows",
+                        "5ArrowsGray",
+                        "5Arrows",
+                        "3Circles",
+                        "3MultiGraphics",
+                        "4Circles",
+                        "5Circles",
+                        "2Status",
+                        "3Status",
+                        "2CommentStatus",
+                        "3Flags",
+                        "3Stars",
+                        "3HeartShaped",
+                        "3Mood",
+                        "5CirclesRatio"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "图标集类型。其中 3Circles/4Circles/5Circles 为不同颜色的实心圆（如红、黄、绿），用于表示状态等级；5CirclesRatio 为不同填充比例的圆（从空心◯到半圆◑到满圆●），用于表示完成度、进度、比例。当涉及半圆、满圆、空心圆、填充比例、进度等场景时，应选择 5CirclesRatio。"
+                    },
+                    "hide_value": {
+                      "type": "boolean",
+                      "description": "是否隐藏单元格原始值，仅显示图标。"
+                    },
+                    "value_type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "minValue",
+                        "maxValue",
+                        "num",
+                        "percentile",
+                        "percent",
+                        "formula",
+                        "auto"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "阈值类型。"
+                    },
+                    "operator": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "greaterThan",
+                        "greaterThanOrEqual",
+                        "lessThan",
+                        "lessThanOrEqual"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "与阈值的比较关系。"
+                    },
+                    "value": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "用于比较的数值，含义由 value_type 决定。"
+                    },
+                    "reverse_icons": {
+                      "type": "boolean",
+                      "description": "是否反转图标顺序。"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "icon_type",
+                    "value_type",
+                    "operator"
+                  ]
+                }
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "has_ref": {
+            "type": "boolean",
+            "description": "可选。是否存在引用，用于标记规则是否依赖其他对象。"
+          }
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "rule_type",
+          "ranges",
+          "style"
+        ]
+      }
+    },
+    "+dropdown-set": {
+      "options": {
+        "description": "列表选项",
+        "type": "array",
+        "items": {
+          "type": "string"
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "+dropdown-update": {
+      "options": {
+        "description": "列表选项",
+        "type": "array",
+        "items": {
+          "type": "string"
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "+filter-create": {
+      "properties": {
+        "description": "创建/更新的筛选器属性。",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "range": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "筛选对象作用的单元格范围（A1 表示法）。支持：矩形范围 \"A1:D100\"、整行 \"3:6\"、整列 \"C:E\"、某一格到列尾 \"D3:D\"、某一格到行尾 \"D3:3\"。"
+          },
+          "rules": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "description": "列级筛选规则列表，每一项对应一个具体列的筛选条件。update 为整组覆盖（PUT 语义）：传入的 rules 即更新后的完整规则集，会先清空所有现有列的旧规则再应用，未列出的列其旧规则会被清除（不与旧规则合并）；传空数组 [] 即清空所有列的规则。",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "description": "单列筛选规则。",
+              "properties": {
+                "column_index": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "作用的列索引，例如 \"A\"、\"B\"。"
+                },
+                "conditions": {
+                  "type": "array",
+                  "description": "该列上的条件列表。**目前每列仅支持 1 个 condition**（传入多个会被拒绝，请用 multiValue 或单条件表达），数组形式为未来扩展多条件组合预留。",
+                  "items": {
+                    "oneOf": [
+                      {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "文本条件筛选。",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "text"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "条件类型固定为 \"text\"。"
+                          },
+                          "compare_type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "beginsWith",
+                              "doesNotBeginWith",
+                              "endsWith",
+                              "doesNotEndWith",
+                              "contains",
+                              "doesNotContain",
+                              "equals",
+                              "notEquals"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "文本比较方式：beginsWith=以指定文本开头，doesNotBeginWith=不以指定文本开头，endsWith=以指定文本结尾，doesNotEndWith=不以指定文本结尾，contains=包含，doesNotContain=不包含，equals=等于，notEquals=不等于。"
+                          },
+                          "values": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "description": "可选。用于比较的文本值列表，只需要提供一个值，例如 [\"华东\"]。",
+                            "items": {
+                              "type": "string"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "type",
+                          "compare_type"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "数值条件筛选。",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "number"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "条件类型固定为 \"number\"。"
+                          },
+                          "compare_type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "equal",
+                              "notEqual",
+                              "greaterThan",
+                              "greaterThanOrEqual",
+                              "lessThan",
+                              "lessThanOrEqual",
+                              "between",
+                              "notBetween"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "数值比较方式，例如 greaterThan=大于、between=介于两个值之间。"
+                          },
+                          "values": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "description": "可选。用于比较的数值参数列表。大多数比较运算需要 1 个值（如 [5000]），between/notBetween 需要 2 个值（如 [1000, 5000]）。",
+                            "items": {
+                              "oneOf": [
+                                {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                {
+                                  "type": "string"
+                                }
+                              ]
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "type",
+                          "compare_type"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "颜色条件筛选。",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "color"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "条件类型固定为 \"color\"。"
+                          },
+                          "compare_type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "backgroundColor",
+                              "foregroundColor"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "颜色比较类型：backgroundColor=按单元格背景色，foregroundColor=按字体颜色。"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "可选。用于匹配的颜色值，使用十六进制颜色字符串，例如 \"#FF0000\"。"
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "type",
+                          "compare_type"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "多值条件筛选。",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "multiValue"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "条件类型固定为 \"multiValue\"。"
+                          },
+                          "compare_type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "equal",
+                              "notEqual"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "多值比较方式：equal=仅保留 values 中的值，notEqual=排除 values 中的值。"
+                          },
+                          "values": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "description": "可选。参与筛选的枚举值列表，例如 [\"华东\", \"华南\"]。",
+                            "items": {
+                              "type": "string"
+                            }
+                          },
+                          "date_groups": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "description": "可选。年月日等聚合筛选信息。",
+                            "items": {
+                              "type": "object",
+                              "properties": {
+                                "year": {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                "month": {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                "day": {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                "hour": {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                "minute": {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                "second": {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                "date_time_grouping": {
+                                  "type": "string",
+                                  "enum": [
+                                    "year",
+                                    "month",
+                                    "day",
+                                    "hour",
+                                    "minute",
+                                    "second"
+                                  ]
+                                }
+                              }
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "type",
+                          "compare_type"
+                        ]
+                      }
+                    ]
+                  }
+                },
+                "filtered_rows": {
+                  "type": "array",
+                  "description": "可选。由该列条件直接导致被隐藏的行索引列表（0-based），用于调试或回显。",
+                  "items": {
+                    "type": "number"
+                  }
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "column_index",
+                "conditions"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "filtered_columns": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "description": "可选。拥有激活筛选条件的列索引列表，如 [\"A\", \"B\"]，通常等价于 rules 中出现的列索引集合。",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "range",
+          "rules"
+        ]
+      }
+    },
+    "+filter-update": {
+      "properties": {
+        "description": "创建/更新的筛选器属性。",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "range": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "筛选对象作用的单元格范围（A1 表示法）。支持：矩形范围 \"A1:D100\"、整行 \"3:6\"、整列 \"C:E\"、某一格到列尾 \"D3:D\"、某一格到行尾 \"D3:3\"。"
+          },
+          "rules": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "description": "列级筛选规则列表，每一项对应一个具体列的筛选条件。update 为整组覆盖（PUT 语义）：传入的 rules 即更新后的完整规则集，会先清空所有现有列的旧规则再应用，未列出的列其旧规则会被清除（不与旧规则合并）；传空数组 [] 即清空所有列的规则。",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "description": "单列筛选规则。",
+              "properties": {
+                "column_index": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "作用的列索引，例如 \"A\"、\"B\"。"
+                },
+                "conditions": {
+                  "type": "array",
+                  "description": "该列上的条件列表。**目前每列仅支持 1 个 condition**（传入多个会被拒绝，请用 multiValue 或单条件表达），数组形式为未来扩展多条件组合预留。",
+                  "items": {
+                    "oneOf": [
+                      {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "文本条件筛选。",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "text"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "条件类型固定为 \"text\"。"
+                          },
+                          "compare_type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "beginsWith",
+                              "doesNotBeginWith",
+                              "endsWith",
+                              "doesNotEndWith",
+                              "contains",
+                              "doesNotContain",
+                              "equals",
+                              "notEquals"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "文本比较方式：beginsWith=以指定文本开头，doesNotBeginWith=不以指定文本开头，endsWith=以指定文本结尾，doesNotEndWith=不以指定文本结尾，contains=包含，doesNotContain=不包含，equals=等于，notEquals=不等于。"
+                          },
+                          "values": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "description": "可选。用于比较的文本值列表，只需要提供一个值，例如 [\"华东\"]。",
+                            "items": {
+                              "type": "string"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "type",
+                          "compare_type"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "数值条件筛选。",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "number"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "条件类型固定为 \"number\"。"
+                          },
+                          "compare_type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "equal",
+                              "notEqual",
+                              "greaterThan",
+                              "greaterThanOrEqual",
+                              "lessThan",
+                              "lessThanOrEqual",
+                              "between",
+                              "notBetween"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "数值比较方式，例如 greaterThan=大于、between=介于两个值之间。"
+                          },
+                          "values": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "description": "可选。用于比较的数值参数列表。大多数比较运算需要 1 个值（如 [5000]），between/notBetween 需要 2 个值（如 [1000, 5000]）。",
+                            "items": {
+                              "oneOf": [
+                                {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                {
+                                  "type": "string"
+                                }
+                              ]
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "type",
+                          "compare_type"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "颜色条件筛选。",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "color"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "条件类型固定为 \"color\"。"
+                          },
+                          "compare_type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "backgroundColor",
+                              "foregroundColor"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "颜色比较类型：backgroundColor=按单元格背景色，foregroundColor=按字体颜色。"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "可选。用于匹配的颜色值，使用十六进制颜色字符串，例如 \"#FF0000\"。"
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "type",
+                          "compare_type"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "多值条件筛选。",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "multiValue"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "条件类型固定为 \"multiValue\"。"
+                          },
+                          "compare_type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "equal",
+                              "notEqual"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "多值比较方式：equal=仅保留 values 中的值，notEqual=排除 values 中的值。"
+                          },
+                          "values": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "description": "可选。参与筛选的枚举值列表，例如 [\"华东\", \"华南\"]。",
+                            "items": {
+                              "type": "string"
+                            }
+                          },
+                          "date_groups": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "description": "可选。年月日等聚合筛选信息。",
+                            "items": {
+                              "type": "object",
+                              "properties": {
+                                "year": {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                "month": {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                "day": {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                "hour": {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                "minute": {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                "second": {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                "date_time_grouping": {
+                                  "type": "string",
+                                  "enum": [
+                                    "year",
+                                    "month",
+                                    "day",
+                                    "hour",
+                                    "minute",
+                                    "second"
+                                  ]
+                                }
+                              }
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "type",
+                          "compare_type"
+                        ]
+                      }
+                    ]
+                  }
+                },
+                "filtered_rows": {
+                  "type": "array",
+                  "description": "可选。由该列条件直接导致被隐藏的行索引列表（0-based），用于调试或回显。",
+                  "items": {
+                    "type": "number"
+                  }
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "column_index",
+                "conditions"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "filtered_columns": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "description": "可选。拥有激活筛选条件的列索引列表，如 [\"A\", \"B\"]，通常等价于 rules 中出现的列索引集合。",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "range",
+          "rules"
+        ]
+      }
+    },
+    "+filter-view-create": {
+      "properties": {
+        "description": "create / update 的视图属性。create 必须传 range；update 至少传 view_name / range / rules 之一。delete 禁止传该字段。",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "view_name": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "可选。视图名称。create 不传时系统自动分配；create / update 传入时若与现有视图重名，会自动以后缀避让，不会抛错。"
+          },
+          "range": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "视图作用的单元格范围（A1 表示法）。create 必填；update 可选——未提供时沿用视图当前 range。支持：矩形范围 \"A1:D100\"、整行 \"3:6\"、整列 \"C:E\"、某一格到列尾 \"D3:D\"、某一格到行尾 \"D3:3\"。"
+          },
+          "rules": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "description": "列级筛选规则列表，每一项对应一个具体列的筛选条件。结构与 manage_filter_object.properties.rules 完全一致。update 同样为整组覆盖（PUT 语义）：传入的 rules 整组替换该视图所有列的规则，未列出的列其旧规则会被清除（不与旧规则合并），传空数组 [] 即清空全部。",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "description": "单列筛选规则。",
+              "properties": {
+                "column_index": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "作用的列索引，例如 \"A\"、\"B\"。"
+                },
+                "conditions": {
+                  "type": "array",
+                  "description": "该列上的条件列表。**目前每列仅支持 1 个 condition**（传入多个会被拒绝，请用 multiValue 或单条件表达），数组形式为未来扩展多条件组合预留。",
+                  "items": {
+                    "oneOf": [
+                      {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "文本条件筛选。",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "text"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "条件类型固定为 \"text\"。"
+                          },
+                          "compare_type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "beginsWith",
+                              "doesNotBeginWith",
+                              "endsWith",
+                              "doesNotEndWith",
+                              "contains",
+                              "doesNotContain",
+                              "equals",
+                              "notEquals"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "文本比较方式:beginsWith=以指定文本开头,doesNotBeginWith=不以指定文本开头,endsWith=以指定文本结尾,doesNotEndWith=不以指定文本结尾,contains=包含,doesNotContain=不包含,equals=等于,notEquals=不等于。"
+                          },
+                          "values": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "description": "可选。用于比较的文本值列表，只需要提供一个值，例如 [\"华东\"]。",
+                            "items": {
+                              "type": "string"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "type",
+                          "compare_type"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "数值条件筛选。",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "number"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "条件类型固定为 \"number\"。"
+                          },
+                          "compare_type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "equal",
+                              "notEqual",
+                              "greaterThan",
+                              "greaterThanOrEqual",
+                              "lessThan",
+                              "lessThanOrEqual",
+                              "between",
+                              "notBetween"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "数值比较方式，例如 greaterThan=大于、between=介于两个值之间。"
+                          },
+                          "values": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "description": "可选。用于比较的数值参数列表。大多数比较运算需要 1 个值（如 [5000]），between/notBetween 需要 2 个值（如 [1000, 5000]）。",
+                            "items": {
+                              "oneOf": [
+                                {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                {
+                                  "type": "string"
+                                }
+                              ]
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "type",
+                          "compare_type"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "颜色条件筛选。",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "color"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "条件类型固定为 \"color\"。"
+                          },
+                          "compare_type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "backgroundColor",
+                              "foregroundColor"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "颜色比较类型：backgroundColor=按单元格背景色，foregroundColor=按字体颜色。"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "可选。用于匹配的颜色值，使用十六进制颜色字符串，例如 \"#FF0000\"。"
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "type",
+                          "compare_type"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "多值条件筛选。",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "multiValue"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "条件类型固定为 \"multiValue\"。"
+                          },
+                          "compare_type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "equal",
+                              "notEqual"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "多值比较方式：equal=仅保留 values 中的值，notEqual=排除 values 中的值。"
+                          },
+                          "values": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "description": "可选。参与筛选的枚举值列表，例如 [\"华东\", \"华南\"]。",
+                            "items": {
+                              "type": "string"
+                            }
+                          },
+                          "date_groups": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "description": "可选。年月日等聚合筛选信息。",
+                            "items": {
+                              "type": "object",
+                              "properties": {
+                                "year": {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                "month": {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                "day": {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                "hour": {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                "minute": {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                "second": {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                "date_time_grouping": {
+                                  "type": "string",
+                                  "enum": [
+                                    "year",
+                                    "month",
+                                    "day",
+                                    "hour",
+                                    "minute",
+                                    "second"
+                                  ]
+                                }
+                              }
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "type",
+                          "compare_type"
+                        ]
+                      }
+                    ]
+                  }
+                },
+                "filtered_rows": {
+                  "type": "array",
+                  "description": "可选。由该列条件直接导致被隐藏的行索引列表（0-based），用于调试或回显。",
+                  "items": {
+                    "type": "number"
+                  }
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "column_index",
+                "conditions"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "filtered_columns": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "description": "可选。拥有激活筛选条件的列索引列表，如 [\"A\", \"B\"]，通常等价于 rules 中出现的列索引集合。",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "+filter-view-update": {
+      "properties": {
+        "description": "create / update 的视图属性。create 必须传 range；update 至少传 view_name / range / rules 之一。delete 禁止传该字段。",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "view_name": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "可选。视图名称。create 不传时系统自动分配；create / update 传入时若与现有视图重名，会自动以后缀避让，不会抛错。"
+          },
+          "range": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "视图作用的单元格范围（A1 表示法）。create 必填；update 可选——未提供时沿用视图当前 range。支持：矩形范围 \"A1:D100\"、整行 \"3:6\"、整列 \"C:E\"、某一格到列尾 \"D3:D\"、某一格到行尾 \"D3:3\"。"
+          },
+          "rules": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "description": "列级筛选规则列表，每一项对应一个具体列的筛选条件。结构与 manage_filter_object.properties.rules 完全一致。update 同样为整组覆盖（PUT 语义）：传入的 rules 整组替换该视图所有列的规则，未列出的列其旧规则会被清除（不与旧规则合并），传空数组 [] 即清空全部。",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "description": "单列筛选规则。",
+              "properties": {
+                "column_index": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "作用的列索引，例如 \"A\"、\"B\"。"
+                },
+                "conditions": {
+                  "type": "array",
+                  "description": "该列上的条件列表。**目前每列仅支持 1 个 condition**（传入多个会被拒绝，请用 multiValue 或单条件表达），数组形式为未来扩展多条件组合预留。",
+                  "items": {
+                    "oneOf": [
+                      {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "文本条件筛选。",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "text"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "条件类型固定为 \"text\"。"
+                          },
+                          "compare_type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "beginsWith",
+                              "doesNotBeginWith",
+                              "endsWith",
+                              "doesNotEndWith",
+                              "contains",
+                              "doesNotContain",
+                              "equals",
+                              "notEquals"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "文本比较方式:beginsWith=以指定文本开头,doesNotBeginWith=不以指定文本开头,endsWith=以指定文本结尾,doesNotEndWith=不以指定文本结尾,contains=包含,doesNotContain=不包含,equals=等于,notEquals=不等于。"
+                          },
+                          "values": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "description": "可选。用于比较的文本值列表，只需要提供一个值，例如 [\"华东\"]。",
+                            "items": {
+                              "type": "string"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "type",
+                          "compare_type"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "数值条件筛选。",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "number"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "条件类型固定为 \"number\"。"
+                          },
+                          "compare_type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "equal",
+                              "notEqual",
+                              "greaterThan",
+                              "greaterThanOrEqual",
+                              "lessThan",
+                              "lessThanOrEqual",
+                              "between",
+                              "notBetween"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "数值比较方式，例如 greaterThan=大于、between=介于两个值之间。"
+                          },
+                          "values": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "description": "可选。用于比较的数值参数列表。大多数比较运算需要 1 个值（如 [5000]），between/notBetween 需要 2 个值（如 [1000, 5000]）。",
+                            "items": {
+                              "oneOf": [
+                                {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                {
+                                  "type": "string"
+                                }
+                              ]
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "type",
+                          "compare_type"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "颜色条件筛选。",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "color"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "条件类型固定为 \"color\"。"
+                          },
+                          "compare_type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "backgroundColor",
+                              "foregroundColor"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "颜色比较类型：backgroundColor=按单元格背景色，foregroundColor=按字体颜色。"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "description": "可选。用于匹配的颜色值，使用十六进制颜色字符串，例如 \"#FF0000\"。"
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "type",
+                          "compare_type"
+                        ]
+                      },
+                      {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "description": "多值条件筛选。",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "multiValue"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "条件类型固定为 \"multiValue\"。"
+                          },
+                          "compare_type": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                              "equal",
+                              "notEqual"
+                            ],
+                            "description": "多值比较方式：equal=仅保留 values 中的值，notEqual=排除 values 中的值。"
+                          },
+                          "values": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "description": "可选。参与筛选的枚举值列表，例如 [\"华东\", \"华南\"]。",
+                            "items": {
+                              "type": "string"
+                            }
+                          },
+                          "date_groups": {
+                            "type": "array",
+                            "description": "可选。年月日等聚合筛选信息。",
+                            "items": {
+                              "type": "object",
+                              "properties": {
+                                "year": {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                "month": {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                "day": {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                "hour": {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                "minute": {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                "second": {
+                                  "type": "number"
+                                },
+                                "date_time_grouping": {
+                                  "type": "string",
+                                  "enum": [
+                                    "year",
+                                    "month",
+                                    "day",
+                                    "hour",
+                                    "minute",
+                                    "second"
+                                  ]
+                                }
+                              }
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "type",
+                          "compare_type"
+                        ]
+                      }
+                    ]
+                  }
+                },
+                "filtered_rows": {
+                  "type": "array",
+                  "description": "可选。由该列条件直接导致被隐藏的行索引列表（0-based），用于调试或回显。",
+                  "items": {
+                    "type": "number"
+                  }
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "column_index",
+                "conditions"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "filtered_columns": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "description": "可选。拥有激活筛选条件的列索引列表，如 [\"A\", \"B\"]，通常等价于 rules 中出现的列索引集合。",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "+pivot-create": {
+      "properties": {
+        "description": "创建/更新的透视表属性。",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "range": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "放置透视表的左上角单元格 A1 地址（例如：'F1'）（仅 create 时有效）。可省略——省略后透视表放在新建子表的 A1 位置。"
+          },
+          "source": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "源数据区域地址，格式为 'SheetName!StartCell:EndCell'（例如：'Sheet1!A1:D100'）。create 时必填；update 时提供则切换数据源。"
+          },
+          "rows": {
+            "description": "纵向分组字段（行字段）",
+            "type": "array",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "field": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "源数据中的字段名（OOXML 字段引用）"
+                },
+                "display_name": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "字段在透视表中的显示名。不传则使用源字段原名。仅在用户明确要求重命名时使用；否则保持源字段原名，透视表产物已足够清晰。"
+                },
+                "sort": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "排序配置",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "order": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "asc",
+                        "desc"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "排序方向"
+                    },
+                    "by": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "label",
+                        "value"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "'label' = 按字段标签排序（默认），'value' = 按某个值字段的汇总结果排序"
+                    },
+                    "value_field": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "description": "by='value' 时必填，指定按哪个值字段排序"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "order"
+                  ]
+                },
+                "filter": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "快速筛选：只显示指定的项目",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "items": {
+                      "type": "array",
+                      "items": {
+                        "type": "string"
+                      },
+                      "description": "要显示的项目列表（其余项目被隐藏）"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "items"
+                  ]
+                },
+                "condition_filter": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "条件筛选：按文本/数值/日期条件筛选",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "text",
+                        "number",
+                        "date"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "条件类型"
+                    },
+                    "operator": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "description": "text: equals|notEquals|contains|notContains|beginsWith|notBeginsWith|endsWith|notEndsWith|empty|notEmpty; number: equals|notEquals|greaterThan|greaterThanOrEqual|lessThan|lessThanOrEqual|between|notBetween; date: equals|notEquals|earlierThan|earlierThanOrEqual|laterThan|laterThanOrEqual|between|notBetween|today|yesterday|tomorrow|thisWeek|lastWeek|nextWeek|thisMonth|lastMonth|nextMonth|thisQuarter|lastQuarter|nextQuarter|thisYear|lastYear|nextYear|yearToDate|quarter|month"
+                    },
+                    "value": {
+                      "description": "比较值"
+                    },
+                    "value2": {
+                      "description": "'between'/'notBetween' 的第二个边界值"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "type",
+                    "operator"
+                  ]
+                },
+                "group": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "分组配置",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "date",
+                        "number",
+                        "element"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "分组类型"
+                    },
+                    "date_group_by": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "year",
+                        "yearMonth",
+                        "yearQuarter",
+                        "yearMonthDate",
+                        "quarter",
+                        "month",
+                        "monthDate",
+                        "date",
+                        "hour",
+                        "hourMinute",
+                        "minute"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "日期分组粒度（type='date' 时必填）"
+                    },
+                    "interval": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "数值分组间隔（type='number' 时必填）"
+                    },
+                    "start": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "数值分组起始值"
+                    },
+                    "end": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "数值分组结束值"
+                    },
+                    "groups": {
+                      "type": "object",
+                      "description": "元素分组：组名 -> 项目列表（type='element' 时必填）",
+                      "additionalProperties": {
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {
+                          "type": "string"
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "type"
+                  ]
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "field"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "columns": {
+            "description": "横向分组字段（列字段）",
+            "type": "array",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "field": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "源数据中的字段名（OOXML 字段引用）"
+                },
+                "display_name": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "字段在透视表中的显示名。不传则使用源字段原名。仅在用户明确要求重命名时使用。"
+                },
+                "sort": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "排序配置",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "order": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "asc",
+                        "desc"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "排序方向"
+                    },
+                    "by": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "label",
+                        "value"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "'label' = 按字段标签排序（默认），'value' = 按某个值字段的汇总结果排序"
+                    },
+                    "value_field": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "description": "by='value' 时必填，指定按哪个值字段排序"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "order"
+                  ]
+                },
+                "filter": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "快速筛选：只显示指定的项目",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "items": {
+                      "type": "array",
+                      "items": {
+                        "type": "string"
+                      },
+                      "description": "要显示的项目列表（其余项目被隐藏）"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "items"
+                  ]
+                },
+                "condition_filter": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "条件筛选：按文本/数值/日期条件筛选",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "text",
+                        "number",
+                        "date"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "条件类型"
+                    },
+                    "operator": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "description": "text: equals|notEquals|contains|notContains|beginsWith|notBeginsWith|endsWith|notEndsWith|empty|notEmpty; number: equals|notEquals|greaterThan|greaterThanOrEqual|lessThan|lessThanOrEqual|between|notBetween; date: equals|notEquals|earlierThan|earlierThanOrEqual|laterThan|laterThanOrEqual|between|notBetween|today|yesterday|tomorrow|thisWeek|lastWeek|nextWeek|thisMonth|lastMonth|nextMonth|thisQuarter|lastQuarter|nextQuarter|thisYear|lastYear|nextYear|yearToDate|quarter|month"
+                    },
+                    "value": {
+                      "description": "比较值"
+                    },
+                    "value2": {
+                      "description": "'between'/'notBetween' 的第二个边界值"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "type",
+                    "operator"
+                  ]
+                },
+                "group": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "分组配置",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "date",
+                        "number",
+                        "element"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "分组类型"
+                    },
+                    "date_group_by": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "year",
+                        "yearMonth",
+                        "yearQuarter",
+                        "yearMonthDate",
+                        "quarter",
+                        "month",
+                        "monthDate",
+                        "date",
+                        "hour",
+                        "hourMinute",
+                        "minute"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "日期分组粒度（type='date' 时必填）"
+                    },
+                    "interval": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "数值分组间隔（type='number' 时必填）"
+                    },
+                    "start": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "数值分组起始值"
+                    },
+                    "end": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "数值分组结束值"
+                    },
+                    "groups": {
+                      "type": "object",
+                      "description": "元素分组：组名 -> 项目列表（type='element' 时必填）",
+                      "additionalProperties": {
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {
+                          "type": "string"
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "type"
+                  ]
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "field"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "filters": {
+            "description": "筛选区域字段（页字段）",
+            "type": "array",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "field": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "源数据中的字段名（OOXML 字段引用）"
+                },
+                "display_name": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "字段在透视表中的显示名。不传则使用源字段原名。仅在用户明确要求重命名时使用。"
+                },
+                "filter": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "快速筛选：只显示指定的项目",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "items": {
+                      "type": "array",
+                      "items": {
+                        "type": "string"
+                      },
+                      "description": "要显示的项目列表（其余项目被隐藏）"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "items"
+                  ]
+                },
+                "condition_filter": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "条件筛选：按文本/数值/日期条件筛选",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "text",
+                        "number",
+                        "date"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "条件类型"
+                    },
+                    "operator": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "description": "text: equals|notEquals|contains|notContains|beginsWith|notBeginsWith|endsWith|notEndsWith|empty|notEmpty; number: equals|notEquals|greaterThan|greaterThanOrEqual|lessThan|lessThanOrEqual|between|notBetween; date: equals|notEquals|earlierThan|earlierThanOrEqual|laterThan|laterThanOrEqual|between|notBetween|today|yesterday|tomorrow|thisWeek|lastWeek|nextWeek|thisMonth|lastMonth|nextMonth|thisQuarter|lastQuarter|nextQuarter|thisYear|lastYear|nextYear|yearToDate|quarter|month"
+                    },
+                    "value": {
+                      "description": "比较值"
+                    },
+                    "value2": {
+                      "description": "'between'/'notBetween' 的第二个边界值"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "type",
+                    "operator"
+                  ]
+                },
+                "group": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "分组配置",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "date",
+                        "number",
+                        "element"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "分组类型"
+                    },
+                    "date_group_by": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "year",
+                        "yearMonth",
+                        "yearQuarter",
+                        "yearMonthDate",
+                        "quarter",
+                        "month",
+                        "monthDate",
+                        "date",
+                        "hour",
+                        "hourMinute",
+                        "minute"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "日期分组粒度（type='date' 时必填）"
+                    },
+                    "interval": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "数值分组间隔（type='number' 时必填）"
+                    },
+                    "start": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "数值分组起始值"
+                    },
+                    "end": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "数值分组结束值"
+                    },
+                    "groups": {
+                      "type": "object",
+                      "description": "元素分组：组名 -> 项目列表（type='element' 时必填）",
+                      "additionalProperties": {
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {
+                          "type": "string"
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "type"
+                  ]
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "field"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "values": {
+            "minItems": 1,
+            "type": "array",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "field": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "要汇总的源数据字段名"
+                },
+                "display_name": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "字段在透视表中的显示名（典型场景：把 count(销售额) 的值列头显示为 'GMV'）。不传则使用源字段原名。仅在用户明确要求重命名时使用。"
+                },
+                "summarize_by": {
+                  "default": "sum",
+                  "description": "汇总函数",
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "enum": [
+                    "sum",
+                    "count",
+                    "average",
+                    "max",
+                    "min",
+                    "product",
+                    "countNums",
+                    "stdDev",
+                    "stdDevp",
+                    "var",
+                    "varp",
+                    "distinct",
+                    "median"
+                  ]
+                },
+                "show_data_as": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "值显示方式（默认 'normal'）",
+                  "enum": [
+                    "normal",
+                    "percentOfTotal",
+                    "percentOfCol",
+                    "percentOfRow",
+                    "percentOfParentRow",
+                    "percentOfParentCol",
+                    "index"
+                  ]
+                },
+                "base_field": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "show_data_as 需要基准字段时的字段名"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "field"
+              ]
+            },
+            "description": "要汇总的字段（至少需要 1 个）"
+          },
+          "auto_fit_col": {
+            "type": "boolean",
+            "description": "是否自动调整列宽以适应内容"
+          },
+          "show_row_grand_total": {
+            "type": "boolean",
+            "description": "是否显示行总计（默认 true）"
+          },
+          "show_col_grand_total": {
+            "type": "boolean",
+            "description": "是否显示列总计（默认 true）"
+          },
+          "show_subtotals": {
+            "type": "boolean",
+            "description": "是否显示分类小计（默认 true，应用于所有字段）"
+          },
+          "repeat_row_labels": {
+            "type": "boolean",
+            "description": "是否显示重复项标签"
+          },
+          "calculated_fields": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "description": "计算字段列表",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "name": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "计算字段的显示名称"
+                },
+                "formula": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "公式表达式，引用其他字段名，例如 \"'Sales' + 'Tax'\""
+                },
+                "summarize_by": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "default": "sum",
+                  "description": "计算字段汇总方式（默认 'sum'，仅支持 sum/custom 两种）：'sum' 表示先对 formula 中引用的各源字段分别求和后再代入公式（formula 是逐字段求和后的标量表达式，例如 \"'Sales'+'Tax'\" 等价于 SUM(Sales)+SUM(Tax)）；'custom' 表示数组直接传给 formula，要求 formula 自带聚合函数（例如 \"SUM('Sales')+SUM('Tax')\" 或 \"AVERAGE('Sales')\"）。需要 count/average/max/min 等其他聚合方式时，请改用 values[] 字段对源字段直接聚合，calculated_fields 不适用。",
+                  "enum": [
+                    "sum",
+                    "custom"
+                  ]
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "name",
+                "formula"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "collapse": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "description": "行字段展开/折叠状态：字段名 -> 要折叠的项目列表",
+            "additionalProperties": {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "type": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "+pivot-update": {
+      "properties": {
+        "description": "创建/更新的透视表属性。",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "range": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "放置透视表的左上角单元格 A1 地址（例如：'F1'）（仅 create 时有效）。可省略——省略后透视表放在新建子表的 A1 位置。"
+          },
+          "source": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "源数据区域地址，格式为 'SheetName!StartCell:EndCell'（例如：'Sheet1!A1:D100'）。create 时必填；update 时提供则切换数据源。"
+          },
+          "rows": {
+            "description": "纵向分组字段（行字段）",
+            "type": "array",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "field": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "源数据中的字段名（OOXML 字段引用）"
+                },
+                "display_name": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "字段在透视表中的显示名。不传则使用源字段原名。仅在用户明确要求重命名时使用；否则保持源字段原名，透视表产物已足够清晰。"
+                },
+                "sort": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "排序配置",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "order": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "asc",
+                        "desc"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "排序方向"
+                    },
+                    "by": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "label",
+                        "value"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "'label' = 按字段标签排序（默认），'value' = 按某个值字段的汇总结果排序"
+                    },
+                    "value_field": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "description": "by='value' 时必填，指定按哪个值字段排序"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "order"
+                  ]
+                },
+                "filter": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "快速筛选：只显示指定的项目",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "items": {
+                      "type": "array",
+                      "items": {
+                        "type": "string"
+                      },
+                      "description": "要显示的项目列表（其余项目被隐藏）"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "items"
+                  ]
+                },
+                "condition_filter": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "条件筛选：按文本/数值/日期条件筛选",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "text",
+                        "number",
+                        "date"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "条件类型"
+                    },
+                    "operator": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "description": "text: equals|notEquals|contains|notContains|beginsWith|notBeginsWith|endsWith|notEndsWith|empty|notEmpty; number: equals|notEquals|greaterThan|greaterThanOrEqual|lessThan|lessThanOrEqual|between|notBetween; date: equals|notEquals|earlierThan|earlierThanOrEqual|laterThan|laterThanOrEqual|between|notBetween|today|yesterday|tomorrow|thisWeek|lastWeek|nextWeek|thisMonth|lastMonth|nextMonth|thisQuarter|lastQuarter|nextQuarter|thisYear|lastYear|nextYear|yearToDate|quarter|month"
+                    },
+                    "value": {
+                      "description": "比较值"
+                    },
+                    "value2": {
+                      "description": "'between'/'notBetween' 的第二个边界值"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "type",
+                    "operator"
+                  ]
+                },
+                "group": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "分组配置",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "date",
+                        "number",
+                        "element"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "分组类型"
+                    },
+                    "date_group_by": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "year",
+                        "yearMonth",
+                        "yearQuarter",
+                        "yearMonthDate",
+                        "quarter",
+                        "month",
+                        "monthDate",
+                        "date",
+                        "hour",
+                        "hourMinute",
+                        "minute"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "日期分组粒度（type='date' 时必填）"
+                    },
+                    "interval": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "数值分组间隔（type='number' 时必填）"
+                    },
+                    "start": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "数值分组起始值"
+                    },
+                    "end": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "数值分组结束值"
+                    },
+                    "groups": {
+                      "type": "object",
+                      "description": "元素分组：组名 -> 项目列表（type='element' 时必填）",
+                      "additionalProperties": {
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {
+                          "type": "string"
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "type"
+                  ]
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "field"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "columns": {
+            "description": "横向分组字段（列字段）",
+            "type": "array",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "field": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "源数据中的字段名（OOXML 字段引用）"
+                },
+                "display_name": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "字段在透视表中的显示名。不传则使用源字段原名。仅在用户明确要求重命名时使用。"
+                },
+                "sort": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "排序配置",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "order": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "asc",
+                        "desc"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "排序方向"
+                    },
+                    "by": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "label",
+                        "value"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "'label' = 按字段标签排序（默认），'value' = 按某个值字段的汇总结果排序"
+                    },
+                    "value_field": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "description": "by='value' 时必填，指定按哪个值字段排序"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "order"
+                  ]
+                },
+                "filter": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "快速筛选：只显示指定的项目",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "items": {
+                      "type": "array",
+                      "items": {
+                        "type": "string"
+                      },
+                      "description": "要显示的项目列表（其余项目被隐藏）"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "items"
+                  ]
+                },
+                "condition_filter": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "条件筛选：按文本/数值/日期条件筛选",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "text",
+                        "number",
+                        "date"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "条件类型"
+                    },
+                    "operator": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "description": "text: equals|notEquals|contains|notContains|beginsWith|notBeginsWith|endsWith|notEndsWith|empty|notEmpty; number: equals|notEquals|greaterThan|greaterThanOrEqual|lessThan|lessThanOrEqual|between|notBetween; date: equals|notEquals|earlierThan|earlierThanOrEqual|laterThan|laterThanOrEqual|between|notBetween|today|yesterday|tomorrow|thisWeek|lastWeek|nextWeek|thisMonth|lastMonth|nextMonth|thisQuarter|lastQuarter|nextQuarter|thisYear|lastYear|nextYear|yearToDate|quarter|month"
+                    },
+                    "value": {
+                      "description": "比较值"
+                    },
+                    "value2": {
+                      "description": "'between'/'notBetween' 的第二个边界值"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "type",
+                    "operator"
+                  ]
+                },
+                "group": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "分组配置",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "date",
+                        "number",
+                        "element"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "分组类型"
+                    },
+                    "date_group_by": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "year",
+                        "yearMonth",
+                        "yearQuarter",
+                        "yearMonthDate",
+                        "quarter",
+                        "month",
+                        "monthDate",
+                        "date",
+                        "hour",
+                        "hourMinute",
+                        "minute"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "日期分组粒度（type='date' 时必填）"
+                    },
+                    "interval": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "数值分组间隔（type='number' 时必填）"
+                    },
+                    "start": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "数值分组起始值"
+                    },
+                    "end": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "数值分组结束值"
+                    },
+                    "groups": {
+                      "type": "object",
+                      "description": "元素分组：组名 -> 项目列表（type='element' 时必填）",
+                      "additionalProperties": {
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {
+                          "type": "string"
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "type"
+                  ]
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "field"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "filters": {
+            "description": "筛选区域字段（页字段）",
+            "type": "array",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "field": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "源数据中的字段名（OOXML 字段引用）"
+                },
+                "display_name": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "字段在透视表中的显示名。不传则使用源字段原名。仅在用户明确要求重命名时使用。"
+                },
+                "filter": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "快速筛选：只显示指定的项目",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "items": {
+                      "type": "array",
+                      "items": {
+                        "type": "string"
+                      },
+                      "description": "要显示的项目列表（其余项目被隐藏）"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "items"
+                  ]
+                },
+                "condition_filter": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "条件筛选：按文本/数值/日期条件筛选",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "text",
+                        "number",
+                        "date"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "条件类型"
+                    },
+                    "operator": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "description": "text: equals|notEquals|contains|notContains|beginsWith|notBeginsWith|endsWith|notEndsWith|empty|notEmpty; number: equals|notEquals|greaterThan|greaterThanOrEqual|lessThan|lessThanOrEqual|between|notBetween; date: equals|notEquals|earlierThan|earlierThanOrEqual|laterThan|laterThanOrEqual|between|notBetween|today|yesterday|tomorrow|thisWeek|lastWeek|nextWeek|thisMonth|lastMonth|nextMonth|thisQuarter|lastQuarter|nextQuarter|thisYear|lastYear|nextYear|yearToDate|quarter|month"
+                    },
+                    "value": {
+                      "description": "比较值"
+                    },
+                    "value2": {
+                      "description": "'between'/'notBetween' 的第二个边界值"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "type",
+                    "operator"
+                  ]
+                },
+                "group": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "分组配置",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "type": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "date",
+                        "number",
+                        "element"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "分组类型"
+                    },
+                    "date_group_by": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "enum": [
+                        "year",
+                        "yearMonth",
+                        "yearQuarter",
+                        "yearMonthDate",
+                        "quarter",
+                        "month",
+                        "monthDate",
+                        "date",
+                        "hour",
+                        "hourMinute",
+                        "minute"
+                      ],
+                      "description": "日期分组粒度（type='date' 时必填）"
+                    },
+                    "interval": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "数值分组间隔（type='number' 时必填）"
+                    },
+                    "start": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "数值分组起始值"
+                    },
+                    "end": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "description": "数值分组结束值"
+                    },
+                    "groups": {
+                      "type": "object",
+                      "description": "元素分组：组名 -> 项目列表（type='element' 时必填）",
+                      "additionalProperties": {
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {
+                          "type": "string"
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "type"
+                  ]
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "field"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "values": {
+            "minItems": 1,
+            "type": "array",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "field": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "要汇总的源数据字段名"
+                },
+                "display_name": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "字段在透视表中的显示名（典型场景：把 count(销售额) 的值列头显示为 'GMV'）。不传则使用源字段原名。仅在用户明确要求重命名时使用。"
+                },
+                "summarize_by": {
+                  "default": "sum",
+                  "description": "汇总函数",
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "enum": [
+                    "sum",
+                    "count",
+                    "average",
+                    "max",
+                    "min",
+                    "product",
+                    "countNums",
+                    "stdDev",
+                    "stdDevp",
+                    "var",
+                    "varp",
+                    "distinct",
+                    "median"
+                  ]
+                },
+                "show_data_as": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "值显示方式（默认 'normal'）",
+                  "enum": [
+                    "normal",
+                    "percentOfTotal",
+                    "percentOfCol",
+                    "percentOfRow",
+                    "percentOfParentRow",
+                    "percentOfParentCol",
+                    "index"
+                  ]
+                },
+                "base_field": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "show_data_as 需要基准字段时的字段名"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "field"
+              ]
+            },
+            "description": "要汇总的字段（至少需要 1 个）"
+          },
+          "auto_fit_col": {
+            "type": "boolean",
+            "description": "是否自动调整列宽以适应内容"
+          },
+          "show_row_grand_total": {
+            "type": "boolean",
+            "description": "是否显示行总计（默认 true）"
+          },
+          "show_col_grand_total": {
+            "type": "boolean",
+            "description": "是否显示列总计（默认 true）"
+          },
+          "show_subtotals": {
+            "type": "boolean",
+            "description": "是否显示分类小计（默认 true，应用于所有字段）"
+          },
+          "repeat_row_labels": {
+            "type": "boolean",
+            "description": "是否显示重复项标签"
+          },
+          "calculated_fields": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "description": "计算字段列表",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "name": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "计算字段的显示名称"
+                },
+                "formula": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "公式表达式，引用其他字段名，例如 \"'Sales' + 'Tax'\""
+                },
+                "summarize_by": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "default": "sum",
+                  "description": "计算字段汇总方式（默认 'sum'，仅支持 sum/custom 两种）：'sum' 表示先对 formula 中引用的各源字段分别求和后再代入公式（formula 是逐字段求和后的标量表达式，例如 \"'Sales'+'Tax'\" 等价于 SUM(Sales)+SUM(Tax)）；'custom' 表示数组直接传给 formula，要求 formula 自带聚合函数（例如 \"SUM('Sales')+SUM('Tax')\" 或 \"AVERAGE('Sales')\"）。需要 count/average/max/min 等其他聚合方式时，请改用 values[] 字段对源字段直接聚合，calculated_fields 不适用。",
+                  "enum": [
+                    "sum",
+                    "custom"
+                  ]
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "name",
+                "formula"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "collapse": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "description": "行字段展开/折叠状态：字段名 -> 要折叠的项目列表",
+            "additionalProperties": {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "type": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "+range-sort": {
+      "sort-keys": {
+        "type": "array",
+        "items": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "column": {
+              "type": "string",
+              "description": "排序依据的列字母（如 \"C\"、\"D\"），必须在 range 范围内"
+            },
+            "ascending": {
+              "type": "boolean",
+              "description": "是否升序排序"
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "column",
+            "ascending"
+          ]
+        },
+        "description": "排序条件列表（仅 sort 操作）。支持多级排序，靠前的条件优先级更高。"
+      }
+    },
+    "+sparkline-create": {
+      "properties": {
+        "description": "创建/更新/部分删除的迷你图属性。delete 时不传 sparklines 即删整组，传则删指定项。",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "config": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "description": "迷你图样式配置, 相同 groupId 的迷你图共享相同的样式。",
+            "properties": {
+              "theme_type": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "pro",
+                  "light",
+                  "soft",
+                  "brand",
+                  "fresh"
+                ],
+                "description": "主题类型：pro、light、soft、brand、fresh。"
+              },
+              "non_num_show_as": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "zero",
+                  "gap",
+                  "average"
+                ],
+                "description": "非数字单元格显示方式：zero=显示为0，gap=显示为间距，average=取前后均值。"
+              },
+              "empty_show_as": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "zero",
+                  "gap",
+                  "average"
+                ],
+                "description": "空单元格显示方式：zero=显示为0，gap=显示为间距，average=取前后均值。"
+              },
+              "contain_hidden_cells": {
+                "type": "boolean",
+                "description": "隐藏的单元格数据是否参与绘制。"
+              },
+              "series_color": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "description": "主系列颜色，例如 \"#4472C4\"。"
+              },
+              "points": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "description": "特殊点样式配置，包含高点、低点、标记点、首点、尾点、负点。",
+                "properties": {
+                  "last_point": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "尾点配置，最后一个数据点的样式。",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "color": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "点的颜色。"
+                      },
+                      "visible": {
+                        "type": "boolean",
+                        "description": "是否显示该点。"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "negative_point": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "负点配置，负数点的样式。",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "color": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "点的颜色。"
+                      },
+                      "visible": {
+                        "type": "boolean",
+                        "description": "是否显示该点。"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "markers_point": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "标记点配置，所有标记点的样式。",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "color": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "点的颜色。"
+                      },
+                      "visible": {
+                        "type": "boolean",
+                        "description": "是否显示该点。"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "first_point": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "首点配置，第一个数据点的样式。",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "color": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "点的颜色。"
+                      },
+                      "visible": {
+                        "type": "boolean",
+                        "description": "是否显示该点。"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "high_point": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "高点配置，最高点的样式。",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "color": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "点的颜色。"
+                      },
+                      "visible": {
+                        "type": "boolean",
+                        "description": "是否显示该点。"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "low_point": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "低点配置，最低点的样式。",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "color": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "点的颜色。"
+                      },
+                      "visible": {
+                        "type": "boolean",
+                        "description": "是否显示该点。"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
+              },
+              "line_width": {
+                "type": "number",
+                "enum": [
+                  1,
+                  2,
+                  3,
+                  4
+                ],
+                "description": "折线图线宽，可选值：1=1px，2=2px，3=3px，4=4px。"
+              },
+              "type": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "line",
+                  "column",
+                  "win_loss"
+                ],
+                "description": "迷你图类型，可选值：line=折线图，column=柱形图，win_loss=盈亏图。"
+              },
+              "axis": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "description": "坐标轴配置，包含坐标轴颜色、是否翻转、是否显示坐标轴。",
+                "properties": {
+                  "color": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "description": "坐标轴颜色。"
+                  },
+                  "reverse": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否翻转坐标轴方向。"
+                  },
+                  "visible": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否显示坐标轴。"
+                  }
+                }
+              },
+              "show_gradient": {
+                "type": "boolean",
+                "description": "是否显示渐变效果。"
+              },
+              "show_radius": {
+                "type": "boolean",
+                "description": "是否显示圆角，仅对柱形图和盈亏图生效。"
+              },
+              "extremum_max": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "description": "最大极值配置，包含极值类型、极值。",
+                "properties": {
+                  "type": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "enum": [
+                      "individual",
+                      "group",
+                      "custom"
+                    ],
+                    "description": "极值类型，可选值：individual=单个迷你图极值，group=同组内极值，custom=自定义。"
+                  },
+                  "value": {
+                    "type": "number",
+                    "description": "当 type='custom' 时生效的具体数值。"
+                  }
+                },
+                "required": [
+                  "type"
+                ]
+              },
+              "extremum_min": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "description": "最小极值配置，包含极值类型、极值。",
+                "properties": {
+                  "type": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "enum": [
+                      "individual",
+                      "group",
+                      "custom"
+                    ],
+                    "description": "极值类型：individual=单个迷你图极值，group=同组内极值，custom=自定义。"
+                  },
+                  "value": {
+                    "type": "number",
+                    "description": "当 type='custom' 时生效的具体数值。"
+                  }
+                },
+                "required": [
+                  "type"
+                ]
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "sparklines": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "description": "迷你图项列表。create 时为待创建项（每项需 position + source/source_range）；update 时为待变更/新增项（每项需 sparkline_id；upsert=true 新增时需 position + source）；delete 时为待删除项（每项需 sparkline_id）。",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "description": "单个迷你图项。",
+              "properties": {
+                "sparkline_id": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "迷你图 reference_id。create 时可选（不传系统生成）；update / delete 时必填。"
+                },
+                "position": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "迷你图位置。create / update 时必填；delete 时省略。",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "row": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "minimum": 0,
+                      "description": "行索引（0-based）"
+                    },
+                    "col": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "description": "列索引，例如 \"A\"、\"B\""
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "row",
+                    "col"
+                  ]
+                },
+                "source": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "A1 范围字符串，表示数据来源，例如 \"Sheet1!A2:A10\"。create 必填（与 source_range 二选一）；update 仅在改源时传；delete 时省略。"
+                },
+                "source_range": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "结构化数据源范围（与 source 等价）。",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "range": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "description": "数据源的 A1 引用区域"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "range"
+                  ]
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "+sparkline-update": {
+      "properties": {
+        "description": "创建/更新/部分删除的迷你图属性。delete 时不传 sparklines 即删整组，传则删指定项。",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "config": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "description": "迷你图样式配置, 相同 groupId 的迷你图共享相同的样式。",
+            "properties": {
+              "theme_type": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "pro",
+                  "light",
+                  "soft",
+                  "brand",
+                  "fresh"
+                ],
+                "description": "主题类型：pro、light、soft、brand、fresh。"
+              },
+              "non_num_show_as": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "zero",
+                  "gap",
+                  "average"
+                ],
+                "description": "非数字单元格显示方式：zero=显示为0，gap=显示为间距，average=取前后均值。"
+              },
+              "empty_show_as": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "zero",
+                  "gap",
+                  "average"
+                ],
+                "description": "空单元格显示方式：zero=显示为0，gap=显示为间距，average=取前后均值。"
+              },
+              "contain_hidden_cells": {
+                "type": "boolean",
+                "description": "隐藏的单元格数据是否参与绘制。"
+              },
+              "series_color": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "description": "主系列颜色，例如 \"#4472C4\"。"
+              },
+              "points": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "description": "特殊点样式配置，包含高点、低点、标记点、首点、尾点、负点。",
+                "properties": {
+                  "last_point": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "尾点配置，最后一个数据点的样式。",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "color": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "点的颜色。"
+                      },
+                      "visible": {
+                        "type": "boolean",
+                        "description": "是否显示该点。"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "negative_point": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "负点配置，负数点的样式。",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "color": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "点的颜色。"
+                      },
+                      "visible": {
+                        "type": "boolean",
+                        "description": "是否显示该点。"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "markers_point": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "标记点配置，所有标记点的样式。",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "color": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "点的颜色。"
+                      },
+                      "visible": {
+                        "type": "boolean",
+                        "description": "是否显示该点。"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "first_point": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "首点配置，第一个数据点的样式。",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "color": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "点的颜色。"
+                      },
+                      "visible": {
+                        "type": "boolean",
+                        "description": "是否显示该点。"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "high_point": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "高点配置，最高点的样式。",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "color": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "点的颜色。"
+                      },
+                      "visible": {
+                        "type": "boolean",
+                        "description": "是否显示该点。"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "low_point": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "低点配置，最低点的样式。",
+                    "properties": {
+                      "color": {
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "description": "点的颜色。"
+                      },
+                      "visible": {
+                        "type": "boolean",
+                        "description": "是否显示该点。"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
+              },
+              "line_width": {
+                "type": "number",
+                "enum": [
+                  1,
+                  2,
+                  3,
+                  4
+                ],
+                "description": "折线图线宽，可选值：1=1px，2=2px，3=3px，4=4px。"
+              },
+              "type": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": [
+                  "line",
+                  "column",
+                  "win_loss"
+                ],
+                "description": "迷你图类型，可选值：line=折线图，column=柱形图，win_loss=盈亏图。"
+              },
+              "axis": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "description": "坐标轴配置，包含坐标轴颜色、是否翻转、是否显示坐标轴。",
+                "properties": {
+                  "color": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "description": "坐标轴颜色。"
+                  },
+                  "reverse": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否翻转坐标轴方向。"
+                  },
+                  "visible": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "description": "是否显示坐标轴。"
+                  }
+                }
+              },
+              "show_gradient": {
+                "type": "boolean",
+                "description": "是否显示渐变效果。"
+              },
+              "show_radius": {
+                "type": "boolean",
+                "description": "是否显示圆角，仅对柱形图和盈亏图生效。"
+              },
+              "extremum_max": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "description": "最大极值配置，包含极值类型、极值。",
+                "properties": {
+                  "type": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "enum": [
+                      "individual",
+                      "group",
+                      "custom"
+                    ],
+                    "description": "极值类型，可选值：individual=单个迷你图极值，group=同组内极值，custom=自定义。"
+                  },
+                  "value": {
+                    "type": "number",
+                    "description": "当 type='custom' 时生效的具体数值。"
+                  }
+                },
+                "required": [
+                  "type"
+                ]
+              },
+              "extremum_min": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "description": "最小极值配置，包含极值类型、极值。",
+                "properties": {
+                  "type": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "enum": [
+                      "individual",
+                      "group",
+                      "custom"
+                    ],
+                    "description": "极值类型：individual=单个迷你图极值，group=同组内极值，custom=自定义。"
+                  },
+                  "value": {
+                    "type": "number",
+                    "description": "当 type='custom' 时生效的具体数值。"
+                  }
+                },
+                "required": [
+                  "type"
+                ]
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "sparklines": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "description": "迷你图项列表。create 时为待创建项（每项需 position + source/source_range）；update 时为待变更/新增项（每项需 sparkline_id；upsert=true 新增时需 position + source）；delete 时为待删除项（每项需 sparkline_id）。",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "description": "单个迷你图项。",
+              "properties": {
+                "sparkline_id": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "迷你图 reference_id。create 时可选（不传系统生成）；update / delete 时必填。"
+                },
+                "position": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "迷你图位置。create / update 时必填；delete 时省略。",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "row": {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "minimum": 0,
+                      "description": "行索引（0-based）"
+                    },
+                    "col": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "description": "列索引，例如 \"A\"、\"B\""
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "row",
+                    "col"
+                  ]
+                },
+                "source": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "A1 范围字符串，表示数据来源，例如 \"Sheet1!A2:A10\"。create 必填（与 source_range 二选一）；update 仅在改源时传；delete 时省略。"
+                },
+                "source_range": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "description": "结构化数据源范围（与 source 等价）。",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "range": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "description": "数据源的 A1 引用区域"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "range"
+                  ]
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/execute_paths_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/execute_paths_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8cd24bb25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/execute_paths_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,578 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+)
+
+// TestExecute_WorkbookInfo_Happy stubs the invoke_read endpoint and
+// verifies the shortcut decodes the JSON-string output, surfaces it as
+// envelope data, and finishes without error.
+func TestExecute_WorkbookInfo_Happy(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	stub := toolOutputStub(testToken, "read", `{"sheets":[{"sheet_id":"sh1","title":"Sheet1","row_count":1000,"column_count":26,"index":0}]}`)
+	out, err := runShortcutWithStubs(t, WorkbookInfo, []string{"--url", testURL}, stub)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("execute failed: %v\nout=%s", err, out)
+	}
+	data := decodeEnvelopeData(t, out)
+	sheets, _ := data["sheets"].([]interface{})
+	if len(sheets) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("sheets len = %d, want 1", len(sheets))
+	}
+	sheet, _ := sheets[0].(map[string]interface{})
+	if sheet["sheet_id"] != "sh1" || sheet["title"] != "Sheet1" {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected sheet: %#v", sheet)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestExecute_WorkbookInfo_ToolError surfaces a non-zero code in the
+// envelope shape and asserts CLI returns an error envelope.
+func TestExecute_WorkbookInfo_ToolError(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	stub := &httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/sheet_ai/v2/spreadsheets/" + testToken + "/tools/invoke_read",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 1310201,
+			"msg":  "spreadsheet not found",
+			"data": map[string]interface{}{},
+		},
+	}
+	stdout, stderr, err := func() (string, string, error) {
+		parent, stdout, stderr, reg := newTestRig(t, WorkbookInfo)
+		reg.Register(stub)
+		parent.SetArgs([]string{"+workbook-info", "--url", testURL})
+		err := parent.Execute()
+		return stdout.String(), stderr.String(), err
+	}()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected non-zero code to surface as error; stdout=%s stderr=%s", stdout, stderr)
+	}
+	combined := stdout + stderr + err.Error()
+	if !strings.Contains(combined, "1310201") && !strings.Contains(combined, "not found") {
+		t.Errorf("expected error code in envelope; got=%s|%s|%v", stdout, stderr, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestExecute_SheetMove_LookupsIndex covers the two-step path: SheetMove
+// when only --sheet-name is given (and --source-index omitted) first
+// reads the workbook structure to derive sheet_id + source_index, then
+// posts the modify_workbook_structure call.
+func TestExecute_SheetMove_LookupsIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	lookup := toolOutputStub(testToken, "read", `{"sheets":[{"sheet_id":"sh1","sheet_name":"汇总","index":3}]}`)
+	move := toolOutputStub(testToken, "write", `{"sheet_id":"sh1"}`)
+	out, err := runShortcutWithStubs(t, SheetMove,
+		[]string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-name", "汇总", "--index", "0"},
+		lookup, move,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("execute failed: %v\nout=%s", err, out)
+	}
+	// Inspect the captured move body: source_index should be 3 (looked up),
+	// not <resolve>, and sheet_id should be the resolved id.
+	if move.CapturedBody == nil {
+		t.Fatal("move stub didn't capture a body")
+	}
+	body := decodeRawEnvelopeBody(t, move.CapturedBody)
+	input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "modify_workbook_structure")
+	if input["sheet_id"] != "sh1" {
+		t.Errorf("sheet_id = %v, want sh1 (resolved from --sheet-name)", input["sheet_id"])
+	}
+	if input["source_index"].(float64) != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("source_index = %v, want 3 (from lookup)", input["source_index"])
+	}
+	if input["target_index"].(float64) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("target_index = %v, want 0", input["target_index"])
+	}
+}
+
+// TestExecute_SheetMove_LookupsIndexByTitle covers the same lookup path as
+// above but with get_workbook_structure exposing the display name as "title"
+// (the field the real tool returns) instead of "sheet_name". lookupSheetIndex
+// must resolve --sheet-name against either key.
+func TestExecute_SheetMove_LookupsIndexByTitle(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	lookup := toolOutputStub(testToken, "read", `{"sheets":[{"sheet_id":"sh1","title":"汇总","index":3}]}`)
+	move := toolOutputStub(testToken, "write", `{"sheet_id":"sh1"}`)
+	out, err := runShortcutWithStubs(t, SheetMove,
+		[]string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-name", "汇总", "--index", "0"},
+		lookup, move,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("execute failed: %v\nout=%s", err, out)
+	}
+	if move.CapturedBody == nil {
+		t.Fatal("move stub didn't capture a body")
+	}
+	body := decodeRawEnvelopeBody(t, move.CapturedBody)
+	input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "modify_workbook_structure")
+	if input["sheet_id"] != "sh1" {
+		t.Errorf("sheet_id = %v, want sh1 (resolved from --sheet-name via title)", input["sheet_id"])
+	}
+	if input["source_index"].(float64) != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("source_index = %v, want 3 (from lookup)", input["source_index"])
+	}
+}
+
+// TestExecute_CellsGet covers a multi-range read end-to-end.
+func TestExecute_CellsGet(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	stub := toolOutputStub(testToken, "read", `{"ranges":[{"range":"A1:B2","cells":[[{"value":1}]]}]}`)
+	out, err := runShortcutWithStubs(t, CellsGet,
+		[]string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "A1:B2"}, stub)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("execute failed: %v\nout=%s", err, out)
+	}
+	if data := decodeEnvelopeData(t, out); data["ranges"] == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ranges in output; got=%#v", data)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestExecute_CellsSet covers the write path including allow-overwrite
+// override.
+func TestExecute_CellsSet(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	stub := toolOutputStub(testToken, "write", `{"updated_cells":2}`)
+	out, err := runShortcutWithStubs(t, CellsSet, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+		"--range", "A1:B1",
+		"--cells", `[[{"value":"x"},{"value":"y"}]]`,
+	}, stub)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("execute failed: %v\nout=%s", err, out)
+	}
+	body := decodeRawEnvelopeBody(t, stub.CapturedBody)
+	input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "set_cell_range")
+	if input["range"] != "A1:B1" {
+		t.Errorf("wire range = %v", input["range"])
+	}
+	if data := decodeEnvelopeData(t, out); data["updated_cells"].(float64) != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("updated_cells = %v", data["updated_cells"])
+	}
+}
+
+// TestExecute_DropdownSet covers the fan-out → set_cell_range write.
+func TestExecute_DropdownSet(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	stub := toolOutputStub(testToken, "write", `{}`)
+	_, err := runShortcutWithStubs(t, DropdownSet, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+		"--range", "A2:A4",
+		"--options", `["x","y"]`,
+		"--multiple",
+	}, stub)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("execute failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	body := decodeRawEnvelopeBody(t, stub.CapturedBody)
+	input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "set_cell_range")
+	cells, _ := input["cells"].([]interface{})
+	if len(cells) != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("wire cells rows = %d, want 3", len(cells))
+	}
+}
+
+// TestExecute_DropdownUpdate_Batch covers the batch_update fan-out for
+// dropdown-update. Verifies the captured request has 2 ops.
+func TestExecute_DropdownUpdate_Batch(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	stub := toolOutputStub(testToken, "write", `{"results":[{"ok":true},{"ok":true}]}`)
+	_, err := runShortcutWithStubs(t, DropdownUpdate, []string{
+		"--url", testURL,
+		"--ranges", `["sheet1!A2:A5","sheet1!C2:C5"]`,
+		"--options", `["a","b"]`,
+	}, stub)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("execute failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	body := decodeRawEnvelopeBody(t, stub.CapturedBody)
+	input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "batch_update")
+	ops, _ := input["operations"].([]interface{})
+	if len(ops) != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("operations len = %d, want 2", len(ops))
+	}
+}
+
+// TestExecute_CellsSearch covers the search read path with options.
+func TestExecute_CellsSearch(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	stub := toolOutputStub(testToken, "read", `{"matches":[{"cell":"B2"}],"has_more":false}`)
+	out, err := runShortcutWithStubs(t, CellsSearch, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+		"--find", "foo", "--match-case",
+	}, stub)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("execute failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	data := decodeEnvelopeData(t, out)
+	if data["matches"] == nil {
+		t.Errorf("matches missing: %#v", data)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestExecute_RangeMove covers the transform_range write path.
+func TestExecute_RangeMove(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	stub := toolOutputStub(testToken, "write", `{"moved":true}`)
+	out, err := runShortcutWithStubs(t, RangeMove, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+		"--source-range", "A1:C5",
+		"--target-range", "D1",
+	}, stub)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("execute failed: %v\nout=%s", err, out)
+	}
+	body := decodeRawEnvelopeBody(t, stub.CapturedBody)
+	input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "transform_range")
+	if input["operation"] != "move" {
+		t.Errorf("operation = %v, want move", input["operation"])
+	}
+}
+
+// TestExecute_FilterCreate covers the filter special case (range mandatory,
+// optional --data conditions merge).
+func TestExecute_FilterCreate(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	stub := toolOutputStub(testToken, "write", `{"filter_id":"sh1"}`)
+	out, err := runShortcutWithStubs(t, FilterCreate, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+		"--range", "A1:F100",
+		"--properties", `{"rules":[{"column_index":"B","conditions":[{"type":"multiValue","compare_type":"equal","values":["x"]}]}]}`,
+	}, stub)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("execute failed: %v\nout=%s", err, out)
+	}
+	body := decodeRawEnvelopeBody(t, stub.CapturedBody)
+	input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "manage_filter_object")
+	props, _ := input["properties"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if props["range"] != "A1:F100" {
+		t.Errorf("properties.range = %v", props["range"])
+	}
+	if props["rules"] == nil {
+		t.Errorf("rules missing: %#v", props)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestExecute_BatchUpdate_Translated covers the CLI-shape → MCP-shape
+// translation: user passes {shortcut, input}, batchOpDispatch maps it to
+// {tool_name, input(+operation, +excel_id)} before the tool call. Also
+// verifies --continue-on-error.
+func TestExecute_BatchUpdate_Translated(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	stub := toolOutputStub(testToken, "write", `{"results":[{"ok":true}]}`)
+	_, err := runShortcutWithStubs(t, BatchUpdate, []string{
+		"--url", testURL,
+		"--operations", `[{"shortcut":"+cells-set","input":{"sheet-id":"sh1","range":"A1","cells":[[{"value":1}]]}}]`,
+		"--continue-on-error",
+		"--yes",
+	}, stub)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("execute failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	body := decodeRawEnvelopeBody(t, stub.CapturedBody)
+	input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "batch_update")
+	if input["continue_on_error"] != true {
+		t.Errorf("continue_on_error not propagated: %#v", input)
+	}
+	ops, _ := input["operations"].([]interface{})
+	if len(ops) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("operations length = %d, want 1", len(ops))
+	}
+	op := ops[0].(map[string]interface{})
+	if op["tool_name"] != "set_cell_range" {
+		t.Errorf("op.tool_name = %v, want set_cell_range (translated from +cells-set)", op["tool_name"])
+	}
+	subInput, _ := op["input"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if subInput["excel_id"] != testToken {
+		t.Errorf("op.input.excel_id = %v, want %s (translator should inject)", subInput["excel_id"], testToken)
+	}
+	if _, has := subInput["operation"]; has {
+		t.Errorf("op.input.operation present but +cells-set should not inject one: %#v", subInput)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestExecute_BatchUpdate_ContinueOnErrorPrecedence locks the flag-vs-envelope
+// precedence: an explicit --continue-on-error=false must keep the strict
+// transaction even when the --operations envelope carries continue_on_error:true,
+// while an envelope value still applies when the flag is absent. Guards against
+// the regression where the flag was read by value (runtime.Bool) rather than by
+// Changed().
+func TestExecute_BatchUpdate_ContinueOnErrorPrecedence(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	envelope := `{"operations":[{"shortcut":"+cells-set","input":{"sheet-id":"sh1","range":"A1","cells":[[{"value":1}]]}}],"continue_on_error":true}`
+
+	t.Run("explicit false overrides envelope", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		stub := toolOutputStub(testToken, "write", `{"results":[{"ok":true}]}`)
+		_, err := runShortcutWithStubs(t, BatchUpdate, []string{
+			"--url", testURL,
+			"--operations", envelope,
+			"--continue-on-error=false",
+			"--yes",
+		}, stub)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("execute failed: %v", err)
+		}
+		input := decodeToolInput(t, decodeRawEnvelopeBody(t, stub.CapturedBody), "batch_update")
+		if input["continue_on_error"] == true {
+			t.Errorf("explicit --continue-on-error=false must win over envelope; got continue_on_error=%#v", input["continue_on_error"])
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("envelope applies when flag absent", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		stub := toolOutputStub(testToken, "write", `{"results":[{"ok":true}]}`)
+		_, err := runShortcutWithStubs(t, BatchUpdate, []string{
+			"--url", testURL,
+			"--operations", envelope,
+			"--yes",
+		}, stub)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("execute failed: %v", err)
+		}
+		input := decodeToolInput(t, decodeRawEnvelopeBody(t, stub.CapturedBody), "batch_update")
+		if input["continue_on_error"] != true {
+			t.Errorf("envelope continue_on_error:true should apply when --continue-on-error absent; got %#v", input["continue_on_error"])
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// TestExecute_WorkbookCreate covers the create POST + first-sheet lookup +
+// set_cell_range follow-up. Stubs all three endpoints.
+func TestExecute_WorkbookCreate(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	create := &httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/sheets/v3/spreadsheets",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 0,
+			"msg":  "success",
+			"data": map[string]interface{}{
+				"spreadsheet": map[string]interface{}{
+					"spreadsheet_token": "shtcnBRAND",
+					"title":             "Sales",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	// Initial fill first reads the workbook structure to resolve the default
+	// sheet's id (the create response doesn't echo it), then writes.
+	structure := toolOutputStub("shtcnBRAND", "read", `{"sheets":[{"sheet_id":"shtFirst","sheet_name":"Sheet1","index":0}]}`)
+	fill := toolOutputStub("shtcnBRAND", "write", `{"updated_cells":4}`)
+	out, err := runShortcutWithStubs(t, WorkbookCreate, []string{
+		"--title", "Sales",
+		"--headers", `["Name","Score"]`,
+		"--values", `[["alice",95]]`,
+	}, create, structure, fill)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("execute failed: %v\nout=%s", err, out)
+	}
+	data := decodeEnvelopeData(t, out)
+	ss, _ := data["spreadsheet"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if ss["spreadsheet_token"] != "shtcnBRAND" {
+		t.Errorf("spreadsheet_token = %v", ss["spreadsheet_token"])
+	}
+	if data["initial_fill"] == nil {
+		t.Errorf("initial_fill missing in envelope")
+	}
+	// The fill must target the resolved first sheet, not an empty selector.
+	fillInput := decodeToolInput(t, decodeRawEnvelopeBody(t, fill.CapturedBody), "set_cell_range")
+	if fillInput["sheet_id"] != "shtFirst" {
+		t.Errorf("fill sheet_id = %v, want shtFirst (resolved from workbook structure)", fillInput["sheet_id"])
+	}
+}
+
+// TestExecute_WorkbookCreate_EmptyArraysSkipFill locks the fix for the nil-map
+// panic / illegal-range bug: --values '[]' or --headers '[]' must short-circuit
+// the initial fill (no structure/fill calls fire) and finish with the
+// spreadsheet created but no initial_fill — never panic on a nil fill map.
+func TestExecute_WorkbookCreate_EmptyArraysSkipFill(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	for _, tc := range []struct{ name, flag, val string }{
+		{"empty values", "--values", "[]"},
+		{"empty headers", "--headers", "[]"},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			create := &httpmock.Stub{
+				Method: "POST",
+				URL:    "/open-apis/sheets/v3/spreadsheets",
+				Body: map[string]interface{}{
+					"code": 0, "msg": "success",
+					"data": map[string]interface{}{
+						"spreadsheet": map[string]interface{}{"spreadsheet_token": "shtNEW", "title": "X"},
+					},
+				},
+			}
+			// Only the create stub is provided: an empty array must skip the fill
+			// entirely, so no structure/fill call fires (and no nil-map panic).
+			out, err := runShortcutWithStubs(t, WorkbookCreate, []string{"--title", "X", tc.flag, tc.val}, create)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("execute failed: %v\nout=%s", err, out)
+			}
+			data := decodeEnvelopeData(t, out)
+			if data["initial_fill"] != nil {
+				t.Errorf("initial_fill should be absent for %s %s; got %#v", tc.flag, tc.val, data["initial_fill"])
+			}
+			if ss, _ := data["spreadsheet"].(map[string]interface{}); ss["spreadsheet_token"] != "shtNEW" {
+				t.Errorf("spreadsheet_token = %v, want shtNEW", ss["spreadsheet_token"])
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestExecute_WorkbookCreate_FillFailureKeepsToken locks the partial-success
+// contract: when the spreadsheet is created but the follow-up fill can't resolve
+// its first sheet, the error must be structured and retain spreadsheet_token so
+// the caller can recover instead of orphaning the new workbook.
+func TestExecute_WorkbookCreate_FillFailureKeepsToken(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	create := &httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/sheets/v3/spreadsheets",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 0, "msg": "success",
+			"data": map[string]interface{}{
+				"spreadsheet": map[string]interface{}{"spreadsheet_token": "shtNEW", "title": "X"},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	// Structure comes back with no sheets, so lookupFirstSheetID fails AFTER the
+	// spreadsheet already exists — exercising the partial-success path.
+	structure := toolOutputStub("shtNEW", "read", `{"sheets":[]}`)
+	out, err := runShortcutWithStubs(t, WorkbookCreate, []string{"--title", "X", "--values", `[["a"]]`}, create, structure)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a partial-success error; got nil\nout=%s", out)
+	}
+	exitErr, ok := err.(*output.ExitError)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *output.ExitError (structured)", err)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Detail == nil {
+		t.Fatal("ExitError.Detail is nil; want structured detail carrying the token")
+	}
+	detail, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
+	if detail["spreadsheet_token"] != "shtNEW" {
+		t.Errorf("detail.spreadsheet_token = %v, want shtNEW (must survive the fill failure)", detail["spreadsheet_token"])
+	}
+}
+
+// TestExecute_DimMove covers the native v3 move_dimension call. CLI's
+// --source-range "1:3" (1-based inclusive) is parsed into v3's
+// source.{start_index=0,end_index=2} (0-based inclusive); --target "11" is
+// parsed into destination_index=10.
+func TestExecute_DimMove(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	move := &httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/sheets/v3/spreadsheets/" + testToken + "/sheets/" + testSheetID + "/move_dimension",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 0,
+			"msg":  "success",
+			"data": map[string]interface{}{"moved": true},
+		},
+	}
+	_, err := runShortcutWithStubs(t, DimMove, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+		"--source-range", "1:3", "--target", "11",
+	}, move)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("execute failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	body := decodeRawEnvelopeBody(t, move.CapturedBody)
+	src, _ := body["source"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if src["start_index"].(float64) != 0 || src["end_index"].(float64) != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("indices = (%v,%v), want (0,2) — 0-based inclusive", src["start_index"], src["end_index"])
+	}
+	if body["destination_index"].(float64) != 10 {
+		t.Errorf("destination_index = %v, want 10", body["destination_index"])
+	}
+}
+
+// TestExecute_ChartCreate covers the object-CRUD factory's create path.
+func TestExecute_ChartCreate(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	stub := toolOutputStub(testToken, "write", `{"chart_id":"chartNEW"}`)
+	out, err := runShortcutWithStubs(t, ChartCreate, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+		"--properties", `{"type":"line","position":{"row":0,"col":"A"},"size":{"width":400,"height":300}}`,
+	}, stub)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("execute failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	data := decodeEnvelopeData(t, out)
+	if data["chart_id"] != "chartNEW" {
+		t.Errorf("chart_id = %v", data["chart_id"])
+	}
+}
+
+// TestExecute_SheetCreate hits the workbook write path with all four
+// optional flags so the input builder + callTool wiring is exercised.
+func TestExecute_SheetCreate(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	stub := toolOutputStub(testToken, "write", `{"sheet_id":"sh99","sheet_name":"Q4","index":2}`)
+	out, err := runShortcutWithStubs(t, SheetCreate, []string{
+		"--url", testURL,
+		"--title", "Q4",
+		"--index", "2",
+		"--row-count", "300",
+		"--col-count", "12",
+	}, stub)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("execute failed: %v\nout=%s", err, out)
+	}
+	body := decodeRawEnvelopeBody(t, stub.CapturedBody)
+	input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "modify_workbook_structure")
+	if input["operation"] != "create" || input["sheet_name"] != "Q4" {
+		t.Errorf("input shape wrong: %#v", input)
+	}
+	if input["rows"].(float64) != 300 || input["columns"].(float64) != 12 {
+		t.Errorf("dimensions = (%v, %v), want (300, 12)", input["rows"], input["columns"])
+	}
+}
+
+// TestExecute_RangeSort exercises the sort_conditions JSON parsing
+// alongside the boolean has_header.
+func TestExecute_RangeSort(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	stub := toolOutputStub(testToken, "write", `{"sorted":true}`)
+	_, err := runShortcutWithStubs(t, RangeSort, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+		"--range", "A1:D50",
+		"--has-header",
+		"--sort-keys", `[{"column":"B","ascending":true}]`,
+	}, stub)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("execute failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	body := decodeRawEnvelopeBody(t, stub.CapturedBody)
+	input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "transform_range")
+	if input["operation"] != "sort" || input["has_header"] != true {
+		t.Errorf("input wrong: %#v", input)
+	}
+	conds, _ := input["sort_conditions"].([]interface{})
+	if len(conds) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("sort_conditions len = %d", len(conds))
+	}
+}
+
+// decodeRawEnvelopeBody parses the raw JSON request body captured by an
+// httpmock stub. Used by execute tests to inspect what the CLI sent on
+// the wire (vs. dry-run tests that render the body up-front).
+func decodeRawEnvelopeBody(t *testing.T, raw []byte) map[string]interface{} {
+	t.Helper()
+	var body map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &body); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("captured body parse error: %v\nraw=%s", err, string(raw))
+	}
+	return body
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/flag_defs.go b/shortcuts/sheets/flag_defs.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9aa371af3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/flag_defs.go
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// ─── flag definitions, sourced from sheet-skill-spec ───────────────────
+//
+// data/flag-defs.json is the canonical, full definition of every CLI flag
+// (name, type, default, desc, enum, input, hidden, required, kind),
+// generated by sheet-skill-spec's sync script. The sync script also emits
+// flag_defs_gen.go — the compiled `flagDefs` map — so command startup pays
+// no JSON unmarshal (the parse cost used to land on every CLI invocation,
+// sheets or not). We build each shortcut's []common.Flag from flagDefs at
+// assembly time, so flag metadata never has to be hand-written in Go.
+//
+// Flags with kind == "system" (--dry-run, --yes, ...) are NOT materialized
+// here: the framework auto-injects them based on Risk / DryRun / HasFormat.
+// Do not hand-edit flag_defs_gen.go or data/flag-defs.json; regenerate via
+// the sync script. flag_defs_gen_test.go guards the two against drift.
+
+type flagDef struct {
+	Name     string   `json:"name"`
+	Kind     string   `json:"kind"`     // "public" | "own" | "system"
+	Type     string   `json:"type"`     // string | bool | int | int64 | float64 | string_array | string_slice
+	Required string   `json:"required"` // "required" | "optional" | "xor"
+	Desc     string   `json:"desc"`
+	Default  string   `json:"default"`
+	Hidden   bool     `json:"hidden"`
+	Enum     []string `json:"enum"`
+	Input    []string `json:"input"`
+}
+
+type commandDef struct {
+	Risk  string    `json:"risk"`
+	Flags []flagDef `json:"flags"`
+}
+
+// loadFlagDefs returns the compiled flag definitions (flag_defs_gen.go).
+// The error return is always nil; it is retained so existing call sites that
+// handled a parse error keep compiling. There is no longer a runtime parse.
+func loadFlagDefs() (map[string]commandDef, error) {
+	return flagDefs, nil
+}
+
+// flagsFor builds the []common.Flag for a shortcut command directly from
+// flag-defs.json. System-kind flags are skipped (the framework injects
+// them). Panics if the command is absent or the JSON is malformed — this
+// is a build-time data contract, so a missing entry is a programming error
+// surfaced loudly at startup rather than a silent empty flag set.
+func flagsFor(command string) []common.Flag {
+	defs, err := loadFlagDefs()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("sheets: %v", err))
+	}
+	spec, ok := defs[command]
+	if !ok {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("sheets: no flag-defs.json entry for %q", command))
+	}
+	out := make([]common.Flag, 0, len(spec.Flags))
+	for _, df := range spec.Flags {
+		if df.Kind == "system" {
+			continue
+		}
+		out = append(out, common.Flag{
+			Name:     df.Name,
+			Type:     df.Type,
+			Default:  df.Default,
+			Desc:     df.Desc,
+			Hidden:   df.Hidden,
+			Required: df.Required == "required",
+			Enum:     df.Enum,
+			Input:    df.Input,
+		})
+	}
+	return out
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/flag_defs_gen.go b/shortcuts/sheets/flag_defs_gen.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..686ffdf2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/flag_defs_gen.go
@@ -0,0 +1,927 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+// Code generated from data/flag-defs.json; DO NOT EDIT.
+
+package sheets
+
+// flagDefs is the compiled form of data/flag-defs.json — every CLI flag's
+// metadata for every shortcut, emitted as a Go literal so command startup
+// pays no JSON unmarshal (see flag_defs.go). Do not hand-edit; regenerate
+// with `go generate ./shortcuts/sheets/...` after data/flag-defs.json
+// changes.
+var flagDefs = map[string]commandDef{
+	"+batch-update": {
+		Risk: "high-risk-write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet locator (independent from per-operation sheet locator)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet locator (independent from per-operation sheet locator)"},
+			{Name: "operations", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "JSON array: [{\"shortcut\":\"+xxx-yyy\",\"input\":{...}}, ...]. shortcut uses CLI names; input is that shortcut's flag set — it includes the per-operation sheet locator (sheet_id or sheet_name) but not the spreadsheet token/url (pass that once at the top level via --url/--spreadsheet-token; +batch-update has no top-level --sheet-id). input keys are the shortcut's flags flattened into JSON (e.g. \"range\":\"A11:B12\"), not another nested layer. For basic flags use lark-cli sheets <shortcut> --help; for composite JSON flags use --print-schema --flag-name <flag>. Do not pass an explicit operation field. Strict transaction by default, pass --continue-on-error for soft batch; no nesting; executed serially.", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "continue-on-error", Kind: "own", Type: "bool", Required: "optional", Desc: "Continue with remaining operations when a sub-operation fails; default false (abort on first failure)"},
+			{Name: "yes", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "required", Desc: "Confirm high-risk write (exit code 10 without this flag)"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional", Desc: "Print the request template for each sub-operation; no network side effects"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+cells-batch-clear": {
+		Risk: "high-risk-write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "ranges", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Target ranges as a JSON array (e.g. `[\"'Sheet1'!A2:Z1000\",\"'Sheet2'!A2:Z1000\"]`); each item must include a sheet prefix; the prefix must be the sheet display name (e.g. `Sheet1`), not the sheet reference_id; ranges may target different sheets; the same scope is cleared from every range", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "scope", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Clear scope: `content` (default, values only) / `formats` (formats only) / `all` (values and formats)", Default: "content", Enum: []string{"content", "formats", "all"}},
+			{Name: "yes", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "required", Desc: "Confirm destructive write (exit code 10 without this flag); batch clear is irreversible"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+cells-batch-set-style": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "ranges", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Target ranges as a JSON array (e.g. `[\"'Sheet1'!A1:B2\",\"'Sheet2'!D1:D10\"]`); each item must include a sheet prefix; the prefix must be the sheet display name (e.g. `Sheet1`), not the sheet reference_id; ranges may target different sheets; the same style is applied to every range", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "background-color", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Background color (hex, e.g. `#ffffff`)"},
+			{Name: "font-color", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Font color (hex, e.g. `#000000`)"},
+			{Name: "font-size", Kind: "own", Type: "float64", Required: "optional", Desc: "Font size in px (e.g. 10, 12, 14)"},
+			{Name: "font-style", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Font style", Enum: []string{"normal", "italic"}},
+			{Name: "font-weight", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Font weight", Enum: []string{"normal", "bold"}},
+			{Name: "font-line", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Font line style", Enum: []string{"none", "underline", "line-through"}},
+			{Name: "horizontal-alignment", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Horizontal alignment", Enum: []string{"left", "center", "right"}},
+			{Name: "vertical-alignment", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Vertical alignment", Enum: []string{"top", "middle", "bottom"}},
+			{Name: "word-wrap", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Word-wrap strategy", Enum: []string{"overflow", "auto-wrap", "word-clip"}},
+			{Name: "number-format", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Number format pattern (e.g. text `@`, number `0.00`, currency `$#,##0.00`, date `mm/dd/yyyy`)"},
+			{Name: "border-styles", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Border config JSON (same shape as in +cells-set-style)", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+cells-clear": {
+		Risk: "high-risk-write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Range to clear (A1 notation)"},
+			{Name: "scope", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Clear scope: `content` (default, values only) / `formats` (formats only) / `all` (values and formats)", Default: "content", Enum: []string{"content", "formats", "all"}},
+			{Name: "yes", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "required", Desc: "Confirm destructive write (exit code 10 without this flag); clear is irreversible"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+cells-get": {
+		Risk: "read",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "A1 range, e.g. `A1:F10` (no sheet prefix — use `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name` to select the sheet)"},
+			{Name: "include", Kind: "own", Type: "string_slice", Required: "optional", Desc: "Comma-separated info categories to include", Enum: []string{"value", "formula", "style", "comment", "data_validation"}},
+			{Name: "max-chars", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "optional", Desc: "Safety cap; default 200000", Default: "200000", Hidden: true},
+			{Name: "skip-hidden", Kind: "own", Type: "bool", Required: "optional", Desc: "Skip hidden rows and columns; default `false`"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+cells-merge": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Range to merge / unmerge (A1 notation)"},
+			{Name: "merge-type", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Merge direction (`+cells-merge` only)", Default: "all", Enum: []string{"all", "rows", "columns"}},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+cells-replace": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "find", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Text to find for replacement"},
+			{Name: "replacement", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Replacement text; pass empty string `\"\"` to delete matched content"},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Replace range (A1 notation); whole sheet when omitted"},
+			{Name: "match-case", Kind: "own", Type: "bool", Required: "optional", Desc: "Case-sensitive match"},
+			{Name: "match-entire-cell", Kind: "own", Type: "bool", Required: "optional", Desc: "Match the entire cell content"},
+			{Name: "regex", Kind: "own", Type: "bool", Required: "optional", Desc: "Interpret `--find` as a regex pattern"},
+			{Name: "include-formulas", Kind: "own", Type: "bool", Required: "optional", Desc: "Also replace within formula text"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional", Desc: "Required preflight: outputs `would_replace_count` for user confirmation before the actual replace"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+cells-search": {
+		Risk: "read",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "find", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Text to find (interpreted as regex when `--regex` is set)"},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Search range (A1 notation); whole sheet when omitted"},
+			{Name: "match-case", Kind: "own", Type: "bool", Required: "optional", Desc: "Case-sensitive match"},
+			{Name: "match-entire-cell", Kind: "own", Type: "bool", Required: "optional", Desc: "Match the entire cell content"},
+			{Name: "regex", Kind: "own", Type: "bool", Required: "optional", Desc: "Interpret `--find` as a regex pattern"},
+			{Name: "include-formulas", Kind: "own", Type: "bool", Required: "optional", Desc: "Also search within formula text"},
+			{Name: "max-matches", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "optional", Desc: "Safety cap; default 5000", Default: "5000", Hidden: true},
+			{Name: "offset", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "optional", Desc: "Skip the first N matches (for pagination); default 0", Default: "0"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+cells-set": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Write range (A1 notation)"},
+			{Name: "cells", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "JSON 2D array `[[{cell},...],...]`, dimensions must match `--range`; each cell may carry `value` / `formula` / `cell_styles` / `note` / `rich_text` (incl. `type=\"embed-image\"` in-cell image); run `--print-schema` for full fields", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "allow-overwrite", Kind: "own", Type: "bool", Required: "optional", Desc: "Allow overwriting non-empty cells (default true); set false to error if any target cell is non-empty", Default: "true"},
+			{Name: "max-cells", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "optional", Desc: "Safety cap; default 50000", Default: "50000", Hidden: true},
+			{Name: "copy-to-range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Copy-to range (A1 notation): replicate what --cells wrote into --range (values/formulas/styles, per the fields actually passed) to this range; formula refs auto-shift (C2=B2 -> C3=B3). Write a one-row/one-block template then fill a whole column/area. Supports full rows '3:6', full columns 'C:E', to-col-end 'D3:D', to-row-end 'D3:3', and comma-separated multiple targets like 'C1:D2,E5:F6'."},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+cells-set-image": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Target cell (A1 notation; must be a single cell, e.g. `A1`; start and end must be identical)"},
+			{Name: "image", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Local image path (PNG / JPEG / JPG / GIF / BMP / JFIF / EXIF / TIFF / BPG / HEIC)"},
+			{Name: "name", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Image file name (with extension); defaults to the basename of `--image`"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+cells-set-style": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Target range (A1 notation, e.g. `A1:B2`)"},
+			{Name: "background-color", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Background color (hex, e.g. `#ffffff`)"},
+			{Name: "font-color", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Font color (hex, e.g. `#000000`)"},
+			{Name: "font-size", Kind: "own", Type: "float64", Required: "optional", Desc: "Font size in px (e.g. 10, 12, 14)"},
+			{Name: "font-style", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Font style", Enum: []string{"normal", "italic"}},
+			{Name: "font-weight", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Font weight", Enum: []string{"normal", "bold"}},
+			{Name: "font-line", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Font line style", Enum: []string{"none", "underline", "line-through"}},
+			{Name: "horizontal-alignment", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Horizontal alignment", Enum: []string{"left", "center", "right"}},
+			{Name: "vertical-alignment", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Vertical alignment", Enum: []string{"top", "middle", "bottom"}},
+			{Name: "word-wrap", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Word-wrap strategy", Enum: []string{"overflow", "auto-wrap", "word-clip"}},
+			{Name: "number-format", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Number format pattern (e.g. text `@`, number `0.00`, currency `$#,##0.00`, date `mm/dd/yyyy`)"},
+			{Name: "border-styles", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Border config JSON: `{ top: {style,color,weight}, bottom: ..., left: ..., right: ... }`; same shape for all 4 sides", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+cells-unmerge": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Range to merge / unmerge (A1 notation)"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+chart-create": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "properties", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Full chart config JSON. Top-level keys: `position` / `offset` / `size` / `snapshot` (no top-level `data`, no extra nested `properties`); chart data config lives under `snapshot.data` (`refs` / `headerMode` / `dim1` / `dim2`). Deeply nested — run `--print-schema --flag-name properties` for the full structure.", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional", Desc: "Print the request template; no side effects"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+chart-delete": {
+		Risk: "high-risk-write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "chart-id", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Target chart reference_id"},
+			{Name: "yes", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "required", Desc: "Confirm destructive write (exit code 10 without this flag)"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+chart-list": {
+		Risk: "read",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "chart-id", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Filter to a single chart reference_id"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+chart-update": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "chart-id", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Target chart reference_id"},
+			{Name: "properties", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Full or sufficiently complete chart config JSON (read back with `+chart-list` first, then patch)", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+cols-resize": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "type", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Sizing mode: `pixel` (explicit px value, requires `--size`) / `standard` (reset to default column width)", Enum: []string{"pixel", "standard"}},
+			{Name: "size", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "optional", Desc: "Column width in pixels (e.g. 80 / 120 / 200); required when `--type pixel`, ignored otherwise", Default: "0"},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Column closed range to resize; column letters like `A:E` or `C` (single column)"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+cond-format-create": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "properties", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Rule config JSON: `style` (required, applied on match), `attrs?` (rule-type-dependent params), `has_ref?`. `rule_type` and `ranges` are separate flags", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "rule-type", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Conditional format rule type; takes precedence over the same-named field inside `--properties`", Enum: []string{"duplicateValues", "uniqueValues", "cellIs", "containsText", "timePeriod", "containsBlanks", "notContainsBlanks", "dataBar", "colorScale", "rank", "aboveAverage", "expression", "iconSet"}},
+			{Name: "ranges", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "A1 ranges where the conditional format applies, as a JSON array (e.g. `[\"A1:A100\",\"C2:C50\"]`); takes precedence over the same-named field inside `--properties`", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+cond-format-delete": {
+		Risk: "high-risk-write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "rule-id", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Target rule id"},
+			{Name: "yes", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "required", Desc: "Confirm destructive write (exit code 10 without this flag); delete is irreversible"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+cond-format-list": {
+		Risk: "read",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "rule-id", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Filter by rule id"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+cond-format-update": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "rule-id", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Target rule id"},
+			{Name: "properties", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Rule config JSON, same shape as `+cond-format-create --properties`; update overwrites the entire rule", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "rule-type", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Conditional format rule type; takes precedence over the same-named field inside `--properties`", Enum: []string{"duplicateValues", "uniqueValues", "cellIs", "containsText", "timePeriod", "containsBlanks", "notContainsBlanks", "dataBar", "colorScale", "rank", "aboveAverage", "expression", "iconSet"}},
+			{Name: "ranges", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "A1 ranges where the conditional format applies, as a JSON array (e.g. `[\"A1:A100\",\"C2:C50\"]`); takes precedence over the same-named field inside `--properties`", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+csv-get": {
+		Risk: "read",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "A1 range, e.g. `A1:F30` (no sheet prefix — use `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name` to select the sheet)"},
+			{Name: "max-chars", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "optional", Desc: "Safety cap; default 200000", Default: "200000", Hidden: true},
+			{Name: "include-row-prefix", Kind: "own", Type: "bool", Required: "optional", Desc: "Whether to prefix each row with `[row=N]`; default `true`", Default: "true"},
+			{Name: "skip-hidden", Kind: "own", Type: "bool", Required: "optional", Desc: "Skip hidden rows and columns; default `false`"},
+			{Name: "rows-json", Kind: "own", Type: "bool", Required: "optional", Desc: "Return structured rows ({row_number, values:{col→cell}}) instead of CSV text; default false", Default: "false"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional", Desc: "Print the request path and parameters without executing"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+csv-put": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "start-cell", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Top-left A1 anchor (e.g. `A1`, `B5`; no sheet prefix — use `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name` to select the sheet); must be a single cell, range notation not accepted; the bottom-right is inferred from CSV row/column counts", Default: "A1"},
+			{Name: "csv", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "RFC 4180 CSV text; plain values only (no formulas / styles / comments)", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "allow-overwrite", Kind: "own", Type: "bool", Required: "optional", Desc: "Allow overwriting (default true); set false to error if any target cell is non-empty", Default: "true"},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "alias for --start-cell (parity with +csv-get / +cells-set, which locate with --range); a range like A1:H17 collapses to its top-left cell", Hidden: true},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+dim-delete": {
+		Risk: "high-risk-write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Row/column closed range to delete; rows use 1-based numbers like `3:7` or `5` (single row), columns use letters like `C:F` or `C`"},
+			{Name: "yes", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "required", Desc: "Confirm destructive write (exit code 10 without this flag); row/column deletion is irreversible"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+dim-freeze": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "dimension", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Dimension (row or column)", Enum: []string{"row", "column"}},
+			{Name: "count", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "required", Desc: "Freeze the first N rows/columns; pass 0 to unfreeze"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+dim-group": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "depth", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "optional", Desc: "Nesting level for grouping; default 1", Default: "1"},
+			{Name: "group-state", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Initial group expand state", Default: "expand", Enum: []string{"expand", "fold"}},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Row/column closed range to group; rows use 1-based numbers like `3:7`, columns use letters like `C:F`"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+dim-hide": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Row/column closed range to hide; rows use 1-based numbers like `3:7`, columns use letters like `C:F`"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+dim-insert": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "inherit-style", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Style inheritance for the new row/column: `before` (from preceding) / `after` (from following) / `none` (default)", Default: "none", Enum: []string{"before", "after", "none"}},
+			{Name: "position", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Insert position (1-based row number like `3` or column letter like `C`); new rows/columns are inserted *before* this position"},
+			{Name: "count", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "required", Desc: "Number of rows/columns to insert (must be > 0)"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+dim-move": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "source-range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Source row/column closed range to move; rows use 1-based numbers like `3:7`, columns use letters like `C:F`"},
+			{Name: "target", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Destination position (the moved rows/columns are placed *before* this position); rows use 1-based row number like `12`, columns use column letter like `H`. Must match the dimension of --source-range"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+dim-ungroup": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "depth", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "optional", Desc: "Group nesting level to ungroup; default 1 (outermost)", Default: "1"},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Row/column closed range to ungroup; rows use 1-based numbers like `3:7`, columns use letters like `C:F`"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+dim-unhide": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Row/column closed range to unhide; rows use 1-based numbers like `3:7`, columns use letters like `C:F`"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+dropdown-delete": {
+		Risk: "high-risk-write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "ranges", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Target ranges as a JSON array (up to 100 items, e.g. `[\"'Sheet1'!E2:E6\"]`); each item must include a sheet prefix; the prefix must be the sheet display name (e.g. `Sheet1`), not the sheet reference_id", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "yes", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "required", Desc: "Confirm high-risk write (exit code 10 without this flag)"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+dropdown-get": {
+		Risk: "read",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Target range in A1 notation, e.g. `A2:A100` (no sheet prefix — use `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name` to select the sheet)"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+dropdown-set": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Target range (A1 notation, e.g. `A2:A100`)"},
+			{Name: "options", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Options as a JSON array, e.g. `[\"opt1\",\"opt2\"]`. Server enforces no item-count cap and no per-item length cap; values containing commas are accepted (they are escape-encoded on the wire). For very large lists prefer `--source-range`.", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "colors", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Per-option pill colors, RGB hex array (e.g. `[\"#1FB6C1\",\"#F006C2\"]`). Length may be shorter than the source (`--options` items / `--source-range` cells) — extras cycle through a 10-color palette — but never longer (CLI Validate rejects: `--colors length (N) must not exceed dropdown source size (M)`). **Applies on its own**; ignored when `--highlight=false`.", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "multiple", Kind: "own", Type: "bool", Required: "optional", Desc: "Enable multi-select; default `false`"},
+			{Name: "highlight", Kind: "own", Type: "bool", Required: "optional", Desc: "Pill-highlight switch. **Omitted = ON** (options cycle through a 10-color palette). Pass `--highlight=false` for a plain dropdown. Override colors via `--colors`."},
+			{Name: "source-range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Source range for listFromRange dropdown (A1 + sheet prefix, e.g. `'Sheet1'!T1:T3`); maps to server `data_validation.range` and auto-sets `data_validation.type='listFromRange'`. XOR with `--options`: pass `--options` for an inline list (type=list), pass this for a range reference (type=listFromRange). `--colors` length rule unchanged (≤ source range cell count); `--highlight` / `--multiple` behave the same. When `--highlight` is on and the source covers more than 2000 cells, the server flags the dropdown as option-error (highlight + large source is an unsupported combo); CLI emits a stderr warning. Pass `--highlight=false` to suppress."},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+dropdown-update": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "ranges", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Target ranges as a JSON array (e.g. `[\"'Sheet1'!A2:A100\",\"'Sheet1'!C2:C100\"]`); each item must include a sheet prefix; the prefix must be the sheet display name (e.g. `Sheet1`), not the sheet reference_id", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "options", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Options as a JSON array, e.g. `[\"opt1\",\"opt2\"]`. Server enforces no item-count cap and no per-item length cap; values containing commas are accepted (they are escape-encoded on the wire). For very large lists prefer `--source-range`.", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "colors", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Per-option pill colors, RGB hex array (e.g. `[\"#1FB6C1\",\"#F006C2\"]`). Length may be shorter than the source (`--options` items / `--source-range` cells) — extras cycle through a 10-color palette — but never longer (CLI Validate rejects: `--colors length (N) must not exceed dropdown source size (M)`). **Applies on its own**; ignored when `--highlight=false`.", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "multiple", Kind: "own", Type: "bool", Required: "optional", Desc: "Enable multi-select"},
+			{Name: "highlight", Kind: "own", Type: "bool", Required: "optional", Desc: "Pill-highlight switch. **Omitted = ON** (options cycle through a 10-color palette). Pass `--highlight=false` for a plain dropdown. Override colors via `--colors`."},
+			{Name: "source-range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Source range for listFromRange dropdown (A1 + sheet prefix, e.g. `'Sheet1'!T1:T3`); maps to server `data_validation.range` and auto-sets `data_validation.type='listFromRange'`. XOR with `--options`: pass `--options` for an inline list (type=list), pass this for a range reference (type=listFromRange). `--colors` length rule unchanged (≤ source range cell count); `--highlight` / `--multiple` behave the same. When `--highlight` is on and the source covers more than 2000 cells, the server flags the dropdown as option-error (highlight + large source is an unsupported combo); CLI emits a stderr warning. Pass `--highlight=false` to suppress."},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+filter-create": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Filter range (A1 notation, including header row, e.g. `A1:F1000`); do not duplicate the range field inside `--properties`"},
+			{Name: "properties", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Filter rule JSON: `rules` (per-column rule array), `filtered_columns?` (active column index hint). The flag is optional overall — if provided, `rules` must be non-empty; if omitted, an empty filter is created on `--range` (no column conditions). `range` is a separate flag (do not duplicate inside this JSON)", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+filter-delete": {
+		Risk: "high-risk-write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "yes", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "required", Desc: "Confirm destructive write (exit code 10 without this flag); delete is irreversible"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+filter-list": {
+		Risk: "read",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+filter-update": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "properties", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Filter rule JSON: `rules` and `filtered_columns?`; update overwrites the entire rule set (pass `rules: []` to clear). `range` is a separate flag", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Range the filter applies to (A1 notation, e.g. `A1:F1000`); takes precedence over the same-named field inside `--properties`"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+filter-view-create": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "properties", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Filter-view rule JSON: `rules?` (per-column rule array), `filtered_columns?`. `range` and `view_name` are separate flags", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Range the filter view applies to (A1 notation, e.g. `A1:F1000`); takes precedence over the same-named field inside `--properties`; required on create and must cover the header row"},
+			{Name: "view-name", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Filter-view name; auto-assigned by the server when omitted on create, kept unchanged when omitted on update; takes precedence over the same-named field inside `--properties`"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+filter-view-delete": {
+		Risk: "high-risk-write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "view-id", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Target filter-view reference_id"},
+			{Name: "yes", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "required", Desc: "Confirm high-risk write (exit code 10 without this flag)"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+filter-view-list": {
+		Risk: "read",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "view-id", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Filter by filter-view reference_id (returns the matching single view)"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+filter-view-update": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "view-id", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Target filter-view reference_id"},
+			{Name: "properties", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Filter-view rule JSON: `rules?`, `filtered_columns?`; update overwrites the entire rule set (read back with `+filter-view-list` first, then patch; pass `rules: []` to clear). `range` and `view_name` are separate flags", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Range the filter view applies to (A1 notation, e.g. `A1:F1000`); takes precedence over the same-named field inside `--properties`; omit to keep the current range on update"},
+			{Name: "view-name", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Filter-view name; auto-assigned by the server when omitted on create, kept unchanged when omitted on update; takes precedence over the same-named field inside `--properties`"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+float-image-create": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "image-name", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Image name, including extension (e.g. `logo.png`)"},
+			{Name: "image-token", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Image file_token (XOR with `--image-uri`). Common source: `image_token` returned by `+float-image-list`"},
+			{Name: "image-uri", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Image reference_id (XOR with `--image-token`); the reference_id returned by the image upload flow"},
+			{Name: "position-row", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "required", Desc: "Row anchor of the image's top-left corner (0-based)"},
+			{Name: "position-col", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Column anchor of the image's top-left corner (column letter, e.g. `A` / `B`)"},
+			{Name: "size-width", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "required", Desc: "Image width in pixels"},
+			{Name: "size-height", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "required", Desc: "Image height in pixels"},
+			{Name: "offset-row", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "optional", Desc: "Pixel offset within the anchor row, on top of `--position-row`"},
+			{Name: "offset-col", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "optional", Desc: "Pixel offset within the anchor column, on top of `--position-col`"},
+			{Name: "z-index", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "optional", Desc: "Image z-index controlling stacking order"},
+			{Name: "image", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Local image path; the CLI uploads it as a sheet_image and uses the returned file_token (XOR with --image-token / --image-uri)"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+float-image-delete": {
+		Risk: "high-risk-write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "float-image-id", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Target float image id"},
+			{Name: "yes", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "required", Desc: "Confirm destructive write (exit code 10 without this flag); delete is irreversible"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+float-image-list": {
+		Risk: "read",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "float-image-id", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Filter by id; lists all float images on the sheet when omitted"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+float-image-update": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "float-image-id", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Target float image id"},
+			{Name: "image-name", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Image name, including extension (e.g. `logo.png`)"},
+			{Name: "image-token", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Image file_token (XOR with `--image-uri`). Common source: `image_token` returned by `+float-image-list`"},
+			{Name: "image-uri", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Image reference_id (XOR with `--image-token`); the reference_id returned by the image upload flow"},
+			{Name: "position-row", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "required", Desc: "Row anchor of the image's top-left corner (0-based)"},
+			{Name: "position-col", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Column anchor of the image's top-left corner (column letter, e.g. `A` / `B`)"},
+			{Name: "size-width", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "required", Desc: "Image width in pixels"},
+			{Name: "size-height", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "required", Desc: "Image height in pixels"},
+			{Name: "offset-row", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "optional", Desc: "Pixel offset within the anchor row, on top of `--position-row`"},
+			{Name: "offset-col", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "optional", Desc: "Pixel offset within the anchor column, on top of `--position-col`"},
+			{Name: "z-index", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "optional", Desc: "Image z-index controlling stacking order"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+pivot-create": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "properties", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "JSON: {\"rows\":[...],\"columns\":[...],\"values\":[...],\"filters\":[...],\"show_row_grand_total\":true,\"show_col_grand_total\":true} (data source goes through --source; do not put source here)", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "target-position", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Top-left cell within the target sub-sheet (A1 notation, e.g. `A1`); maps to the top-level `target_position`, default `A1` (not sent when the value is A1). It and `--range` both express placement but map to different wire fields — avoid passing conflicting values for both.", Default: "A1"},
+			{Name: "target-sheet-id", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Reference_id of the target sub-sheet where the pivot table will be placed (mutually exclusive with `--target-sheet-name`; takes priority when both given; when both omitted, a new sub-sheet is auto-created to host the pivot — recommended). Distinct from the data-source sheet, which lives inside --source as a 'Sheet'-prefixed A1 reference like 'Sheet1'!A1:D100."},
+			{Name: "target-sheet-name", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Name of the target sub-sheet where the pivot table will be placed (mutually exclusive with `--target-sheet-id`; when both omitted, a new sub-sheet is auto-created to host the pivot — recommended). Distinct from the data-source sheet, which lives inside --source as a 'Sheet'-prefixed A1 reference like 'Sheet1'!A1:D100."},
+			{Name: "source", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Pivot table source range (A1 notation; format `'SheetName'!StartCell:EndCell`, e.g. `'Sheet1'!A1:D100`)"},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Pivot table top-left placement (single A1 value, e.g. `F1`; create only), maps to `properties.range`; placed at the top-left of the target sub-sheet (a newly created one by default) when omitted. It and `--target-position` both express placement but map to different wire fields — avoid passing conflicting values for both."},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+pivot-delete": {
+		Risk: "high-risk-write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "pivot-table-id", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Target pivot table id"},
+			{Name: "yes", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "required", Desc: "Confirm destructive write (exit code 10 without this flag); delete is irreversible"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+pivot-list": {
+		Risk: "read",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "pivot-table-id", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Filter by id"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+pivot-update": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "pivot-table-id", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Target pivot table id"},
+			{Name: "properties", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Full or sufficiently complete pivot config (read back with `+pivot-list --pivot-table-id <id>` first, then patch)", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+range-copy": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "source-range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Source A1 range"},
+			{Name: "target-sheet-id", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Destination sub-sheet id; defaults to the same sheet as the source"},
+			{Name: "target-range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Destination A1 range (anchor cell is enough; size inferred from the source)"},
+			{Name: "paste-type", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Paste content type (`+range-copy` only)", Default: "all", Enum: []string{"values", "formulas", "formats", "all"}},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+range-fill": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "source-range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Fill template range (seed cells for the series)"},
+			{Name: "target-range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Destination fill range (A1 notation)"},
+			{Name: "series-type", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Fill series type", Default: "auto", Enum: []string{"auto", "linear", "growth", "date", "copy"}},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+range-move": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "source-range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Source A1 range"},
+			{Name: "target-sheet-id", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Destination sub-sheet id; defaults to the same sheet as the source"},
+			{Name: "target-range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Destination A1 range (anchor cell is enough; size inferred from the source)"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+range-sort": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Sort range (A1 notation; whether the header is included depends on `--has-header`)"},
+			{Name: "sort-keys", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "JSON array: `[{\"column\":\"<col letter>\",\"ascending\":<bool>}, ...]`", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "has-header", Kind: "own", Type: "bool", Required: "optional", Desc: "Treat the first row as a header and exclude from sort; default `false`"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+rows-resize": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "type", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Sizing mode: `pixel` (explicit px value, requires `--size`) / `standard` (reset to default row height) / `auto` (fit content)", Enum: []string{"pixel", "standard", "auto"}},
+			{Name: "size", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "optional", Desc: "Row height in pixels (e.g. 30 / 40 / 60); required when `--type pixel`, ignored otherwise", Default: "0"},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Row closed range to resize; 1-based row numbers like `2:10` or `5` (single row)"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+sheet-copy": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "title", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Copy title; auto-generated by the server when omitted"},
+			{Name: "index", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "optional", Desc: "Insert position for the copy (0-based); appended to the end when omitted", Default: "-1"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+sheet-create": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "title", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "New sheet title"},
+			{Name: "index", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "optional", Desc: "Insert position; appended to the end when omitted", Default: "-1"},
+			{Name: "row-count", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "optional", Desc: "Initial row count (default 200, max 50000)", Default: "200"},
+			{Name: "col-count", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "optional", Desc: "Initial column count (default 20, max 200)", Default: "20"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+sheet-delete": {
+		Risk: "high-risk-write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "yes", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "required", Desc: "Confirm high-risk write (exit code 10 without this flag)"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+sheet-hide": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+sheet-info": {
+		Risk: "read",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "include", Kind: "own", Type: "string_slice", Required: "optional", Desc: "Comma-separated structure info categories to return", Enum: []string{"merges", "row_heights", "col_widths", "hidden_rows", "hidden_cols", "groups", "frozen"}},
+			{Name: "range", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Limit structure info to this A1 range; whole sheet when omitted"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+sheet-move": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "index", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "required", Desc: "Target position (0-based)"},
+			{Name: "source-index", Kind: "own", Type: "int", Required: "optional", Desc: "Source position (0-based); optional. If omitted, the CLI runtime derives it from the current workbook index of `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name`", Default: "-1"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+sheet-rename": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "title", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "New title"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+sheet-set-tab-color": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "color", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Hex color like `#FF0000`; pass empty string `\"\"` to clear"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+sheet-unhide": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+sparkline-create": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "properties", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "JSON: `{config (shared style), sparklines (array of mini-charts)}`; run `--print-schema` for the full structure", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+sparkline-delete": {
+		Risk: "high-risk-write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "group-id", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Target group id"},
+			{Name: "yes", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "required", Desc: "Confirm destructive write (exit code 10 without this flag); delete is irreversible"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+sparkline-list": {
+		Risk: "read",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "group-id", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Filter by group_id"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+sparkline-update": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet reference_id (XOR with `--sheet-name`)"},
+			{Name: "sheet-name", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Sheet name (XOR with `--sheet-id`)"},
+			{Name: "group-id", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Target group id"},
+			{Name: "properties", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "JSON: `{config, sparklines}`; read back with `+sparkline-list --group-id <id>` first, then patch; run `--print-schema` for the full structure", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+workbook-create": {
+		Risk: "write",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "title", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "required", Desc: "Spreadsheet title"},
+			{Name: "folder-token", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Target folder token; placed at the drive root when omitted"},
+			{Name: "headers", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Header row as a JSON array: `[\"Col A\",\"Col B\"]`", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "values", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Initial data as a 2D JSON array: `[[\"alice\",95]]`", Input: []string{"file", "stdin"}},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+workbook-export": {
+		Risk: "read",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet URL (XOR with `--spreadsheet-token`)"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet token (XOR with `--url`)"},
+			{Name: "file-extension", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Export file format; `csv` mode requires `--sheet-id`", Default: "xlsx", Enum: []string{"xlsx", "csv"}},
+			{Name: "sheet-id", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Required only in csv mode: which sheet to export as CSV. This is a `+workbook-export`-specific flag, unrelated to the common four-tuple sheet locator (this shortcut does not accept the common sheet locator)"},
+			{Name: "output-path", Kind: "own", Type: "string", Required: "optional", Desc: "Local save path; export is triggered but not downloaded when omitted"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+	"+workbook-info": {
+		Risk: "read",
+		Flags: []flagDef{
+			{Name: "url", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet locator"},
+			{Name: "spreadsheet-token", Kind: "public", Type: "string", Required: "xor", Desc: "Spreadsheet locator"},
+			{Name: "dry-run", Kind: "system", Type: "bool", Required: "optional"},
+		},
+	},
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/flag_defs_gen_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/flag_defs_gen_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f253f7fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/flag_defs_gen_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	_ "embed"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// flagDefsJSONForTest embeds the source data only in tests; production code
+// reads the compiled flagDefs map (flag_defs_gen.go) and never unmarshals.
+//
+//go:embed data/flag-defs.json
+var flagDefsJSONForTest []byte
+
+// TestFlagDefsGen_MatchesJSON guards against drift between the compiled
+// flagDefs map (flag_defs_gen.go) and its source data/flag-defs.json: if the
+// JSON is regenerated without re-running the codegen (or vice versa), this
+// fails. This equivalence is exactly what lets production code skip the
+// runtime unmarshal.
+func TestFlagDefsGen_MatchesJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	var fromJSON map[string]commandDef
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(flagDefsJSONForTest, &fromJSON); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal flag-defs.json: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(fromJSON, flagDefs) {
+		t.Error("compiled flagDefs differs from data/flag-defs.json; regenerate flag_defs_gen.go")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/flag_defs_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/flag_defs_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d0217849
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/flag_defs_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// TestFlagDefs_EmbedParses asserts the embedded flag-defs.json blob is valid
+// JSON with at least one command entry.
+func TestFlagDefs_EmbedParses(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	defs, err := loadFlagDefs()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("loadFlagDefs error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(defs) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("flag-defs.json has no command entries")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestFlagsFor_SkipsSystemFlags verifies system-kind flags (--dry-run, --yes)
+// are never materialized into a shortcut's Flags slice — the framework injects
+// those based on Risk / DryRun.
+func TestFlagsFor_SkipsSystemFlags(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	for _, cmd := range []string{"+sheet-delete", "+batch-update", "+csv-get"} {
+		for _, f := range flagsFor(cmd) {
+			if f.Name == "dry-run" || f.Name == "yes" {
+				t.Errorf("%s: system flag --%s leaked into Flags", cmd, f.Name)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestFlagsFor_MapsAllFields spot-checks that name/type/default/enum/input/
+// required/hidden are carried over from the JSON correctly.
+func TestFlagsFor_MapsAllFields(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	byName := func(cmd, name string) *common.Flag {
+		flags := flagsFor(cmd)
+		for i := range flags {
+			if flags[i].Name == name {
+				return &flags[i]
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// enum + default
+	rt := byName("+dim-insert", "inherit-style")
+	if rt == nil || len(rt.Enum) != 3 || rt.Default != "none" {
+		t.Errorf("+dim-insert --inherit-style not mapped: %+v", rt)
+	}
+	// required
+	title := byName("+sheet-create", "title")
+	if title == nil || !title.Required {
+		t.Errorf("+sheet-create --title should be required: %+v", title)
+	}
+	// xor is NOT cobra-required (enforced by Validate hooks)
+	url := byName("+sheet-create", "url")
+	if url == nil || url.Required {
+		t.Errorf("+sheet-create --url should not be cobra-required: %+v", url)
+	}
+	// hidden + int default
+	cap := byName("+cells-get", "max-chars")
+	if cap == nil || !cap.Hidden || cap.Default != "200000" {
+		t.Errorf("+cells-get --max-chars not mapped: %+v", cap)
+	}
+	// input sources
+	cells := byName("+cells-set", "cells")
+	if cells == nil || len(cells.Input) != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("+cells-set --cells should support file+stdin: %+v", cells)
+	}
+	// float64 type
+	fs := byName("+cells-set-style", "font-size")
+	if fs == nil || fs.Type != "float64" {
+		t.Errorf("+cells-set-style --font-size should be float64: %+v", fs)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestFlagsFor_EveryRegisteredCommandHasDefs ensures every shortcut returned by
+// Shortcuts() has a flag-defs.json entry and that its flags match the JSON's
+// non-system flags exactly (name + type + required + default + hidden). This is
+// the contract that lets shortcuts drop hand-written flag literals.
+func TestFlagsFor_EveryRegisteredCommandHasDefs(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	defs, err := loadFlagDefs()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	for _, s := range Shortcuts() {
+		spec, ok := defs[s.Command]
+		if !ok {
+			t.Errorf("%s has no flag-defs.json entry", s.Command)
+			continue
+		}
+		want := map[string]flagDef{}
+		for _, df := range spec.Flags {
+			if df.Kind != "system" {
+				want[df.Name] = df
+			}
+		}
+		got := map[string]bool{}
+		for _, f := range s.Flags {
+			got[f.Name] = true
+			df, ok := want[f.Name]
+			if !ok {
+				t.Errorf("%s --%s present in Go but not in JSON (non-system)", s.Command, f.Name)
+				continue
+			}
+			ft := f.Type
+			if ft == "" {
+				ft = "string"
+			}
+			jt := df.Type
+			if jt == "" {
+				jt = "string"
+			}
+			if ft != jt {
+				t.Errorf("%s --%s type: go=%s json=%s", s.Command, f.Name, ft, jt)
+			}
+			if f.Required != (df.Required == "required") {
+				t.Errorf("%s --%s required: go=%v json=%s", s.Command, f.Name, f.Required, df.Required)
+			}
+			if f.Default != df.Default {
+				t.Errorf("%s --%s default: go=%q json=%q", s.Command, f.Name, f.Default, df.Default)
+			}
+			if f.Hidden != df.Hidden {
+				t.Errorf("%s --%s hidden: go=%v json=%v", s.Command, f.Name, f.Hidden, df.Hidden)
+			}
+		}
+		for name := range want {
+			if !got[name] {
+				t.Errorf("%s --%s in JSON but missing from Go Flags", s.Command, name)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/flag_schema.go b/shortcuts/sheets/flag_schema.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4fce37408
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/flag_schema.go
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	_ "embed"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"sort"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// ─── --print-schema runtime introspection ─────────────────────────────
+//
+// Composite JSON flags (--cells, --properties, --operations, --border-styles,
+// --sort-keys) carry non-trivial structured payloads. Reference docs cover
+// the top-level fields but agents often need the full JSON Schema to
+// generate valid input.
+//
+// To serve that need without forcing every caller to fetch external docs,
+// the spec repo ships a compact `flag-schemas.json` that extracts just the
+// schema subtree corresponding to each (shortcut, flag) pair. We embed
+// that artifact at compile time so `lark-cli sheets <shortcut>
+// --print-schema --flag-name <name>` runs entirely locally.
+//
+// The artifact is generated by sheet-skill-spec's
+// scripts/sync_to_consumers.mjs from canonical-spec/cli-flag-schema-map.json
+// + tool-schemas/mcp-tools.json. Do not hand-edit data/flag-schemas.json;
+// regenerate via the sync script.
+
+//go:embed data/flag-schemas.json
+var flagSchemasJSON []byte
+
+// flagSchemaIndex parses lazily on first access; failures are surfaced
+// as errors from the lookup helper rather than panicking at init time.
+type flagSchemaIndex struct {
+	SchemaVersion string                                `json:"schema_version"`
+	Flags         map[string]map[string]json.RawMessage `json:"flags"`
+}
+
+// loadFlagSchemas is sync.Once-guarded so concurrent first access from
+// parallel goroutines (e.g. parallel unit tests, parallel shortcut
+// invocations) doesn't race on the lazy parse.
+var (
+	flagSchemasOnce   sync.Once
+	parsedFlagSchemas *flagSchemaIndex
+	parseFlagErr      error
+)
+
+func loadFlagSchemas() (*flagSchemaIndex, error) {
+	flagSchemasOnce.Do(func() {
+		var idx flagSchemaIndex
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(flagSchemasJSON, &idx); err != nil {
+			parseFlagErr = fmt.Errorf("flag-schemas.json: %w", err)
+			return
+		}
+		if idx.Flags == nil {
+			idx.Flags = map[string]map[string]json.RawMessage{}
+		}
+		parsedFlagSchemas = &idx
+	})
+	return parsedFlagSchemas, parseFlagErr
+}
+
+// commandsWithFlagSchema returns the set of shortcut commands that have
+// at least one introspectable flag. Used by Shortcuts() to decide which
+// shortcuts to wire PrintFlagSchema into.
+func commandsWithFlagSchema() map[string]struct{} {
+	idx, err := loadFlagSchemas()
+	if err != nil || idx == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	out := make(map[string]struct{}, len(idx.Flags))
+	for cmd := range idx.Flags {
+		out[cmd] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// printFlagSchemaFor returns a PrintFlagSchema closure bound to the given
+// shortcut command. When flagName == "" the closure returns a JSON
+// listing of introspectable flags; otherwise it returns the schema
+// subtree JSON for the named flag, or an error if the flag is not
+// registered.
+func printFlagSchemaFor(command string) func(flagName string) ([]byte, error) {
+	return func(flagName string) ([]byte, error) {
+		idx, err := loadFlagSchemas()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		entry, ok := idx.Flags[command]
+		if !ok || len(entry) == 0 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("no JSON Schema registered for %s", command)
+		}
+		if flagName == "" {
+			flags := make([]string, 0, len(entry))
+			for f := range entry {
+				flags = append(flags, f)
+			}
+			sort.Strings(flags)
+			return json.MarshalIndent(map[string]interface{}{
+				"shortcut":             command,
+				"introspectable_flags": flags,
+				"hint":                 "run again with --flag-name <name> to dump the JSON Schema for that flag",
+			}, "", "  ")
+		}
+		schema, ok := entry[flagName]
+		if !ok {
+			flags := make([]string, 0, len(entry))
+			for f := range entry {
+				flags = append(flags, f)
+			}
+			sort.Strings(flags)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("no JSON Schema registered for %s --%s; available: %v", command, flagName, flags)
+		}
+		// Reformat for readability — schema files store compact JSON.
+		var pretty interface{}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(schema, &pretty); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return json.MarshalIndent(pretty, "", "  ")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/flag_schema_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/flag_schema_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..69e882da4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/flag_schema_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+)
+
+// TestFlagSchemas_EmbedParses asserts the synced flag-schemas.json
+// embedded blob is valid JSON and has at least one shortcut/flag entry.
+// If sync_to_consumers.mjs ever ships an empty or broken artifact, this
+// catches it at build time of the test binary.
+func TestFlagSchemas_EmbedParses(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	idx, err := loadFlagSchemas()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("loadFlagSchemas error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if idx == nil || len(idx.Flags) == 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("flag-schemas.json has no entries")
+	}
+	if idx.SchemaVersion == "" {
+		t.Errorf("schema_version missing")
+	}
+	// Spot-check a couple of canonical entries we know upstream guarantees.
+	for _, want := range []string{"+cells-set", "+chart-create", "+batch-update"} {
+		if _, ok := idx.Flags[want]; !ok {
+			t.Errorf("missing shortcut entry %q (regenerate via sheet-skill-spec/scripts/sync_to_consumers.mjs)", want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestPrintFlagSchema_ListIntrospectable verifies that calling the
+// closure with an empty flag name returns the JSON listing of
+// introspectable flags for the shortcut.
+func TestPrintFlagSchema_ListIntrospectable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	out, err := printFlagSchemaFor("+cells-set")("")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("err: %v", err)
+	}
+	var got map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(out, &got); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("output not JSON: %v\n%s", err, out)
+	}
+	if got["shortcut"] != "+cells-set" {
+		t.Errorf("shortcut = %v, want +cells-set", got["shortcut"])
+	}
+	flags, _ := got["introspectable_flags"].([]interface{})
+	if len(flags) == 0 || flags[0] != "cells" {
+		t.Errorf("introspectable_flags = %v, want [cells]", flags)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestPrintFlagSchema_NamedFlagReturnsSchemaSubtree verifies a hit on
+// (+chart-create, properties) yields a JSON Schema object with the
+// expected top-level fields.
+func TestPrintFlagSchema_NamedFlagReturnsSchemaSubtree(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	out, err := printFlagSchemaFor("+chart-create")("properties")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("err: %v", err)
+	}
+	var schema map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(out, &schema); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("output not JSON: %v\n%s", err, out)
+	}
+	if schema["type"] != "object" {
+		t.Errorf("schema.type = %v, want object", schema["type"])
+	}
+	if _, ok := schema["properties"]; !ok {
+		t.Errorf("schema missing nested .properties: keys=%v", keysOf(schema))
+	}
+}
+
+// TestPrintFlagSchema_UnknownFlagListsAvailable confirms the error
+// message tells the caller which flags exist for the shortcut.
+func TestPrintFlagSchema_UnknownFlagListsAvailable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	_, err := printFlagSchemaFor("+chart-create")("does-not-exist")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for unknown flag, got nil")
+	}
+	msg := err.Error()
+	if !strings.Contains(msg, "+chart-create") || !strings.Contains(msg, "properties") {
+		t.Errorf("error should mention shortcut + available flags; got %q", msg)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestPrintFlagSchema_UnknownShortcut surfaces a missing shortcut entry.
+func TestPrintFlagSchema_UnknownShortcut(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	_, err := printFlagSchemaFor("+not-a-real-shortcut")("")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for unknown shortcut")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestShortcuts_AttachesPrintFlagSchema confirms the registration loop
+// in Shortcuts() wires PrintFlagSchema onto each shortcut whose command
+// has a schema entry, and leaves it nil for shortcuts that don't.
+func TestShortcuts_AttachesPrintFlagSchema(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	all := Shortcuts()
+	withSchema := commandsWithFlagSchema()
+	for _, s := range all {
+		_, expected := withSchema[s.Command]
+		got := s.PrintFlagSchema != nil
+		if got != expected {
+			t.Errorf("%s: PrintFlagSchema attached=%v, expected=%v", s.Command, got, expected)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestPrintSchema_SystemFlagShortCircuit verifies the framework's
+// --print-schema interception: required flags are relaxed, Validate /
+// Execute are skipped, and the schema JSON appears on stdout.
+func TestPrintSchema_SystemFlagShortCircuit(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	// +cells-set has required --range / --cells / --sheet-id; without
+	// --print-schema, cobra would reject the call. With --print-schema,
+	// it should print the schema and exit cleanly. The PrintFlagSchema
+	// closure is normally attached by Shortcuts(), so we attach it here
+	// to mirror that registration path.
+	sc := CellsSet
+	sc.PrintFlagSchema = printFlagSchemaFor(sc.Command)
+	stdout, err := runShortcut(t, sc, []string{"--print-schema", "--flag-name", "cells"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("err: %v\nstdout=%s", err, stdout)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout, "\"type\"") {
+		t.Errorf("expected JSON Schema with \"type\" key; got=%s", stdout)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestPrintSchema_ListingWhenNoFlagNameGiven exercises the discovery
+// path: `--print-schema` without `--flag-name` should list the
+// shortcut's introspectable flags as JSON on stdout.
+func TestPrintSchema_ListingWhenNoFlagNameGiven(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	sc := CellsSet
+	sc.PrintFlagSchema = printFlagSchemaFor(sc.Command)
+	stdout, err := runShortcut(t, sc, []string{"--print-schema"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("err: %v\nstdout=%s", err, stdout)
+	}
+	var got map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(stdout), &got); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("stdout not JSON: %v\n%s", err, stdout)
+	}
+	flags, _ := got["introspectable_flags"].([]interface{})
+	if len(flags) == 0 {
+		t.Errorf("introspectable_flags empty: %#v", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestPrintSchema_SystemFlagAbsentForReadOnlyShortcut ensures we don't
+// inject --print-schema onto shortcuts that have no composite flags.
+// +workbook-info is read-only and not in the schema map.
+func TestPrintSchema_SystemFlagAbsentForReadOnlyShortcut(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	_, _, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, WorkbookInfo, []string{"--url", testURL, "--print-schema"})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected unknown flag error")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "unknown flag") {
+		t.Errorf("expected 'unknown flag'; got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestPrintSchema_UnknownFlagNameIsStructured pins issue #6: an unregistered
+// --flag-name passed to --print-schema must surface as a structured
+// *output.ExitError (type print_schema_error), not a bare error string, so the
+// agent-facing introspection path stays machine-parseable.
+func TestPrintSchema_UnknownFlagNameIsStructured(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	// PrintFlagSchema is wired during registration (shortcuts.go), not on the
+	// literal, so replicate that here to make Mount inject the --print-schema /
+	// --flag-name system flags.
+	sc := CellsSet
+	sc.PrintFlagSchema = printFlagSchemaFor(sc.Command)
+	_, _, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, sc, []string{
+		"--print-schema", "--flag-name", "nonexistent",
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected an error for --print-schema with an unregistered flag name")
+	}
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want a structured *output.ExitError", err)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Detail == nil || exitErr.Detail.Type != "print_schema_error" {
+		t.Errorf("error detail = %+v, want type print_schema_error", exitErr.Detail)
+	}
+}
+
+func keysOf(m map[string]interface{}) []string {
+	out := make([]string, 0, len(m))
+	for k := range m {
+		out = append(out, k)
+	}
+	return out
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/flag_schema_validate.go b/shortcuts/sheets/flag_schema_validate.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb3299f2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/flag_schema_validate.go
@@ -0,0 +1,500 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// ─── schema-driven flag validation ────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// Composite JSON flags (--properties, --cells, --operations, …) carry
+// non-trivial payloads whose shape is already pinned by the embedded
+// data/flag-schemas.json (see flag_schema.go). Rather than hand-write
+// per-spec validators for type / enum / required / nested checks, every
+// such flag is run through validatePropertiesAgainstSchema after the
+// shortcut's enhance hook has filled in any flat-flag-derived fields
+// (schema describes the *final* tool input, not the raw --properties
+// JSON the user typed). Cross-field business rules that JSON Schema
+// can't express (e.g. sparkline-update requires sparkline_id per item)
+// continue to live in spec.validateUpdateInput.
+//
+// The rule set is a subset of ai-tools/.../validate-tool-params.ts —
+// type, enum, oneOf, required, nested properties, and array items.
+// additionalProperties is intentionally lenient: the embedded schema
+// is a sub-tree and may not be exhaustive, so rejecting unknown keys
+// would be more disruptive than valuable.
+
+// validateParsedJSONFlag validates the just-parsed value of a single
+// JSON flag against its embedded schema, if one is registered for the
+// (command, flag) pair. Called from parseJSONFlag so every JSON flag
+// — sort-keys, options, border-styles, cells, operations, ranges, … —
+// is checked at the user-input boundary, in user-input shape.
+//
+// `properties` is intentionally skipped here: its schema describes the
+// *final* tool-input properties (the shape after enhance* hooks
+// inject flat-flag-derived fields such as cond-format's rule_type),
+// not what the user typed under --properties. The input-builder tail
+// validates that one via validateInputAgainstSchema after enhance.
+func validateParsedJSONFlag(fv flagView, name string, value interface{}) error {
+	if fv == nil || value == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if _, skip := parseJSONFlagSkip[name]; skip {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return validateValueAgainstSchema(fv, name, value)
+}
+
+// parseJSONFlagSkip lists flag names where parseJSONFlag-time schema
+// validation is intentionally bypassed:
+//
+//   - properties: schema describes the *final* tool-input shape (after
+//     enhance hooks inject flat-flag-derived fields); validated at the
+//     input-builder tail via validateInputAgainstSchema instead.
+//   - operations: +batch-update's translator does richer validation
+//     (allowed-shortcut allow-list, fan-out rejection, …) with more
+//     actionable error messages than a generic "not in enum [...]"
+//     would. The translator path stays the source of truth.
+var parseJSONFlagSkip = map[string]struct{}{
+	"properties": {},
+	"operations": {},
+}
+
+// validateValueAgainstSchema is the (command, flag) → schema → check
+// pipeline shared by both validateParsedJSONFlag (user shape) and
+// validateInputAgainstSchema (wire shape).
+func validateValueAgainstSchema(fv flagView, name string, value interface{}) error {
+	command := fv.Command()
+	if command == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Fast path: commands without a registered schema can't fail this check,
+	// so skip the 256KB flag-schemas.json parse entirely for them.
+	if _, ok := commandsWithSchema[command]; !ok {
+		return nil
+	}
+	idx, _ := loadFlagSchemas()
+	if idx == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	entry, ok := idx.Flags[command]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil
+	}
+	raw, ok := entry[name]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil
+	}
+	var schema schemaProperty
+	json.Unmarshal(raw, &schema)
+	if vErr := validateAgainstSchema(value, &schema, ""); vErr != nil {
+		return common.FlagErrorf("--%s: %s", name, vErr.Error())
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// validateInputAgainstSchema validates input[flag] for every flag the
+// embedded schema registers under the view's shortcut command. Returns
+// nil when no schema is registered for the command, or when none of
+// the registered flag names appear in `input` (schema describes the
+// shape of values when they are present, not which flags must be
+// present). Designed to be called at the tail of every input builder
+// so wiring up a new shortcut requires only the standard one-line
+// invocation, not a per-shortcut validator.
+func validateInputAgainstSchema(fv flagView, input map[string]interface{}) error {
+	if fv == nil || input == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	command := fv.Command()
+	if command == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Fast path: commands without a registered schema have nothing to
+	// validate, so skip the 256KB flag-schemas.json parse entirely.
+	if _, ok := commandsWithSchema[command]; !ok {
+		return nil
+	}
+	idx, _ := loadFlagSchemas()
+	if idx == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	entry, ok := idx.Flags[command]
+	if !ok || len(entry) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Deterministic order so error messages are stable across runs.
+	flagNames := make([]string, 0, len(entry))
+	for name := range entry {
+		flagNames = append(flagNames, name)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(flagNames)
+
+	for _, flagName := range flagNames {
+		if _, skip := inputSchemaSkip[flagName]; skip {
+			continue
+		}
+		// Input keys are wire-style (underscore); schema keys are CLI-style
+		// (hyphen) — translate before lookup. Flags whose wire form lives
+		// under a different key (e.g. --sort-keys → sort_conditions) won't
+		// be found here; they're already validated in user shape via
+		// parseJSONFlag → validateParsedJSONFlag.
+		inputKey := strings.ReplaceAll(flagName, "-", "_")
+		value, present := input[inputKey]
+		if !present {
+			continue
+		}
+		if err := validateValueAgainstSchema(fv, flagName, value); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// inputSchemaSkip mirrors parseJSONFlagSkip for the input-builder
+// tail. Same rationale: bypass schema validation for flags where
+// richer translator-side validation owns the contract (operations).
+var inputSchemaSkip = map[string]struct{}{
+	"operations": {},
+}
+
+// schemaProperty mirrors the JSON Schema subset used by
+// data/flag-schemas.json. Unknown keys (description, …) are dropped —
+// they're documentation.
+//
+// Minimum / Maximum / MinItems / MaxItems use *float64 / *int because
+// 0 is a meaningful bound (e.g. chart row >= 0); nil distinguishes
+// "no bound declared" from "bound is zero".
+//
+// AdditionalProperties handles the JSON Schema three-way:
+//   - absent / true → lenient, any extra key allowed (validator's
+//     default; matches the file header's "may not be exhaustive"
+//     stance for schemas that simply don't declare it).
+//   - false → strict, every extra key rejected.
+//   - <schema> → extra keys allowed, but each value must validate
+//     against this schema. Used today for pivot's dynamic
+//     map<string, array<string>> fields (groups / collapse).
+type schemaProperty struct {
+	Type                 string                     `json:"type"`
+	Nullable             bool                       `json:"nullable"`
+	Enum                 []interface{}              `json:"enum"`
+	Properties           map[string]*schemaProperty `json:"properties"`
+	Required             []string                   `json:"required"`
+	Items                *schemaProperty            `json:"items"`
+	OneOf                []*schemaProperty          `json:"oneOf"`
+	Minimum              *float64                   `json:"minimum"`
+	Maximum              *float64                   `json:"maximum"`
+	MinItems             *int                       `json:"minItems"`
+	MaxItems             *int                       `json:"maxItems"`
+	AdditionalProperties *additionalProps           `json:"additionalProperties"`
+}
+
+// additionalProps captures the three JSON Schema forms of
+// `additionalProperties`. UnmarshalJSON decodes true / false / object
+// into the same struct so callers can branch on (Strict, Schema).
+type additionalProps struct {
+	Strict bool            // true when schema declared additionalProperties:false
+	Schema *schemaProperty // non-nil when declared as an object schema
+}
+
+func (a *additionalProps) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(string(data))
+	switch trimmed {
+	case "true":
+		return nil // lenient — same as absent
+	case "false":
+		a.Strict = true
+		return nil
+	}
+	var sub schemaProperty
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &sub); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	a.Schema = &sub
+	return nil
+}
+
+// validateAgainstSchema recursively checks `value` against `schema`,
+// prefixing any failure with the JSON path navigated so far.
+func validateAgainstSchema(value interface{}, schema *schemaProperty, path string) error {
+	if schema == nil {
+		return nil // defensive — current callers always pass &schema, but
+		// keeps validator safe for future programmatic construction.
+	}
+	if value == nil && schema.Nullable {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if schema.Type != "" {
+		if !matchesJSONType(value, schema.Type) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%sexpected type %q, got %q", pathPrefix(path), schema.Type, jsType(value))
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Numeric bounds — only checked when value is a number (type mismatch
+	// already reported above). Apply to both `number` and `integer` types.
+	if num, ok := value.(float64); ok {
+		if schema.Minimum != nil && num < *schema.Minimum {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%svalue %v is below minimum %v", pathPrefix(path), num, *schema.Minimum)
+		}
+		if schema.Maximum != nil && num > *schema.Maximum {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%svalue %v is above maximum %v", pathPrefix(path), num, *schema.Maximum)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Array length bounds — only checked when value is an array.
+	if arr, ok := value.([]interface{}); ok {
+		if schema.MinItems != nil && len(arr) < *schema.MinItems {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%sarray has %d items, minimum is %d", pathPrefix(path), len(arr), *schema.MinItems)
+		}
+		if schema.MaxItems != nil && len(arr) > *schema.MaxItems {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%sarray has %d items, maximum is %d", pathPrefix(path), len(arr), *schema.MaxItems)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(schema.Enum) > 0 {
+		matched := false
+		for _, allowed := range schema.Enum {
+			if jsonEqual(allowed, value) {
+				matched = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if !matched {
+			msg := fmt.Sprintf("%svalue %s is not in enum %s",
+				pathPrefix(path), formatJSONValue(value), formatEnum(schema.Enum))
+			if hint := suggestEnumMatch(value, schema.Enum); hint != "" {
+				msg += fmt.Sprintf(` (did you mean %q?)`, hint)
+			}
+			return fmt.Errorf("%s", msg)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(schema.OneOf) > 0 {
+		matched := false
+		for _, sub := range schema.OneOf {
+			if validateAgainstSchema(value, sub, path) == nil {
+				matched = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if !matched {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%svalue does not match any of oneOf alternatives", pathPrefix(path))
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Object-level checks. `required` and `properties` are independent
+	// per JSON Schema: `required` enforces keys regardless of whether
+	// the schema also describes their per-key shape via `properties`.
+	if obj, ok := value.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
+		for _, key := range schema.Required {
+			if _, present := obj[key]; !present {
+				return fmt.Errorf("required property %q is missing at %s", key, pathOrRoot(path))
+			}
+		}
+		if schema.Properties != nil {
+			keys := make([]string, 0, len(schema.Properties))
+			for k := range schema.Properties {
+				keys = append(keys, k)
+			}
+			sort.Strings(keys)
+			for _, key := range keys {
+				sub := schema.Properties[key]
+				v, present := obj[key]
+				if !present {
+					continue
+				}
+				// Case-insensitive enum tolerance: when the value matches an
+				// allowed enum entry except for casing, rewrite it in place to
+				// the canonical spelling. The schema lists enums in their
+				// canonical (lower-case) form, so "SUM" / "COUNTA" would
+				// otherwise be rejected right here before the request is even
+				// sent; normalizing kills the whole pivot summarize_by "SUM vs
+				// sum" class. Genuinely-unknown values still fail below, with
+				// their own did-you-mean hint.
+				if sub != nil && len(sub.Enum) > 0 {
+					if canon := suggestEnumMatch(v, sub.Enum); canon != "" {
+						obj[key] = canon
+						v = canon
+					}
+				}
+				child := key
+				if path != "" {
+					child = path + "." + key
+				}
+				if err := validateAgainstSchema(v, sub, child); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		// additionalProperties: enforce only when explicitly declared.
+		// Absent means lenient (matches the file header's stance). Sort
+		// extras so the first rejection is deterministic across runs.
+		if schema.AdditionalProperties != nil {
+			extras := make([]string, 0)
+			for key := range obj {
+				if _, declared := schema.Properties[key]; declared {
+					continue
+				}
+				extras = append(extras, key)
+			}
+			sort.Strings(extras)
+			for _, key := range extras {
+				if schema.AdditionalProperties.Strict {
+					return fmt.Errorf("%sunexpected property %q (not declared in schema)", pathPrefix(path), key)
+				}
+				if schema.AdditionalProperties.Schema != nil {
+					child := key
+					if path != "" {
+						child = path + "." + key
+					}
+					if err := validateAgainstSchema(obj[key], schema.AdditionalProperties.Schema, child); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if schema.Type == "array" && schema.Items != nil {
+		arr, ok := value.([]interface{})
+		if !ok {
+			return nil // type mismatch already reported above.
+		}
+		for i, item := range arr {
+			child := fmt.Sprintf("%s[%d]", path, i)
+			if err := validateAgainstSchema(item, schema.Items, child); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func matchesJSONType(value interface{}, expected string) bool {
+	switch expected {
+	case "object":
+		_, ok := value.(map[string]interface{})
+		return ok
+	case "array":
+		_, ok := value.([]interface{})
+		return ok
+	case "string":
+		_, ok := value.(string)
+		return ok
+	case "number":
+		_, ok := value.(float64)
+		return ok
+	case "integer":
+		f, ok := value.(float64)
+		return ok && f == float64(int64(f))
+	case "boolean":
+		_, ok := value.(bool)
+		return ok
+	case "null":
+		return value == nil
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func jsType(value interface{}) string {
+	switch value.(type) {
+	case nil:
+		return "null"
+	case map[string]interface{}:
+		return "object"
+	case []interface{}:
+		return "array"
+	case string:
+		return "string"
+	case float64:
+		return "number"
+	case bool:
+		return "boolean"
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%T", value)
+}
+
+func jsonEqual(a, b interface{}) bool {
+	ja, _ := json.Marshal(a)
+	jb, _ := json.Marshal(b)
+	return string(ja) == string(jb)
+}
+
+// formatJSONValue is the "what you actually passed" half of an enum
+// error. Strings get JSON-quoted ("SUM"); everything else (numbers,
+// booleans, null, objects, arrays) gets its JSON encoding. Marshal
+// failure falls back to %v so we never panic just to format an error.
+func formatJSONValue(v interface{}) string {
+	b, err := json.Marshal(v)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%v", v)
+	}
+	return string(b)
+}
+
+// formatEnum renders the allowed-values list for an enum error. Caps
+// the visible entries at enumDisplayLimit so a 50-shortcut enum
+// doesn't bury the actual error in a wall of options; the overflow
+// hint tells the user how many more exist (and to consult --help /
+// --print-schema for the full list).
+const enumDisplayLimit = 8
+
+func formatEnum(values []interface{}) string {
+	if len(values) <= enumDisplayLimit {
+		return "[" + joinFormatted(values) + "]"
+	}
+	shown := values[:enumDisplayLimit]
+	return fmt.Sprintf("[%s, … (%d more)]", joinFormatted(shown), len(values)-enumDisplayLimit)
+}
+
+func joinFormatted(values []interface{}) string {
+	parts := make([]string, 0, len(values))
+	for _, v := range values {
+		parts = append(parts, formatJSONValue(v))
+	}
+	return strings.Join(parts, ", ")
+}
+
+// suggestEnumMatch returns a "did you mean" candidate when the user's
+// value differs from an allowed enum entry only in casing — the most
+// common real-world mistake ("SUM" vs "sum", "True" vs "true"). The
+// match is restricted to strings; non-string enums (numbers, etc.)
+// don't have a casing notion. Returns "" when no near-miss exists.
+func suggestEnumMatch(value interface{}, values []interface{}) string {
+	s, ok := value.(string)
+	if !ok {
+		return ""
+	}
+	lower := strings.ToLower(s)
+	for _, v := range values {
+		if vs, ok := v.(string); ok && strings.ToLower(vs) == lower {
+			if vs != s { // skip exact-equal (already would have matched).
+				return vs
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func pathPrefix(path string) string {
+	if path == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return path + ": "
+}
+
+func pathOrRoot(path string) string {
+	if path == "" {
+		return "(root)"
+	}
+	return path
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/flag_schema_validate_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/flag_schema_validate_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1646950bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/flag_schema_validate_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,589 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// parseSchema is a tiny test helper: take an inline JSON Schema string,
+// hand back a *schemaProperty for validateAgainstSchema. Lets test
+// cases declare their schema inline rather than hand-building structs.
+func parseSchema(t *testing.T, raw string) *schemaProperty {
+	t.Helper()
+	var s schemaProperty
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(raw), &s); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("bad inline schema %q: %v", raw, err)
+	}
+	return &s
+}
+
+// parseValue decodes a JSON literal the same way encoding/json gives
+// validateAgainstSchema its input (numbers → float64, objects →
+// map[string]interface{}, arrays → []interface{}).
+func parseValue(t *testing.T, raw string) interface{} {
+	t.Helper()
+	var v interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(raw), &v); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("bad inline value %q: %v", raw, err)
+	}
+	return v
+}
+
+// TestValidateAgainstSchema_EnumCaseNormalization pins the case-insensitive
+// enum tolerance: a value matching an allowed enum entry except for casing is
+// rewritten in place to the canonical spelling (so the case-sensitive backend
+// accepts it), while genuinely-unknown values still fail. Only fires for enum
+// fields nested in an object/array — the pivot values[].summarize_by path.
+func TestValidateAgainstSchema_EnumCaseNormalization(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	schema := parseSchema(t, `{"type":"object","properties":{"summarize_by":{"type":"string","enum":["sum","count","average"]}}}`)
+
+	t.Run("rewrites case-only mismatch in place", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := map[string]interface{}{"summarize_by": "SUM"}
+		if err := validateAgainstSchema(obj, schema, ""); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("case-only value should pass after normalization, got: %v", err)
+		}
+		if got := obj["summarize_by"]; got != "sum" {
+			t.Errorf("summarize_by = %q, want normalized %q", got, "sum")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("leaves exact match untouched", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := map[string]interface{}{"summarize_by": "count"}
+		if err := validateAgainstSchema(obj, schema, ""); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("exact match should pass: %v", err)
+		}
+		if got := obj["summarize_by"]; got != "count" {
+			t.Errorf("exact value mutated to %q", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("unknown value still fails", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := map[string]interface{}{"summarize_by": "COUNTA"}
+		if err := validateAgainstSchema(obj, schema, ""); err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("unknown enum value should fail")
+		} else if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "not in enum") {
+			t.Errorf("want enum error, got: %v", err)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("normalizes inside array-of-objects (values[] shape)", func(t *testing.T) {
+		arrSchema := parseSchema(t, `{"type":"array","items":{"type":"object","properties":{"summarize_by":{"type":"string","enum":["sum","count"]}}}}`)
+		arr := []interface{}{
+			map[string]interface{}{"summarize_by": "Sum"},
+			map[string]interface{}{"summarize_by": "COUNT"},
+		}
+		if err := validateAgainstSchema(arr, arrSchema, ""); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("array case normalization failed: %v", err)
+		}
+		if got := arr[0].(map[string]interface{})["summarize_by"]; got != "sum" {
+			t.Errorf("arr[0] summarize_by = %q, want sum", got)
+		}
+		if got := arr[1].(map[string]interface{})["summarize_by"]; got != "count" {
+			t.Errorf("arr[1] summarize_by = %q, want count", got)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// TestValidateAgainstSchema is the validator's contract test: every
+// supported keyword (type, enum, oneOf, required, nested properties,
+// array items, nullable, minimum/maximum, minItems/maxItems) gets a
+// pass + fail case, and the failure message is asserted to mention
+// the JSON path and the violated constraint. Together these pin the
+// validator's behaviour without going through any shortcut wiring.
+func TestValidateAgainstSchema(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		name      string
+		schema    string
+		value     string
+		wantOK    bool
+		wantInErr string // substring required in error message when !wantOK
+	}{
+		// ─── type ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+		{"type string ok", `{"type":"string"}`, `"hi"`, true, ""},
+		{"type string wrong", `{"type":"string"}`, `42`, false, `expected type "string"`},
+		{"type number ok", `{"type":"number"}`, `3.14`, true, ""},
+		{"type number wrong", `{"type":"number"}`, `"x"`, false, `got "string"`},
+		{"type integer ok", `{"type":"integer"}`, `5`, true, ""},
+		{"type integer fractional rejected", `{"type":"integer"}`, `5.5`, false, `expected type "integer"`},
+		{"type boolean ok", `{"type":"boolean"}`, `true`, true, ""},
+		{"type array ok", `{"type":"array"}`, `[1,2]`, true, ""},
+		{"type object ok", `{"type":"object"}`, `{"a":1}`, true, ""},
+
+		// ─── nullable short-circuit ───────────────────────────────────
+		{"nullable null accepted", `{"type":"string","nullable":true}`, `null`, true, ""},
+		{"nullable schema still type-checks non-null", `{"type":"string","nullable":true}`, `42`, false, `expected type "string"`},
+		{"nullable schema accepts matching type", `{"type":"string","nullable":true}`, `"x"`, true, ""},
+		{"null rejected when nullable not set", `{"type":"string"}`, `null`, false, `expected type "string"`},
+
+		// ─── enum ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+		{"enum hit", `{"type":"string","enum":["asc","desc"]}`, `"asc"`, true, ""},
+		{"enum miss", `{"type":"string","enum":["asc","desc"]}`, `"sideways"`, false, `not in enum ["asc", "desc"]`},
+
+		// ─── oneOf ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+		{"oneOf string branch", `{"oneOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"number"}]}`, `"x"`, true, ""},
+		{"oneOf number branch", `{"oneOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"number"}]}`, `7`, true, ""},
+		{"oneOf no branch", `{"oneOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"number"}]}`, `true`, false, `oneOf alternatives`},
+
+		// ─── required ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+		{
+			"required key present",
+			`{"type":"object","required":["a"],"properties":{"a":{"type":"string"}}}`,
+			`{"a":"x"}`, true, "",
+		},
+		{
+			"required key missing",
+			`{"type":"object","required":["a"]}`,
+			`{}`, false, `required property "a"`,
+		},
+
+		// ─── nested properties recurse ───────────────────────────────
+		{
+			"nested property wrong type",
+			`{"type":"object","properties":{"inner":{"type":"object","properties":{"x":{"type":"number"}}}}}`,
+			`{"inner":{"x":"oops"}}`, false, `inner.x: expected type "number"`,
+		},
+
+		// ─── array items recurse with [i] path ───────────────────────
+		{
+			"array items ok",
+			`{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"}}`,
+			`["a","b"]`, true, "",
+		},
+		{
+			"array item wrong type pinpoints index",
+			`{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"}}`,
+			`["a",2,"c"]`, false, `[1]: expected type "string"`,
+		},
+
+		// ─── numeric bounds (P0 additions) ───────────────────────────
+		{"minimum ok", `{"type":"number","minimum":0}`, `0`, true, ""},
+		{"minimum fail", `{"type":"number","minimum":0}`, `-1`, false, `below minimum`},
+		{"maximum ok", `{"type":"number","maximum":100}`, `100`, true, ""},
+		{"maximum fail", `{"type":"number","maximum":100}`, `101`, false, `above maximum`},
+		{"minimum on integer", `{"type":"integer","minimum":10}`, `5`, false, `below minimum`},
+
+		// ─── array length bounds (P0 additions) ──────────────────────
+		{"minItems ok", `{"type":"array","minItems":1}`, `[1]`, true, ""},
+		{"minItems fail", `{"type":"array","minItems":1}`, `[]`, false, `array has 0 items, minimum is 1`},
+		{"maxItems ok", `{"type":"array","maxItems":3}`, `[1,2,3]`, true, ""},
+		{"maxItems fail", `{"type":"array","maxItems":3}`, `[1,2,3,4]`, false, `array has 4 items, maximum is 3`},
+
+		// ─── combined bounds inside nested array of objects ──────────
+		{
+			"nested minimum in array item objects",
+			`{"type":"array","items":{"type":"object","properties":{"row":{"type":"integer","minimum":0}}}}`,
+			`[{"row":0},{"row":-1}]`, false, `[1].row: value -1 is below minimum 0`,
+		},
+
+		// ─── additionalProperties absent: lenient (default) ──────────
+		{
+			"extras allowed when additionalProperties absent",
+			`{"type":"object","properties":{"a":{"type":"string"}}}`,
+			`{"a":"x","whatever":42}`, true, "",
+		},
+
+		// ─── additionalProperties:false: strict mode ─────────────────
+		{
+			"extras allowed when additionalProperties:true (explicit)",
+			`{"type":"object","properties":{"a":{"type":"string"}},"additionalProperties":true}`,
+			`{"a":"x","extra":1}`, true, "",
+		},
+		{
+			"extras rejected when additionalProperties:false",
+			`{"type":"object","properties":{"a":{"type":"string"}},"additionalProperties":false}`,
+			`{"a":"x","typo":1}`, false, `unexpected property "typo"`,
+		},
+		{
+			"declared property still accepted under strict mode",
+			`{"type":"object","properties":{"a":{"type":"string"}},"additionalProperties":false}`,
+			`{"a":"x"}`, true, "",
+		},
+
+		// ─── additionalProperties:<schema>: extras must match ────────
+		{
+			"extras pass when matching additionalProperties schema",
+			`{"type":"object","properties":{"name":{"type":"string"}},"additionalProperties":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"}}}`,
+			`{"name":"x","g1":["a","b"],"g2":["c"]}`, true, "",
+		},
+		{
+			"extras fail when wrong type for additionalProperties schema",
+			`{"type":"object","additionalProperties":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"}}}`,
+			`{"g1":[1,2]}`, false, `g1[0]: expected type "string"`,
+		},
+		{
+			"extras fail when value isn't even right kind",
+			`{"type":"object","additionalProperties":{"type":"array"}}`,
+			`{"key":"not-an-array"}`, false, `key: expected type "array"`,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			s := parseSchema(t, tc.schema)
+			v := parseValue(t, tc.value)
+			err := validateAgainstSchema(v, s, "")
+			if tc.wantOK {
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatalf("expected pass, got error: %v", err)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("expected error containing %q, got pass", tc.wantInErr)
+			}
+			if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), tc.wantInErr) {
+				t.Errorf("error = %q, want substring %q", err.Error(), tc.wantInErr)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestValidateAgainstSchema_EnumErrorEnhancements pins the three
+// enum-error UX upgrades together:
+//   - the failing value is quoted in JSON form ("SUM", not bare SUM)
+//   - the allowed list is JSON-quoted ("sum", not bare sum) and gets
+//     truncated past 8 entries with an "N more" hint
+//   - case-only mismatches surface a `did you mean` suggestion
+//     pointing at the canonical spelling
+func TestValidateAgainstSchema_EnumErrorEnhancements(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	t.Run("small enum is fully listed and quoted", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		s := parseSchema(t, `{"type":"string","enum":["asc","desc"]}`)
+		err := validateAgainstSchema("sideways", s, "order")
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("expected enum violation")
+		}
+		msg := err.Error()
+		if !strings.Contains(msg, `value "sideways"`) {
+			t.Errorf("want failing value quoted; got %q", msg)
+		}
+		if !strings.Contains(msg, `["asc", "desc"]`) {
+			t.Errorf("want enum list comma+quote formatted; got %q", msg)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("large enum is truncated with overflow hint", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// 12 values; default enumDisplayLimit is 8.
+		s := parseSchema(t, `{"type":"string","enum":[
+			"a","b","c","d","e","f","g","h","i","j","k","l"
+		]}`)
+		err := validateAgainstSchema("z", s, "x")
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("expected enum violation")
+		}
+		msg := err.Error()
+		if !strings.Contains(msg, "4 more") {
+			t.Errorf("want overflow hint '4 more'; got %q", msg)
+		}
+		if strings.Contains(msg, `"i"`) || strings.Contains(msg, `"l"`) {
+			t.Errorf("want truncation to first 8; got %q", msg)
+		}
+		if !strings.Contains(msg, `"h"`) { // 8th entry should be present.
+			t.Errorf("want first 8 entries shown; got %q", msg)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("case-only mismatch produces did-you-mean hint", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		s := parseSchema(t, `{"type":"string","enum":["sum","count","average"]}`)
+		err := validateAgainstSchema("SUM", s, "")
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("expected enum violation")
+		}
+		if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), `did you mean "sum"?`) {
+			t.Errorf("want did-you-mean hint; got %q", err.Error())
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("no did-you-mean when value is not a near miss", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		s := parseSchema(t, `{"type":"string","enum":["sum","count"]}`)
+		err := validateAgainstSchema("BOGUS", s, "")
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("expected enum violation")
+		}
+		if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "did you mean") {
+			t.Errorf("want no hint for unrelated value; got %q", err.Error())
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("did-you-mean only triggers for strings (not numbers)", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		s := parseSchema(t, `{"enum":[1,2,3]}`)
+		err := validateAgainstSchema(float64(4), s, "")
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("expected enum violation")
+		}
+		if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "did you mean") {
+			t.Errorf("numeric enum should not get casing hint; got %q", err.Error())
+		}
+		// And the failing numeric value still surfaces in JSON form.
+		if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "value 4 ") {
+			t.Errorf("want numeric value in error; got %q", err.Error())
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// TestValidateInputAgainstSchema_RealEnumCaseNormalized confirms the
+// case-insensitive enum tolerance fires against the real embedded schema for
+// the most common real-world miscue — pivot summarize_by upper-cased. "SUM" is
+// rewritten to "sum" in place and the input passes; previously this surfaced a
+// did-you-mean error, but in-place canonicalization fixes it so the agent's first try wins.
+func TestValidateInputAgainstSchema_RealEnumCaseNormalized(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	fv := mapFlagView{command: "+pivot-create"}
+	in := map[string]interface{}{
+		"properties": map[string]interface{}{
+			"values": []interface{}{
+				map[string]interface{}{"field": "A", "summarize_by": "SUM"},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	if err := validateInputAgainstSchema(fv, in); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("upper-case summarize_by should be normalized and pass, got: %v", err)
+	}
+	vals := in["properties"].(map[string]interface{})["values"].([]interface{})
+	if got := vals[0].(map[string]interface{})["summarize_by"]; got != "sum" {
+		t.Errorf("summarize_by = %q, want normalized to %q", got, "sum")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestValidateAgainstSchema_NilSchemaSafe pins the defensive
+// `if schema == nil { return nil }` guard. Current production callers
+// always hand validator a real schema, but the guard means future
+// programmatic construction (or a malformed schema sub-tree decoded
+// as a nil pointer inside oneOf) won't crash with a nil deref.
+func TestValidateAgainstSchema_NilSchemaSafe(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	if err := validateAgainstSchema("anything", nil, ""); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("nil schema should noop; got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestValidateAgainstSchema_AdditionalPropertiesSortedFirstFailure
+// asserts that when multiple extras violate additionalProperties:false,
+// the *alphabetically first* extra is the one reported — without the
+// sort, Go map iteration would make the failing key non-deterministic
+// across runs and the error message would flake.
+func TestValidateAgainstSchema_AdditionalPropertiesSortedFirstFailure(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	schema := parseSchema(t, `{
+		"type":"object",
+		"properties":{"declared":{"type":"string"}},
+		"additionalProperties":false
+	}`)
+	// Three extras; "alpha" comes first when sorted.
+	value := parseValue(t, `{"declared":"ok","zeta":1,"alpha":2,"middle":3}`)
+	for i := 0; i < 30; i++ {
+		err := validateAgainstSchema(value, schema, "")
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("iter %d: expected extras to be rejected", i)
+		}
+		if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), `"alpha"`) {
+			t.Fatalf("iter %d: expected alphabetically first extra to be reported; got %v", i, err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestValidateAgainstSchema_ArrayItemRequired pins that `required`
+// fires inside array items too — the recursion path applies the same
+// object-level rules at every level, so a missing key in items
+// surfaces as `[i].missing` and not a silently-passed item.
+func TestValidateAgainstSchema_ArrayItemRequired(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	schema := parseSchema(t, `{
+		"type":"array",
+		"items":{
+			"type":"object",
+			"required":["id"],
+			"properties":{"id":{"type":"string"}}
+		}
+	}`)
+	value := parseValue(t, `[{"id":"a"},{"name":"b"}]`)
+	err := validateAgainstSchema(value, schema, "")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected required violation on items[1]")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), `required property "id"`) || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "[1]") {
+		t.Errorf("expected required-id at [1]; got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestValidateAgainstSchema_DeterministicPropertyOrder regresses the
+// "iterate properties in sorted key order" guarantee so that the
+// first-failure error message is stable across runs (Go map iteration
+// is randomized — without the sort, a schema with two bad fields
+// would non-deterministically report either one).
+func TestValidateAgainstSchema_DeterministicPropertyOrder(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	schema := parseSchema(t, `{
+		"type":"object",
+		"properties":{
+			"a":{"type":"string"},
+			"b":{"type":"string"},
+			"c":{"type":"string"}
+		}
+	}`)
+	value := parseValue(t, `{"a":1,"b":2,"c":3}`)
+	// Run many times; "a" must always be the reported field (sorted first).
+	for i := 0; i < 50; i++ {
+		err := validateAgainstSchema(value, schema, "")
+		if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "a:") {
+			t.Fatalf("iter %d: expected error mentioning 'a:'; got %v", i, err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestValidateInputAgainstSchema_RealSchema exercises the full
+// (command, flag) lookup pipeline against the real embedded
+// flag-schemas.json — confirms that an out-of-enum summarize_by
+// surfaces a descriptive error all the way through, and that a
+// well-formed input passes. Mirrors what shortcut tests check, but
+// without booting cobra.
+func TestValidateInputAgainstSchema_RealSchema(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	fv := mapFlagView{command: "+pivot-create"}
+
+	// Schema-conformant: values[0].summarize_by="sum" is in enum.
+	good := map[string]interface{}{
+		"properties": map[string]interface{}{
+			"values": []interface{}{
+				map[string]interface{}{"field": "A", "summarize_by": "sum"},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	if err := validateInputAgainstSchema(fv, good); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("good input rejected: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Schema-violating: a value with no case-only match still fails loudly
+	// (case normalization only rescues casing mistakes, not unknown words).
+	bad := map[string]interface{}{
+		"properties": map[string]interface{}{
+			"values": []interface{}{
+				map[string]interface{}{"field": "A", "summarize_by": "bogus"},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	err := validateInputAgainstSchema(fv, bad)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected enum violation, got nil")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "summarize_by") || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "not in enum") {
+		t.Errorf("error = %q, want summarize_by + enum hint", err.Error())
+	}
+}
+
+// TestValidateInputAgainstSchema_RealMinItems exercises a P0
+// addition end-to-end: +pivot-create properties.values has
+// minItems:1, so an explicit empty values array is rejected by the
+// schema validator (previously slipped past).
+func TestValidateInputAgainstSchema_RealMinItems(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	fv := mapFlagView{command: "+pivot-create"}
+	bad := map[string]interface{}{
+		"properties": map[string]interface{}{
+			"values": []interface{}{}, // minItems:1 violated
+		},
+	}
+	err := validateInputAgainstSchema(fv, bad)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected minItems violation for empty values, got nil")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "values") || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "minimum is 1") {
+		t.Errorf("error = %q, want values + minimum-is-1 hint", err.Error())
+	}
+}
+
+// TestValidateInputAgainstSchema_RealMinimum exercises another P0
+// addition: +chart-create properties.position.row has minimum:0, so
+// row:-1 must be rejected before the request hits the wire.
+func TestValidateInputAgainstSchema_RealMinimum(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	fv := mapFlagView{command: "+chart-create"}
+	bad := map[string]interface{}{
+		"properties": map[string]interface{}{
+			"position": map[string]interface{}{"row": float64(-1), "col": "A"},
+			"size":     map[string]interface{}{"width": float64(400), "height": float64(300)},
+		},
+	}
+	err := validateInputAgainstSchema(fv, bad)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected minimum violation for row:-1, got nil")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "row") || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "below minimum") {
+		t.Errorf("error = %q, want row + below-minimum hint", err.Error())
+	}
+}
+
+// TestValidateInputAgainstSchema_RealAdditionalProperties pins the
+// additionalProperties: <schema> form against the real embedded
+// schema. +pivot-create properties.collapse is declared as a dynamic
+// map<field-name, array<string>>; passing a non-string in any value
+// must be rejected end-to-end.
+func TestValidateInputAgainstSchema_RealAdditionalProperties(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	fv := mapFlagView{command: "+pivot-create"}
+
+	good := map[string]interface{}{
+		"properties": map[string]interface{}{
+			"values":   []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"field": "A", "summarize_by": "sum"}},
+			"collapse": map[string]interface{}{"region": []interface{}{"NA", "EU"}},
+		},
+	}
+	if err := validateInputAgainstSchema(fv, good); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("schema-conformant collapse rejected: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	bad := map[string]interface{}{
+		"properties": map[string]interface{}{
+			"values":   []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"field": "A", "summarize_by": "sum"}},
+			"collapse": map[string]interface{}{"region": []interface{}{"NA", 42}}, // 42 violates items.type=string
+		},
+	}
+	err := validateInputAgainstSchema(fv, bad)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected additionalProperties violation, got nil")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "collapse") || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), `expected type "string"`) {
+		t.Errorf("error = %q, want collapse + string-type hint", err.Error())
+	}
+}
+
+// TestValidateInputAgainstSchema_UnknownCommand returns nil — schema
+// validation is opportunistic, an unknown command never errors. Lets
+// shortcuts opt out simply by not registering a schema entry.
+func TestValidateInputAgainstSchema_UnknownCommand(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	fv := mapFlagView{command: "+definitely-not-a-shortcut"}
+	if err := validateInputAgainstSchema(fv, map[string]interface{}{"properties": "anything"}); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("unknown command should noop; got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestValidateInputAgainstSchema_SkipOperations confirms that the
+// operations skip-list entry is honoured: even with a clearly
+// malformed operations value, validateInputAgainstSchema is a no-op
+// because translator-side validation owns that contract.
+func TestValidateInputAgainstSchema_SkipOperations(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	fv := mapFlagView{command: "+batch-update"}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"operations": "definitely-not-an-array",
+	}
+	if err := validateInputAgainstSchema(fv, input); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("operations should be skipped; got %v", err)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/flag_schemas_gen.go b/shortcuts/sheets/flag_schemas_gen.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6dedf8e94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/flag_schemas_gen.go
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+// Code generated from data/flag-schemas.json; DO NOT EDIT.
+
+package sheets
+
+// commandsWithSchema is the set of shortcut commands that have at least one
+// introspectable composite flag in data/flag-schemas.json. Codegen'd so the
+// registration loop (shortcuts.go) and the validate fast-path can gate on it
+// without parsing the 256KB schema blob at startup (that parse used to run on
+// every CLI invocation, sheets or not). The 256KB is now only unmarshaled
+// on --print-schema or when validating a command that is in this set. Do not
+// hand-edit; regenerate with `go generate ./shortcuts/sheets/...`.
+var commandsWithSchema = map[string]struct{}{
+	"+batch-update":          {},
+	"+cells-batch-set-style": {},
+	"+cells-set":             {},
+	"+cells-set-style":       {},
+	"+chart-create":          {},
+	"+chart-update":          {},
+	"+cond-format-create":    {},
+	"+cond-format-update":    {},
+	"+dropdown-set":          {},
+	"+dropdown-update":       {},
+	"+filter-create":         {},
+	"+filter-update":         {},
+	"+filter-view-create":    {},
+	"+filter-view-update":    {},
+	"+pivot-create":          {},
+	"+pivot-update":          {},
+	"+range-sort":            {},
+	"+sparkline-create":      {},
+	"+sparkline-update":      {},
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/flag_schemas_gen_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/flag_schemas_gen_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..418fd6b93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/flag_schemas_gen_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// TestCommandsWithSchemaGen_MatchesJSON guards against drift between the
+// codegen'd commandsWithSchema set (flag_schemas_gen.go) and the actual keys
+// in data/flag-schemas.json — commandsWithFlagSchema() derives the set by
+// parsing the embedded blob. This equivalence is what lets registration and
+// the validate fast-path gate on the cheap set instead of parsing the 256KB
+// schema at startup.
+func TestCommandsWithSchemaGen_MatchesJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	fromJSON := commandsWithFlagSchema()
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(fromJSON, commandsWithSchema) {
+		t.Error("commandsWithSchema differs from data/flag-schemas.json; regenerate flag_schemas_gen.go")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/flag_view.go b/shortcuts/sheets/flag_view.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b31ed7b38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/flag_view.go
@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// flagView is the read-only flag-accessor surface that every CLI-shape →
+// MCP-tool-body translator (the *Input builders) depends on. It is satisfied
+// as-is by *common.RuntimeContext (cobra-backed, used by standalone shortcut
+// execution) and by mapFlagView (map-backed, used by +batch-update sub-ops).
+//
+// Routing both paths through the same interface lets a sub-op inside
+// +batch-update reuse the exact same translator the standalone shortcut runs,
+// so the generated MCP body is identical either way (enforced by the
+// batch-vs-standalone contract test).
+type flagView interface {
+	Str(name string) string
+	Int(name string) int
+	Float64(name string) float64
+	Bool(name string) bool
+	StrArray(name string) []string
+	StrSlice(name string) []string
+	Changed(name string) bool
+	// Command returns the shortcut command this view feeds (e.g.
+	// "+pivot-create"). Used to look up the schema entry for
+	// schema-driven flag validation; both standalone and batch sub-op
+	// paths populate it so a sub-op gets validated against the same
+	// schema as the standalone shortcut.
+	Command() string
+}
+
+// mapFlagView adapts a +batch-update sub-op input object (decoded JSON) to the
+// flagView interface so the standalone *Input translators can consume it.
+//
+// Keys are matched leniently against the CLI flag name: a translator asking for
+// "source-range" finds either "source-range" or "source_range" in the map (the
+// reference docs use CLI flag names; users frequently send the underscore
+// form). Composite values (arrays / objects for flags like cells / properties /
+// sort-keys) are re-encoded to a JSON string on Str() so the downstream
+// parseJSONFlag round-trips them exactly as it would a CLI string argument.
+//
+// To mirror the standalone cobra layer exactly, value reads fall back to the
+// flag's declared default (seeded from flag-defs.json), while Changed() reflects
+// only what the user actually provided. This split matters because some
+// translators branch on Changed() (e.g. omit target_index unless --index was
+// set) and others read defaulted values (e.g. row-count defaults to 200).
+type mapFlagView struct {
+	raw      map[string]interface{} // user-supplied sub-op input (drives Changed)
+	defaults map[string]interface{} // flag defaults (value fallback only)
+	command  string                 // shortcut command (e.g. "+chart-create"); used by schema validator
+}
+
+func (m mapFlagView) Command() string { return m.command }
+
+// newMapFlagViewForCommand wraps a sub-op input and seeds the value-fallback
+// defaults declared for `command` in flag-defs.json, so an absent flag resolves
+// to the same value the standalone cobra command would carry.
+func newMapFlagViewForCommand(command string, input map[string]interface{}) mapFlagView {
+	fv := mapFlagView{raw: input, defaults: map[string]interface{}{}, command: command}
+	defs, err := loadFlagDefs()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fv
+	}
+	spec, ok := defs[command]
+	if !ok {
+		return fv
+	}
+	for _, df := range spec.Flags {
+		if df.Kind == "system" || df.Default == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		fv.defaults[df.Name] = typedDefault(df)
+	}
+	return fv
+}
+
+// typedDefault converts a flag's string default to the Go type matching its
+// declared kind, so Int()/Bool()/Float64() see the right type.
+func typedDefault(df flagDef) interface{} {
+	switch df.Type {
+	case "bool":
+		return df.Default == "true"
+	case "int":
+		var n int
+		fmt.Sscanf(df.Default, "%d", &n)
+		return n
+	case "float64":
+		var f float64
+		fmt.Sscanf(df.Default, "%g", &f)
+		return f
+	default:
+		return df.Default
+	}
+}
+
+// lookup resolves a flag name for a VALUE read: user input first (hyphen↔
+// underscore tolerant), then the seeded default. Returns the value and whether
+// it was found in either source.
+func (m mapFlagView) lookup(name string) (interface{}, bool) {
+	if v, ok := m.lookupRaw(name); ok {
+		return v, true
+	}
+	if m.defaults != nil {
+		if v, ok := m.defaults[name]; ok {
+			return v, true
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, false
+}
+
+// lookupRaw resolves a flag name against the user-supplied input only, trying
+// the exact key then the hyphen↔underscore variants.
+func (m mapFlagView) lookupRaw(name string) (interface{}, bool) {
+	if v, ok := m.raw[name]; ok {
+		return v, true
+	}
+	if alt := strings.ReplaceAll(name, "-", "_"); alt != name {
+		if v, ok := m.raw[alt]; ok {
+			return v, true
+		}
+	}
+	if alt := strings.ReplaceAll(name, "_", "-"); alt != name {
+		if v, ok := m.raw[alt]; ok {
+			return v, true
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, false
+}
+
+func (m mapFlagView) Str(name string) string {
+	v, ok := m.lookup(name)
+	if !ok || v == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	switch t := v.(type) {
+	case string:
+		return t
+	case bool, float64, int, int64:
+		b, _ := json.Marshal(t)
+		return string(b)
+	default:
+		// Arrays / objects (cells, properties, sort-keys, options, ...) are
+		// re-encoded so the translator's parseJSONFlag re-parses them.
+		b, err := json.Marshal(t)
+		if err != nil {
+			return ""
+		}
+		return string(b)
+	}
+}
+
+func (m mapFlagView) Int(name string) int {
+	v, ok := m.lookup(name)
+	if !ok {
+		return 0
+	}
+	switch t := v.(type) {
+	case float64:
+		return int(t)
+	case int:
+		return t
+	case int64:
+		return int(t)
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (m mapFlagView) Float64(name string) float64 {
+	v, ok := m.lookup(name)
+	if !ok {
+		return 0
+	}
+	switch t := v.(type) {
+	case float64:
+		return t
+	case int:
+		return float64(t)
+	case int64:
+		return float64(t)
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (m mapFlagView) Bool(name string) bool {
+	v, ok := m.lookup(name)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	b, _ := v.(bool)
+	return b
+}
+
+func (m mapFlagView) StrArray(name string) []string {
+	return m.strSliceLike(name)
+}
+
+func (m mapFlagView) StrSlice(name string) []string {
+	return m.strSliceLike(name)
+}
+
+func (m mapFlagView) strSliceLike(name string) []string {
+	v, ok := m.lookup(name)
+	if !ok || v == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	switch t := v.(type) {
+	case []string:
+		return t
+	case []interface{}:
+		out := make([]string, 0, len(t))
+		for _, e := range t {
+			if s, ok := e.(string); ok {
+				out = append(out, s)
+			}
+		}
+		return out
+	case string:
+		// CSV / comma-separated (matches cobra StringSlice behavior).
+		if t == "" {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return strings.Split(t, ",")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m mapFlagView) Changed(name string) bool {
+	_, ok := m.lookupRaw(name)
+	return ok
+}
+
+// validateRawTypes rejects sub-op input fields whose JSON type contradicts the
+// flag's declared type in flag-defs. +batch-update skips parse-time schema
+// validation for `operations`, and Int/Float64/Bool silently fall back to
+// the zero value on a type mismatch — so without this guard a wrong-typed scalar
+// (e.g. "index":"abc" or "multiple":"true") would land as 0 / false instead of
+// erroring, writing to the wrong place. Only numeric and boolean flags are
+// checked; string and composite (array/object) flags stay permissive because
+// Str() intentionally coerces them and the translator/schema validates shape.
+//
+// Returns a bare error; the +batch-update translator wraps it with the
+// operations[i] (<shortcut>) context.
+func (m mapFlagView) validateRawTypes() error {
+	if len(m.raw) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	defs, err := loadFlagDefs()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil //nolint:nilerr // fail-open: if flag-defs can't load, skip type validation rather than block the batch
+	}
+	spec, ok := defs[m.command]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil
+	}
+	declaredType := make(map[string]string, len(spec.Flags))
+	for _, df := range spec.Flags {
+		declaredType[df.Name] = df.Type
+	}
+	for rawKey, val := range m.raw {
+		name := rawKey
+		typ, ok := declaredType[name]
+		if !ok {
+			// flag-defs use hyphen names; tolerate the underscore form users send.
+			name = strings.ReplaceAll(rawKey, "_", "-")
+			typ, ok = declaredType[name]
+		}
+		if !ok {
+			continue // unknown key — leave it for the translator / schema layer
+		}
+		switch typ {
+		case "int":
+			// Int(): float64 → int(t) truncates, so a non-integer number would
+			// be silently floored (1.9 → 1). Standalone cobra rejects it at
+			// parse time; reject here too to keep batch/standalone parity.
+			f, isNum := val.(float64)
+			if !isNum {
+				return fmt.Errorf("--%s must be a number, got %s", name, jsonTypeName(val))
+			}
+			if math.Trunc(f) != f {
+				return fmt.Errorf("--%s must be an integer, got %s", name, strconv.FormatFloat(f, 'g', -1, 64))
+			}
+		case "float64":
+			if _, isNum := val.(float64); !isNum {
+				return fmt.Errorf("--%s must be a number, got %s", name, jsonTypeName(val))
+			}
+		case "bool":
+			if _, isBool := val.(bool); !isBool {
+				return fmt.Errorf("--%s must be a boolean, got %s", name, jsonTypeName(val))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// jsonTypeName names the JSON kind of a value decoded by encoding/json, for
+// type-mismatch error messages.
+func jsonTypeName(v interface{}) string {
+	switch v.(type) {
+	case nil:
+		return "null"
+	case bool:
+		return "boolean"
+	case float64:
+		return "number"
+	case string:
+		return "string"
+	case []interface{}:
+		return "array"
+	case map[string]interface{}:
+		return "object"
+	default:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%T", v)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/generate.go b/shortcuts/sheets/generate.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..636650638
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/generate.go
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+// flag_defs_gen.go and flag_schemas_gen.go are generated from the canonical
+// data/*.json spec artifacts (synced from sheet-skill-spec). After the sync
+// script updates data/flag-defs.json or data/flag-schemas.json, regenerate
+// the compiled Go with:
+//
+//	go generate ./shortcuts/sheets/...
+//
+//go:generate go run ./internal/gen
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/helpers.go b/shortcuts/sheets/helpers.go
index 6e8ba91df..3465484cb 100644
--- a/shortcuts/sheets/helpers.go
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/helpers.go
@@ -1,51 +1,52 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
+// Package sheets contains lark-sheets shortcuts aligned with the
+// sheet-skill-spec canonical layout. Each shortcut wraps a single
+// sheet-ai-skills tool behind the One-OpenAPI endpoint
+// (sheet_ai/v2/.../tools/invoke_{read,write}).
 package sheets
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
-	"regexp"
-	"strconv"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
-var (
-	singleCellRangePattern = regexp.MustCompile(`^[A-Za-z]+[1-9][0-9]*$`)
-	cellSpanRangePattern   = regexp.MustCompile(`^[A-Za-z]+[1-9][0-9]*:[A-Za-z]+[1-9][0-9]*$`)
-	cellToColRangePattern  = regexp.MustCompile(`^[A-Za-z]+[1-9][0-9]*:[A-Za-z]+$`)
-	colSpanRangePattern    = regexp.MustCompile(`^[A-Za-z]+:[A-Za-z]+$`)
-	rowSpanRangePattern    = regexp.MustCompile(`^[1-9][0-9]*:[1-9][0-9]*$`)
-	cellRefPattern         = regexp.MustCompile(`^([A-Za-z]+)([1-9][0-9]*)$`)
-)
-
-var sheetRangeSeparatorReplacer = strings.NewReplacer(`\！`, "!", `\!`, "!", "！", "!")
-
-// getFirstSheetID queries the spreadsheet and returns the first sheet's ID.
-func getFirstSheetID(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, spreadsheetToken string) (string, error) {
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI("GET", fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/sheets/v3/spreadsheets/%s/sheets/query", validate.EncodePathSegment(spreadsheetToken)), nil, nil)
-	if err != nil {
+// resolveSpreadsheetToken applies the public --url / --spreadsheet-token XOR
+// pair shared by every sheets canonical shortcut and returns the resolved
+// token. Network-free, safe to call from Validate and DryRun.
+func resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (string, error) {
+	if err := common.ExactlyOne(runtime, "url", "spreadsheet-token"); err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
-	sheets, _ := data["sheets"].([]interface{})
-	if len(sheets) > 0 {
-		sheet, _ := sheets[0].(map[string]interface{})
-		if id, ok := sheet["sheet_id"].(string); ok && id != "" {
-			return id, nil
+	if token := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("spreadsheet-token")); token != "" {
+		if err := validate.RejectControlChars(token, "spreadsheet-token"); err != nil {
+			return "", common.FlagErrorf("%v", err)
 		}
+		return token, nil
+	}
+
+	url := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("url"))
+	token := extractSpreadsheetToken(url)
+	if token == "" || token == url {
+		return "", common.FlagErrorf("--url must be a spreadsheet URL like https://.../sheets/<token>")
+	}
+	if err := validate.RejectControlChars(token, "url"); err != nil {
+		return "", common.FlagErrorf("%v", err)
 	}
-	return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "not_found", "no sheets found in this spreadsheet")
+	return token, nil
 }
 
-// extractSpreadsheetToken extracts spreadsheet token from URL.
+// extractSpreadsheetToken pulls the token segment out of a /sheets/<token>
+// or /spreadsheets/<token> URL. Returns the input unchanged when no known
+// prefix is present (callers must check token != originalInput).
 func extractSpreadsheetToken(input string) string {
 	input = strings.TrimSpace(input)
-	prefixes := []string{"/sheets/", "/spreadsheets/"}
-	for _, prefix := range prefixes {
+	for _, prefix := range []string{"/sheets/", "/spreadsheets/"} {
 		if idx := strings.Index(input, prefix); idx >= 0 {
 			token := input[idx+len(prefix):]
 			if idx2 := strings.IndexAny(token, "/?#"); idx2 >= 0 {
@@ -57,183 +58,254 @@ func extractSpreadsheetToken(input string) string {
 	return input
 }
 
-func normalizeSheetRange(sheetID, input string) string {
-	input = normalizeSheetRangeSeparators(input)
-	if input == "" || strings.Contains(input, "!") || sheetID == "" {
-		return input
-	}
-	if looksLikeRelativeRange(input) {
-		return sheetID + "!" + input
-	}
-	return input
-}
-
-func normalizePointRange(sheetID, input string) string {
-	input = normalizeSheetRange(sheetID, input)
-	if input == "" {
-		return input
+// resolveSheetSelector validates the --sheet-id / --sheet-name XOR and
+// returns whichever was supplied. Network-free.
+//
+// Returned tuple: (sheetID, sheetName). Exactly one is non-empty — callers
+// pass both through to the tool input; the server picks whichever fits.
+func resolveSheetSelector(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (sheetID, sheetName string, err error) {
+	if err := common.ExactlyOne(runtime, "sheet-id", "sheet-name"); err != nil {
+		return "", "", err
+	}
+	if id := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("sheet-id")); id != "" {
+		if err := validate.RejectControlChars(id, "sheet-id"); err != nil {
+			return "", "", common.FlagErrorf("%v", err)
+		}
+		return id, "", nil
 	}
-	rangeSheetID, subRange, ok := splitSheetRange(input)
-	if !ok || !singleCellRangePattern.MatchString(subRange) {
-		return input
+	name := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("sheet-name"))
+	if err := validate.RejectControlChars(name, "sheet-name"); err != nil {
+		return "", "", common.FlagErrorf("%v", err)
 	}
-	return rangeSheetID + "!" + subRange + ":" + subRange
+	return "", name, nil
 }
 
-func normalizeWriteRange(sheetID, input string, values interface{}) string {
-	rows, cols := matrixDimensions(values)
-	input = normalizeSheetRangeSeparators(input)
-	if input == "" {
-		return buildRectRange(sheetID, "A1", rows, cols)
-	}
-
-	input = normalizeSheetRange(sheetID, input)
-	rangeSheetID, subRange, ok := splitSheetRange(input)
-	if !ok {
-		return buildRectRange(input, "A1", rows, cols)
-	}
-	if singleCellRangePattern.MatchString(subRange) {
-		return buildRectRange(rangeSheetID, subRange, rows, cols)
+// validateViaInput shrinks a shortcut's Validate to the minimal
+// "token + ask the xxxInput builder if everything else is OK" pattern.
+// The builder owns the sheet selector and shortcut-specific checks
+// (--range required, --start >= 0, ...), so Validate no longer duplicates
+// them — the same error fires whether the shortcut runs standalone or as a
+// +batch-update sub-op. Use the inline form when the builder needs extra
+// arguments (operation enum, withMergeType bool, ...).
+func validateViaInput(
+	build func(fv flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string) (map[string]interface{}, error),
+) func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	return func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("sheet-id"))
+		sheetName := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("sheet-name"))
+		_, err = build(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		return err
 	}
-	return input
 }
 
-func validateSheetRangeInput(sheetID, input string) error {
-	input = normalizeSheetRangeSeparators(input)
-	if input == "" || strings.Contains(input, "!") || sheetID != "" {
-		return nil
-	}
-	if looksLikeRelativeRange(input) {
-		return common.FlagErrorf("--range %q requires --sheet-id or a <sheetId>! prefix", input)
+// requireSheetSelector is the flagView-agnostic counterpart of
+// resolveSheetSelector: given the already-extracted (sheetID, sheetName) pair,
+// it enforces the same XOR and control-char rules.
+//
+// Every batchable xxxInput builder calls this at the top so the same friendly
+// error fires whether the shortcut runs standalone (Validate sees the error
+// through the builder) or as a +batch-update sub-op (translator sees it
+// directly, prefixed by operations[i]). Without this, batch sub-ops
+// missing --sheet-id would slip through CLI validation and only fail on the
+// server with an opaque "sheet undefined not found".
+func requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName string) error {
+	sheetID = strings.TrimSpace(sheetID)
+	sheetName = strings.TrimSpace(sheetName)
+	if sheetID == "" && sheetName == "" {
+		return common.FlagErrorf("specify at least one of --sheet-id or --sheet-name")
+	}
+	if sheetID != "" && sheetName != "" {
+		return common.FlagErrorf("--sheet-id and --sheet-name are mutually exclusive")
+	}
+	if sheetID != "" {
+		if err := validate.RejectControlChars(sheetID, "sheet-id"); err != nil {
+			return common.FlagErrorf("%v", err)
+		}
+	} else {
+		if err := validate.RejectControlChars(sheetName, "sheet-name"); err != nil {
+			return common.FlagErrorf("%v", err)
+		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
-// validateSingleCellRange rejects multi-cell spans (e.g. "A1:B2") that are
-// invalid for single-cell operations like write-image. Empty and single-cell
-// values pass through.
-func validateSingleCellRange(input string) error {
-	input = normalizeSheetRangeSeparators(input)
-	if input == "" {
-		return nil
-	}
-	// Extract the sub-range after the sheet ID prefix, if present.
-	subRange := input
-	if _, sr, ok := splitSheetRange(input); ok {
-		subRange = sr
-	}
-	if cellSpanRangePattern.MatchString(subRange) {
-		parts := strings.SplitN(subRange, ":", 2)
-		if strings.EqualFold(parts[0], parts[1]) {
-			return nil
+// optionalSheetSelector is the "at most one" counterpart of
+// requireSheetSelector: both empty is acceptable (the backend tool then
+// decides what to do — e.g. manage_pivot_table_object auto-creates a new
+// sub-sheet to host the pivot), and both set is rejected. Control-char
+// validation still applies whenever a value is provided.
+//
+// Used by shortcuts whose backend tool treats sheet_id/sheet_name as the
+// placement target rather than the operation context (currently only
+// +pivot-create). Other shortcuts continue to use requireSheetSelector.
+//
+// idFlagName / nameFlagName parameterize the flag names quoted back in
+// the mutex / control-char errors — +pivot-create exposes the placement
+// selector as `--target-sheet-id` / `--target-sheet-name`, not the
+// generic `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name`, and the error wording must
+// match what the user actually typed.
+func optionalSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName, idFlagName, nameFlagName string) error {
+	sheetID = strings.TrimSpace(sheetID)
+	sheetName = strings.TrimSpace(sheetName)
+	if sheetID != "" && sheetName != "" {
+		return common.FlagErrorf("--%s and --%s are mutually exclusive", idFlagName, nameFlagName)
+	}
+	if sheetID != "" {
+		if err := validate.RejectControlChars(sheetID, idFlagName); err != nil {
+			return common.FlagErrorf("%v", err)
+		}
+	} else if sheetName != "" {
+		if err := validate.RejectControlChars(sheetName, nameFlagName); err != nil {
+			return common.FlagErrorf("%v", err)
 		}
-		return common.FlagErrorf("--range %q must be a single cell (e.g. A1 or A1:A1), got a multi-cell span", input)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
-func looksLikeRelativeRange(input string) bool {
-	input = normalizeSheetRangeSeparators(input)
-	if input == "" {
-		return false
+// sheetSelectorForToolInput packs --sheet-id / --sheet-name into the tool
+// input map, omitting empty fields. Use after resolveSheetSelector returns.
+func sheetSelectorForToolInput(input map[string]interface{}, sheetID, sheetName string) {
+	if sheetID != "" {
+		input["sheet_id"] = sheetID
+	}
+	if sheetName != "" {
+		input["sheet_name"] = sheetName
 	}
-	return singleCellRangePattern.MatchString(input) ||
-		cellSpanRangePattern.MatchString(input) ||
-		cellToColRangePattern.MatchString(input) ||
-		colSpanRangePattern.MatchString(input) ||
-		rowSpanRangePattern.MatchString(input)
 }
 
-func splitSheetRange(input string) (sheetID, subRange string, ok bool) {
-	parts := strings.SplitN(normalizeSheetRangeSeparators(input), "!", 2)
-	if len(parts) != 2 || parts[0] == "" || parts[1] == "" {
-		return "", "", false
+// sheetSelectorPlaceholder returns a human-readable identifier for the
+// selected sheet, suitable for DryRun output. Avoids leaking that --sheet-name
+// would be resolved server-side at execute time.
+func sheetSelectorPlaceholder(sheetID, sheetName string) string {
+	if sheetID != "" {
+		return sheetID
 	}
-	return parts[0], parts[1], true
+	return "<resolve:" + sheetName + ">"
 }
 
-func normalizeSheetRangeSeparators(input string) string {
-	input = strings.TrimSpace(input)
-	if input == "" {
-		return input
-	}
-	return sheetRangeSeparatorReplacer.Replace(input)
+// parseJSONFlag parses a JSON string from a flag value. Returns nil when the
+// flag is empty (caller decides if that's acceptable). Used by --data /
+// --style / --options / --ranges / --colors and friends.
+func parseJSONFlag(runtime flagView, name string) (interface{}, error) {
+	raw := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str(name))
+	if raw == "" {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	var out interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(raw), &out); err != nil {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--%s: invalid JSON: %v", name, err)
+	}
+	// Schema-driven flag validation at the user-input boundary. Skips
+	// --properties (validated at the input-builder tail after enhance
+	// hooks fill in flat-flag-derived fields) and any flag without an
+	// embedded schema entry.
+	if err := validateParsedJSONFlag(runtime, name, out); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
 }
 
-func buildRectRange(sheetID, anchor string, rows, cols int) string {
-	if sheetID == "" {
-		return ""
-	}
-	if rows < 1 {
-		rows = 1
+// requireJSONObject is parseJSONFlag + a type assertion to map[string]interface{}.
+func requireJSONObject(runtime flagView, name string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	v, err := parseJSONFlag(runtime, name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	if cols < 1 {
-		cols = 1
+	if v == nil {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--%s is required", name)
 	}
-	endCell, err := offsetCell(anchor, rows-1, cols-1)
-	if err != nil {
-		return sheetID
+	m, ok := v.(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--%s must be a JSON object", name)
 	}
-	return sheetID + "!" + anchor + ":" + endCell
+	return m, nil
 }
 
-func matrixDimensions(values interface{}) (rows, cols int) {
-	rowList, ok := values.([]interface{})
-	if !ok || len(rowList) == 0 {
-		return 1, 1
+// requireJSONArray is parseJSONFlag + a type assertion to []interface{}.
+func requireJSONArray(runtime flagView, name string) ([]interface{}, error) {
+	v, err := parseJSONFlag(runtime, name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	rows = len(rowList)
-	for _, row := range rowList {
-		if cells, ok := row.([]interface{}); ok && len(cells) > cols {
-			cols = len(cells)
-		}
+	if v == nil {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--%s is required", name)
 	}
-	if cols == 0 {
-		cols = 1
+	a, ok := v.([]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--%s must be a JSON array", name)
 	}
-	return rows, cols
+	return a, nil
 }
 
-func offsetCell(cell string, rowOffset, colOffset int) (string, error) {
-	matches := cellRefPattern.FindStringSubmatch(strings.TrimSpace(cell))
-	if len(matches) != 3 {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("invalid cell reference: %s", cell)
+// ─── style flags (shared by +cells-set-style and +cells-batch-set-style) ─
+
+// buildCellStyleFromFlags reads the 11 flat style flags and returns the
+// cell_styles map expected by set_cell_range. Skips any flag the user
+// didn't set so partial styles work.
+func buildCellStyleFromFlags(runtime flagView) map[string]interface{} {
+	style := map[string]interface{}{}
+	if v := runtime.Str("background-color"); v != "" {
+		style["background_color"] = v
 	}
-	colIndex := columnNameToIndex(matches[1])
-	if colIndex < 1 {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("invalid column: %s", matches[1])
+	if v := runtime.Str("font-color"); v != "" {
+		style["font_color"] = v
 	}
-	rowIndex, err := strconv.Atoi(matches[2])
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
+	if runtime.Changed("font-size") && runtime.Float64("font-size") > 0 {
+		style["font_size"] = runtime.Float64("font-size")
 	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", columnIndexToName(colIndex+colOffset), rowIndex+rowOffset), nil
+	if v := runtime.Str("font-style"); v != "" {
+		style["font_style"] = v
+	}
+	if v := runtime.Str("font-weight"); v != "" {
+		style["font_weight"] = v
+	}
+	if v := runtime.Str("font-line"); v != "" {
+		style["font_line"] = v
+	}
+	if v := runtime.Str("horizontal-alignment"); v != "" {
+		style["horizontal_alignment"] = v
+	}
+	if v := runtime.Str("vertical-alignment"); v != "" {
+		style["vertical_alignment"] = v
+	}
+	if v := runtime.Str("word-wrap"); v != "" {
+		style["word_wrap"] = v
+	}
+	if v := runtime.Str("number-format"); v != "" {
+		style["number_format"] = v
+	}
+	return style
 }
 
-func columnNameToIndex(name string) int {
-	name = strings.ToUpper(strings.TrimSpace(name))
-	if name == "" {
-		return 0
+// borderStylesFromFlag parses --border-styles as a JSON object (top/bottom/
+// left/right with style sub-objects). Returns nil when the flag is empty.
+func borderStylesFromFlag(runtime flagView) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if runtime.Str("border-styles") == "" {
+		return nil, nil
 	}
-	index := 0
-	for _, r := range name {
-		if r < 'A' || r > 'Z' {
-			return 0
-		}
-		index = index*26 + int(r-'A'+1)
+	v, err := parseJSONFlag(runtime, "border-styles")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	m, ok := v.(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--border-styles must be a JSON object")
 	}
-	return index
+	return m, nil
 }
 
-func columnIndexToName(index int) string {
-	if index < 1 {
-		return ""
+// requireAnyStyleFlag ensures at least one style-defining flag (style or
+// border) is set — otherwise the request would do nothing.
+func requireAnyStyleFlag(runtime flagView) error {
+	if len(buildCellStyleFromFlags(runtime)) > 0 {
+		return nil
 	}
-	var out []byte
-	for index > 0 {
-		index--
-		out = append([]byte{byte('A' + index%26)}, out...)
-		index /= 26
+	if runtime.Str("border-styles") != "" {
+		return nil
 	}
-	return string(out)
+	return common.FlagErrorf("at least one style flag is required (e.g. --background-color, --font-weight, --border-styles)")
 }
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/helpers_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/helpers_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..15eb06166
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/helpers_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// testConfig returns a CliConfig wired with a stable user identity. Tests
+// keep the AppID test-prefixed so logs / metrics can spot them.
+func testConfig(t *testing.T) *core.CliConfig {
+	t.Helper()
+	replacer := strings.NewReplacer("/", "-", " ", "-")
+	suffix := replacer.Replace(strings.ToLower(t.Name()))
+	return &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID:      "test-sheets-" + suffix,
+		AppSecret:  "secret-sheets-" + suffix,
+		Brand:      core.BrandFeishu,
+		UserOpenId: "ou_test_user",
+	}
+}
+
+// newTestRig spins up a Factory wired with httpmock + the given shortcut
+// mounted into a "sheets" parent command. Returns the cobra.Command ready
+// to SetArgs / Execute, plus the stdout / stderr buffers and the registry.
+func newTestRig(t *testing.T, sc common.Shortcut) (*cobra.Command, *bytes.Buffer, *bytes.Buffer, *httpmock.Registry) {
+	t.Helper()
+	f, stdout, stderr, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig(t))
+	parent := &cobra.Command{Use: "sheets"}
+	sc.Mount(parent, f)
+	parent.SilenceErrors = true
+	parent.SilenceUsage = true
+	return parent, stdout, stderr, reg
+}
+
+// runShortcut executes the shortcut with the given args and returns the
+// captured stdout text. Mirrors the legacy package's parent.Execute()
+// flow so test cases stay close to real CLI behavior.
+func runShortcut(t *testing.T, sc common.Shortcut, args []string) (string, error) {
+	t.Helper()
+	parent, stdout, _, _ := newTestRig(t, sc)
+	parent.SetArgs(append([]string{sc.Command}, args...))
+	err := parent.Execute()
+	return stdout.String(), err
+}
+
+// runShortcutCapturingErr is runShortcut but also returns the stderr text
+// so validation tests can inspect error envelopes.
+func runShortcutCapturingErr(t *testing.T, sc common.Shortcut, args []string) (stdoutStr, stderrStr string, err error) {
+	t.Helper()
+	parent, stdout, stderr, _ := newTestRig(t, sc)
+	parent.SetArgs(append([]string{sc.Command}, args...))
+	err = parent.Execute()
+	return stdout.String(), stderr.String(), err
+}
+
+// runShortcutWithStubs is runShortcut + a slice of httpmock stubs.
+// Stubs are registered before execute so the recorded API calls are
+// served from the registry instead of touching the network.
+func runShortcutWithStubs(t *testing.T, sc common.Shortcut, args []string, stubs ...*httpmock.Stub) (string, error) {
+	t.Helper()
+	parent, stdout, _, reg := newTestRig(t, sc)
+	for _, s := range stubs {
+		reg.Register(s)
+	}
+	parent.SetArgs(append([]string{sc.Command}, args...))
+	err := parent.Execute()
+	return stdout.String(), err
+}
+
+// parseDryRunBody runs the shortcut in --dry-run and returns the first
+// api call's body. The dry-run output format is:
+//
+//	=== Dry Run ===
+//	{ "api": [{...}], ... }
+//
+// Tests use this to assert the One-OpenAPI wire body is constructed
+// correctly without exercising the real endpoint.
+func parseDryRunBody(t *testing.T, sc common.Shortcut, args []string) map[string]interface{} {
+	t.Helper()
+	out, err := runShortcut(t, sc, append(args, "--dry-run"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("dry-run failed: %v\noutput=%s", err, out)
+	}
+	return decodeDryRunFirstCall(t, out)
+}
+
+// parseDryRunAPI returns the full list of `api` entries from a dry-run
+// output — used by shortcuts that emit multiple calls (e.g.
+// +workbook-export, +cells-set-image, +cells-batch-set-style).
+func parseDryRunAPI(t *testing.T, sc common.Shortcut, args []string) []interface{} {
+	t.Helper()
+	out, err := runShortcut(t, sc, append(args, "--dry-run"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("dry-run failed: %v\noutput=%s", err, out)
+	}
+	dryRun := decodeDryRunRaw(t, out)
+	calls, _ := dryRun["api"].([]interface{})
+	return calls
+}
+
+func decodeDryRunRaw(t *testing.T, out string) map[string]interface{} {
+	t.Helper()
+	idx := strings.Index(out, "{")
+	if idx < 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("dry-run output has no JSON body:\n%s", out)
+	}
+	var m map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(out[idx:]), &m); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to parse dry-run JSON: %v\nraw=%s", err, out)
+	}
+	return m
+}
+
+func decodeDryRunFirstCall(t *testing.T, out string) map[string]interface{} {
+	t.Helper()
+	dryRun := decodeDryRunRaw(t, out)
+	calls, ok := dryRun["api"].([]interface{})
+	if !ok || len(calls) == 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("dry-run api array empty or wrong shape: %#v", dryRun)
+	}
+	call, _ := calls[0].(map[string]interface{})
+	body, _ := call["body"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if body == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("dry-run first call has no body: %#v", call)
+	}
+	return body
+}
+
+// decodeToolInput parses the JSON-string `input` field embedded in a
+// dry-run body whose tool_name matches `expected`. Returns the decoded
+// tool input map so tests can assert on specific input fields.
+func decodeToolInput(t *testing.T, body map[string]interface{}, expectedToolName string) map[string]interface{} {
+	t.Helper()
+	if got, _ := body["tool_name"].(string); got != expectedToolName {
+		t.Fatalf("tool_name = %q, want %q", got, expectedToolName)
+	}
+	rawInput, _ := body["input"].(string)
+	if rawInput == "" {
+		t.Fatalf("body.input is empty: %#v", body)
+	}
+	var input map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(rawInput), &input); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to parse tool input JSON: %v\nraw=%s", err, rawInput)
+	}
+	return input
+}
+
+// decodeEnvelopeData parses a successful envelope's data field — used by
+// execute-path tests that go through the full callTool stack with stubs.
+func decodeEnvelopeData(t *testing.T, out string) map[string]interface{} {
+	t.Helper()
+	var envelope map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(out), &envelope); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to decode envelope: %v\nraw=%s", err, out)
+	}
+	if ok, _ := envelope["ok"].(bool); !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("envelope.ok=false: %#v", envelope)
+	}
+	data, _ := envelope["data"].(map[string]interface{})
+	return data
+}
+
+// toolOutputStub builds an httpmock stub for the One-OpenAPI invoke_read
+// or invoke_write endpoint. `outputJSON` is the JSON string the tool
+// returns in data.output.
+func toolOutputStub(token, kind string, outputJSON string) *httpmock.Stub {
+	suffix := "invoke_read"
+	if kind == "write" {
+		suffix = "invoke_write"
+	}
+	return &httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/sheet_ai/v2/spreadsheets/" + token + "/tools/" + suffix,
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 0,
+			"msg":  "success",
+			"data": map[string]interface{}{
+				"output": outputJSON,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// commonArgsURL is the typical --url and --sheet-id pair used by sheet-
+// level tests.
+const (
+	testToken    = "shtcnTestTOK"
+	testURL      = "https://example.feishu.cn/sheets/shtcnTestTOK"
+	testSheetID  = "shtSubA"
+	testSheetID2 = "shtSubB"
+)
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/internal/gen/main.go b/shortcuts/sheets/internal/gen/main.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f481ca5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/internal/gen/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+// Command gen regenerates flag_defs_gen.go and flag_schemas_gen.go from the
+// data/*.json spec artifacts, so command startup pays no JSON unmarshal.
+//
+// Invoked via `go generate ./shortcuts/sheets/...` (see ../../generate.go).
+// data/*.json stays the canonical source (synced from sheet-skill-spec); the
+// *_gen.go files are committed, derived artifacts. CI should run go generate
+// and fail on a dirty tree to keep them in lockstep.
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"go/format"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+type flagDef struct {
+	Name     string   `json:"name"`
+	Kind     string   `json:"kind"`
+	Type     string   `json:"type"`
+	Required string   `json:"required"`
+	Desc     string   `json:"desc"`
+	Default  string   `json:"default"`
+	Hidden   bool     `json:"hidden"`
+	Enum     []string `json:"enum"`
+	Input    []string `json:"input"`
+}
+
+type commandDef struct {
+	Risk  string    `json:"risk"`
+	Flags []flagDef `json:"flags"`
+}
+
+// sheetsDir resolves shortcuts/sheets from this generator's own location, so
+// the tool works regardless of the caller's working directory.
+func sheetsDir() string {
+	_, thisFile, _, ok := runtime.Caller(0)
+	if !ok {
+		log.Fatal("gen: cannot resolve caller path")
+	}
+	// thisFile = <repo>/shortcuts/sheets/internal/gen/main.go
+	return filepath.Join(filepath.Dir(thisFile), "..", "..")
+}
+
+func writeFormatted(path string, b *bytes.Buffer) {
+	out, err := format.Source(b.Bytes())
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("gen: format %s: %v", filepath.Base(path), err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(path, out, 0o644); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("wrote %s (%d bytes)\n", filepath.Base(path), len(out))
+}
+
+func main() {
+	dir := sheetsDir()
+	genFlagDefs(dir)
+	genFlagSchemas(dir)
+}
+
+const flagDefsHeader = `// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+// Code generated from data/flag-defs.json; DO NOT EDIT.
+
+package sheets
+
+// flagDefs is the compiled form of data/flag-defs.json — every CLI flag's
+// metadata for every shortcut, emitted as a Go literal so command startup
+// pays no JSON unmarshal (see flag_defs.go). Do not hand-edit; regenerate
+// with ` + "`go generate ./shortcuts/sheets/...`" + ` after data/flag-defs.json
+// changes.
+var flagDefs = map[string]commandDef{
+`
+
+func sliceLit(s []string) string {
+	parts := make([]string, len(s))
+	for i, v := range s {
+		parts[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%q", v)
+	}
+	return "[]string{" + strings.Join(parts, ", ") + "}"
+}
+
+func flagLit(f flagDef) string {
+	var p []string
+	if f.Name != "" {
+		p = append(p, fmt.Sprintf("Name: %q", f.Name))
+	}
+	if f.Kind != "" {
+		p = append(p, fmt.Sprintf("Kind: %q", f.Kind))
+	}
+	if f.Type != "" {
+		p = append(p, fmt.Sprintf("Type: %q", f.Type))
+	}
+	if f.Required != "" {
+		p = append(p, fmt.Sprintf("Required: %q", f.Required))
+	}
+	if f.Desc != "" {
+		p = append(p, fmt.Sprintf("Desc: %q", f.Desc))
+	}
+	if f.Default != "" {
+		p = append(p, fmt.Sprintf("Default: %q", f.Default))
+	}
+	if f.Hidden {
+		p = append(p, "Hidden: true")
+	}
+	if f.Enum != nil {
+		p = append(p, "Enum: "+sliceLit(f.Enum))
+	}
+	if f.Input != nil {
+		p = append(p, "Input: "+sliceLit(f.Input))
+	}
+	return "{" + strings.Join(p, ", ") + "}"
+}
+
+func genFlagDefs(dir string) {
+	raw, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(dir, "data", "flag-defs.json"))
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	var defs map[string]commandDef
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &defs); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	keys := make([]string, 0, len(defs))
+	for k := range defs {
+		keys = append(keys, k)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(keys)
+
+	var b bytes.Buffer
+	b.WriteString(flagDefsHeader)
+	for _, k := range keys {
+		cd := defs[k]
+		fmt.Fprintf(&b, "%q: {\n", k)
+		if cd.Risk != "" {
+			fmt.Fprintf(&b, "Risk: %q,\n", cd.Risk)
+		}
+		if cd.Flags != nil {
+			b.WriteString("Flags: []flagDef{\n")
+			for _, f := range cd.Flags {
+				b.WriteString(flagLit(f))
+				b.WriteString(",\n")
+			}
+			b.WriteString("},\n")
+		}
+		b.WriteString("},\n")
+	}
+	b.WriteString("}\n")
+
+	writeFormatted(filepath.Join(dir, "flag_defs_gen.go"), &b)
+}
+
+const flagSchemasHeader = `// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+// Code generated from data/flag-schemas.json; DO NOT EDIT.
+
+package sheets
+
+// commandsWithSchema is the set of shortcut commands that have at least one
+// introspectable composite flag in data/flag-schemas.json. Codegen'd so the
+// registration loop (shortcuts.go) and the validate fast-path can gate on it
+// without parsing the 256KB schema blob at startup (that parse used to run on
+// every CLI invocation, sheets or not). The 256KB is now only unmarshaled
+// on --print-schema or when validating a command that is in this set. Do not
+// hand-edit; regenerate with ` + "`go generate ./shortcuts/sheets/...`" + `.
+var commandsWithSchema = map[string]struct{}{
+`
+
+func genFlagSchemas(dir string) {
+	raw, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(dir, "data", "flag-schemas.json"))
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	var doc struct {
+		Flags map[string]json.RawMessage `json:"flags"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &doc); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	keys := make([]string, 0, len(doc.Flags))
+	for k := range doc.Flags {
+		keys = append(keys, k)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(keys)
+
+	var b bytes.Buffer
+	b.WriteString(flagSchemasHeader)
+	for _, k := range keys {
+		fmt.Fprintf(&b, "%q: {},\n", k)
+	}
+	b.WriteString("}\n")
+
+	writeFormatted(filepath.Join(dir, "flag_schemas_gen.go"), &b)
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_batch_update.go b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_batch_update.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..696c40f23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_batch_update.go
@@ -0,0 +1,502 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// ─── lark_sheet_batch_update ──────────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// One tool (batch_update), four shortcuts:
+//
+//   - +batch-update            user supplies a CLI-shape operations array
+//                              [{shortcut, input}, ...]; CLI translates to
+//                              MCP shape {tool_name, input(+operation)} via
+//                              batchOpDispatch before invoking the tool
+//                              (high-risk-write — anything in batchOpDispatch
+//                              can be inside)
+//   - +cells-batch-set-style   fan a single style across many ranges
+//   - +dropdown-update         install/replace the same dropdown across
+//                              many ranges in one atomic batch
+//   - +dropdown-delete         clear data_validation across many ranges
+//                              (high-risk-write)
+//
+// The tool's contract (post-translation):
+//   { excel_id, operations: [{tool_name, input}, ...], continue_on_error? }
+//
+// continue_on_error defaults to false (strict transaction): any failure
+// rolls back the whole batch. CLI leaves the default in place for the
+// three "fan-out" shortcuts since they're meant to be all-or-nothing;
+// only +batch-update lets callers flip it via --continue-on-error.
+
+// BatchUpdate accepts a CLI-shape operations array (each item
+// {shortcut, input}); on Validate / DryRun / Execute we translate each
+// sub-op via batchOpDispatch (see batch_op_dispatch.go) into the MCP
+// {tool_name, input(+operation)} form before calling the underlying
+// batch_update tool.
+var BatchUpdate = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+batch-update",
+	Description: "Execute a batch of write shortcuts as a single atomic request (rolls back on failure by default).",
+	Risk:        "high-risk-write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+batch-update"),
+	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		// Run the full translation in Validate so shape errors surface before
+		// DryRun / Execute. Translator is pure (no network), so re-running it
+		// in DryRun / Execute below is fine.
+		if _, err := batchUpdateInput(runtime, token); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return nil
+	},
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		input, _ := batchUpdateInput(runtime, token)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "batch_update", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := batchUpdateInput(runtime, token)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "batch_update", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+	Tips: []string{
+		"Default is strict transaction — any sub-tool failure rolls the whole batch back. Pass --continue-on-error to keep partial successes.",
+		"Each sub-op is {shortcut, input}. Do NOT pass input.operation (implied by shortcut name) or input.excel_id / input.url (set at the +batch-update top level).",
+	},
+}
+
+// batchUpdateInput translates the user-supplied CLI-shape operations array
+// into the MCP batch_update payload. Returns FlagErrorf-typed errors on
+// any per-op shape problem (translator validates each entry).
+func batchUpdateInput(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, token string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	rawOps, err := parseBatchOperationsFlag(runtime)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	translated, err := translateBatchOperations(rawOps, token)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":   token,
+		"operations": translated,
+	}
+	if runtime.Changed("continue-on-error") {
+		// An explicit --continue-on-error always wins over the envelope, so
+		// --continue-on-error=false keeps the strict-transaction default even
+		// when the --operations envelope carries continue_on_error:true.
+		if runtime.Bool("continue-on-error") {
+			input["continue_on_error"] = true
+		}
+	} else if envelope, _ := parseJSONFlag(runtime, "operations"); envelope != nil {
+		// No explicit flag: honor an inline override when --operations is an
+		// envelope object rather than a bare operations array.
+		if m, ok := envelope.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
+			if v, ok := m["continue_on_error"].(bool); ok && v {
+				input["continue_on_error"] = true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+// parseBatchOperationsFlag accepts --operations as either a JSON array (the
+// operations list directly) or an envelope object { operations, continue_on_error }
+// for back-compat with the legacy --data shape. Returns the operations array.
+func parseBatchOperationsFlag(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) ([]interface{}, error) {
+	v, err := parseJSONFlag(runtime, "operations")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if v == nil {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--operations is required")
+	}
+	if arr, ok := v.([]interface{}); ok {
+		return arr, nil
+	}
+	if m, ok := v.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
+		if ops, ok := m["operations"].([]interface{}); ok {
+			return ops, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--operations must be a JSON array (or { operations: [...] } envelope)")
+}
+
+// CellsBatchSetStyle stamps one style block across many sheet-prefixed
+// ranges atomically. --ranges is a JSON array of sheet-prefixed A1
+// strings; the style is composed from the same flat flags as
+// +cells-set-style. CLI fans each range into a separate set_cell_range
+// op inside one batch_update.
+var CellsBatchSetStyle = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+cells-batch-set-style",
+	Description: "Apply one style block to many sheet-prefixed ranges in one atomic batch.",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+cells-batch-set-style"),
+	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		if _, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if _, err := validateDropdownRanges(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := requireAnyStyleFlag(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if _, err := borderStylesFromFlag(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return nil
+	},
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		input, _ := cellsBatchSetStyleInput(runtime, token)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "batch_update", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := cellsBatchSetStyleInput(runtime, token)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "batch_update", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+func cellsBatchSetStyleInput(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, token string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	ranges, err := validateDropdownRanges(runtime)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	cellStyle := buildCellStyleFromFlags(runtime)
+	borderStyles, err := borderStylesFromFlag(runtime)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	prototype := map[string]interface{}{}
+	if len(cellStyle) > 0 {
+		prototype["cell_styles"] = cellStyle
+	}
+	if borderStyles != nil {
+		prototype["border_styles"] = borderStyles
+	}
+	var ops []interface{}
+	for _, rng := range ranges {
+		sheet, sub, err := splitSheetPrefixedRange(rng)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		rows, cols, err := rangeDimensions(sub)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, common.FlagErrorf("range %q: %v", rng, err)
+		}
+		cells := fillCellsMatrix(rows, cols, prototype)
+		ops = append(ops, map[string]interface{}{
+			"tool_name": "set_cell_range",
+			"input": map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":   token,
+				"sheet_name": sheet,
+				"range":      sub,
+				"cells":      cells,
+			},
+		})
+	}
+	return map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":   token,
+		"operations": ops,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// CellsBatchClear clears content / formats / both across many sheet-prefixed
+// ranges in one atomic batch. --ranges is a JSON array of sheet-prefixed A1
+// strings; --scope reuses the +cells-clear vocabulary (content / formats /
+// all). CLI fans each range into a separate clear_cell_range op inside one
+// batch_update. high-risk-write because clear is irreversible.
+var CellsBatchClear = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+cells-batch-clear",
+	Description: "Clear content/formats across many sheet-prefixed ranges in one atomic batch (irreversible).",
+	Risk:        "high-risk-write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+cells-batch-clear"),
+	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		if _, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if _, err := validateDropdownRanges(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return nil
+	},
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		input, _ := cellsBatchClearInput(runtime, token)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "batch_update", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := cellsBatchClearInput(runtime, token)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "batch_update", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return annotateEmbeddedBlockClearErr(err)
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+	Tips: []string{
+		"high-risk-write — always preview with --dry-run; clear is not undoable.",
+		"Every --ranges item must carry a sheet prefix (e.g. \"Sheet1!A1:A10\"); all ranges are cleared with the same --scope.",
+		"Can't delete an embedded pivot/chart by clearing cells — remove the object itself with +pivot-delete / +chart-delete.",
+	},
+}
+
+func cellsBatchClearInput(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, token string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	ranges, err := validateDropdownRanges(runtime)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	clearType := normalizeClearType(runtime.Str("scope"))
+	var ops []interface{}
+	for _, rng := range ranges {
+		sheet, sub, err := splitSheetPrefixedRange(rng)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		ops = append(ops, map[string]interface{}{
+			"tool_name": "clear_cell_range",
+			"input": map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":   token,
+				"sheet_name": sheet,
+				"range":      sub,
+				"clear_type": clearType,
+			},
+		})
+	}
+	return map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":   token,
+		"operations": ops,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// DropdownUpdate installs/replaces a single dropdown on many ranges in one
+// atomic batch. Sheet ids come from the per-range sheet prefix.
+var DropdownUpdate = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+dropdown-update",
+	Description: "Install or replace one dropdown across many sheet-prefixed ranges atomically.",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+dropdown-update"),
+	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		if _, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if _, err := validateDropdownRanges(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if _, err := validateDropdownSourceOrOptions(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		warnDropdownSourceRangeHighlight(runtime)
+		return nil
+	},
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		input, _ := dropdownBatchInput(runtime, token, false)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "batch_update", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := dropdownBatchInput(runtime, token, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "batch_update", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+// DropdownDelete clears data_validation across many ranges atomically.
+var DropdownDelete = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+dropdown-delete",
+	Description: "Clear dropdowns from many sheet-prefixed ranges atomically (irreversible).",
+	Risk:        "high-risk-write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+dropdown-delete"),
+	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		if _, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		ranges, err := validateDropdownRanges(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if len(ranges) > 100 {
+			return common.FlagErrorf("--ranges accepts at most 100 entries; got %d", len(ranges))
+		}
+		return nil
+	},
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		input, _ := dropdownBatchInput(runtime, token, true)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "batch_update", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := dropdownBatchInput(runtime, token, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "batch_update", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+// dropdownBatchInput builds the batch_update payload for both
+// +dropdown-update (clear=false, data_validation populated) and
+// +dropdown-delete (clear=true, data_validation: null).
+func dropdownBatchInput(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, token string, clear bool) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	ranges, err := validateDropdownRanges(runtime)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var prototype map[string]interface{}
+	if clear {
+		prototype = map[string]interface{}{"data_validation": nil}
+	} else {
+		validation, err := buildDropdownValidation(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		prototype = map[string]interface{}{"data_validation": validation}
+	}
+	var ops []interface{}
+	for _, rng := range ranges {
+		sheet, sub, err := splitSheetPrefixedRange(rng)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		rows, cols, err := rangeDimensions(sub)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, common.FlagErrorf("range %q: %v", rng, err)
+		}
+		cells := fillCellsMatrix(rows, cols, prototype)
+		ops = append(ops, map[string]interface{}{
+			"tool_name": "set_cell_range",
+			"input": map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":   token,
+				"sheet_name": sheet,
+				"range":      sub,
+				"cells":      cells,
+			},
+		})
+	}
+	return map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":   token,
+		"operations": ops,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// ─── helpers resurrected from B3 (used here + future skills) ──────────
+
+// validateDropdownRanges parses --ranges, requires every entry to carry a
+// sheet prefix, and returns the parsed list.
+func validateDropdownRanges(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) ([]string, error) {
+	raw, err := requireJSONArray(runtime, "ranges")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	out := make([]string, 0, len(raw))
+	for i, v := range raw {
+		s, ok := v.(string)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--ranges[%d] must be a string", i)
+		}
+		s = strings.TrimSpace(s)
+		if !strings.Contains(s, "!") {
+			return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--ranges[%d] (%q) must include a sheet prefix", i, s)
+		}
+		// Validate the sheet!range shape up front so malformed entries like
+		// "!A1" (no sheet), "Sheet1!" (no range) or "Sheet1!bad" (bad ref) fail
+		// here at Validate instead of slipping through to DryRun/Execute.
+		_, sub, err := splitSheetPrefixedRange(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--ranges[%d]: %v", i, err)
+		}
+		if _, _, err := rangeDimensions(sub); err != nil {
+			return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--ranges[%d] (%q): %v", i, s, err)
+		}
+		out = append(out, s)
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+// splitSheetPrefixedRange splits "sheet1!A2:A100" into ("sheet1", "A2:A100").
+func splitSheetPrefixedRange(rng string) (sheet, sub string, err error) {
+	idx := strings.Index(rng, "!")
+	if idx <= 0 || idx == len(rng)-1 {
+		return "", "", common.FlagErrorf("range %q must use sheet!range form", rng)
+	}
+	return strings.TrimSpace(rng[:idx]), strings.TrimSpace(rng[idx+1:]), nil
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_batch_update_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_batch_update_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e122c1355
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_batch_update_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,495 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// TestBatchUpdate_TranslatesShortcutToToolName verifies +batch-update
+// translates each CLI-shape sub-op ({shortcut, input}) to the MCP-shape
+// ({tool_name, input(+operation, +excel_id)}) before threading into
+// the underlying batch_update tool. Covers continue_on_error too.
+func TestBatchUpdate_TranslatesShortcutToToolName(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	body := parseDryRunBody(t, BatchUpdate, []string{
+		"--url", testURL,
+		"--operations", `[
+		  {"shortcut":"+cells-set","input":{"sheet_id":"sh1","range":"A1","cells":[[{"value":42}]]}},
+		  {"shortcut":"+dim-insert","input":{"sheet_id":"sh1","position":"1","count":3}}
+		]`,
+		"--continue-on-error",
+		"--yes",
+	})
+	input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "batch_update")
+	ops, _ := input["operations"].([]interface{})
+	if len(ops) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("operations length = %d, want 2", len(ops))
+	}
+	if input["continue_on_error"] != true {
+		t.Errorf("continue_on_error = %v, want true", input["continue_on_error"])
+	}
+
+	// op[0]: +cells-set → set_cell_range, no operation field
+	op0 := ops[0].(map[string]interface{})
+	if op0["tool_name"] != "set_cell_range" {
+		t.Errorf("op[0].tool_name = %v, want set_cell_range", op0["tool_name"])
+	}
+	in0, _ := op0["input"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if in0["excel_id"] == nil {
+		t.Errorf("op[0].input.excel_id missing (translator should inject)")
+	}
+	if _, has := in0["operation"]; has {
+		t.Errorf("op[0].input.operation present, +cells-set should not inject one: %#v", in0)
+	}
+
+	// op[1]: +dim-insert → modify_sheet_structure + operation:"insert"
+	op1 := ops[1].(map[string]interface{})
+	if op1["tool_name"] != "modify_sheet_structure" {
+		t.Errorf("op[1].tool_name = %v, want modify_sheet_structure", op1["tool_name"])
+	}
+	in1, _ := op1["input"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if in1["operation"] != "insert" {
+		t.Errorf("op[1].input.operation = %v, want \"insert\"", in1["operation"])
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBatchUpdate_HighRiskWriteRequiresYes(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	stdout, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, BatchUpdate, []string{
+		"--url", testURL,
+		"--operations", `[{"shortcut":"+cells-set","input":{}}]`,
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected confirmation_required; stdout=%s stderr=%s", stdout, stderr)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCellsBatchSetStyle_FansOutOps verifies multiple ranges produce one
+// set_cell_range op each, sharing the same style flags.
+func TestCellsBatchSetStyle_FansOutOps(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	body := parseDryRunBody(t, CellsBatchSetStyle, []string{
+		"--url", testURL,
+		"--ranges", `["sheet1!A1:B2","sheet1!D1:E2","sheet1!A5:A6"]`,
+		"--font-weight", "bold",
+		"--background-color", "#ffff00",
+	})
+	input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "batch_update")
+	ops, _ := input["operations"].([]interface{})
+	if len(ops) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("operations length = %d, want 3 (one per range)", len(ops))
+	}
+	for i, raw := range ops {
+		op, _ := raw.(map[string]interface{})
+		if op["tool_name"] != "set_cell_range" {
+			t.Errorf("op[%d].tool_name = %v, want set_cell_range", i, op["tool_name"])
+		}
+		params, _ := op["input"].(map[string]interface{})
+		if params["sheet_name"] != "sheet1" {
+			t.Errorf("op[%d].sheet_name = %v, want sheet1", i, params["sheet_name"])
+		}
+		cells, _ := params["cells"].([]interface{})
+		row, _ := cells[0].([]interface{})
+		cell, _ := row[0].(map[string]interface{})
+		style, _ := cell["cell_styles"].(map[string]interface{})
+		if style["font_weight"] != "bold" || style["background_color"] != "#ffff00" {
+			t.Errorf("op[%d] cell_styles wrong: %#v", i, style)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCellsBatchClear_FansOutOps verifies multiple ranges produce one
+// clear_cell_range op each, all sharing the same --scope-derived clear_type,
+// with the sheet prefix split into sheet_name + bare range.
+func TestCellsBatchClear_FansOutOps(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	body := parseDryRunBody(t, CellsBatchClear, []string{
+		"--url", testURL,
+		"--ranges", `["sheet1!A1:A10","sheet2!C1:D5","sheet1!F3"]`,
+		"--scope", "all",
+		"--yes",
+	})
+	input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "batch_update")
+	ops, _ := input["operations"].([]interface{})
+	if len(ops) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("operations length = %d, want 3 (one per range)", len(ops))
+	}
+	wantSheet := []string{"sheet1", "sheet2", "sheet1"}
+	wantRange := []string{"A1:A10", "C1:D5", "F3"}
+	for i, raw := range ops {
+		op, _ := raw.(map[string]interface{})
+		if op["tool_name"] != "clear_cell_range" {
+			t.Errorf("op[%d].tool_name = %v, want clear_cell_range", i, op["tool_name"])
+		}
+		params, _ := op["input"].(map[string]interface{})
+		if params["sheet_name"] != wantSheet[i] {
+			t.Errorf("op[%d].sheet_name = %v, want %s", i, params["sheet_name"], wantSheet[i])
+		}
+		if params["range"] != wantRange[i] {
+			t.Errorf("op[%d].range = %v, want %s", i, params["range"], wantRange[i])
+		}
+		if params["clear_type"] != "all" {
+			t.Errorf("op[%d].clear_type = %v, want all", i, params["clear_type"])
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCellsBatchClear_ScopeDefaultsToContents verifies the default --scope
+// (content) maps to the tool's clear_type "contents" — identical to the
+// standalone +cells-clear normalization.
+func TestCellsBatchClear_ScopeDefaultsToContents(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	body := parseDryRunBody(t, CellsBatchClear, []string{
+		"--url", testURL,
+		"--ranges", `["sheet1!A1:B2"]`,
+		"--yes",
+	})
+	input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "batch_update")
+	ops, _ := input["operations"].([]interface{})
+	if len(ops) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("operations length = %d, want 1", len(ops))
+	}
+	params, _ := ops[0].(map[string]interface{})["input"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if params["clear_type"] != "contents" {
+		t.Errorf("clear_type = %v, want contents (default scope)", params["clear_type"])
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCellsBatchClear_Guards covers the sheet-prefix requirement and the
+// high-risk-write confirmation gate.
+func TestCellsBatchClear_Guards(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// sheetless range → prefix guard (shared with the dropdown fan-outs).
+	stdout, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, CellsBatchClear, []string{
+		"--url", testURL,
+		"--ranges", `["A1:A10"]`,
+		"--yes",
+		"--dry-run",
+	})
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(stdout+stderr+err.Error(), "must include a sheet prefix") {
+		t.Errorf("expected sheet-prefix guard; got=%s|%s|%v", stdout, stderr, err)
+	}
+
+	// missing --yes → confirmation_required (high-risk-write).
+	stdout, stderr, err = runShortcutCapturingErr(t, CellsBatchClear, []string{
+		"--url", testURL,
+		"--ranges", `["sheet1!A1:A10"]`,
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Errorf("expected confirmation_required without --yes; stdout=%s stderr=%s", stdout, stderr)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDropdownUpdate_BatchPayload verifies the multi-range dropdown
+// update fans out into a single batch_update with one set_cell_range
+// op per range. Also covers --colors / --highlight -> highlight_colors
+// / enable_highlight propagation through dropdownBatchInput.
+func TestDropdownUpdate_BatchPayload(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	body := parseDryRunBody(t, DropdownUpdate, []string{
+		"--url", testURL,
+		"--ranges", `["sheet1!A2:A5","sheet1!C2:C5"]`,
+		"--options", `["a","b","c"]`,
+		"--colors", `["#FFE699","#bff7d9","#ffb3b3"]`,
+		"--multiple", "--highlight",
+	})
+	input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "batch_update")
+	ops, _ := input["operations"].([]interface{})
+	if len(ops) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("operations length = %d, want 2", len(ops))
+	}
+	for i, raw := range ops {
+		op, _ := raw.(map[string]interface{})
+		params, _ := op["input"].(map[string]interface{})
+		cells, _ := params["cells"].([]interface{})
+		if len(cells) != 4 {
+			t.Errorf("op[%d] cells rows = %d, want 4 (A2:A5 / C2:C5)", i, len(cells))
+		}
+		row0, _ := cells[0].([]interface{})
+		cell, _ := row0[0].(map[string]interface{})
+		dv, _ := cell["data_validation"].(map[string]interface{})
+		if dv == nil || dv["type"] != "list" {
+			t.Errorf("op[%d] missing data_validation list: %#v", i, cell)
+		}
+		items, _ := dv["items"].([]interface{})
+		if len(items) != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("op[%d] data_validation.items length = %d, want 3", i, len(items))
+		}
+		if dv["support_multiple_values"] != true {
+			t.Errorf("op[%d] support_multiple_values = %v, want true", i, dv["support_multiple_values"])
+		}
+		colors, _ := dv["highlight_colors"].([]interface{})
+		if len(colors) != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("op[%d] highlight_colors length = %d, want 3", i, len(colors))
+		}
+		if dv["enable_highlight"] != true {
+			t.Errorf("op[%d] enable_highlight = %v, want true", i, dv["enable_highlight"])
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDropdownDelete_BatchClearsValidation verifies delete sets
+// data_validation: null on every cell.
+func TestDropdownDelete_BatchClearsValidation(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	body := parseDryRunBody(t, DropdownDelete, []string{
+		"--url", testURL,
+		"--ranges", `["sheet1!A2:A4"]`,
+		"--yes",
+	})
+	input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "batch_update")
+	ops, _ := input["operations"].([]interface{})
+	if len(ops) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("operations length = %d, want 1", len(ops))
+	}
+	op := ops[0].(map[string]interface{})
+	params, _ := op["input"].(map[string]interface{})
+	cells, _ := params["cells"].([]interface{})
+	for i, raw := range cells {
+		row, _ := raw.([]interface{})
+		cell, _ := row[0].(map[string]interface{})
+		if _, present := cell["data_validation"]; !present {
+			t.Errorf("row %d: data_validation key missing", i)
+			continue
+		}
+		if cell["data_validation"] != nil {
+			t.Errorf("row %d: data_validation = %v, want null", i, cell["data_validation"])
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBatchUpdate_ValidationGuards(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// dropdown-update with sheetless range
+	stdout, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, DropdownUpdate, []string{
+		"--url", testURL,
+		"--ranges", `["A2:A5"]`,
+		"--options", `["a"]`,
+		"--dry-run",
+	})
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(stdout+stderr+err.Error(), "must include a sheet prefix") {
+		t.Errorf("expected sheet-prefix guard for +dropdown-update; got=%s|%s|%v", stdout, stderr, err)
+	}
+
+	// batch-update with empty operations
+	stdout, stderr, err = runShortcutCapturingErr(t, BatchUpdate, []string{
+		"--url", testURL,
+		"--operations", `[]`,
+		"--yes",
+		"--dry-run",
+	})
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(stdout+stderr+err.Error(), "non-empty JSON array") {
+		t.Errorf("expected empty-operations guard; got=%s|%s|%v", stdout, stderr, err)
+	}
+
+	// dropdown-update with non-array --options (object instead) → array guard
+	// (now via schema validator at parseJSONFlag time)
+	stdout, stderr, err = runShortcutCapturingErr(t, DropdownUpdate, []string{
+		"--url", testURL,
+		"--ranges", `["sheet1!A1:A2"]`,
+		"--options", `{"not":"array"}`,
+		"--dry-run",
+	})
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(stdout+stderr+err.Error(), `expected type "array"`) {
+		t.Errorf("expected JSON array guard; got=%s|%s|%v", stdout, stderr, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestValidateDropdownRanges_RejectsMalformedRange locks the up-front sheet!range
+// validation: entries that merely contain "!" but are otherwise malformed (empty
+// sheet, empty range, or an unparseable A1 ref) must fail at Validate rather than
+// slip through to DryRun/Execute. Covers +dropdown-update / +dropdown-delete,
+// which fan out over --ranges.
+func TestValidateDropdownRanges_RejectsMalformedRange(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	cases := []struct {
+		name   string
+		ranges string
+		want   string
+	}{
+		{"no sheet prefix at all", `["A1:A5"]`, "must include a sheet prefix"},
+		{"empty sheet name", `["!A1:A5"]`, "must use sheet!range form"},
+		{"empty range after prefix", `["Sheet1!"]`, "must use sheet!range form"},
+		{"unparseable ref", `["Sheet1!bad"]`, "invalid cell ref"},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			stdout, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, DropdownUpdate, []string{
+				"--url", testURL,
+				"--ranges", tc.ranges,
+				"--options", `["a"]`,
+				"--dry-run",
+			})
+			if err == nil || !strings.Contains(stdout+stderr+err.Error(), tc.want) {
+				t.Errorf("ranges=%s: expected error containing %q; got=%s|%s|%v", tc.ranges, tc.want, stdout, stderr, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestBatchUpdate_TranslatorRejects covers per-op shape errors caught by
+// translateBatchOp: unknown shortcut, missing shortcut, banned (read /
+// fan-out / legacy v2) shortcuts, hand-filled reserved keys, etc.
+func TestBatchUpdate_TranslatorRejects(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	cases := []struct {
+		name      string
+		opsJSON   string
+		wantMatch string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:      "missing shortcut field",
+			opsJSON:   `[{"input":{"range":"A1"}}]`,
+			wantMatch: "'shortcut' field is required",
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "empty shortcut string",
+			opsJSON:   `[{"shortcut":"","input":{}}]`,
+			wantMatch: "'shortcut' must be a non-empty string",
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "unknown shortcut",
+			opsJSON:   `[{"shortcut":"+cells-set-magic","input":{}}]`,
+			wantMatch: "not allowed in +batch-update",
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "read op rejected",
+			opsJSON:   `[{"shortcut":"+cells-get","input":{}}]`,
+			wantMatch: "not allowed in +batch-update",
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "nested batch-update rejected",
+			opsJSON:   `[{"shortcut":"+batch-update","input":{}}]`,
+			wantMatch: "not allowed in +batch-update",
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "fan-out wrapper rejected",
+			opsJSON:   `[{"shortcut":"+cells-batch-set-style","input":{}}]`,
+			wantMatch: "not allowed in +batch-update",
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "fan-out wrapper +cells-batch-clear rejected",
+			opsJSON:   `[{"shortcut":"+cells-batch-clear","input":{}}]`,
+			wantMatch: "not allowed in +batch-update",
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "legacy v2 +dim-move rejected",
+			opsJSON:   `[{"shortcut":"+dim-move","input":{}}]`,
+			wantMatch: "not allowed in +batch-update",
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "user filled operation manually",
+			opsJSON:   `[{"shortcut":"+dim-insert","input":{"operation":"delete","position":"1","count":1}}]`,
+			wantMatch: "do not pass input.operation",
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "user filled excel_id",
+			opsJSON:   `[{"shortcut":"+cells-set","input":{"excel_id":"shtcnX","range":"A1"}}]`,
+			wantMatch: "do not pass input.excel_id",
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "user filled url",
+			opsJSON:   `[{"shortcut":"+cells-set","input":{"url":"https://x.feishu.cn/sheets/sh","range":"A1"}}]`,
+			wantMatch: "do not pass input.url",
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "extra top-level key",
+			opsJSON:   `[{"shortcut":"+cells-set","input":{"range":"A1"},"tool_name":"oops"}]`,
+			wantMatch: "unknown top-level key",
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "sub-op not an object",
+			opsJSON:   `["not-an-object"]`,
+			wantMatch: "must be a JSON object",
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "input not an object",
+			opsJSON:   `[{"shortcut":"+cells-set","input":"not-an-object"}]`,
+			wantMatch: "'input' must be a JSON object",
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			stdout, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, BatchUpdate, []string{
+				"--url", testURL,
+				"--operations", tc.opsJSON,
+				"--yes",
+				"--dry-run",
+			})
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("expected error containing %q; got stdout=%s stderr=%s", tc.wantMatch, stdout, stderr)
+			}
+			if !strings.Contains(stdout+stderr+err.Error(), tc.wantMatch) {
+				t.Errorf("expected error containing %q; got: %s | %s | %v", tc.wantMatch, stdout, stderr, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestBatchUpdate_DimFreezeInjectsFreeze covers the static-freeze-only
+// path: +dim-freeze always injects operation=freeze (count==0 unfreeze
+// path of the single shortcut is intentionally not supported in batch).
+func TestBatchUpdate_DimFreezeInjectsFreeze(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	body := parseDryRunBody(t, BatchUpdate, []string{
+		"--url", testURL,
+		"--operations", `[{"shortcut":"+dim-freeze","input":{"sheet_id":"sh1","dimension":"row","count":2}}]`,
+		"--yes",
+	})
+	input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "batch_update")
+	ops, _ := input["operations"].([]interface{})
+	op := ops[0].(map[string]interface{})
+	if op["tool_name"] != "modify_sheet_structure" {
+		t.Errorf("tool_name = %v, want modify_sheet_structure", op["tool_name"])
+	}
+	in, _ := op["input"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if in["operation"] != "freeze" {
+		t.Errorf("operation = %v, want \"freeze\"", in["operation"])
+	}
+}
+
+// TestBatchUpdate_ResizeNoOperationField covers the resize_range dispatch:
+// mapping has no operationField, so input.operation must NOT be injected.
+func TestBatchUpdate_ResizeNoOperationField(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	body := parseDryRunBody(t, BatchUpdate, []string{
+		"--url", testURL,
+		"--operations", `[{"shortcut":"+rows-resize","input":{"sheet_id":"sh1","range":"1:3","type":"pixel","size":30}}]`,
+		"--yes",
+	})
+	input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "batch_update")
+	op := input["operations"].([]interface{})[0].(map[string]interface{})
+	if op["tool_name"] != "resize_range" {
+		t.Errorf("tool_name = %v, want resize_range", op["tool_name"])
+	}
+	in, _ := op["input"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if _, has := in["operation"]; has {
+		t.Errorf("operation should NOT be injected for resize_range; got %#v", in)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSplitSheetPrefixedRange exercises the helper directly.
+func TestSplitSheetPrefixedRange(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	sheet, sub, err := splitSheetPrefixedRange("sheet1!A2:A100")
+	if err != nil || sheet != "sheet1" || sub != "A2:A100" {
+		t.Errorf("split = (%q,%q,%v), want (sheet1, A2:A100, nil)", sheet, sub, err)
+	}
+	if _, _, err := splitSheetPrefixedRange("A2:A100"); err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected error on missing prefix")
+	}
+	if _, _, err := splitSheetPrefixedRange("!A2"); err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected error on empty sheet name")
+	}
+	// Compile-time use of json import
+	_ = json.Marshal
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_object_crud.go b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_object_crud.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..221b9d03d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_object_crud.go
@@ -0,0 +1,1043 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// ─── object CRUD shortcuts ────────────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// Six object skills (chart / pivot table / conditional format / filter /
+// filter view / sparkline / float image) each expose a uniform create /
+// update / delete trio backed by their manage_<obj>_object tool.
+//
+// Shared shape:
+//   excel_id + sheet_id|sheet_name + operation + [<obj>_id] + [properties]
+//
+// CLI `--data` is passed through as the tool's `properties` payload as-is —
+// callers shape it per the spec doc for each object (which is what makes
+// the surface narrow even though everything funnels through one tool).
+//
+// Five of the seven objects share the factory below (newObjectCRUDShortcuts).
+// pivot opts into allowEmptySheetSelectorOnCreate=true so the backend can
+// auto-create a placement sub-sheet when neither --sheet-id nor --sheet-name
+// is given; it also exposes optional --target-position on create. filter is
+// special-cased further down (no separate id flag — filter_id is implicit
+// per sheet — and --range is a first-class create flag, not buried in --data).
+
+// objectCRUDSpec describes a 3-shortcut create/update/delete cluster.
+// idFlag / idField empty → no per-object id flag (only filter uses that
+// today, and it has its own bespoke shortcuts further down).
+type objectCRUDSpec struct {
+	commandPrefix string // e.g. "+chart" → +chart-create / -update / -delete
+	toolName      string // e.g. "manage_chart_object"
+	idFlag        string // e.g. "chart-id"
+	idField       string // e.g. "chart_id"
+	// enhanceCreateInput / enhanceUpdateInput, when set, mutate the tool
+	// input after the standard fields are written. Used to inject
+	// shortcut-specific flat flags into the input (typically into the
+	// properties map). The callback is responsible for navigating to the
+	// right nesting level.
+	enhanceCreateInput func(rt flagView, input map[string]interface{})
+	enhanceUpdateInput func(rt flagView, input map[string]interface{})
+	// validateUpdateInput, when set, runs after enhanceUpdateInput to
+	// enforce *cross-field, update-only* constraints JSON Schema can't
+	// express (e.g. sparkline requires properties.sparklines[i] to
+	// carry sparkline_id on update — same schema is shared with create
+	// where the id is server-assigned). Type / enum / required /
+	// nested-shape checks are not handled here: they run automatically
+	// against data/flag-schemas.json in objectCreateInput /
+	// objectUpdateInput via validatePropertiesAgainstSchema.
+	validateUpdateInput func(input map[string]interface{}) error
+	// allowEmptySheetSelectorOnCreate, when true, makes the *create*
+	// shortcut accept empty --sheet-id / --sheet-name (backend then picks
+	// the placement target — e.g. manage_pivot_table_object auto-creates
+	// a sub-sheet to host the pivot). Both flags being set is still
+	// rejected. Update/delete continue to require an explicit selector.
+	// Today only pivotSpec opts in.
+	allowEmptySheetSelectorOnCreate bool
+	// createSheetIDFlag / createSheetNameFlag override the default
+	// `sheet-id` / `sheet-name` flag names on the *create* shortcut and
+	// its +batch-update sub-op. Used by pivot to expose
+	// `target-sheet-id` / `target-sheet-name` — the placement target,
+	// semantically distinct from the data-source sheet (which is encoded
+	// in --source as `'SheetName'!Range`). Empty = default names.
+	// Update/delete continue to use `sheet-id` / `sheet-name`.
+	createSheetIDFlag   string
+	createSheetNameFlag string
+	// createTips, when set, populates the create shortcut's --help TIPS
+	// section. Used by pivot to make "omit --target-* → backend auto-creates
+	// a sub-sheet, zero overwrite" a hard, can't-miss note at the point of
+	// use (the most-stepped-on #REF! trap in real trajectories).
+	createTips []string
+	// createWarn, when set, is evaluated on the create shortcut's dry-run and
+	// execute paths; a non-empty return is surfaced as a `placement_warning`
+	// field in the output. Used by pivot to flag a likely source-data overwrite
+	// before it happens, without blocking the call. Local-only (no network), so
+	// it stays safe to call from dry-run.
+	createWarn func(rt flagView) string
+}
+
+// sheetIDFlagOnCreate / sheetNameFlagOnCreate return the cobra flag name
+// used to read the placement-sheet selector on this spec's create
+// shortcut. Defaults to `sheet-id` / `sheet-name`.
+func (s objectCRUDSpec) sheetIDFlagOnCreate() string {
+	if s.createSheetIDFlag != "" {
+		return s.createSheetIDFlag
+	}
+	return "sheet-id"
+}
+
+func (s objectCRUDSpec) sheetNameFlagOnCreate() string {
+	if s.createSheetNameFlag != "" {
+		return s.createSheetNameFlag
+	}
+	return "sheet-name"
+}
+
+func newObjectCreateShortcut(spec objectCRUDSpec) common.Shortcut {
+	flags := flagsFor(spec.commandPrefix + "-create")
+	return common.Shortcut{
+		Service:     "sheets",
+		Command:     spec.commandPrefix + "-create",
+		Description: "Create a " + strings.TrimPrefix(spec.commandPrefix, "+") + " object via the manage_*_object tool.",
+		Risk:        "write",
+		Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+		AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+		HasFormat:   true,
+		Flags:       flags,
+		Tips:        spec.createTips,
+		Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+			token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			sheetID := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str(spec.sheetIDFlagOnCreate()))
+			sheetName := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str(spec.sheetNameFlagOnCreate()))
+			_, err = objectCreateInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, spec)
+			return err
+		},
+		DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+			token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+			sheetID := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str(spec.sheetIDFlagOnCreate()))
+			sheetName := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str(spec.sheetNameFlagOnCreate()))
+			input, _ := objectCreateInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, spec)
+			dr := invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, spec.toolName, input)
+			if spec.createWarn != nil {
+				if w := spec.createWarn(runtime); w != "" {
+					dr = dr.Set("placement_warning", w)
+				}
+			}
+			return dr
+		},
+		Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+			token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			sheetID := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str(spec.sheetIDFlagOnCreate()))
+			sheetName := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str(spec.sheetNameFlagOnCreate()))
+			input, err := objectCreateInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, spec)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, spec.toolName, input)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if spec.createWarn != nil {
+				if w := spec.createWarn(runtime); w != "" {
+					if m, ok := out.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
+						m["placement_warning"] = w
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			runtime.Out(out, nil)
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func objectCreateInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string, spec objectCRUDSpec) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	var err error
+	if spec.allowEmptySheetSelectorOnCreate {
+		err = optionalSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName, spec.sheetIDFlagOnCreate(), spec.sheetNameFlagOnCreate())
+	} else {
+		err = requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	props, err := requireJSONObject(runtime, "properties")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":   token,
+		"operation":  "create",
+		"properties": props,
+	}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	if spec.enhanceCreateInput != nil {
+		spec.enhanceCreateInput(runtime, input)
+	}
+	if err := validateInputAgainstSchema(runtime, input); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+func newObjectUpdateShortcut(spec objectCRUDSpec) common.Shortcut {
+	flags := flagsFor(spec.commandPrefix + "-update")
+	return common.Shortcut{
+		Service:     "sheets",
+		Command:     spec.commandPrefix + "-update",
+		Description: "Update an existing " + strings.TrimPrefix(spec.commandPrefix, "+") + " object (read-modify-write; consult --list first).",
+		Risk:        "write",
+		Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+		AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+		HasFormat:   true,
+		Flags:       flags,
+		Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+			token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			sheetID := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("sheet-id"))
+			sheetName := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("sheet-name"))
+			_, err = objectUpdateInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, spec)
+			return err
+		},
+		DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+			token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+			sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+			input, _ := objectUpdateInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, spec)
+			return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, spec.toolName, input)
+		},
+		Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+			token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			input, err := objectUpdateInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, spec)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, spec.toolName, input)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			runtime.Out(out, nil)
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func objectUpdateInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string, spec objectCRUDSpec) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if err := requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if spec.idFlag != "" && strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str(spec.idFlag)) == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--%s is required", spec.idFlag)
+	}
+	props, err := requireJSONObject(runtime, "properties")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":   token,
+		"operation":  "update",
+		"properties": props,
+	}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	if spec.idFlag != "" {
+		input[spec.idField] = strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str(spec.idFlag))
+	}
+	if spec.enhanceUpdateInput != nil {
+		spec.enhanceUpdateInput(runtime, input)
+	}
+	if err := validateInputAgainstSchema(runtime, input); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if spec.validateUpdateInput != nil {
+		if err := spec.validateUpdateInput(input); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+func newObjectDeleteShortcut(spec objectCRUDSpec) common.Shortcut {
+	flags := flagsFor(spec.commandPrefix + "-delete")
+	return common.Shortcut{
+		Service:     "sheets",
+		Command:     spec.commandPrefix + "-delete",
+		Description: "Delete a " + strings.TrimPrefix(spec.commandPrefix, "+") + " object (irreversible).",
+		Risk:        "high-risk-write",
+		Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+		AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+		HasFormat:   true,
+		Flags:       flags,
+		Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+			token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			sheetID := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("sheet-id"))
+			sheetName := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("sheet-name"))
+			_, err = objectDeleteInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, spec)
+			return err
+		},
+		DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+			token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+			sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+			input, _ := objectDeleteInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, spec)
+			return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, spec.toolName, input)
+		},
+		Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+			token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			input, err := objectDeleteInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, spec)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, spec.toolName, input)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			runtime.Out(out, nil)
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func objectDeleteInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string, spec objectCRUDSpec) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if err := requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if spec.idFlag != "" && strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str(spec.idFlag)) == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--%s is required", spec.idFlag)
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":  token,
+		"operation": "delete",
+	}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	if spec.idFlag != "" {
+		input[spec.idField] = strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str(spec.idFlag))
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+// ─── per-object instantiations ────────────────────────────────────────
+
+// chart
+var chartSpec = objectCRUDSpec{
+	commandPrefix: "+chart",
+	toolName:      "manage_chart_object",
+	idFlag:        "chart-id",
+	idField:       "chart_id",
+}
+var ChartCreate = newObjectCreateShortcut(chartSpec)
+var ChartUpdate = newObjectUpdateShortcut(chartSpec)
+var ChartDelete = newObjectDeleteShortcut(chartSpec)
+
+// pivot — create exposes --target-position (top-level of the tool input)
+// plus --source / --range hoisted from properties. --sheet-id / --sheet-name
+// are the placement target (where the pivot table lands); the backend
+// auto-creates a new sub-sheet when both are omitted, so create opts into
+// allowEmptySheetSelectorOnCreate.
+var pivotSpec = objectCRUDSpec{
+	commandPrefix:                   "+pivot",
+	toolName:                        "manage_pivot_table_object",
+	idFlag:                          "pivot-table-id",
+	idField:                         "pivot_table_id",
+	allowEmptySheetSelectorOnCreate: true,
+	createSheetIDFlag:               "target-sheet-id",
+	createSheetNameFlag:             "target-sheet-name",
+	createTips: []string{
+		"Placement: omit --target-sheet-id / --target-sheet-name and the backend auto-creates a fresh sub-sheet for the pivot — zero overwrite risk. This is the default and the recommended path.",
+		"Only pass --target-sheet-id/-name to land in an existing sheet; if that sheet holds the source data you MUST set --target-position (or --range) outside the data, else the pivot overwrites it and the anchor shows #REF!.",
+		"Removing a stray pivot is +pivot-delete (get its id from +pivot-list); +cells-clear / +cells-batch-clear only clear cell values/formats and cannot delete the pivot object.",
+	},
+	createWarn: pivotPlacementWarn,
+	enhanceCreateInput: func(rt flagView, input map[string]interface{}) {
+		if v := strings.TrimSpace(rt.Str("target-position")); v != "" && v != "A1" {
+			input["target_position"] = v
+		}
+		props, _ := input["properties"].(map[string]interface{})
+		if props == nil {
+			return
+		}
+		if v := strings.TrimSpace(rt.Str("source")); v != "" {
+			props["source"] = v
+		}
+		if v := strings.TrimSpace(rt.Str("range")); v != "" {
+			props["range"] = v
+		}
+	},
+}
+var PivotCreate = newObjectCreateShortcut(pivotSpec)
+var PivotUpdate = newObjectUpdateShortcut(pivotSpec)
+var PivotDelete = newObjectDeleteShortcut(pivotSpec)
+
+// pivotPlacementWarn flags the one +pivot-create combination that silently
+// overwrites data: an explicit placement sheet (--target-sheet-id/-name) with
+// no offset (--target-position unset or A1, and no --range), so the pivot lands
+// at A1 of an existing sheet. When that sheet is demonstrably the source-data
+// sheet — target given by name, source carries a sheet prefix, names match —
+// the warning is definite. When placement is by id (or the source has no
+// prefix) the two can't be compared without a workbook lookup, which dry-run
+// must avoid, so a conditional reminder is emitted instead. Returns "" when
+// placement is safe (no target, or an offset was given). Advisory only: it is
+// surfaced as placement_warning and never blocks the call.
+func pivotPlacementWarn(rt flagView) string {
+	tgtID := strings.TrimSpace(rt.Str("target-sheet-id"))
+	tgtName := strings.TrimSpace(rt.Str("target-sheet-name"))
+	if tgtID == "" && tgtName == "" {
+		return "" // default path — backend auto-creates a sub-sheet, zero overwrite.
+	}
+	if pos := strings.TrimSpace(rt.Str("target-position")); pos != "" && pos != "A1" {
+		return "" // caller steered the pivot off A1.
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(rt.Str("range")) != "" {
+		return "" // --range offset given.
+	}
+	srcSheet := sheetNameFromA1(rt.Str("source"))
+	if tgtName != "" && srcSheet != "" {
+		if strings.EqualFold(tgtName, srcSheet) {
+			return fmt.Sprintf("--target-sheet-name %q is the source-data sheet and no --target-position is set: "+
+				"the pivot lands at A1 and overwrites the source (the anchor then shows #REF!). Set --target-position "+
+				"to a blank cell outside the data, or omit --target-* to auto-create a sub-sheet.", tgtName)
+		}
+		return "" // distinct named sheet — safe.
+	}
+	return "a placement sheet is set without --target-position: if it is the source-data sheet, the pivot lands " +
+		"at A1 and overwrites the source (the anchor then shows #REF!). Set --target-position to a blank cell " +
+		"outside the data, or omit --target-* to auto-create a sub-sheet."
+}
+
+// sheetNameFromA1 extracts the sheet name from a sheet-prefixed A1 reference,
+// stripping the single quotes Lark wraps around names that contain spaces:
+// "'Sheet 1'!A1:D100" → "Sheet 1", "Data!A1" → "Data". Returns "" when there
+// is no sheet prefix. (splitSheetPrefixedRange keeps the quotes; this one drops
+// them, which is what name comparison needs.)
+func sheetNameFromA1(ref string) string {
+	ref = strings.TrimSpace(ref)
+	idx := strings.Index(ref, "!")
+	if idx <= 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	name := strings.TrimSpace(ref[:idx])
+	if len(name) >= 2 && strings.HasPrefix(name, "'") && strings.HasSuffix(name, "'") {
+		name = name[1 : len(name)-1]
+	}
+	return name
+}
+
+// conditional format — CLI surface uses --rule-id (short), wired to the
+// tool's conditional_format_id on the wire. --rule-type and --ranges are
+// hoisted out of properties (both required, set on every CRUD write).
+//
+// Wire shape matches manage_conditional_format_object.properties — the
+// enum value lives at properties.rule_type (flat string, NOT nested under
+// a `rule` object), and ranges is a sibling array. Earlier CLI builds
+// wrote properties.rule.type which the server silently dropped — both
+// path and enum vocabulary are now aligned with the server schema (see
+// sheet-skill-spec/canonical-spec/tool-schemas/mcp-tools.json line
+// 3305-3324).
+var condFormatEnhance = func(rt flagView, input map[string]interface{}) {
+	props, _ := input["properties"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if props == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if ruleType := strings.TrimSpace(rt.Str("rule-type")); ruleType != "" {
+		props["rule_type"] = ruleType
+	}
+	if rt.Str("ranges") != "" {
+		if arr, err := requireJSONArray(rt, "ranges"); err == nil {
+			props["ranges"] = arr
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+var condFormatSpec = objectCRUDSpec{
+	commandPrefix:      "+cond-format",
+	toolName:           "manage_conditional_format_object",
+	idFlag:             "rule-id",
+	idField:            "conditional_format_id",
+	enhanceCreateInput: condFormatEnhance,
+	enhanceUpdateInput: condFormatEnhance,
+}
+var CondFormatCreate = newObjectCreateShortcut(condFormatSpec)
+var CondFormatUpdate = newObjectUpdateShortcut(condFormatSpec)
+var CondFormatDelete = newObjectDeleteShortcut(condFormatSpec)
+
+// sparkline — CLI uses --group-id (higher level) as the object selector.
+// Two-layer ID model: --group-id picks the sparkline group; individual
+// items inside properties.sparklines[] are addressed by sparkline_id.
+// On update the server requires sparkline_id on every item (it's how
+// the server maps each entry back to an existing sparkline);
+// validateSparklineUpdateItems surfaces that requirement CLI-side with
+// a pointer to +sparkline-list instead of letting the caller hit a
+// server-side rejection that doesn't mention sparkline_id at all.
+//
+// (sparkline-delete is intentionally not pre-checked here:
+// objectDeleteInput doesn't pass properties through, so the partial-
+// delete branch — properties.sparklines: [{sparkline_id}] — silently
+// degrades to whole-group delete today. Surfacing that gap is a
+// separate fix; this validator stays scoped to update.)
+func validateSparklineUpdateItems(input map[string]interface{}) error {
+	props, _ := input["properties"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if props == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	raw, ok := props["sparklines"]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil // config-only update — fine
+	}
+	arr, ok := raw.([]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		return common.FlagErrorf("+sparkline-update properties.sparklines must be an array")
+	}
+	for i, item := range arr {
+		m, _ := item.(map[string]interface{})
+		if m == nil {
+			return common.FlagErrorf("+sparkline-update properties.sparklines[%d] must be an object", i)
+		}
+		id, _ := m["sparkline_id"].(string)
+		if strings.TrimSpace(id) == "" {
+			return common.FlagErrorf("+sparkline-update properties.sparklines[%d] missing sparkline_id (run `+sparkline-list --group-id <id>` first to read sparkline_id for each item, then echo each id back on the corresponding update entry)", i)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+var sparklineSpec = objectCRUDSpec{
+	commandPrefix:       "+sparkline",
+	toolName:            "manage_sparkline_object",
+	idFlag:              "group-id",
+	idField:             "group_id",
+	validateUpdateInput: validateSparklineUpdateItems,
+}
+var SparklineCreate = newObjectCreateShortcut(sparklineSpec)
+var SparklineUpdate = newObjectUpdateShortcut(sparklineSpec)
+var SparklineDelete = newObjectDeleteShortcut(sparklineSpec)
+
+// float image — fully hoisted to 10 flat flags. No --properties flag;
+// the tool's properties is composed entirely from the position / size /
+// offset / image_token / image_uri / z_index flat flags.
+
+// floatImageUploadPlaceholder is the stand-in image_token shown in
+// Validate/DryRun for the --image (local upload) path, before the real
+// file_token is known. Execute replaces it with the uploaded token.
+const floatImageUploadPlaceholder = "<file_token>"
+
+// floatImageName resolves the image name: explicit --image-name wins,
+// otherwise fall back to the basename of a local --image path.
+func floatImageName(runtime flagView) string {
+	if n := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("image-name")); n != "" {
+		return n
+	}
+	if img := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("image")); img != "" {
+		return filepath.Base(img)
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// floatImageProperties assembles the tool's properties object from the flat
+// flags. The manage_float_image tool requires image_name, position and size on
+// both create and update; the only difference is the image source:
+//   - create (requireImageSource=true): exactly one of --image / --image-token
+//     / --image-uri must be set.
+//   - update (requireImageSource=false): the image source is optional — omit
+//     all three to keep the current image; when given it stays mutually
+//     exclusive. Despite the "patch" framing, the tool still rejects an update
+//     missing image_name, position or size, and +float-image-list does not
+//     return image_name for the CLI to backfill, so the caller must supply the
+//     full core set.
+//
+// image_name, position and size are cobra-required on both create and update,
+// so the standalone path is already gated by the flag layer; the explicit
+// checks below are what enforces them on the +batch-update sub-op path, which
+// has no cobra layer (mirrors the --float-image-id check in floatImageWriteInput).
+//
+// uploadedImageToken, when non-empty, is the file_token obtained by uploading a
+// local --image (Execute only); in Validate/DryRun it is "" and a placeholder
+// token stands in.
+func floatImageProperties(runtime flagView, uploadedImageToken string, requireImageSource bool) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	img := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("image"))
+	token := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("image-token"))
+	uri := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("image-uri"))
+	set := 0
+	for _, v := range []string{img, token, uri} {
+		if v != "" {
+			set++
+		}
+	}
+	if set == 0 && requireImageSource {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("one of --image, --image-token, or --image-uri is required")
+	}
+	if set > 1 {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--image, --image-token, and --image-uri are mutually exclusive")
+	}
+	name := floatImageName(runtime)
+	if name == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--image-name is required")
+	}
+	if !runtime.Changed("position-row") || !runtime.Changed("position-col") {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--position-row and --position-col are required")
+	}
+	if !runtime.Changed("size-width") || !runtime.Changed("size-height") {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--size-width and --size-height are required")
+	}
+	props := map[string]interface{}{
+		"image_name": name,
+		"position": map[string]interface{}{
+			"row": runtime.Int("position-row"),
+			"col": strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("position-col")),
+		},
+		"size": map[string]interface{}{
+			"width":  runtime.Int("size-width"),
+			"height": runtime.Int("size-height"),
+		},
+	}
+	switch {
+	case img != "":
+		// Local file: validate path safety here so --dry-run also rejects
+		// unsafe paths; Execute uploads it and passes the real token in.
+		if _, err := validate.SafeLocalFlagPath("--image", img); err != nil {
+			return nil, output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		}
+		if uploadedImageToken != "" {
+			props["image_token"] = uploadedImageToken
+		} else {
+			props["image_token"] = floatImageUploadPlaceholder
+		}
+	case token != "":
+		props["image_token"] = token
+	case uri != "":
+		props["image_uri"] = uri
+	}
+	if runtime.Changed("offset-row") || runtime.Changed("offset-col") {
+		offset := map[string]interface{}{}
+		if runtime.Changed("offset-row") {
+			offset["row_offset"] = runtime.Int("offset-row")
+		}
+		if runtime.Changed("offset-col") {
+			offset["col_offset"] = runtime.Int("offset-col")
+		}
+		props["offset"] = offset
+	}
+	if runtime.Changed("z-index") {
+		props["z_index"] = runtime.Int("z-index")
+	}
+	return props, nil
+}
+
+func newFloatImageWriteShortcut(command, description, op string, withIDFlag, isHighRisk bool) common.Shortcut {
+	risk := "write"
+	if isHighRisk {
+		risk = "high-risk-write"
+	}
+	flags := flagsFor(command)
+	return common.Shortcut{
+		Service:     "sheets",
+		Command:     command,
+		Description: description,
+		Risk:        risk,
+		Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+		AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+		HasFormat:   true,
+		Flags:       flags,
+		Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+			token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			sheetID := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("sheet-id"))
+			sheetName := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("sheet-name"))
+			// uploadedImageToken="": Validate never uploads; floatImageProperties
+			// still validates the --image path and the source XOR.
+			_, err = floatImageWriteInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, op, withIDFlag, "")
+			return err
+		},
+		DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+			token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+			sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+			input, _ := floatImageWriteInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, op, withIDFlag, "")
+			// With a local --image, Execute first uploads the file; surface that
+			// extra step in the preview (mirrors +cells-set-image's dry-run).
+			if img := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("image")); img != "" {
+				manageBody, _ := buildToolBody("manage_float_image_object", input)
+				return common.NewDryRunAPI().
+					POST("/open-apis/drive/v1/medias/upload_all").
+					Desc("upload local image to drive (parent_type=sheet_image)").
+					Body(map[string]interface{}{
+						"file_name":   floatImageName(runtime),
+						"parent_type": "sheet_image",
+						"parent_node": token,
+						"size":        "<file_size>",
+						"file":        "@" + img,
+					}).
+					POST(toolInvokePath(token, ToolKindWrite)).
+					Desc("create float image referencing the uploaded file_token").
+					Body(manageBody)
+			}
+			return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "manage_float_image_object", input)
+		},
+		Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+			token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			// If a local --image was given, upload it first (parent_type=
+			// sheet_image) and embed the returned file_token; otherwise this
+			// returns "" and the token/uri flags are used as-is.
+			uploadedImageToken, err := uploadFloatImageIfLocal(runtime, token)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			input, err := floatImageWriteInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, op, withIDFlag, uploadedImageToken)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "manage_float_image_object", input)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			runtime.Out(out, nil)
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// uploadFloatImageIfLocal uploads a local --image (when set) as a sheet_image
+// and returns its file_token. Returns ("", nil) when --image is not set (the
+// token/uri source flags are used instead, e.g. on +float-image-update which
+// does not register --image).
+func uploadFloatImageIfLocal(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, spreadsheetToken string) (string, error) {
+	img := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("image"))
+	if img == "" {
+		return "", nil
+	}
+	info, err := runtime.FileIO().Stat(img)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+	}
+	return common.UploadDriveMediaAll(runtime, common.DriveMediaUploadAllConfig{
+		FilePath:   img,
+		FileName:   floatImageName(runtime),
+		FileSize:   info.Size(),
+		ParentType: "sheet_image",
+		ParentNode: &spreadsheetToken,
+	})
+}
+
+func floatImageWriteInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName, op string, withIDFlag bool, uploadedImageToken string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if err := requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if withIDFlag && strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("float-image-id")) == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--float-image-id is required")
+	}
+	props, err := floatImageProperties(runtime, uploadedImageToken, op == "create")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":   token,
+		"operation":  op,
+		"properties": props,
+	}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	if withIDFlag {
+		input["float_image_id"] = strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("float-image-id"))
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+var FloatImageCreate = newFloatImageWriteShortcut(
+	"+float-image-create",
+	"Create a floating image (from a local --image path, or an existing --image-token / --image-uri).",
+	"create", false, false,
+)
+var FloatImageUpdate = newFloatImageWriteShortcut(
+	"+float-image-update",
+	"Update an existing floating image (target by --float-image-id; provide the full set of flat flags).",
+	"update", true, false,
+)
+
+// FloatImageDelete uses the standard CRUD delete factory since it only
+// needs --float-image-id + --yes.
+var floatImageDeleteSpec = objectCRUDSpec{
+	commandPrefix: "+float-image",
+	toolName:      "manage_float_image_object",
+	idFlag:        "float-image-id",
+	idField:       "float_image_id",
+}
+var FloatImageDelete = newObjectDeleteShortcut(floatImageDeleteSpec)
+
+// filter view — cli_status: cli-only but the tool is in mcp-tools.json so
+// it dispatches via the same One-OpenAPI endpoint as every other shortcut.
+// --view-name and --range are hoisted out of properties (optional on both
+// create and update; they always win over properties.{view_name, range}).
+var filterViewEnhance = func(rt flagView, input map[string]interface{}) {
+	props, _ := input["properties"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if props == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(rt.Str("range")); v != "" {
+		props["range"] = v
+	}
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(rt.Str("view-name")); v != "" {
+		props["view_name"] = v
+	}
+}
+
+var filterViewSpec = objectCRUDSpec{
+	commandPrefix:      "+filter-view",
+	toolName:           "manage_filter_view_object",
+	idFlag:             "view-id",
+	idField:            "view_id",
+	enhanceCreateInput: filterViewEnhance,
+	enhanceUpdateInput: filterViewEnhance,
+}
+var FilterViewCreate = newObjectCreateShortcut(filterViewSpec)
+var FilterViewUpdate = newObjectUpdateShortcut(filterViewSpec)
+var FilterViewDelete = newObjectDeleteShortcut(filterViewSpec)
+
+// ─── filter (sheet-scoped, no separate filter_id) ─────────────────────
+//
+// At most one filter per sheet, so filter_id is implicit (the tool treats
+// filter_id and sheet_id as the same value). create requires --range
+// (covering the header) and an optional --data with conditions; update
+// patches conditions / range; delete drops the entire filter.
+
+// FilterCreate creates a sheet-level filter. --range covers the data
+// (header inclusive). --data is optional — empty filter is valid.
+var FilterCreate = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+filter-create",
+	Description: "Create a sheet-level filter (one per sheet).",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+filter-create"),
+	Validate:    validateViaInput(filterCreateInput),
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		input, _ := filterCreateInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "manage_filter_object", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := filterCreateInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "manage_filter_object", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+func filterCreateInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if err := requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range")) == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--range is required")
+	}
+	props := map[string]interface{}{
+		"range": strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range")),
+	}
+	if runtime.Str("properties") != "" {
+		extra, err := requireJSONObject(runtime, "properties")
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		for k, v := range extra {
+			if k == "range" {
+				continue // --range wins
+			}
+			props[k] = v
+		}
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":   token,
+		"operation":  "create",
+		"properties": props,
+	}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	if err := validateInputAgainstSchema(runtime, input); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+// FilterUpdate patches the sheet-level filter. --properties carries the
+// rules; --range is first-class and overrides any properties.range.
+// filter_id is implicit (sheet-scoped).
+var FilterUpdate = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+filter-update",
+	Description: "Update the sheet-level filter (overwrite rules + range).",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+filter-update"),
+	Validate:    validateViaInput(filterUpdateInput),
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		input, _ := filterUpdateInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "manage_filter_object", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := filterUpdateInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "manage_filter_object", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+func filterUpdateInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if err := requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if sheetID == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("+filter-update requires --sheet-id (filter_id must equal sheet_id; --sheet-name needs a network lookup unavailable here — call +workbook-info first or pass --sheet-id directly)")
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range")) == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--range is required")
+	}
+	props, err := requireJSONObject(runtime, "properties")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// --range wins over any properties.range
+	props["range"] = strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range"))
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":   token,
+		"operation":  "update",
+		"filter_id":  sheetID, // server contract: filter_id === sheet_id for sheet-scoped filters
+		"properties": props,
+	}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	if err := validateInputAgainstSchema(runtime, input); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+// FilterDelete drops the sheet-level filter entirely. high-risk-write.
+var FilterDelete = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+filter-delete",
+	Description: "Remove the sheet-level filter (irreversible).",
+	Risk:        "high-risk-write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+filter-delete"),
+	Validate:    validateViaInput(filterDeleteInput),
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		input, _ := filterDeleteInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "manage_filter_object", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := filterDeleteInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "manage_filter_object", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+// filterDeleteInput mirrors the standalone +filter-delete body for batch
+// sub-op reuse. Server contract: filter_id === sheet_id, and update/delete
+// must populate filter_id (per manage_filter_object schema). The CLI has no
+// separate --filter-id flag because the value is fully derived from sheet_id;
+// only --sheet-id is accepted (not --sheet-name, since there's no mid-call
+// network lookup to resolve it).
+func filterDeleteInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if err := requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if sheetID == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("+filter-delete requires --sheet-id (filter_id must equal sheet_id; --sheet-name needs a network lookup unavailable here — call +workbook-info first or pass --sheet-id directly)")
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":  token,
+		"operation": "delete",
+		"filter_id": sheetID, // server contract: filter_id === sheet_id
+	}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	return input, nil
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_object_crud_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_object_crud_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..728198298
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_object_crud_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,672 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// TestPivotPlacementWarn pins the advisory that fires only on the risky
+// +pivot-create combination — an explicit placement sheet with no offset —
+// and stays silent (or only conditionally reminds) everywhere else.
+func TestPivotPlacementWarn(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		raw  map[string]interface{}
+		want string // "" none | "definite" names the sheet | "conditional" generic reminder
+	}{
+		{"no placement target → silent (default sub-sheet)",
+			map[string]interface{}{"source": "'Sheet1'!A1:D100"}, ""},
+		{"target-position offset → silent",
+			map[string]interface{}{"target-sheet-name": "Sheet1", "source": "'Sheet1'!A1:D100", "target-position": "H1"}, ""},
+		{"range offset → silent",
+			map[string]interface{}{"target-sheet-id": "sht_x", "range": "H1"}, ""},
+		{"target name == source sheet, no offset → definite",
+			map[string]interface{}{"target-sheet-name": "Sheet1", "source": "'Sheet1'!A1:D100"}, "definite"},
+		{"case-insensitive name match → definite",
+			map[string]interface{}{"target-sheet-name": "sheet1", "source": "'Sheet1'!A1:D100"}, "definite"},
+		{"target name != source sheet → silent (distinct sheet is safe)",
+			map[string]interface{}{"target-sheet-name": "PivotOut", "source": "'Sheet1'!A1:D100"}, ""},
+		{"target by id, no offset → conditional",
+			map[string]interface{}{"target-sheet-id": "sht_abc", "source": "'Sheet1'!A1:D100"}, "conditional"},
+		{"target name but source lacks prefix → conditional",
+			map[string]interface{}{"target-sheet-name": "Sheet1", "source": "A1:D100"}, "conditional"},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := pivotPlacementWarn(mapFlagView{raw: tc.raw})
+			switch tc.want {
+			case "":
+				if got != "" {
+					t.Errorf("expected no warning, got %q", got)
+				}
+			case "definite":
+				if !strings.Contains(got, "--target-sheet-name") {
+					t.Errorf("expected definite warning citing --target-sheet-name, got %q", got)
+				}
+			case "conditional":
+				if !strings.Contains(got, "a placement sheet is set") {
+					t.Errorf("expected conditional reminder, got %q", got)
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSheetNameFromA1 covers the source-sheet extraction used by the placement
+// warning: prefix detection, single-quote stripping, and the no-prefix case.
+func TestSheetNameFromA1(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	tests := []struct{ in, want string }{
+		{"'Sheet1'!A1:D100", "Sheet1"},
+		{"Data!A1", "Data"},
+		{"'My Sheet'!A1:B2", "My Sheet"},
+		{"A1:D100", ""},
+		{"", ""},
+		{"  'X'!A1  ", "X"},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		if got := sheetNameFromA1(tc.in); got != tc.want {
+			t.Errorf("sheetNameFromA1(%q) = %q, want %q", tc.in, got, tc.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestObjectCRUDShortcuts_DryRun walks the create / update / delete trio
+// for each object skill. Together these cover all 21 CRUD shortcuts plus
+// the per-object id flag renames (rule-id, group-id, view-id, etc.).
+func TestObjectCRUDShortcuts_DryRun(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	type spec struct {
+		name      string
+		sc        common.Shortcut
+		args      []string
+		toolName  string
+		wantInput map[string]interface{}
+	}
+
+	tests := []spec{
+		// chart
+		{
+			name:     "+chart-create",
+			sc:       ChartCreate,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--properties", `{"type":"line","position":{"row":0,"col":"A"},"size":{"width":400,"height":300}}`},
+			toolName: "manage_chart_object",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":  testToken,
+				"sheet_id":  testSheetID,
+				"operation": "create",
+				"properties": map[string]interface{}{
+					"type":     "line",
+					"position": map[string]interface{}{"row": float64(0), "col": "A"},
+					"size":     map[string]interface{}{"width": float64(400), "height": float64(300)},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+chart-update",
+			sc:       ChartUpdate,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--chart-id", "chartXYZ", "--properties", `{"type":"bar","position":{"row":0,"col":"A"},"size":{"width":400,"height":300}}`},
+			toolName: "manage_chart_object",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":  testToken,
+				"sheet_id":  testSheetID,
+				"operation": "update",
+				"chart_id":  "chartXYZ",
+				"properties": map[string]interface{}{
+					"type":     "bar",
+					"position": map[string]interface{}{"row": float64(0), "col": "A"},
+					"size":     map[string]interface{}{"width": float64(400), "height": float64(300)},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		// pivot — has extra create flags incl. required --source.
+		// --target-sheet-id is the placement target (where the pivot lands);
+		// the placement selector is renamed from the generic --sheet-id /
+		// --sheet-name to --target-sheet-id / --target-sheet-name to keep
+		// it semantically distinct from the data-source sheet (which is
+		// encoded inside --source as `'SheetName'!Range`).
+		// pivotSpec.allowEmptySheetSelectorOnCreate lets both target
+		// selectors be omitted so the backend auto-creates a sub-sheet —
+		// covered separately in the +pivot-create empty-selector / mutex
+		// tests below.
+		{
+			name: "+pivot-create with placement / source / range flags",
+			sc:   PivotCreate,
+			args: []string{
+				"--url", testURL, "--target-sheet-id", testSheetID,
+				"--properties", `{"rows":[{"field":"A"}]}`,
+				"--source", "Sheet1!A1:F1000",
+				"--range", "F1",
+				"--target-position", "B5",
+			},
+			toolName: "manage_pivot_table_object",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":        testToken,
+				"sheet_id":        testSheetID,
+				"operation":       "create",
+				"target_position": "B5",
+				"properties": map[string]interface{}{
+					"rows":   []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"field": "A"}},
+					"source": "Sheet1!A1:F1000",
+					"range":  "F1",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		// +pivot-create accepts both target selectors empty — backend
+		// auto-creates a placement sub-sheet.
+		{
+			name: "+pivot-create empty --target-sheet-id / --target-sheet-name omits sheet from input",
+			sc:   PivotCreate,
+			args: []string{
+				"--url", testURL,
+				"--properties", `{"rows":[{"field":"A"}]}`,
+				"--source", "Sheet1!A1:F1000",
+			},
+			toolName: "manage_pivot_table_object",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":  testToken,
+				"operation": "create",
+				"properties": map[string]interface{}{
+					"rows":   []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"field": "A"}},
+					"source": "Sheet1!A1:F1000",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+pivot-delete",
+			sc:       PivotDelete,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--pivot-table-id", "ptA"},
+			toolName: "manage_pivot_table_object",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":       testToken,
+				"sheet_id":       testSheetID,
+				"operation":      "delete",
+				"pivot_table_id": "ptA",
+			},
+		},
+		// cond-format — --rule-id rename + --rule-type / --ranges hoist.
+		// rule_type lives at properties.rule_type (flat string), not nested
+		// under a `rule` object; enum vocabulary matches server schema
+		// (cellIs / duplicateValues / ... — see mcp-tools.json
+		// manage_conditional_format_object.properties.rule_type).
+		{
+			name: "+cond-format-update id rename + rule-type/ranges",
+			sc:   CondFormatUpdate,
+			args: []string{
+				"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+				"--rule-id", "ruleA",
+				"--properties", `{"attrs":[{"operator":"greaterThan","value":"100"}],"style":{"back_color":"#FFD7D7"}}`,
+				"--rule-type", "cellIs",
+				"--ranges", `["A1:A100"]`,
+			},
+			toolName: "manage_conditional_format_object",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":              testToken,
+				"sheet_id":              testSheetID,
+				"operation":             "update",
+				"conditional_format_id": "ruleA",
+				"properties": map[string]interface{}{
+					"rule_type": "cellIs",
+					"attrs":     []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"operator": "greaterThan", "value": "100"}},
+					"style":     map[string]interface{}{"back_color": "#FFD7D7"},
+					"ranges":    []interface{}{"A1:A100"},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		// filter — special, no id flag
+		{
+			name:     "+filter-create without --properties sends properties.range only",
+			sc:       FilterCreate,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "A1:F1000", "--properties", `{"rules":[]}`},
+			toolName: "manage_filter_object",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":  testToken,
+				"sheet_id":  testSheetID,
+				"operation": "create",
+				"properties": map[string]interface{}{
+					"range": "A1:F1000",
+					"rules": []interface{}{},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+filter-create with --properties merges rules",
+			sc:       FilterCreate,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "A1:F1000", "--properties", `{"rules":[{"column_index":"B","conditions":[{"type":"text","compare_type":"contains","values":["x"]}]}]}`},
+			toolName: "manage_filter_object",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"properties": map[string]interface{}{
+					"range": "A1:F1000",
+					"rules": []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{
+						"column_index": "B",
+						"conditions": []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{
+							"type":         "text",
+							"compare_type": "contains",
+							"values":       []interface{}{"x"},
+						}},
+					}},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			// +filter-delete has no separate --filter-id flag because the
+			// server contract sets filter_id === sheet_id; the translator
+			// auto-injects filter_id from --sheet-id. update/delete fail
+			// hard when only --sheet-name is given (no mid-call lookup).
+			name:     "+filter-delete (sheet-scoped, auto-injects filter_id=sheet_id)",
+			sc:       FilterDelete,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID},
+			toolName: "manage_filter_object",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":  testToken,
+				"sheet_id":  testSheetID,
+				"filter_id": testSheetID,
+				"operation": "delete",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			// +filter-update auto-injects filter_id from sheet_id, hoists
+			// --range out of properties, and merges properties.rules.
+			name: "+filter-update auto-injects filter_id, hoists --range",
+			sc:   FilterUpdate,
+			args: []string{
+				"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+				"--range", "A1:F1000",
+				"--properties", `{"rules":[{"column_index":"B","conditions":[{"type":"text","compare_type":"contains","values":["x"]}]}]}`,
+			},
+			toolName: "manage_filter_object",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":  testToken,
+				"sheet_id":  testSheetID,
+				"filter_id": testSheetID,
+				"operation": "update",
+				"properties": map[string]interface{}{
+					"range": "A1:F1000",
+					"rules": []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{
+						"column_index": "B",
+						"conditions": []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{
+							"type":         "text",
+							"compare_type": "contains",
+							"values":       []interface{}{"x"},
+						}},
+					}},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		// filter-view CRUD (cli-only via callTool)
+		{
+			name:     "+filter-view-create",
+			sc:       FilterViewCreate,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "A1:Z100", "--properties", `{"view_name":"v1"}`},
+			toolName: "manage_filter_view_object",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":   testToken,
+				"sheet_id":   testSheetID,
+				"operation":  "create",
+				"properties": map[string]interface{}{"view_name": "v1", "range": "A1:Z100"},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+filter-view-update with --view-id",
+			sc:       FilterViewUpdate,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--view-id", "vABC", "--properties", `{"view_name":"renamed"}`},
+			toolName: "manage_filter_view_object",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"view_id":   "vABC",
+				"operation": "update",
+			},
+		},
+		// sparkline --group-id
+		{
+			name:     "+sparkline-update --group-id → group_id",
+			sc:       SparklineUpdate,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--group-id", "grpA", "--properties", `{"type":"line"}`},
+			toolName: "manage_sparkline_object",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"group_id":   "grpA",
+				"operation":  "update",
+				"properties": map[string]interface{}{"type": "line"},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			// happy path for the new sparkline_id check: each
+			// properties.sparklines[i] carries sparkline_id, so the
+			// validator passes through cleanly.
+			name: "+sparkline-update properties.sparklines[] with sparkline_id passes",
+			sc:   SparklineUpdate,
+			args: []string{
+				"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--group-id", "grpA",
+				"--properties", `{"sparklines":[{"sparkline_id":"sl1","source":"Sheet1!A1:A10"}]}`,
+			},
+			toolName: "manage_sparkline_object",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"group_id":  "grpA",
+				"operation": "update",
+				"properties": map[string]interface{}{
+					"sparklines": []interface{}{
+						map[string]interface{}{"sparkline_id": "sl1", "source": "Sheet1!A1:A10"},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		// float-image — fully hoisted to flat flags
+		{
+			name: "+float-image-create with image-token + position/size",
+			sc:   FloatImageCreate,
+			args: []string{
+				"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+				"--image-name", "logo.png",
+				"--image-token", "tok_xyz",
+				"--position-row", "2", "--position-col", "D",
+				"--size-width", "300", "--size-height", "200",
+			},
+			toolName: "manage_float_image_object",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":  testToken,
+				"sheet_id":  testSheetID,
+				"operation": "create",
+				"properties": map[string]interface{}{
+					"image_name":  "logo.png",
+					"image_token": "tok_xyz",
+					"position":    map[string]interface{}{"row": float64(2), "col": "D"},
+					"size":        map[string]interface{}{"width": float64(300), "height": float64(200)},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			// patch mode: position + size with no image source. The image
+			// fields are omitted so the server keeps the current image; only
+			// image_name (server-mandated) and the changed geometry are sent.
+			// This is the shape that used to be rejected CLI-side.
+			name: "+float-image-update patch position+size, no image source",
+			sc:   FloatImageUpdate,
+			args: []string{
+				"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+				"--float-image-id", "imgABC", "--image-name", "logo.png",
+				"--position-row", "10", "--position-col", "I",
+				"--size-width", "90", "--size-height", "70",
+			},
+			toolName: "manage_float_image_object",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":       testToken,
+				"sheet_id":       testSheetID,
+				"operation":      "update",
+				"float_image_id": "imgABC",
+				"properties": map[string]interface{}{
+					"image_name": "logo.png",
+					"position":   map[string]interface{}{"row": float64(10), "col": "I"},
+					"size":       map[string]interface{}{"width": float64(90), "height": float64(70)},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			// swap the image: an explicit --image-token rides alongside the
+			// mandatory core (image_name + position + size).
+			name: "+float-image-update swap image via image-token",
+			sc:   FloatImageUpdate,
+			args: []string{
+				"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+				"--float-image-id", "imgABC",
+				"--image-name", "new.png", "--image-token", "tok_new",
+				"--position-row", "2", "--position-col", "B",
+				"--size-width", "300", "--size-height", "200",
+			},
+			toolName: "manage_float_image_object",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":       testToken,
+				"sheet_id":       testSheetID,
+				"operation":      "update",
+				"float_image_id": "imgABC",
+				"properties": map[string]interface{}{
+					"image_name":  "new.png",
+					"image_token": "tok_new",
+					"position":    map[string]interface{}{"row": float64(2), "col": "B"},
+					"size":        map[string]interface{}{"width": float64(300), "height": float64(200)},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			body := parseDryRunBody(t, tt.sc, tt.args)
+			got := decodeToolInput(t, body, tt.toolName)
+			assertInputEquals(t, got, tt.wantInput)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestPivotCreate_SheetSelectorSemantics locks in the "at most one"
+// semantics for +pivot-create (and only +pivot-create): both
+// --target-sheet-id and --target-sheet-name may be omitted (backend
+// auto-creates a placement sub-sheet), but passing both is rejected.
+//
+// Companion regression — TestObjectCreate_RequiresSheetSelector below —
+// confirms every other *-create still rejects empty selector.
+func TestPivotCreate_SheetSelectorSemantics(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	t.Run("both empty is accepted", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		body := parseDryRunBody(t, PivotCreate, []string{
+			"--url", testURL,
+			"--properties", `{"rows":[{"field":"A"}]}`,
+			"--source", "Sheet1!A1:F1000",
+		})
+		input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "manage_pivot_table_object")
+		if _, ok := input["sheet_id"]; ok {
+			t.Errorf("expected no sheet_id in input; got %v", input["sheet_id"])
+		}
+		if _, ok := input["sheet_name"]; ok {
+			t.Errorf("expected no sheet_name in input; got %v", input["sheet_name"])
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("both set is rejected", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		_, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, PivotCreate, []string{
+			"--url", testURL,
+			"--target-sheet-id", testSheetID,
+			"--target-sheet-name", "Sheet1",
+			"--properties", `{"rows":[{"field":"A"}]}`,
+			"--source", "Sheet1!A1:F1000",
+		})
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected CLI to reject both --target-sheet-id and --target-sheet-name set; stderr=%s", stderr)
+		}
+		combined := stderr + err.Error()
+		if !strings.Contains(combined, "mutually exclusive") {
+			t.Errorf("expected error to say 'mutually exclusive'; got=%s|%v", stderr, err)
+		}
+		// 错误信息必须用真实的 flag 名（target-*），否则模型按消息提示去
+		// 改 --sheet-id 还是错的。
+		if !strings.Contains(combined, "--target-sheet-id") {
+			t.Errorf("expected error to quote --target-sheet-id flag name; got=%s|%v", stderr, err)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("only target-sheet-id is accepted", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		body := parseDryRunBody(t, PivotCreate, []string{
+			"--url", testURL,
+			"--target-sheet-id", testSheetID,
+			"--properties", `{"rows":[{"field":"A"}]}`,
+			"--source", "Sheet1!A1:F1000",
+		})
+		input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "manage_pivot_table_object")
+		if got, _ := input["sheet_id"].(string); got != testSheetID {
+			t.Errorf("sheet_id = %q, want %q", got, testSheetID)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// TestPivotCreate_SchemaValidates exercises the schema-driven
+// validator wired into objectCreateInput. The pivot create schema
+// doesn't constrain rows/columns/values to be present (the backend
+// just creates an empty shell), but it does pin types and enums —
+// confirm both kinds of misuse are surfaced as CLI-side errors and
+// that schema-conformant input is accepted.
+func TestPivotCreate_SchemaValidates(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	t.Run("rejects wrong type for rows", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		_, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, PivotCreate, []string{
+			"--url", testURL,
+			"--properties", `{"rows":"not-an-array"}`,
+			"--source", "Sheet1!A1:F1000",
+			"--dry-run",
+		})
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected schema validator to reject rows=string; stderr=%s", stderr)
+		}
+		combined := stderr + err.Error()
+		if !strings.Contains(combined, "rows") || !strings.Contains(combined, "array") {
+			t.Errorf("expected error to mention rows/array; got=%s|%v", stderr, err)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("rejects out-of-enum summarize_by", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		_, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, PivotCreate, []string{
+			"--url", testURL,
+			"--properties", `{"values":[{"field":"A","summarize_by":"BOGUS"}]}`,
+			"--source", "Sheet1!A1:F1000",
+			"--dry-run",
+		})
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected schema validator to reject summarize_by=BOGUS; stderr=%s", stderr)
+		}
+		if !strings.Contains(stderr+err.Error(), "summarize_by") {
+			t.Errorf("expected error to mention summarize_by; got=%s|%v", stderr, err)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("schema-conformant input is accepted", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		body := parseDryRunBody(t, PivotCreate, []string{
+			"--url", testURL,
+			"--properties", `{"values":[{"field":"A","summarize_by":"sum"}]}`,
+			"--source", "Sheet1!A1:F1000",
+		})
+		decodeToolInput(t, body, "manage_pivot_table_object")
+	})
+}
+
+// TestObjectCreate_RequiresSheetSelector regresses the non-pivot create
+// shortcuts: pivot-create is the only one whose spec sets
+// allowEmptySheetSelectorOnCreate=true. Every other *-create must still
+// reject empty --sheet-id / --sheet-name (this is the guardrail that
+// keeps the change minimally scoped).
+func TestObjectCreate_RequiresSheetSelector(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		sc   common.Shortcut
+		args []string // omit sheet selector flags on purpose
+	}{
+		{"chart", ChartCreate, []string{"--url", testURL, "--properties", `{"type":"line","position":{"row":0,"col":"A"},"size":{"width":400,"height":300}}`}},
+		{"cond-format", CondFormatCreate, []string{"--url", testURL, "--properties", `{"attrs":[]}`, "--rule-type", "cellIs", "--ranges", `["A1:A10"]`}},
+		{"sparkline", SparklineCreate, []string{"--url", testURL, "--properties", `{"sparklines":[]}`}},
+		{"filter-view", FilterViewCreate, []string{"--url", testURL, "--properties", `{}`, "--range", "A1:F10"}},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range cases {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			_, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, tt.sc, tt.args)
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("expected CLI to reject empty sheet selector for +%s-create; stderr=%s", tt.name, stderr)
+			}
+			combined := stderr + err.Error()
+			if !strings.Contains(combined, "specify at least one of --sheet-id or --sheet-name") {
+				t.Errorf("expected 'specify at least one of --sheet-id or --sheet-name'; got=%s|%v", stderr, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSparklineUpdate_MissingSparklineID confirms the standalone-path
+// pre-check fires: +sparkline-update with properties.sparklines[] but no
+// per-item sparkline_id must fail CLI-side with a pointer to
+// +sparkline-list, before any server call goes out.
+func TestSparklineUpdate_MissingSparklineID(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	_, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, SparklineUpdate, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--group-id", "grpA",
+		"--properties", `{"sparklines":[{"source":"Sheet1!A1:A10"}]}`,
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected CLI to reject missing sparkline_id; stderr=%s", stderr)
+	}
+	combined := stderr + err.Error()
+	if !strings.Contains(combined, "missing sparkline_id") {
+		t.Errorf("expected error to mention missing sparkline_id; got=%s|%v", stderr, err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(combined, "+sparkline-list") {
+		t.Errorf("expected error to point at +sparkline-list; got=%s|%v", stderr, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// Note: +float-image-update's image_name / position / size are cobra-required
+// (flag-defs.json), so the standalone path is gated by the flag layer — its
+// "required flag(s) … not set" wording is framework-owned and intentionally not
+// re-asserted here. The CLI-side enforcement that matters is on the
+// +batch-update sub-op path (no cobra layer); that is covered by
+// TestBatchOp_RejectsBadSubOpInput in batch_op_contract_test.go.
+
+// TestFloatImageCreate_RequiresImageSource guards the asymmetry with update:
+// create still mandates one of --image / --image-token / --image-uri.
+func TestFloatImageCreate_RequiresImageSource(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	_, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, FloatImageCreate, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+		"--image-name", "x.png",
+		"--position-row", "0", "--position-col", "A",
+		"--size-width", "10", "--size-height", "10",
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected CLI to require an image source on create; stderr=%s", stderr)
+	}
+	if combined := stderr + err.Error(); !strings.Contains(combined, "one of --image, --image-token, or --image-uri is required") {
+		t.Errorf("expected error to require an image source; got=%s|%v", stderr, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestObjectDelete_AllHighRisk asserts every delete shortcut blocks
+// without --yes (framework-enforced).
+func TestObjectDelete_AllHighRisk(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		sc   common.Shortcut
+		args []string
+	}{
+		{"chart", ChartDelete, []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--chart-id", "x"}},
+		{"pivot", PivotDelete, []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--pivot-table-id", "x"}},
+		{"cond-format", CondFormatDelete, []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--rule-id", "x"}},
+		{"filter", FilterDelete, []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID}},
+		{"filter-view", FilterViewDelete, []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--view-id", "x"}},
+		{"sparkline", SparklineDelete, []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--group-id", "x"}},
+		{"float-image", FloatImageDelete, []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--float-image-id", "x"}},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range cases {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			stdout, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, tt.sc, tt.args)
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("expected confirmation_required; stdout=%s stderr=%s", stdout, stderr)
+			}
+			combined := stdout + stderr + err.Error()
+			if !strings.Contains(combined, "confirmation_required") && !strings.Contains(combined, "requires confirmation") {
+				t.Errorf("expected confirmation gate; got=%s|%s|%v", stdout, stderr, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_object_list.go b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_object_list.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7c3b442ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_object_list.go
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// ─── object list shortcuts ────────────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// Seven object-collection skills each expose a single "list" read shortcut
+// that lives next to their CRUD siblings (chart / pivot / cond-format /
+// filter / filter-view / sparkline / float-image). All seven share the
+// exact same shape — public sheet selector + optional --<id> filter — so
+// they're declared via newObjectListShortcut.
+//
+// +filter-view-list is `cli_status: cli-only`, but the underlying tool
+// get_filter_view_objects is in mcp-tools.json and dispatches through the
+// same One-OpenAPI endpoint as everything else; no special path needed.
+
+// objectListSpec describes a single list-style read shortcut.
+type objectListSpec struct {
+	command     string // CLI command, e.g. "+chart-list"
+	description string // one-liner for --help
+	toolName    string // MCP tool name, e.g. "get_chart_objects"
+
+	// Optional id filter. Empty filterFlag → no filter flag exposed.
+	filterFlag  string // CLI flag name (without leading --), e.g. "chart-id"
+	filterField string // tool input key, e.g. "chart_id"
+}
+
+func newObjectListShortcut(spec objectListSpec) common.Shortcut {
+	flags := flagsFor(spec.command)
+	return common.Shortcut{
+		Service:     "sheets",
+		Command:     spec.command,
+		Description: spec.description,
+		Risk:        "read",
+		Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:read"},
+		AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+		HasFormat:   true,
+		Flags:       flags,
+		Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+			if _, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			_, _, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+			return err
+		},
+		DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+			token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+			sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+			return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindRead, spec.toolName, objectListInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, spec))
+		},
+		Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+			token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindRead, spec.toolName, objectListInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, spec))
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			runtime.Out(out, nil)
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func objectListInput(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, token, sheetID, sheetName string, spec objectListSpec) map[string]interface{} {
+	input := map[string]interface{}{"excel_id": token}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	if spec.filterFlag != "" {
+		if v := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str(spec.filterFlag)); v != "" {
+			input[spec.filterField] = v
+		}
+	}
+	return input
+}
+
+// ─── shortcut declarations ────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+// ChartList — list charts on a sheet (optionally filtered to one chart_id).
+var ChartList = newObjectListShortcut(objectListSpec{
+	command:     "+chart-list",
+	description: "List charts on a sheet, optionally filtered to a single chart_id.",
+	toolName:    "get_chart_objects",
+	filterFlag:  "chart-id",
+	filterField: "chart_id",
+})
+
+// PivotList — list pivot tables on a sheet.
+var PivotList = newObjectListShortcut(objectListSpec{
+	command:     "+pivot-list",
+	description: "List pivot tables on a sheet, optionally filtered to a single pivot_table_id.",
+	toolName:    "get_pivot_table_objects",
+	filterFlag:  "pivot-table-id",
+	filterField: "pivot_table_id",
+})
+
+// CondFormatList — list conditional format rules. CLI's --rule-id maps to
+// the tool's conditional_format_id (CLI uses the shorter common term).
+var CondFormatList = newObjectListShortcut(objectListSpec{
+	command:     "+cond-format-list",
+	description: "List conditional format rules on a sheet, optionally filtered to a single rule.",
+	toolName:    "get_conditional_format_objects",
+	filterFlag:  "rule-id",
+	filterField: "conditional_format_id",
+})
+
+// FilterList — list active sheet-level filters. No id filter because each
+// sheet carries at most one filter.
+var FilterList = newObjectListShortcut(objectListSpec{
+	command:     "+filter-list",
+	description: "List active sheet-level filters across the workbook (or one sheet).",
+	toolName:    "get_filter_objects",
+})
+
+// FilterViewList — list filter views on a sheet. `cli-only` skill (not
+// exposed as MCP tool catalog), but the tool itself is dispatched through
+// the same One-OpenAPI endpoint.
+var FilterViewList = newObjectListShortcut(objectListSpec{
+	command:     "+filter-view-list",
+	description: "List filter views on a sheet, optionally filtered to a single view_id.",
+	toolName:    "get_filter_view_objects",
+	filterFlag:  "view-id",
+	filterField: "view_id",
+})
+
+// SparklineList — list sparkline groups on a sheet. The tool also accepts
+// a per-sparkline id (`sparkline_id`); CLI exposes the higher-level
+// --group-id which is what callers usually care about.
+var SparklineList = newObjectListShortcut(objectListSpec{
+	command:     "+sparkline-list",
+	description: "List sparkline groups on a sheet, optionally filtered by group_id.",
+	toolName:    "get_sparkline_objects",
+	filterFlag:  "group-id",
+	filterField: "group_id",
+})
+
+// FloatImageList — list floating images on a sheet (vs. embedded
+// cell-images which live in cell metadata).
+var FloatImageList = newObjectListShortcut(objectListSpec{
+	command:     "+float-image-list",
+	description: "List floating images on a sheet, optionally filtered to a single float_image_id.",
+	toolName:    "get_float_image_objects",
+	filterFlag:  "float-image-id",
+	filterField: "float_image_id",
+})
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_object_list_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_object_list_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..25f82fd65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_object_list_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// TestObjectListShortcuts_DryRun covers all 7 object-list shortcuts.
+// Each spec asserts the tool name + that the optional filter flag maps
+// to the right tool field (including the --rule-id → conditional_format_id
+// rename).
+func TestObjectListShortcuts_DryRun(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name      string
+		sc        common.Shortcut
+		args      []string
+		toolName  string
+		wantInput map[string]interface{}
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "+chart-list no filter",
+			sc:       ChartList,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID},
+			toolName: "get_chart_objects",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id": testToken,
+				"sheet_id": testSheetID,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+chart-list with filter",
+			sc:       ChartList,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--chart-id", "chartXYZ"},
+			toolName: "get_chart_objects",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id": testToken,
+				"sheet_id": testSheetID,
+				"chart_id": "chartXYZ",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+pivot-list filter",
+			sc:       PivotList,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--pivot-table-id", "ptA"},
+			toolName: "get_pivot_table_objects",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"pivot_table_id": "ptA",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+cond-format-list --rule-id → conditional_format_id",
+			sc:       CondFormatList,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--rule-id", "ruleA"},
+			toolName: "get_conditional_format_objects",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"conditional_format_id": "ruleA",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+filter-list (no filter flag) by sheet-name",
+			sc:       FilterList,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-name", "Sheet1"},
+			toolName: "get_filter_objects",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":   testToken,
+				"sheet_name": "Sheet1",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+filter-view-list cli-only via callTool",
+			sc:       FilterViewList,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--view-id", "viewABC"},
+			toolName: "get_filter_view_objects",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"view_id": "viewABC",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+sparkline-list --group-id",
+			sc:       SparklineList,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--group-id", "grpA"},
+			toolName: "get_sparkline_objects",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"group_id": "grpA",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+float-image-list",
+			sc:       FloatImageList,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--float-image-id", "imgA"},
+			toolName: "get_float_image_objects",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"float_image_id": "imgA",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			body := parseDryRunBody(t, tt.sc, tt.args)
+			got := decodeToolInput(t, body, tt.toolName)
+			assertInputEquals(t, got, tt.wantInput)
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_range_operations.go b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_range_operations.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..669e5eaf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_range_operations.go
@@ -0,0 +1,665 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// ─── lark_sheet_range_operations ──────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// Four tools, nine shortcuts:
+//
+//   - clear_cell_range  → +cells-clear              (high-risk-write)
+//   - merge_cells       → +cells-merge / +cells-unmerge
+//   - resize_range      → +rows-resize / +cols-resize
+//   - transform_range   → +range-move / +range-copy / +range-fill / +range-sort
+//
+// +rows-resize / +cols-resize are grouped under "工作表" for CLI discoverability
+// even though the backing tool lives in this skill.
+
+// CellsClear wraps clear_cell_range.
+//
+// CLI's --scope vocabulary (content / formats / all) is normalized to the
+// tool's clear_type vocabulary (contents / formats / all) — the spec's
+// singular/plural mismatch is intentionally absorbed here.
+var CellsClear = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+cells-clear",
+	Description: "Clear cell content, formats, or both within a range (irreversible).",
+	Risk:        "high-risk-write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+cells-clear"),
+	Validate:    validateViaInput(cellsClearInput),
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		input, _ := cellsClearInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "clear_cell_range", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := cellsClearInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "clear_cell_range", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return annotateEmbeddedBlockClearErr(err)
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+	Tips: []string{
+		"high-risk-write — always preview with --dry-run; clear is not undoable.",
+		"Can't delete an embedded pivot/chart by clearing cells — remove the object itself with +pivot-delete / +chart-delete.",
+	},
+}
+
+func cellsClearInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if err := requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range")) == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--range is required")
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":   token,
+		"range":      strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range")),
+		"clear_type": normalizeClearType(runtime.Str("scope")),
+	}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+// normalizeClearType maps the CLI --scope vocabulary (content / formats / all)
+// to the clear_cell_range tool's clear_type vocabulary (contents / formats /
+// all). The content↔contents singular/plural mismatch is absorbed here so both
+// +cells-clear and the +cells-batch-clear fan-out stay in lockstep.
+func normalizeClearType(scope string) string {
+	switch scope {
+	case "formats", "all":
+		return scope
+	default: // "content" or unset
+		return "contents"
+	}
+}
+
+// annotateEmbeddedBlockClearErr augments the backend's "embedded block" clear
+// failure with the concrete fix. clear_cell_range only clears cell values /
+// formats — it cannot delete an embedded object (pivot table / chart) that
+// overlaps the range, which is what the backend's "can not find embedded block"
+// actually means. Trajectories burned dozens of commands trying to recover a
+// pivot-occupied A1 with cells-clear; point the agent at the object's own
+// delete command instead. Non-matching errors pass through untouched.
+func annotateEmbeddedBlockClearErr(err error) error {
+	var ee *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &ee) || ee.Detail == nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(ee.Detail.Message), "embedded block") {
+		return err
+	}
+	const hint = "the range overlaps an embedded object (pivot table / chart); " +
+		"cells-clear only clears cell values/formats and cannot delete it — " +
+		"delete the object with its own command (+pivot-delete / +chart-delete; find the id via +pivot-list / +chart-list)"
+	if ee.Detail.Hint == "" {
+		ee.Detail.Hint = hint
+	} else {
+		ee.Detail.Hint += "; " + hint
+	}
+	return ee
+}
+
+// CellsMerge / CellsUnmerge share the merge_cells tool, dispatched by the
+// `operation` enum. --merge-type applies to merge only and maps to tool
+// field merge_type (`all` / `rows` / `columns`).
+var CellsMerge = newMergeShortcut(
+	"+cells-merge", "Merge cells in a range.", "merge", true,
+)
+var CellsUnmerge = newMergeShortcut(
+	"+cells-unmerge", "Unmerge cells in a range.", "unmerge", false,
+)
+
+func newMergeShortcut(command, desc, op string, withMergeType bool) common.Shortcut {
+	flags := flagsFor(command)
+	return common.Shortcut{
+		Service:     "sheets",
+		Command:     command,
+		Description: desc,
+		Risk:        "write",
+		Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+		AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+		HasFormat:   true,
+		Flags:       flags,
+		Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+			token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			sheetID := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("sheet-id"))
+			sheetName := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("sheet-name"))
+			_, err = mergeInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, op, withMergeType)
+			return err
+		},
+		DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+			token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+			sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+			input, _ := mergeInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, op, withMergeType)
+			return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "merge_cells", input)
+		},
+		Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+			token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			input, err := mergeInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, op, withMergeType)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "merge_cells", input)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			runtime.Out(out, nil)
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func mergeInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName, op string, withMergeType bool) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if err := requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range")) == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--range is required")
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":  token,
+		"range":     strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range")),
+		"operation": op,
+	}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	if withMergeType {
+		if mt := runtime.Str("merge-type"); mt != "" && mt != "all" {
+			input["merge_type"] = mt
+		} else {
+			input["merge_type"] = "all"
+		}
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+// resize_range exposes two CLI shortcuts:
+//
+//   +rows-resize / +cols-resize — set row heights / column widths. --type
+//   enum (pixel / standard / [auto]) controls how: --type pixel needs --size,
+//   --type standard restores the sheet default, --type auto auto-fits row
+//   heights (rows only). --range is an A1 closed range ("2:10" / "5" rows or
+//   "A:E" / "C" columns); single-element form is expanded to "N:N" before
+//   send because resize_range rejects bare single-element ranges.
+//
+// Wire shape: resize_height / resize_width carries { type, value? }, e.g.
+//   { "type": "pixel", "value": 30 }  or  { "type": "standard" }.
+
+// RowsResize wraps resize_range for row heights. --type auto enables
+// auto-fit (rows only); --type pixel requires --size.
+var RowsResize = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+rows-resize",
+	Description: "Resize rows by pixel / standard / auto (--type pixel needs --size; --range is 1-based A1 like \"2:10\" or \"5\").",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+rows-resize"),
+	Validate:    validateViaResize("row"),
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		input, _ := resizeInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, "row")
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "resize_range", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := resizeInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, "row")
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "resize_range", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+// ColsResize wraps resize_range for column widths. Column widths do not
+// support auto-fit — --type only accepts pixel / standard.
+var ColsResize = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+cols-resize",
+	Description: "Resize columns by pixel / standard (--type pixel needs --size; --range is column letters like \"A:E\" or \"C\"; no auto for cols).",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+cols-resize"),
+	Validate:    validateViaResize("column"),
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		input, _ := resizeInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, "column")
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "resize_range", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := resizeInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, "column")
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "resize_range", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+// validateViaResize wires the standalone Validate to resizeInput so both
+// paths (standalone + batch sub-op) emit the same error for missing --type,
+// malformed --range, or --type auto on columns.
+func validateViaResize(dimension string) func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	return func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("sheet-id"))
+		sheetName := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("sheet-name"))
+		_, err = resizeInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, dimension)
+		return err
+	}
+}
+
+// autoSuffix appends " / auto" to the enum hint for rows.
+func autoSuffix(dimension string) string {
+	if dimension == "row" {
+		return " / auto"
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// commandForDimension returns the shortcut command name a given dimension
+// belongs to; used in error messages so users see "+rows-resize" / "+cols-resize"
+// instead of the internal "row" / "column" tag.
+func commandForDimension(dimension string) string {
+	if dimension == "row" {
+		return "+rows-resize"
+	}
+	return "+cols-resize"
+}
+
+// resizeInput builds the resize_range tool input. dimension is "row" /
+// "column" (selected by the calling shortcut); --range must match that
+// dimension (row → digits like "2:10" / "5"; column → letters like "A:E" /
+// "C"). Single-element form is expanded to "N:N" because resize_range
+// rejects bare single-element ranges.
+func resizeInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName, dimension string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if err := requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if !runtime.Changed("range") {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--range is required")
+	}
+	rangeStr := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range"))
+	parsedDim, _, _, err := parseA1Range(rangeStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("invalid --range %q: %v", rangeStr, err)
+	}
+	if parsedDim != dimension {
+		want := "row numbers (e.g. \"2:10\")"
+		if dimension == "column" {
+			want = "column letters (e.g. \"A:E\")"
+		}
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--range %q is a %s range; %s expects %s", rangeStr, parsedDim, commandForDimension(dimension), want)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(rangeStr, ":") {
+		rangeStr = rangeStr + ":" + rangeStr
+	}
+	typ := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("type"))
+	if typ == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--type is required (pixel / standard%s)", autoSuffix(dimension))
+	}
+	if dimension == "column" && typ == "auto" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--type auto is rows-only (column widths do not support auto-fit); use +rows-resize")
+	}
+	hasSize := runtime.Changed("size") && runtime.Int("size") > 0
+	if typ == "pixel" && !hasSize {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--type pixel requires --size <px>")
+	}
+	if typ != "pixel" && hasSize {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--size is only valid with --type pixel")
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id": token,
+		"range":    rangeStr,
+	}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	sizeBlock := map[string]interface{}{"type": typ}
+	if typ == "pixel" {
+		sizeBlock["value"] = runtime.Int("size")
+	}
+	if dimension == "row" {
+		input["resize_height"] = sizeBlock
+	} else {
+		input["resize_width"] = sizeBlock
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+// ─── transform_range (4 shortcuts) ────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// move / copy take --source-range + --target-range (+ optional cross-sheet
+// target). fill takes --source-range + --target-range + --series-type. sort
+// takes --range + --sort-keys + --has-header.
+
+// RangeMove cuts data from --source-range and pastes at --target-range,
+// optionally on another sheet.
+var RangeMove = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+range-move",
+	Description: "Cut a range and paste it at a new location (optionally cross-sheet).",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+range-move"),
+	Validate:    validateRangeMoveOrCopy("move", false),
+	DryRun:      transformDryRunFn("move", false, false),
+	Execute:     transformExecuteFn("move", false, false),
+}
+
+// RangeCopy duplicates a range to a new location with optional paste-type
+// filter (values / formulas / formats / all).
+var RangeCopy = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+range-copy",
+	Description: "Copy a range to a new location (--paste-type controls what is copied).",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+range-copy"),
+	Validate:    validateRangeMoveOrCopy("copy", true),
+	DryRun:      transformDryRunFn("copy", true, false),
+	Execute:     transformExecuteFn("copy", true, false),
+}
+
+// RangeFill performs autofill from a template range into a target range.
+// --series-type is a 5-value CLI vocabulary; the tool only distinguishes
+// `copyCells` from `fillSeries`. The mapping is documented in
+// fillSeriesToToolType.
+var RangeFill = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+range-fill",
+	Description: "Autofill a target range from a source template (copy / linear / growth / date series).",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+range-fill"),
+	Validate:    validateViaInput(rangeFillInput),
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		input, _ := rangeFillInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "transform_range", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := rangeFillInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "transform_range", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+// RangeSort sorts rows within a range by one or more columns.
+var RangeSort = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+range-sort",
+	Description: "Sort rows within a range by one or more columns.",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+range-sort"),
+	Validate:    validateViaInput(rangeSortInput),
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		input, _ := rangeSortInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "transform_range", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := rangeSortInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "transform_range", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+// ─── transform_range helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────
+
+// validateRangeMoveOrCopy wires the standalone Validate to transformMoveCopyInput
+// so missing --source-range / --target-range fire the same friendly error on
+// the batch sub-op path.
+func validateRangeMoveOrCopy(op string, withPasteType bool) func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	return func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("sheet-id"))
+		sheetName := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("sheet-name"))
+		_, err = transformMoveCopyInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, op, withPasteType)
+		return err
+	}
+}
+
+func transformDryRunFn(op string, withPasteType, _ bool) func(context.Context, *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+	return func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		input, _ := transformMoveCopyInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, op, withPasteType)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "transform_range", input)
+	}
+}
+
+func transformExecuteFn(op string, withPasteType, _ bool) func(context.Context, *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	return func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := transformMoveCopyInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, op, withPasteType)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "transform_range", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func transformMoveCopyInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName, op string, withPasteType bool) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if err := requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("source-range")) == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--source-range is required")
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("target-range")) == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--target-range is required")
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":          token,
+		"operation":         op,
+		"range":             strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("source-range")),
+		"destination_range": strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("target-range")),
+	}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	if tgt := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("target-sheet-id")); tgt != "" {
+		input["destination_sheet_id"] = tgt
+	}
+	if withPasteType {
+		if pt := runtime.Str("paste-type"); pt != "" && pt != "all" {
+			input["paste_type"] = pasteTypeToTool(pt)
+		}
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+// pasteTypeToTool maps the CLI vocabulary (values / formulas / formats / all)
+// to the tool's paste_type field (all / value_only / formula_only / format_only).
+func pasteTypeToTool(pt string) string {
+	switch pt {
+	case "values":
+		return "value_only"
+	case "formulas":
+		return "formula_only"
+	case "formats":
+		return "format_only"
+	}
+	return "all"
+}
+
+func rangeFillInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if err := requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("source-range")) == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--source-range is required")
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("target-range")) == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--target-range is required")
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":          token,
+		"operation":         "fill",
+		"range":             strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("source-range")),
+		"destination_range": strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("target-range")),
+		"fill_type":         fillSeriesToToolType(runtime.Str("series-type")),
+	}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+// fillSeriesToToolType maps the CLI series vocabulary to the tool's fill_type.
+// The tool only distinguishes copy vs series; the CLI's series flavor (linear /
+// growth / date / auto) all collapse to fillSeries — the actual progression is
+// inferred by the server from the source cells.
+func fillSeriesToToolType(seriesType string) string {
+	if seriesType == "copy" {
+		return "copyCells"
+	}
+	return "fillSeries"
+}
+
+func rangeSortInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if err := requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range")) == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--range is required")
+	}
+	// requireJSONArray runs the embedded JSON Schema for --sort-keys
+	// via parseJSONFlag → validateParsedJSONFlag, so each item is
+	// already pinned to {column: string, ascending: bool} with the
+	// failing index reported. No per-item hand-written guard needed.
+	keys, err := requireJSONArray(runtime, "sort-keys")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":        token,
+		"operation":       "sort",
+		"range":           strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range")),
+		"sort_conditions": keys,
+	}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	if runtime.Bool("has-header") {
+		input["has_header"] = true
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_range_operations_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_range_operations_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e0f464709
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_range_operations_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,360 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+func TestAnnotateEmbeddedBlockClearErr(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	t.Run("adds pivot-delete hint on embedded-block error", func(t *testing.T) {
+		in := &output.ExitError{Code: output.ExitAPI, Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
+			Type:    "api",
+			Message: `tool "clear_cell_range" failed: [500] can not find embedded block`,
+		}}
+		var ee *output.ExitError
+		if !errors.As(annotateEmbeddedBlockClearErr(in), &ee) || ee.Detail == nil {
+			t.Fatal("expected ExitError with detail")
+		}
+		if !strings.Contains(ee.Detail.Hint, "+pivot-delete") {
+			t.Errorf("hint should point at +pivot-delete, got %q", ee.Detail.Hint)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("appends to existing hint", func(t *testing.T) {
+		in := &output.ExitError{Code: output.ExitAPI, Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
+			Message: "embedded block missing", Hint: "preexisting",
+		}}
+		out := annotateEmbeddedBlockClearErr(in).(*output.ExitError)
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(out.Detail.Hint, "preexisting; ") {
+			t.Errorf("existing hint should be preserved and appended, got %q", out.Detail.Hint)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("passes through unrelated ExitError untouched", func(t *testing.T) {
+		in := &output.ExitError{Code: output.ExitAPI, Detail: &output.ErrDetail{Message: "some other failure"}}
+		out := annotateEmbeddedBlockClearErr(in).(*output.ExitError)
+		if out.Detail.Hint != "" {
+			t.Errorf("unrelated error should not gain a hint, got %q", out.Detail.Hint)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("passes through non-ExitError untouched", func(t *testing.T) {
+		in := errors.New("can not find embedded block")
+		if out := annotateEmbeddedBlockClearErr(in); out != in {
+			t.Error("plain (non-ExitError) error should be returned as-is")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestRangeOperationsShortcuts_DryRun(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name      string
+		sc        common.Shortcut
+		args      []string
+		toolName  string
+		wantInput map[string]interface{}
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "+cells-clear scope=content → clear_type=contents",
+			sc:       CellsClear,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "A1:C5", "--scope", "content"},
+			toolName: "clear_cell_range",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":   testToken,
+				"sheet_id":   testSheetID,
+				"range":      "A1:C5",
+				"clear_type": "contents",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+cells-clear scope=all passthrough",
+			sc:       CellsClear,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "A1:C5", "--scope", "all"},
+			toolName: "clear_cell_range",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"clear_type": "all",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+cells-merge with merge-type",
+			sc:       CellsMerge,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "A1:B2", "--merge-type", "rows"},
+			toolName: "merge_cells",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":   testToken,
+				"sheet_id":   testSheetID,
+				"range":      "A1:B2",
+				"operation":  "merge",
+				"merge_type": "rows",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+cells-unmerge (no merge-type flag)",
+			sc:       CellsUnmerge,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "A1:B2"},
+			toolName: "merge_cells",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":  testToken,
+				"sheet_id":  testSheetID,
+				"range":     "A1:B2",
+				"operation": "unmerge",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+rows-resize --range 1:5 pixel 200",
+			sc:       RowsResize,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "1:5", "--type", "pixel", "--size", "200"},
+			toolName: "resize_range",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id": testToken,
+				"sheet_id": testSheetID,
+				"range":    "1:5",
+				"resize_height": map[string]interface{}{
+					"type":  "pixel",
+					"value": float64(200),
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+rows-resize single row \"1\" expands to \"1:1\"",
+			sc:       RowsResize,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "1", "--type", "auto"},
+			toolName: "resize_range",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"range":         "1:1",
+				"resize_height": map[string]interface{}{"type": "auto"},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+cols-resize --range B:D standard",
+			sc:       ColsResize,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "B:D", "--type", "standard"},
+			toolName: "resize_range",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id": testToken,
+				"sheet_id": testSheetID,
+				"range":    "B:D",
+				"resize_width": map[string]interface{}{
+					"type": "standard",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+cols-resize --range A:C pixel 120",
+			sc:       ColsResize,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "A:C", "--type", "pixel", "--size", "120"},
+			toolName: "resize_range",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"range": "A:C",
+				"resize_width": map[string]interface{}{
+					"type":  "pixel",
+					"value": float64(120),
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+cols-resize single column \"C\" expands to \"C:C\"",
+			sc:       ColsResize,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "C", "--type", "standard"},
+			toolName: "resize_range",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"range":        "C:C",
+				"resize_width": map[string]interface{}{"type": "standard"},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+range-move cross-sheet",
+			sc:       RangeMove,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--source-range", "A1:C5", "--target-range", "D1", "--target-sheet-id", testSheetID2},
+			toolName: "transform_range",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":             testToken,
+				"sheet_id":             testSheetID,
+				"operation":            "move",
+				"range":                "A1:C5",
+				"destination_range":    "D1",
+				"destination_sheet_id": testSheetID2,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+range-copy paste-type values → value_only",
+			sc:       RangeCopy,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--source-range", "A1:C5", "--target-range", "E1", "--paste-type", "values"},
+			toolName: "transform_range",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":          testToken,
+				"sheet_id":          testSheetID,
+				"operation":         "copy",
+				"range":             "A1:C5",
+				"destination_range": "E1",
+				"paste_type":        "value_only",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+range-copy paste-type all → field omitted",
+			sc:       RangeCopy,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--source-range", "A1:C5", "--target-range", "E1"},
+			toolName: "transform_range",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":          testToken,
+				"sheet_id":          testSheetID,
+				"operation":         "copy",
+				"range":             "A1:C5",
+				"destination_range": "E1",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+range-fill series=copy → copyCells",
+			sc:       RangeFill,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--source-range", "A1:A3", "--target-range", "A4:A10", "--series-type", "copy"},
+			toolName: "transform_range",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":          testToken,
+				"sheet_id":          testSheetID,
+				"operation":         "fill",
+				"range":             "A1:A3",
+				"destination_range": "A4:A10",
+				"fill_type":         "copyCells",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+range-fill series=linear → fillSeries",
+			sc:       RangeFill,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--source-range", "A1:A3", "--target-range", "A4:A10", "--series-type", "linear"},
+			toolName: "transform_range",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"fill_type": "fillSeries",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+range-sort multi-key with header",
+			sc:       RangeSort,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "A1:E100", "--has-header", "--sort-keys", `[{"column":"B","ascending":true},{"column":"D","ascending":false}]`},
+			toolName: "transform_range",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":   testToken,
+				"sheet_id":   testSheetID,
+				"operation":  "sort",
+				"range":      "A1:E100",
+				"has_header": true,
+				"sort_conditions": []interface{}{
+					map[string]interface{}{"column": "B", "ascending": true},
+					map[string]interface{}{"column": "D", "ascending": false},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			body := parseDryRunBody(t, tt.sc, tt.args)
+			got := decodeToolInput(t, body, tt.toolName)
+			assertInputEquals(t, got, tt.wantInput)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestRangeSort_RejectsMalformedKeys verifies the schema-driven check
+// that each --sort-keys entry has both `column` (string) and
+// `ascending` (bool). The schema validator (loaded from
+// data/flag-schemas.json) reports the offending JSON path; previously
+// the CLI passed any JSON through and the server bounced with a terse
+// "required property X missing" that didn't name the bad entry.
+func TestRangeSort_RejectsMalformedKeys(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		keys string
+		want string
+	}{
+		{"missing column", `[{"ascending":true}]`, `required property "column" is missing at [0]`},
+		{"missing ascending", `[{"column":"B"}]`, `required property "ascending" is missing at [0]`},
+		{"old vocab col/order", `[{"col":"B","order":"asc"}]`, `required property "column" is missing at [0]`},
+		{"non-object item", `["B"]`, `[0]: expected type "object"`},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			stdout, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, RangeSort, []string{
+				"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+				"--range", "A1:E10", "--sort-keys", c.keys, "--dry-run",
+			})
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("expected validation error; stdout=%s stderr=%s", stdout, stderr)
+			}
+			if !strings.Contains(stdout+stderr+err.Error(), c.want) {
+				t.Errorf("want substring %q in error; got stdout=%s stderr=%s err=%v", c.want, stdout, stderr, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResize_TypeAndSizeGuards(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		sc   common.Shortcut
+		args []string
+		want string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "+rows-resize --type pixel without --size",
+			sc:   RowsResize,
+			args: []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "1:5", "--type", "pixel"},
+			want: "--type pixel requires --size",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "+rows-resize --type standard with --size",
+			sc:   RowsResize,
+			args: []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "1:5", "--type", "standard", "--size", "30"},
+			want: "--size is only valid with --type pixel",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "+cols-resize rejects --type auto",
+			sc:   ColsResize,
+			args: []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "A:C", "--type", "auto"},
+			want: "auto", // cobra Enum gate kicks first with "valid values are: pixel, standard"
+		},
+		{
+			name: "+rows-resize given column range",
+			sc:   RowsResize,
+			args: []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "A:C", "--type", "standard"},
+			want: "+rows-resize expects row numbers",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "+cols-resize given row range",
+			sc:   ColsResize,
+			args: []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "1:5", "--type", "standard"},
+			want: "+cols-resize expects column letters",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "+rows-resize end < start",
+			sc:   RowsResize,
+			args: []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "5:3", "--type", "standard"},
+			want: "end position is before start",
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range cases {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			stdout, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, tt.sc, append(tt.args, "--dry-run"))
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("expected validation error; stdout=%s stderr=%s", stdout, stderr)
+			}
+			if !strings.Contains(stdout+stderr+err.Error(), tt.want) {
+				t.Errorf("expected %q; got=%s|%s|%v", tt.want, stdout, stderr, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_read_data.go b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_read_data.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..40044c94a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_read_data.go
@@ -0,0 +1,523 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/csv"
+	"regexp"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// ─── lark_sheet_read_data ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// Wraps:
+//   - get_cell_ranges  (powers +cells-get and +dropdown-get)
+//   - get_range_as_csv (powers +csv-get)
+//
+// The sandbox tool (export_sheet_to_sandbox) is Sheet-Tool-only and has no
+// CLI surface here.
+
+// unboundedReadLimit is pinned into the tool's cell_limit / max_rows so that
+// --max-chars is the single effective read cap. The underlying tools default
+// those two to smaller values; without an explicit high value they could
+// truncate before max_chars. The CLI no longer exposes --cell-limit / --max-rows
+// (only --max-chars), so we pass this sentinel to neutralize the tool defaults.
+// Large enough to never bind on any real sheet.
+const unboundedReadLimit = 1_000_000_000
+
+// CellsGet wraps get_cell_ranges: read multiple A1 ranges and return per-cell
+// values, formulas, styles, and other metadata as requested via --include.
+var CellsGet = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+cells-get",
+	Description: "Read one or more cell ranges with values, formulas, and optional styles / comments / data validation.",
+	Risk:        "read",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:read"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+cells-get"),
+	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		if _, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if _, _, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range")) == "" {
+			return common.FlagErrorf("--range is required")
+		}
+		return nil
+	},
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindRead, "get_cell_ranges", cellsGetInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName))
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindRead, "get_cell_ranges", cellsGetInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName))
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+func cellsGetInput(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, token, sheetID, sheetName string) map[string]interface{} {
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id": token,
+		"ranges":   []string{strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range"))},
+	}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	applyIncludeToCellsGet(input, runtime.StrSlice("include"))
+	if runtime.Bool("skip-hidden") {
+		input["skip_hidden"] = true
+	}
+	// --cell-limit was removed from the CLI surface; --max-chars is the single
+	// read cap. Pin cell_limit very high so the tool's own default never binds
+	// before max_chars.
+	input["cell_limit"] = unboundedReadLimit
+	if n := runtime.Int("max-chars"); n > 0 {
+		input["max_chars"] = n
+	}
+	return input
+}
+
+// applyIncludeToCellsGet maps the fine-grained --include vocabulary to the
+// tool's two coarse switches:
+//
+//   - include_styles (bool) — toggled by "style" presence
+//   - value_render_option (enum) — "formula" → formula; otherwise omitted
+//
+// "value", "comment", and "data_validation" are always returned by the tool
+// per the schema; they have no dedicated knob today but are accepted in
+// --include for forward-compat with finer-grained server support.
+func applyIncludeToCellsGet(input map[string]interface{}, include []string) {
+	if len(include) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	want := map[string]bool{}
+	for _, v := range include {
+		want[v] = true
+	}
+	if want["style"] {
+		input["include_styles"] = true
+	} else {
+		input["include_styles"] = false
+	}
+	if want["formula"] {
+		input["value_render_option"] = "formula"
+	}
+}
+
+// CsvGet wraps get_range_as_csv: pull one range as RFC 4180 CSV with optional
+// [row=N] line prefix for easy row-number lookup.
+var CsvGet = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+csv-get",
+	Description: "Read a range as CSV (with [row=N] line prefix by default).",
+	Risk:        "read",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:read"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+csv-get"),
+	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		if _, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if _, _, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range")) == "" {
+			return common.FlagErrorf("--range is required")
+		}
+		return nil
+	},
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindRead, "get_range_as_csv", csvGetInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName))
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindRead, "get_range_as_csv", csvGetInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName))
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		switch {
+		case runtime.Bool("rows-json"):
+			// --rows-json reshapes the CSV response into structured rows
+			// ({row_number, values:{col→cell}}); see assembleRowsJSON.
+			out = assembleRowsJSON(out, strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range")))
+		case !runtime.Bool("include-row-prefix"):
+			out = stripRowPrefixFromCsvOutput(out)
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+func csvGetInput(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, token, sheetID, sheetName string) map[string]interface{} {
+	input := map[string]interface{}{"excel_id": token}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	if r := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range")); r != "" {
+		input["range"] = r
+	}
+	if runtime.Bool("skip-hidden") {
+		input["skip_hidden"] = true
+	}
+	// --max-rows was removed from the CLI surface; --max-chars is the single
+	// read cap. Pin max_rows very high so the tool's own default never binds
+	// before max_chars.
+	input["max_rows"] = unboundedReadLimit
+	if n := runtime.Int("max-chars"); n > 0 {
+		input["max_chars"] = n
+	}
+	return input
+}
+
+// stripRowPrefixFromCsvOutput removes "[row=N]" line prefixes from the tool's
+// annotated_csv field. Operates client-side because the tool only emits the
+// annotated form.
+func stripRowPrefixFromCsvOutput(out interface{}) interface{} {
+	m, ok := out.(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		return out
+	}
+	csv, ok := m["annotated_csv"].(string)
+	if !ok {
+		return out
+	}
+	lines := strings.Split(csv, "\n")
+	for i, line := range lines {
+		if idx := strings.Index(line, "]"); idx >= 0 && strings.HasPrefix(line, "[row=") {
+			rest := line[idx+1:]
+			lines[i] = strings.TrimPrefix(rest, ",")
+		}
+	}
+	m["annotated_csv"] = strings.Join(lines, "\n")
+	return m
+}
+
+// rowPrefixRe matches the leading "[row=N] " (or "[row=N],") annotation that
+// the tool prepends to the first physical line of each logical CSV record.
+var rowPrefixRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^\[row=(\d+)\][ ,]?`)
+
+// assembleRowsJSON reshapes the tool's annotated_csv string into structured
+// rows so callers never have to regex-parse "[row=N]" or RFC-4180 CSV by hand:
+//
+//	{
+//	  "range": "A1:K3380",
+//	  "current_region": "...",        // passthrough, if the tool returned it
+//	  "rows": [{"row_number":1,"values":{"A":"姓名", ..., "K":"时间差_分钟"}},
+//	           {"row_number":2,"values":{"A":"张三", ..., "K":"8.5"}}, ...]
+//	}
+//
+// Every logical row is emitted, including the first — no row is assumed to be a
+// header, since sheet data is not always tabular. Each cell is keyed by its
+// column letter (from the tool's col_indices when present, else derived from the
+// requested range's start column). On any parsing trouble it returns the
+// original output unchanged.
+func assembleRowsJSON(out interface{}, requestedRange string) interface{} {
+	m, ok := out.(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		return out
+	}
+	csvStr, ok := m["annotated_csv"].(string)
+	if !ok {
+		return out
+	}
+
+	// Group physical lines into logical records by [row=N] boundaries; lines
+	// without a prefix are embedded-newline continuations of the current record.
+	type logicalRow struct {
+		num  int
+		text string
+	}
+	var groups []logicalRow
+	for _, line := range strings.Split(csvStr, "\n") {
+		if mm := rowPrefixRe.FindStringSubmatch(line); mm != nil {
+			n, _ := strconv.Atoi(mm[1])
+			groups = append(groups, logicalRow{num: n, text: line[len(mm[0]):]})
+		} else if len(groups) > 0 {
+			groups[len(groups)-1].text += "\n" + line
+		}
+	}
+	if len(groups) == 0 {
+		return out
+	}
+
+	// Parse every logical row; widest row sets the column count. No row is
+	// singled out as a header — that would assume the data is tabular, which it
+	// often is not. The model reads row 1 like any other row and decides for
+	// itself whether it is a header.
+	parsed := make([][]string, len(groups))
+	maxCols := 0
+	for i, g := range groups {
+		parsed[i] = parseCSVRecord(g.text)
+		if len(parsed[i]) > maxCols {
+			maxCols = len(parsed[i])
+		}
+	}
+	if maxCols == 0 {
+		return out
+	}
+
+	// Column letters key each cell. Prefer the tool's col_indices (authoritative,
+	// length == col_count); otherwise derive from the requested range's start col.
+	letters := coerceStringSlice(m["col_indices"])
+	if len(letters) < maxCols {
+		start := csvStartColIndex(requestedRange)
+		letters = make([]string, maxCols)
+		for j := 0; j < maxCols; j++ {
+			letters[j] = csvColLetter(start + j)
+		}
+	}
+
+	rows := make([]map[string]interface{}, 0, len(groups))
+	for i := range groups {
+		fields := parsed[i]
+		values := make(map[string]interface{}, len(letters))
+		for j := range letters {
+			v := ""
+			if j < len(fields) {
+				v = fields[j]
+			}
+			values[letters[j]] = v
+		}
+		rows = append(rows, map[string]interface{}{
+			"row_number": groups[i].num,
+			"values":     values,
+		})
+	}
+
+	result := map[string]interface{}{}
+	for k, v := range m {
+		result[k] = v
+	}
+	result["range"] = requestedRange
+	result["rows"] = rows
+
+	// Surface the backend's "数据没读全" signal structurally instead of leaving it
+	// buried in warning_message prose. The tool flags it when current_region (the
+	// true data extent) reaches past actual_range (what was actually read) — the
+	// single most important anti-under-read hint. Mirror that same comparison
+	// (regionEndRow > actualEndRow) from the already-passthrough A1 ranges so the
+	// model gets the real data range as a first-class field, never having to
+	// parse it out of prose.
+	if cr, _ := m["current_region"].(string); cr != "" {
+		ar, _ := m["actual_range"].(string)
+		regionEnd := a1EndRow(cr)
+		readEnd := a1EndRow(ar)
+		if regionEnd > 0 && readEnd > 0 && regionEnd > readEnd {
+			result["data_not_fully_read"] = map[string]interface{}{
+				"read_through_row":         readEnd,
+				"data_extends_through_row": regionEnd,
+				"unread_rows":              regionEnd - readEnd,
+				"reread_range":             cr,
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Drop the fields whose information rows-json fully carries elsewhere:
+	//   - annotated_csv / row_indices / col_indices → reconstructed into
+	//     columns + rows (with integer row_number), losslessly.
+	//   - warning_message → its two halves are both handled: the static
+	//     "[row=N] / col_indices[j]" parse nag is moot once those fields exist,
+	//     and the dynamic "数据没读全" half is now the structured
+	//     data_not_fully_read field above. (Confirmed against the backend's
+	//     get-range-as-csv.ts — warning_message has no other content.)
+	delete(result, "annotated_csv")
+	delete(result, "row_indices")
+	delete(result, "col_indices")
+	delete(result, "warning_message")
+	return result
+}
+
+// a1EndRow extracts the ending row number from an A1 range, e.g. "A1:N51" → 51,
+// "Sheet1!B2:D9" → 9, "C5" → 5. Returns 0 when no row number is present.
+func a1EndRow(rng string) int {
+	rng = strings.TrimSpace(rng)
+	if i := strings.LastIndex(rng, "!"); i >= 0 {
+		rng = rng[i+1:]
+	}
+	if i := strings.LastIndex(rng, ":"); i >= 0 {
+		rng = rng[i+1:]
+	}
+	var digits strings.Builder
+	for _, c := range rng {
+		if c >= '0' && c <= '9' {
+			digits.WriteRune(c)
+		}
+	}
+	if digits.Len() == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	n, _ := strconv.Atoi(digits.String())
+	return n
+}
+
+// parseCSVRecord parses a single logical CSV record (which may span multiple
+// physical lines via quoted embedded newlines) into its fields. An empty record
+// yields no fields; a malformed record falls back to a naive comma split so a
+// stray quote never drops a whole row.
+func parseCSVRecord(text string) []string {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(text) == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	r := csv.NewReader(strings.NewReader(text))
+	r.FieldsPerRecord = -1
+	fields, err := r.Read()
+	if err != nil {
+		return strings.Split(text, ",")
+	}
+	return fields
+}
+
+// coerceStringSlice returns v as []string when it is a homogeneous []interface{}
+// of strings (the shape of the tool's col_indices), else nil.
+func coerceStringSlice(v interface{}) []string {
+	arr, ok := v.([]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		return nil
+	}
+	out := make([]string, 0, len(arr))
+	for _, e := range arr {
+		s, ok := e.(string)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil
+		}
+		out = append(out, s)
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// csvStartColIndex returns the 0-based column index of a range's start column,
+// e.g. "A1:K3380" → 0, "C5:F9" → 2, "Sheet1!D2" → 3. Unparseable input → 0.
+func csvStartColIndex(rng string) int {
+	rng = strings.TrimSpace(rng)
+	if i := strings.LastIndex(rng, "!"); i >= 0 {
+		rng = rng[i+1:]
+	}
+	var letters strings.Builder
+	for _, c := range rng {
+		if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') || (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') {
+			letters.WriteRune(c)
+			continue
+		}
+		break
+	}
+	if letters.Len() == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return csvColToIndex(letters.String())
+}
+
+// csvColToIndex converts a column letter to its 0-based index ("A"→0, "K"→10,
+// "AA"→26). Non-letter input → -1.
+func csvColToIndex(s string) int {
+	n := 0
+	for _, c := range strings.ToUpper(s) {
+		if c < 'A' || c > 'Z' {
+			break
+		}
+		n = n*26 + int(c-'A'+1)
+	}
+	return n - 1
+}
+
+// csvColLetter converts a 0-based column index back to its letter (0→"A",
+// 25→"Z", 26→"AA"). Negative input → "".
+func csvColLetter(idx int) string {
+	if idx < 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	var b []byte
+	for idx >= 0 {
+		b = append([]byte{byte('A' + idx%26)}, b...)
+		idx = idx/26 - 1
+	}
+	return string(b)
+}
+
+// DropdownGet wraps get_cell_ranges scoped to data_validation: read the
+// dropdown configuration on a range. Aligned with its sibling +cells-get
+// — sheet selection is via --sheet-id / --sheet-name (XOR), and --range
+// is a bare A1 reference. The earlier "must include a sheet prefix"
+// shape was the odd one out among the get_cell_ranges wrappers and made
+// callers treat the prefix as either name or id; folding it into the
+// canonical --sheet-id selector removes that ambiguity.
+var DropdownGet = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+dropdown-get",
+	Description: "Read the dropdown / data-validation configuration on a range.",
+	Risk:        "read",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:read"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+dropdown-get"),
+	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		if _, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if _, _, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range")) == "" {
+			return common.FlagErrorf("--range is required")
+		}
+		return nil
+	},
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindRead, "get_cell_ranges", dropdownGetInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName))
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindRead, "get_cell_ranges", dropdownGetInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName))
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+func dropdownGetInput(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, token, sheetID, sheetName string) map[string]interface{} {
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":            token,
+		"ranges":              []string{strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range"))},
+		"include_styles":      false,
+		"value_render_option": "formatted_value",
+	}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	return input
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_read_data_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_read_data_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01e8001de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_read_data_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+func TestReadDataShortcuts_DryRun(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name      string
+		sc        common.Shortcut
+		args      []string
+		toolName  string
+		wantInput map[string]interface{}
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "+cells-get single range + include=style,formula",
+			sc:       CellsGet,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "A1:B2", "--include", "style,formula"},
+			toolName: "get_cell_ranges",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":            testToken,
+				"sheet_id":            testSheetID,
+				"ranges":              []interface{}{"A1:B2"},
+				"include_styles":      true,
+				"value_render_option": "formula",
+				"cell_limit":          float64(unboundedReadLimit), // pinned high; --max-chars is the only cap
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			// Canonical form: --sheet-id + bare --range. Aligned with
+			// +cells-get / +csv-get; before the e2e BUG-019 fix this
+			// shortcut was the odd one out (range-prefix required).
+			name:     "+dropdown-get with --sheet-id",
+			sc:       DropdownGet,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "C2:C6"},
+			toolName: "get_cell_ranges",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":            testToken,
+				"sheet_id":            testSheetID,
+				"ranges":              []interface{}{"C2:C6"},
+				"include_styles":      false,
+				"value_render_option": "formatted_value",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+dropdown-get with --sheet-name",
+			sc:       DropdownGet,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-name", "Sheet1", "--range", "C2:C6"},
+			toolName: "get_cell_ranges",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":            testToken,
+				"sheet_name":          "Sheet1",
+				"ranges":              []interface{}{"C2:C6"},
+				"include_styles":      false,
+				"value_render_option": "formatted_value",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			// --rows-json is post-processing on +csv-get's response; it must
+			// NOT leak into the get_range_as_csv input.
+			name:     "+csv-get --rows-json builds the same input (flag is post-process)",
+			sc:       CsvGet,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "A1:C10", "--rows-json"},
+			toolName: "get_range_as_csv",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id": testToken,
+				"sheet_id": testSheetID,
+				"range":    "A1:C10",
+				"max_rows": float64(unboundedReadLimit),
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			body := parseDryRunBody(t, tt.sc, tt.args)
+			got := decodeToolInput(t, body, tt.toolName)
+			assertInputEquals(t, got, tt.wantInput)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDropdownGet_RequiresSheetSelector locks the +cells-get-style
+// selector contract: at least one of --sheet-id / --sheet-name must be
+// supplied. Before BUG-019 fix this shortcut required a "Sheet!A1"
+// prefix inside --range instead; the canonical selector pair is what
+// every other get_cell_ranges wrapper uses.
+func TestDropdownGet_RequiresSheetSelector(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	stdout, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, DropdownGet, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--range", "A2:A100", "--dry-run",
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected validation error; stdout=%s stderr=%s", stdout, stderr)
+	}
+	combined := stdout + stderr + err.Error()
+	if !strings.Contains(combined, "sheet-id") && !strings.Contains(combined, "sheet-name") {
+		t.Errorf("expected --sheet-id/--sheet-name guard; got=%s|%s|%v", stdout, stderr, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestReadData_RequiresRange covers the trim-based --range guard on the
+// single-range readers (--range "" slips past cobra's MarkFlagRequired but
+// must still be rejected by Validate).
+func TestReadData_RequiresRange(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		sc   common.Shortcut
+	}{
+		{"+cells-get", CellsGet},
+		{"+csv-get", CsvGet},
+		{"+dropdown-get", DropdownGet},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			stdout, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, c.sc, []string{
+				"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "  ", "--dry-run",
+			})
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("expected validation error; stdout=%s stderr=%s", stdout, stderr)
+			}
+			if !strings.Contains(stdout+stderr+err.Error(), "--range is required") {
+				t.Errorf("expected --range guard; got=%s|%s|%v", stdout, stderr, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInfoTypeFromInclude exercises the fine-grained → coarse mapping
+// directly (white-box).
+func TestInfoTypeFromInclude(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	// Caller (sheetInfoInput) skips infoTypeFromInclude when len(include)==0,
+	// so the helper only ever sees non-empty input.
+	cases := []struct {
+		include []string
+		want    string
+	}{
+		{[]string{"row_heights"}, "row_heights_column_widths"},
+		{[]string{"row_heights", "col_widths"}, "row_heights_column_widths"},
+		{[]string{"hidden_rows", "hidden_cols"}, "hidden_infos"},
+		{[]string{"groups"}, "group_infos"},
+		{[]string{"merges"}, "merged_cells_infos"},
+		{[]string{"row_heights", "merges"}, "all"}, // mixed
+		{[]string{"frozen"}, "all"},                // frozen alone falls back to all
+		{[]string{"unknown"}, "all"},               // unknown → all
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		if got := infoTypeFromInclude(c.include); got != c.want {
+			t.Errorf("infoTypeFromInclude(%v) = %q, want %q", c.include, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCsvGet_StripRowPrefix verifies the client-side post-process for
+// --include-row-prefix=false.
+func TestCsvGet_StripRowPrefix(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	in := map[string]interface{}{
+		"annotated_csv": "[row=1] a,b,c\n[row=2] d,e,f",
+		"other":         "untouched",
+	}
+	out := stripRowPrefixFromCsvOutput(in).(map[string]interface{})
+	csv := out["annotated_csv"].(string)
+	if csv != " a,b,c\n d,e,f" {
+		t.Errorf("annotated_csv = %q, want stripped prefix", csv)
+	}
+	if out["other"] != "untouched" {
+		t.Errorf("other field corrupted: %v", out["other"])
+	}
+}
+
+// TestAssembleRowsJSON covers the --rows-json reshaping: every logical row
+// emitted (no header singled out), integer row_number, column-letter keyed
+// values, embedded newlines inside quoted fields, and current_region passthrough.
+func TestAssembleRowsJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	in := map[string]interface{}{
+		"annotated_csv":   "[row=1] 姓名,备注,时间差_分钟\n[row=2] 张三,\"line1\nline2\",8.5\n[row=3] 李四,ok,3",
+		"current_region":  "A1:C3",
+		"col_indices":     []interface{}{"A", "B", "C"},
+		"row_indices":     []interface{}{1, 2, 3},
+		"warning_message": "①定位行号…②定位列字母…",
+	}
+	out, ok := assembleRowsJSON(in, "A1:C3").(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("assembleRowsJSON did not return a map")
+	}
+
+	// Fields whose info rows-json carries elsewhere are dropped (annotated_csv /
+	// indices → rows; warning_message → moot static nag + structured
+	// data_not_fully_read). Unrelated metadata like current_region is preserved.
+	if _, exists := out["annotated_csv"]; exists {
+		t.Errorf("annotated_csv should be dropped")
+	}
+	if _, exists := out["col_indices"]; exists {
+		t.Errorf("col_indices should be dropped")
+	}
+	if _, exists := out["warning_message"]; exists {
+		t.Errorf("warning_message should be dropped in rows-json mode")
+	}
+	if _, exists := out["columns"]; exists {
+		t.Errorf("columns field should not exist (no header assumption)")
+	}
+	if out["current_region"] != "A1:C3" {
+		t.Errorf("current_region passthrough lost: %v", out["current_region"])
+	}
+
+	rows, _ := out["rows"].([]map[string]interface{})
+	if len(rows) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("want all 3 rows (incl. row 1), got %d: %+v", len(rows), rows)
+	}
+	// Row 1 is emitted as a normal row, not consumed as a header.
+	if rows[0]["row_number"].(int) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("first row_number = %v, want 1", rows[0]["row_number"])
+	}
+	if v := rows[0]["values"].(map[string]interface{}); v["A"] != "姓名" || v["C"] != "时间差_分钟" {
+		t.Errorf("row 1 values wrong: %+v", v)
+	}
+	// Row 2 keeps its embedded newline inside a single cell.
+	v1 := rows[1]["values"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if rows[1]["row_number"].(int) != 2 || v1["A"] != "张三" || v1["B"] != "line1\nline2" || v1["C"] != "8.5" {
+		t.Errorf("row 2 wrong (embedded newline?): %+v", rows[1])
+	}
+}
+
+// TestAssembleRowsJSON_DerivedLetters verifies cell letters are derived from the
+// range start when the tool omits col_indices (e.g. a C-anchored read).
+func TestAssembleRowsJSON_DerivedLetters(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	in := map[string]interface{}{
+		"annotated_csv": "[row=5] h1,h2\n[row=6] a,b",
+	}
+	out := assembleRowsJSON(in, "C5:D6").(map[string]interface{})
+	rows := out["rows"].([]map[string]interface{})
+	if len(rows) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("want 2 rows, got %d", len(rows))
+	}
+	if rows[0]["row_number"].(int) != 5 {
+		t.Errorf("first row_number = %v, want 5", rows[0]["row_number"])
+	}
+	if v := rows[0]["values"].(map[string]interface{}); v["C"] != "h1" || v["D"] != "h2" {
+		t.Errorf("derived-letter values wrong: %+v", v)
+	}
+	if v := rows[1]["values"].(map[string]interface{}); v["C"] != "a" || v["D"] != "b" {
+		t.Errorf("row 6 values wrong: %+v", v)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestAssembleRowsJSON_DataNotFullyRead verifies the structured under-read hint:
+// when current_region extends past actual_range, rows-json surfaces the true data
+// range as a first-class field (mirroring the backend's prose warning).
+func TestAssembleRowsJSON_DataNotFullyRead(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	// Read only A1:D2, but the data region reaches D4 → 2 rows unread.
+	in := map[string]interface{}{
+		"annotated_csv":  "[row=1] 序号,姓名\n[row=2] 101,张三",
+		"actual_range":   "A1:D2",
+		"current_region": "A1:D4",
+	}
+	out := assembleRowsJSON(in, "A1:D2").(map[string]interface{})
+	hint, ok := out["data_not_fully_read"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("data_not_fully_read missing; out=%+v", out)
+	}
+	if hint["read_through_row"] != 2 || hint["data_extends_through_row"] != 4 ||
+		hint["unread_rows"] != 2 || hint["reread_range"] != "A1:D4" {
+		t.Errorf("data_not_fully_read wrong: %+v", hint)
+	}
+
+	// Fully-read case: no hint emitted.
+	in2 := map[string]interface{}{
+		"annotated_csv":  "[row=1] 序号,姓名\n[row=2] 101,张三",
+		"actual_range":   "A1:D2",
+		"current_region": "A1:D2",
+	}
+	out2 := assembleRowsJSON(in2, "A1:D2").(map[string]interface{})
+	if _, exists := out2["data_not_fully_read"]; exists {
+		t.Errorf("data_not_fully_read should be absent when fully read")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_search_replace.go b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_search_replace.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6e0b8ecb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_search_replace.go
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// ─── lark_sheet_search_replace ────────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// Wraps search_data (read) and replace_data (write). Both tools take an
+// `options` sub-object; the CLI flattens its common booleans
+// (--match-case / --match-entire-cell / --regex / --include-formulas) into
+// independent flags per the铁律.
+
+// CellsSearch wraps search_data: find cell coordinates matching --find,
+// with optional case / regex / whole-cell / formula-text controls.
+var CellsSearch = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+cells-search",
+	Description: "Find cells matching --find in a spreadsheet (case / regex / whole-cell / formula-text controls).",
+	Risk:        "read",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:read"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+cells-search"),
+	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		if _, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if _, _, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("find")) == "" {
+			return common.FlagErrorf("--find is required")
+		}
+		return nil
+	},
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindRead, "search_data", searchInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName))
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindRead, "search_data", searchInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName))
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+func searchInput(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, token, sheetID, sheetName string) map[string]interface{} {
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":    token,
+		"search_term": runtime.Str("find"),
+	}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	if r := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range")); r != "" {
+		input["range"] = r
+	}
+	if runtime.Changed("offset") && runtime.Int("offset") > 0 {
+		input["offset"] = runtime.Int("offset")
+	}
+	if opts := searchReplaceOptions(runtime); len(opts) > 0 {
+		input["options"] = opts
+	}
+	if n := runtime.Int("max-matches"); n > 0 {
+		input["max_matches"] = n
+	}
+	return input
+}
+
+// searchReplaceOptions packs the four shared boolean flags into the tool's
+// `options` sub-object. Empty result → caller should omit the field.
+func searchReplaceOptions(runtime flagView) map[string]interface{} {
+	opts := map[string]interface{}{}
+	if runtime.Bool("match-case") {
+		opts["match_case"] = true
+	}
+	if runtime.Bool("match-entire-cell") {
+		opts["match_entire_cell"] = true
+	}
+	if runtime.Bool("regex") {
+		opts["use_regex"] = true
+	}
+	if runtime.Bool("include-formulas") {
+		opts["match_formulas"] = true
+	}
+	return opts
+}
+
+// CellsReplace wraps replace_data: find and replace text across a
+// spreadsheet, with the same option controls as +cells-search.
+var CellsReplace = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+cells-replace",
+	Description: "Find and replace text in a spreadsheet (case / regex / whole-cell / formula-text controls).",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+cells-replace"),
+	Validate:    validateViaInput(replaceInput),
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		input, _ := replaceInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "replace_data", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := replaceInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "replace_data", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+	Tips: []string{
+		"Always preview with --dry-run before running — replace can mutate every matching cell across the sheet.",
+	},
+}
+
+func replaceInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if err := requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("find")) == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--find is required")
+	}
+	if !runtime.Changed("replacement") {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--replacement is required (pass an empty string to delete matches)")
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":     token,
+		"search_term":  runtime.Str("find"),
+		"replace_term": runtime.Str("replacement"),
+	}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	if r := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range")); r != "" {
+		input["range"] = r
+	}
+	if opts := searchReplaceOptions(runtime); len(opts) > 0 {
+		input["options"] = opts
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_search_replace_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_search_replace_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7e58abee3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_search_replace_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+func TestSearchReplaceShortcuts_DryRun(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name        string
+		sc          common.Shortcut
+		args        []string
+		toolName    string
+		wantInput   map[string]interface{}
+		wantOptions map[string]interface{}
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "+cells-search regex + match-case",
+			sc:       CellsSearch,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--find", "foo", "--regex", "--match-case"},
+			toolName: "search_data",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":    testToken,
+				"sheet_id":    testSheetID,
+				"search_term": "foo",
+			},
+			wantOptions: map[string]interface{}{
+				"match_case": true,
+				"use_regex":  true,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+cells-search all four options",
+			sc:       CellsSearch,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--find", "x", "--match-case", "--match-entire-cell", "--regex", "--include-formulas"},
+			toolName: "search_data",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":    testToken,
+				"sheet_id":    testSheetID,
+				"search_term": "x",
+			},
+			wantOptions: map[string]interface{}{
+				"match_case":        true,
+				"match_entire_cell": true,
+				"use_regex":         true,
+				"match_formulas":    true,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+cells-replace empty replace deletes match",
+			sc:       CellsReplace,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--find", "foo", "--replacement", ""},
+			toolName: "replace_data",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":     testToken,
+				"sheet_id":     testSheetID,
+				"search_term":  "foo",
+				"replace_term": "",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			body := parseDryRunBody(t, tt.sc, tt.args)
+			got := decodeToolInput(t, body, tt.toolName)
+			assertInputEquals(t, got, tt.wantInput)
+			if tt.wantOptions != nil {
+				opts, _ := got["options"].(map[string]interface{})
+				if opts == nil {
+					t.Fatalf("options missing: %#v", got)
+				}
+				for k, want := range tt.wantOptions {
+					if opts[k] != want {
+						t.Errorf("options[%q] = %v, want %v", k, opts[k], want)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCellsReplace_RequireFlag(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	// --replace not passed at all (vs empty string) should error.
+	stdout, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, CellsReplace, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--find", "foo", "--dry-run",
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error when --replace omitted; stdout=%s stderr=%s", stdout, stderr)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout+stderr+err.Error(), "replace") {
+		t.Errorf("expected message about --replace; got=%s|%s|%v", stdout, stderr, err)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_sheet_structure.go b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_sheet_structure.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fcdd9667a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_sheet_structure.go
@@ -0,0 +1,679 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// ─── lark_sheet_sheet_structure ───────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// Wraps get_sheet_structure (read) and modify_sheet_structure (write,
+// operation-enum dispatch). All region/position arguments use A1-style
+// strings (1-based row numbers like "3:7" / "5", or column letters like
+// "C:F" / "C"); dim-* / resize never expose 0-based int indices on the CLI
+// surface, so there is no inclusive/exclusive ambiguity across commands.
+// parseA1Range / parseA1Position handle parsing into the 0-based ints that
+// dim-move's native v3 endpoint expects.
+//
+// +rows-resize / +cols-resize live in lark_sheet_range_operations (different
+// tool); they are only grouped under "工作表" for discoverability.
+
+// SheetInfo wraps get_sheet_structure: row heights, column widths, hidden
+// rows/cols, merged cells, row/column groups, and freeze counts for one
+// sub-sheet (optionally limited to a range).
+var SheetInfo = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+sheet-info",
+	Description: "Get a sub-sheet's layout metadata: row heights, column widths, hidden rows/cols, merges, groups, freeze.",
+	Risk:        "read",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:read"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+sheet-info"),
+	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		if _, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		_, _, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		return err
+	},
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindRead, "get_sheet_structure", sheetInfoInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName))
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindRead, "get_sheet_structure", sheetInfoInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName))
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+	Tips: []string{
+		"Frozen rows / columns are top-level fields and are returned regardless of --include.",
+	},
+}
+
+func sheetInfoInput(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, token, sheetID, sheetName string) map[string]interface{} {
+	input := map[string]interface{}{"excel_id": token}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	if r := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range")); r != "" {
+		input["range"] = r
+	}
+	if include := runtime.StrSlice("include"); len(include) > 0 {
+		if t := infoTypeFromInclude(include); t != "" {
+			input["info_type"] = t
+		}
+	}
+	return input
+}
+
+// infoTypeFromInclude maps the fine-grained --include vocabulary to the
+// tool's coarse info_type enum. When --include spans multiple categories
+// (or asks for "frozen", which is always returned), we fall back to "all".
+func infoTypeFromInclude(include []string) string {
+	groups := map[string]string{
+		"row_heights": "row_heights_column_widths",
+		"col_widths":  "row_heights_column_widths",
+		"hidden_rows": "hidden_infos",
+		"hidden_cols": "hidden_infos",
+		"groups":      "group_infos",
+		"merges":      "merged_cells_infos",
+		"frozen":      "", // any info_type returns frozen; falling back to all is fine
+	}
+	seen := map[string]struct{}{}
+	for _, v := range include {
+		g, ok := groups[v]
+		if !ok || g == "" {
+			return "all"
+		}
+		seen[g] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	if len(seen) != 1 {
+		return "all"
+	}
+	for g := range seen {
+		return g
+	}
+	return "all"
+}
+
+// ─── +dim-* (modify_sheet_structure) ──────────────────────────────────
+
+// DimInsert inserts blank rows / columns and optionally inherits style from
+// the adjacent dimension.
+var DimInsert = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+dim-insert",
+	Description: "Insert blank rows or columns at a given position.",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+dim-insert"),
+	Validate:    validateViaInput(dimInsertInput),
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		input, _ := dimInsertInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "modify_sheet_structure", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := dimInsertInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "modify_sheet_structure", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+// dimInsertInput passes --position (1-based row number "3" or column letter
+// "C") straight to the tool's `position` field; --count maps to `count`.
+func dimInsertInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if err := requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if !runtime.Changed("position") {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--position is required")
+	}
+	if !runtime.Changed("count") {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--count is required")
+	}
+	position := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("position"))
+	if _, _, err := parseA1Position(position); err != nil {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("invalid --position %q: %v", position, err)
+	}
+	count := runtime.Int("count")
+	if count <= 0 {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--count must be > 0 (got %d)", count)
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":  token,
+		"operation": "insert",
+		"position":  position,
+		"count":     count,
+	}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	switch runtime.Str("inherit-style") {
+	case "before":
+		input["side"] = "before"
+	case "after":
+		input["side"] = "after"
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+// DimDelete deletes rows / columns — irreversible, high-risk-write.
+var DimDelete = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+dim-delete",
+	Description: "Delete rows or columns (irreversible).",
+	Risk:        "high-risk-write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+dim-delete"),
+	Validate:    validateDimRangeOp("delete"),
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		input, _ := dimRangeOpInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, "delete")
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "modify_sheet_structure", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := dimRangeOpInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, "delete")
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "modify_sheet_structure", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+	Tips: []string{
+		"Row/column deletion is irreversible. Always preview with --dry-run first.",
+	},
+}
+
+// validateDimRangeOp returns a Validate closure that delegates to
+// dimRangeOpInput for shortcuts (delete/hide/unhide) whose builder takes an
+// extra `op` argument. Token check happens here; the rest is the builder.
+func validateDimRangeOp(op string) func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	return func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("sheet-id"))
+		sheetName := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("sheet-name"))
+		_, err = dimRangeOpInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, op)
+		return err
+	}
+}
+
+// validateDimGroupOp is the group/ungroup counterpart of validateDimRangeOp.
+func validateDimGroupOp(op string) func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	return func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("sheet-id"))
+		sheetName := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("sheet-name"))
+		_, err = dimGroupInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, op)
+		return err
+	}
+}
+
+// DimHide / DimUnhide toggle visibility on a row/column range.
+var DimHide = newDimRangeOpShortcut(
+	"+dim-hide", "Hide rows or columns within a range.", "hide", "write",
+)
+var DimUnhide = newDimRangeOpShortcut(
+	"+dim-unhide", "Unhide rows or columns within a range.", "unhide", "write",
+)
+
+// DimGroup / DimUngroup manage row/column outline groups.
+var DimGroup = newDimGroupShortcut(
+	"+dim-group", "Group rows or columns into an outline (collapsible).", "group",
+)
+var DimUngroup = newDimGroupShortcut(
+	"+dim-ungroup", "Remove a row/column outline group.", "ungroup",
+)
+
+// DimFreeze freezes the first N rows or columns; --count 0 unfreezes that
+// dimension.
+var DimFreeze = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+dim-freeze",
+	Description: "Freeze the first N rows or columns; --count 0 unfreezes the chosen dimension.",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+dim-freeze"),
+	Validate:    validateViaInput(dimFreezeInput),
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		input, _ := dimFreezeInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "modify_sheet_structure", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := dimFreezeInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "modify_sheet_structure", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+func dimFreezeInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if err := requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if !runtime.Changed("dimension") {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--dimension is required")
+	}
+	if !runtime.Changed("count") {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--count is required (0 unfreezes)")
+	}
+	if runtime.Int("count") < 0 {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--count must be >= 0")
+	}
+	dim := runtime.Str("dimension")
+	count := runtime.Int("count")
+	op := "freeze"
+	if count == 0 {
+		op = "unfreeze"
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{"excel_id": token, "operation": op}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	if op == "freeze" {
+		if dim == "row" {
+			input["freeze_rows"] = count
+		} else {
+			input["freeze_columns"] = count
+		}
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+// dimRangeOpInput builds the tool input for delete/hide/unhide/group/ungroup
+// which all take a `range` string field. --range is a 1-based A1 closed range
+// ("3:7" / "5" for rows, "C:F" / "C" for columns) and passes straight through
+// after format validation.
+func dimRangeOpInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName, op string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if err := requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if !runtime.Changed("range") {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--range is required")
+	}
+	rangeStr := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range"))
+	if _, _, _, err := parseA1Range(rangeStr); err != nil {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("invalid --range %q: %v", rangeStr, err)
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":  token,
+		"operation": op,
+		"range":     rangeStr,
+	}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+// newDimRangeOpShortcut builds the shared shape for hide / unhide.
+func newDimRangeOpShortcut(command, desc, op, risk string) common.Shortcut {
+	return common.Shortcut{
+		Service:     "sheets",
+		Command:     command,
+		Description: desc,
+		Risk:        risk,
+		Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+		AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+		HasFormat:   true,
+		Flags:       flagsFor(command),
+		Validate:    validateDimRangeOp(op),
+		DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+			token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+			sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+			input, _ := dimRangeOpInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, op)
+			return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "modify_sheet_structure", input)
+		},
+		Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+			token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			input, err := dimRangeOpInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, op)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "modify_sheet_structure", input)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			runtime.Out(out, nil)
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// newDimGroupShortcut builds the shared shape for group / ungroup. It adds
+// --depth (currently unused server-side — accepted for forward-compat per
+// the canonical spec) and --group-state (group only, defaults to expand).
+func newDimGroupShortcut(command, desc, op string) common.Shortcut {
+	flags := flagsFor(command)
+	return common.Shortcut{
+		Service:     "sheets",
+		Command:     command,
+		Description: desc,
+		Risk:        "write",
+		Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+		AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+		HasFormat:   true,
+		Flags:       flags,
+		Validate:    validateDimGroupOp(op),
+		DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+			token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+			sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+			input, _ := dimGroupInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, op)
+			return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "modify_sheet_structure", input)
+		},
+		Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+			token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			input, err := dimGroupInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, op)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "modify_sheet_structure", input)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			runtime.Out(out, nil)
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func dimGroupInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName, op string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	input, err := dimRangeOpInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, op)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if op == "group" {
+		if gs := runtime.Str("group-state"); gs != "" {
+			input["group_state"] = gs
+		}
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+// ─── A1 parsing helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+// parseA1Range parses an A1 closed range ("3:7" / "5" / "C:F" / "C") into
+// the inferred dimension ("row" or "column") and 0-based inclusive indices.
+// Single-element form yields startIdx == endIdx. Mixing digits and letters
+// across the two sides ("3:C") is rejected.
+func parseA1Range(s string) (dimension string, startIdx, endIdx int, err error) {
+	s = strings.TrimSpace(s)
+	if s == "" {
+		return "", 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("range is empty")
+	}
+	parts := strings.Split(s, ":")
+	if len(parts) > 2 {
+		return "", 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("expected \"start:end\" or single element")
+	}
+	dim1, idx1, err := parseA1Position(parts[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", 0, 0, err
+	}
+	if len(parts) == 1 {
+		return dim1, idx1, idx1, nil
+	}
+	dim2, idx2, err := parseA1Position(parts[1])
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", 0, 0, err
+	}
+	if dim1 != dim2 {
+		return "", 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("cannot mix row (digits) and column (letters) in one range")
+	}
+	if idx2 < idx1 {
+		return "", 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("end position is before start")
+	}
+	return dim1, idx1, idx2, nil
+}
+
+// parseA1Position parses a single A1 position element: pure digits → row
+// (1-based number, returned as 0-based idx); pure letters → column (letters
+// case-insensitive, "A" → 0, "AA" → 26).
+func parseA1Position(s string) (dimension string, idx int, err error) {
+	s = strings.TrimSpace(s)
+	if s == "" {
+		return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("position is empty")
+	}
+	isDigits := true
+	isLetters := true
+	for _, r := range s {
+		if r < '0' || r > '9' {
+			isDigits = false
+		}
+		if !((r >= 'A' && r <= 'Z') || (r >= 'a' && r <= 'z')) {
+			isLetters = false
+		}
+	}
+	if isDigits {
+		n, _ := strconv.Atoi(s)
+		if n <= 0 {
+			return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("row number must be >= 1 (got %q)", s)
+		}
+		return "row", n - 1, nil
+	}
+	if isLetters {
+		return "column", letterToColumnIndex(s), nil
+	}
+	return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("expected pure digits (row number) or letters (column letter), got %q", s)
+}
+
+// columnIndexToLetter converts a 0-based column index to the spreadsheet
+// letter notation (0 → "A", 25 → "Z", 26 → "AA", 701 → "ZZ", 702 → "AAA").
+// Used by +workbook helpers that need to format absolute column references.
+func columnIndexToLetter(idx int) string {
+	if idx < 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	idx++
+	var out []byte
+	for idx > 0 {
+		idx--
+		out = append([]byte{byte('A' + idx%26)}, out...)
+		idx /= 26
+	}
+	return string(out)
+}
+
+// ─── +dim-move (native v3 move_dimension, cli_status: cli-only) ──────
+//
+// Moves a contiguous block of rows or columns to a new index in the same
+// sheet via the native v3 move_dimension endpoint (not the One-OpenAPI
+// dispatcher). CLI accepts --source-range (A1 closed range like "3:7" or
+// "C:F") + --target (A1 single position like "12" or "H"); both are parsed
+// into the 0-based int indices that v3 move_dimension expects.
+
+var DimMove = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+dim-move",
+	Description: "Move a contiguous block of rows or columns to a new position (re-numbers neighbors).",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only", "sheets:spreadsheet:read"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+dim-move"),
+	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		if _, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if _, _, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		_, err := buildDimMovePlan(runtime)
+		return err
+	},
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		return common.NewDryRunAPI().
+			POST(dimMovePath(token, sheetSelectorPlaceholder(sheetID, sheetName))).
+			Body(dimMoveBody(runtime)).
+			Set("spreadsheet_token", token)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		// v3 move_dimension carries sheet_id in the path. Resolve
+		// sheet_name client-side when needed (reuses lookupSheetIndex
+		// which fetches workbook structure).
+		if sheetID == "" {
+			lookedID, _, err := lookupSheetIndex(ctx, runtime, token, "", sheetName)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			sheetID = lookedID
+		}
+		data, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", dimMovePath(token, sheetID), nil, dimMoveBody(runtime))
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(data, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+// dimMovePlan is the parsed form of --source-range / --target.
+type dimMovePlan struct {
+	dimension string // "row" / "column"
+	startIdx  int    // 0-based inclusive
+	endIdx    int    // 0-based inclusive
+	targetIdx int    // 0-based; destination position (move inserts before this)
+}
+
+// buildDimMovePlan parses --source-range + --target and enforces that the
+// target dimension matches the source. Used by both Validate and Execute.
+func buildDimMovePlan(runtime flagView) (*dimMovePlan, error) {
+	if !runtime.Changed("source-range") || !runtime.Changed("target") {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--source-range and --target are required")
+	}
+	src := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("source-range"))
+	dim, startIdx, endIdx, err := parseA1Range(src)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("invalid --source-range %q: %v", src, err)
+	}
+	tgt := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("target"))
+	tgtDim, tgtIdx, err := parseA1Position(tgt)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("invalid --target %q: %v", tgt, err)
+	}
+	if tgtDim != dim {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--target %q dimension (%s) must match --source-range %q dimension (%s)", tgt, tgtDim, src, dim)
+	}
+	return &dimMovePlan{dimension: dim, startIdx: startIdx, endIdx: endIdx, targetIdx: tgtIdx}, nil
+}
+
+// dimMovePath builds the native v3 move_dimension endpoint. sheet_id lives in
+// the path (unlike the v2 dimension_range body that the earlier build used).
+func dimMovePath(token, sheetID string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/sheets/v3/spreadsheets/%s/sheets/%s/move_dimension",
+		validate.EncodePathSegment(token), validate.EncodePathSegment(sheetID))
+}
+
+func dimMoveBody(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) map[string]interface{} {
+	plan, err := buildDimMovePlan(runtime)
+	if err != nil {
+		// Validate has already rejected this case; emit an empty body
+		// rather than panic on the dry-run path.
+		return map[string]interface{}{}
+	}
+	dim := "ROWS"
+	if plan.dimension == "column" {
+		dim = "COLUMNS"
+	}
+	return map[string]interface{}{
+		"source": map[string]interface{}{
+			"major_dimension": dim,
+			"start_index":     plan.startIdx,
+			"end_index":       plan.endIdx,
+		},
+		"destination_index": plan.targetIdx,
+	}
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_sheet_structure_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_sheet_structure_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..827f33e75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_sheet_structure_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// TestSheetStructureShortcuts_DryRun covers all 8 shortcuts in
+// lark_sheet_sheet_structure (sheet-info + 7 dim-*) and verifies that the
+// CLI's A1-style --range / --position / --count flags map straight through
+// to the tool's `range` / `position` / `count` fields (or are normalised
+// per shortcut's wire shape).
+func TestSheetStructureShortcuts_DryRun(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name      string
+		sc        common.Shortcut
+		args      []string
+		toolName  string
+		wantInput map[string]interface{}
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "+sheet-info with include single category → narrow info_type",
+			sc:       SheetInfo,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--include", "row_heights,col_widths"},
+			toolName: "get_sheet_structure",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":  testToken,
+				"sheet_id":  testSheetID,
+				"info_type": "row_heights_column_widths",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+sheet-info with mixed include → all",
+			sc:       SheetInfo,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--include", "row_heights,merges"},
+			toolName: "get_sheet_structure",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":  testToken,
+				"sheet_id":  testSheetID,
+				"info_type": "all",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+dim-insert row position=6 count=3 inherit-before",
+			sc:       DimInsert,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--position", "6", "--count", "3", "--inherit-style", "before"},
+			toolName: "modify_sheet_structure",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":  testToken,
+				"operation": "insert",
+				"sheet_id":  testSheetID,
+				"position":  "6",
+				"count":     float64(3),
+				"side":      "before",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+dim-insert column position=C count=2",
+			sc:       DimInsert,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--position", "C", "--count", "2"},
+			toolName: "modify_sheet_structure",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":  testToken,
+				"operation": "insert",
+				"sheet_id":  testSheetID,
+				"position":  "C",
+				"count":     float64(2),
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+dim-delete column B:D",
+			sc:       DimDelete,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "B:D"},
+			toolName: "modify_sheet_structure",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":  testToken,
+				"operation": "delete",
+				"sheet_id":  testSheetID,
+				"range":     "B:D",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+dim-hide row 3:5",
+			sc:       DimHide,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "3:5"},
+			toolName: "modify_sheet_structure",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":  testToken,
+				"operation": "hide",
+				"sheet_id":  testSheetID,
+				"range":     "3:5",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+dim-unhide column AA:AC",
+			sc:       DimUnhide,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "AA:AC"},
+			toolName: "modify_sheet_structure",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":  testToken,
+				"operation": "unhide",
+				"sheet_id":  testSheetID,
+				"range":     "AA:AC",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+dim-freeze row count=2 → freeze_rows",
+			sc:       DimFreeze,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--dimension", "row", "--count", "2"},
+			toolName: "modify_sheet_structure",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":    testToken,
+				"operation":   "freeze",
+				"sheet_id":    testSheetID,
+				"freeze_rows": float64(2),
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+dim-freeze count=0 → unfreeze",
+			sc:       DimFreeze,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--dimension", "column", "--count", "0"},
+			toolName: "modify_sheet_structure",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":  testToken,
+				"operation": "unfreeze",
+				"sheet_id":  testSheetID,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+dim-group row 1:5 fold",
+			sc:       DimGroup,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "1:5", "--group-state", "fold"},
+			toolName: "modify_sheet_structure",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":    testToken,
+				"operation":   "group",
+				"sheet_id":    testSheetID,
+				"range":       "1:5",
+				"group_state": "fold",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+dim-ungroup row 1:5",
+			sc:       DimUngroup,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "1:5"},
+			toolName: "modify_sheet_structure",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":  testToken,
+				"operation": "ungroup",
+				"sheet_id":  testSheetID,
+				"range":     "1:5",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			body := parseDryRunBody(t, tt.sc, tt.args)
+			got := decodeToolInput(t, body, tt.toolName)
+			assertInputEquals(t, got, tt.wantInput)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDimRange_Validation covers the A1 range parser's edge cases routed
+// through +dim-hide (any --range shortcut works; we just need to exercise
+// the validator).
+func TestDimRange_Validation(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		args []string
+		want string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "end before start",
+			args: []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "5:3", "--dry-run"},
+			want: "end position is before start",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "mix row+column",
+			args: []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "3:C", "--dry-run"},
+			want: "cannot mix row",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "invalid characters",
+			args: []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "A1:B2", "--dry-run"},
+			want: "expected pure digits",
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range cases {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			stdout, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, DimHide, tt.args)
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("expected validation error; stdout=%s stderr=%s", stdout, stderr)
+			}
+			if !strings.Contains(stdout+stderr+err.Error(), tt.want) {
+				t.Errorf("expected %q substring; got=%s|%s|%v", tt.want, stdout, stderr, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDimMove_DryRun verifies the native v3 move_dimension payload shape.
+// CLI's --source-range "1:3" (1-based inclusive) is parsed into
+// source.{start_index=0, end_index=2} (0-based inclusive), and sheet_id is
+// carried in the path, not the body. --target "11" → destination_index=10.
+func TestDimMove_DryRun(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	calls := parseDryRunAPI(t, DimMove, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+		"--source-range", "1:3", "--target", "11",
+	})
+	if len(calls) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("api calls = %d, want 1", len(calls))
+	}
+	c := calls[0].(map[string]interface{})
+	wantURL := "/sheets/v3/spreadsheets/" + testToken + "/sheets/" + testSheetID + "/move_dimension"
+	if !strings.Contains(c["url"].(string), wantURL) {
+		t.Errorf("url = %v, want suffix %v", c["url"], wantURL)
+	}
+	body, _ := c["body"].(map[string]interface{})
+	src, _ := body["source"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if src["major_dimension"] != "ROWS" {
+		t.Errorf("source.major_dimension = %v, want ROWS", src["major_dimension"])
+	}
+	if src["start_index"].(float64) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("start_index = %v, want 0", src["start_index"])
+	}
+	if src["end_index"].(float64) != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("end_index = %v, want 2 (0-based inclusive)", src["end_index"])
+	}
+	if body["destination_index"].(float64) != 10 {
+		t.Errorf("destination_index = %v, want 10 (target \"11\" → 0-based 10)", body["destination_index"])
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDimMove_Column exercises the column path: --source-range "C:F" →
+// COLUMNS / start=2 / end=5; --target "H" → destination_index=7.
+func TestDimMove_Column(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	calls := parseDryRunAPI(t, DimMove, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+		"--source-range", "C:F", "--target", "H",
+	})
+	c := calls[0].(map[string]interface{})
+	body, _ := c["body"].(map[string]interface{})
+	src, _ := body["source"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if src["major_dimension"] != "COLUMNS" {
+		t.Errorf("major_dimension = %v, want COLUMNS", src["major_dimension"])
+	}
+	if src["start_index"].(float64) != 2 || src["end_index"].(float64) != 5 {
+		t.Errorf("source = %v, want start=2 end=5", src)
+	}
+	if body["destination_index"].(float64) != 7 {
+		t.Errorf("destination_index = %v, want 7", body["destination_index"])
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDimMove_MismatchedDimension verifies that mixing source row + target
+// column (or vice versa) is rejected at Validate.
+func TestDimMove_MismatchedDimension(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	stdout, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, DimMove, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+		"--source-range", "1:3", "--target", "H", "--dry-run",
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected validation error; stdout=%s stderr=%s", stdout, stderr)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout+stderr+err.Error(), "must match --source-range") {
+		t.Errorf("expected dimension-mismatch guard; got=%s|%s|%v", stdout, stderr, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestParseA1Range covers parser edge cases directly.
+func TestParseA1Range(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	cases := []struct {
+		in      string
+		dim     string
+		start   int
+		end     int
+		wantErr bool
+	}{
+		{"3:7", "row", 2, 6, false},
+		{"5", "row", 4, 4, false},
+		{"C:F", "column", 2, 5, false},
+		{"C", "column", 2, 2, false},
+		{"aa:ac", "column", 26, 28, false}, // lower-case letters accepted
+		{"", "", 0, 0, true},
+		{"3:C", "", 0, 0, true},
+		{"7:3", "", 0, 0, true},
+		{"A1", "", 0, 0, true}, // cell ref, not a row/col range
+		{"3:5:7", "", 0, 0, true},
+		{"0", "", 0, 0, true}, // rows are 1-based
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(c.in, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			dim, start, end, err := parseA1Range(c.in)
+			if c.wantErr {
+				if err == nil {
+					t.Errorf("parseA1Range(%q) = (%q, %d, %d, nil), want error", c.in, dim, start, end)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("parseA1Range(%q) unexpected error: %v", c.in, err)
+			}
+			if dim != c.dim || start != c.start || end != c.end {
+				t.Errorf("parseA1Range(%q) = (%q, %d, %d), want (%q, %d, %d)", c.in, dim, start, end, c.dim, c.start, c.end)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestColumnIndexToLetter exercises the corner cases of the letter helper
+// (still in use by lark_sheet_workbook.go for absolute column refs).
+func TestColumnIndexToLetter(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	cases := []struct {
+		idx  int
+		want string
+	}{
+		{0, "A"}, {25, "Z"}, {26, "AA"}, {27, "AB"}, {51, "AZ"},
+		{52, "BA"}, {701, "ZZ"}, {702, "AAA"},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		if got := columnIndexToLetter(c.idx); got != c.want {
+			t.Errorf("columnIndexToLetter(%d) = %q, want %q", c.idx, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_workbook.go b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_workbook.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6ea725b5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_workbook.go
@@ -0,0 +1,1035 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/client"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/util"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// ─── lark_sheet_workbook ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// Wraps two tools behind the One-OpenAPI: get_workbook_structure (read) and
+// modify_workbook_structure (write, dispatched by `operation` enum).
+//
+// CLI Risk tiers diverge intentionally from the tool's single endpoint:
+//   - +sheet-delete  is high-risk-write (irreversible)
+//   - everything else is plain write
+//
+// +sheet-create only carries --url / --spreadsheet-token (no sheet selector):
+// the create tool path needs no existing-sheet anchor, so the public sheet
+// selector pair is dropped here to avoid a misleading XOR requirement.
+
+// WorkbookInfo wraps get_workbook_structure: list a workbook's sub-sheets
+// with their metadata (sheet_id, title, dimensions, freeze rows and cols,
+// index, hidden). First step for every sheets task — downstream sheet-level
+// operations all depend on the sheet_id returned here.
+var WorkbookInfo = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+workbook-info",
+	Description: "List sub-sheets of a spreadsheet with metadata (sheet_id, title, dimensions, freeze, hidden).",
+	Risk:        "read",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:read"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+workbook-info"),
+	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		_, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		return err
+	},
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindRead, "get_workbook_structure", map[string]interface{}{
+			"excel_id": token,
+		})
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindRead, "get_workbook_structure", map[string]interface{}{
+			"excel_id": token,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+	Tips: []string{
+		"First step for every sheets task — capture sheet_id from the result before doing any sheet-level operation.",
+	},
+}
+
+// SheetCreate creates a new sub-sheet. --title is the new sheet's name;
+// --index inserts at a specific position (omitted → appended). Default
+// dimensions match the canonical schema (rows=100, cols=26 when omitted —
+// tool's defaults differ but CLI surface stays predictable).
+var SheetCreate = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+sheet-create",
+	Description: "Create a new sub-sheet with an optional position and initial dimensions.",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+sheet-create"),
+	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		_, err = sheetCreateInput(runtime, token)
+		return err
+	},
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		input, _ := sheetCreateInput(runtime, token)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "modify_workbook_structure", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := sheetCreateInput(runtime, token)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "modify_workbook_structure", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+func sheetCreateInput(runtime flagView, token string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("title")) == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--title is required")
+	}
+	if n := runtime.Int("row-count"); n < 0 || n > 50000 {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--row-count must be between 0 and 50000")
+	}
+	if n := runtime.Int("col-count"); n < 0 || n > 200 {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--col-count must be between 0 and 200")
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":   token,
+		"operation":  "create",
+		"sheet_name": strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("title")),
+	}
+	if runtime.Changed("index") {
+		input["target_index"] = runtime.Int("index")
+	}
+	if n := runtime.Int("row-count"); n > 0 {
+		input["rows"] = n
+	}
+	if n := runtime.Int("col-count"); n > 0 {
+		input["columns"] = n
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+// sheetDeleteInput / sheetRenameInput / sheetVisibilityInput /
+// sheetSetTabColorInput build the modify_workbook_structure body for the
+// matching shortcut. Shared by standalone DryRun/Execute and by the
+// +batch-update sub-op dispatch so both paths emit an identical body and the
+// same friendly error when --sheet-id/--sheet-name (or the shortcut's own
+// required flags) are missing.
+func sheetDeleteInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if err := requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{"excel_id": token, "operation": "delete"}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+func sheetRenameInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if err := requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("title")) == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--title is required")
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":  token,
+		"operation": "rename",
+		"new_name":  strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("title")),
+	}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+func sheetVisibilityInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName, op string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if err := requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{"excel_id": token, "operation": op}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+func sheetSetTabColorInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if err := requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if !runtime.Changed("color") {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--color is required (empty string clears)")
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":  token,
+		"operation": "set_tab_color",
+		"tab_color": runtime.Str("color"),
+	}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+// SheetDelete deletes a sub-sheet. high-risk-write — framework rejects
+// without --yes. Always preview with --dry-run first to confirm the target.
+var SheetDelete = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+sheet-delete",
+	Description: "Delete a sub-sheet (irreversible).",
+	Risk:        "high-risk-write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+sheet-delete"),
+	Validate:    validateViaInput(sheetDeleteInput),
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		input, _ := sheetDeleteInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "modify_workbook_structure", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := sheetDeleteInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "modify_workbook_structure", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+	Tips: []string{
+		"Sheet deletion is irreversible. Always run with --dry-run first to verify the target sheet_id/sheet_name.",
+	},
+}
+
+// SheetRename renames a sub-sheet via --title (mapped to tool's new_name).
+var SheetRename = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+sheet-rename",
+	Description: "Rename a sub-sheet.",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+sheet-rename"),
+	Validate:    validateViaInput(sheetRenameInput),
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		input, _ := sheetRenameInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "modify_workbook_structure", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := sheetRenameInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "modify_workbook_structure", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+// SheetMove moves a sub-sheet to a new index. The tool requires sheet_id
+// and source_index in addition to target_index. The CLI accepts:
+//   - --sheet-id / --sheet-name to identify the sheet
+//   - --source-index (optional) for explicit source position
+//
+// When --source-index is omitted, or when --sheet-name is used instead of
+// --sheet-id, Execute issues a single get_workbook_structure read to derive
+// the missing pieces. DryRun stays network-free: it uses <resolve> placeholders
+// for any field that would need that read.
+var SheetMove = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+sheet-move",
+	Description: "Move a sub-sheet to a new position.",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:read", "sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+sheet-move"),
+	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		if _, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if _, _, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if !runtime.Changed("index") {
+			return common.FlagErrorf("--index is required")
+		}
+		if runtime.Int("index") < 0 {
+			return common.FlagErrorf("--index must be >= 0")
+		}
+		if runtime.Changed("source-index") && runtime.Int("source-index") < 0 {
+			return common.FlagErrorf("--source-index must be >= 0")
+		}
+		return nil
+	},
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		input := map[string]interface{}{
+			"excel_id":     token,
+			"operation":    "move",
+			"sheet_id":     sheetSelectorPlaceholder(sheetID, sheetName),
+			"target_index": runtime.Int("index"),
+			"source_index": sourceIndexOrPlaceholder(runtime),
+		}
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "modify_workbook_structure", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		resolvedID := sheetID
+		var sourceIndex int
+		needIDLookup := sheetID == ""
+		needIndexLookup := !runtime.Changed("source-index")
+		if needIDLookup || needIndexLookup {
+			lookedID, lookedIdx, err := lookupSheetIndex(ctx, runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			resolvedID = lookedID
+			sourceIndex = lookedIdx
+		}
+		if runtime.Changed("source-index") {
+			sourceIndex = runtime.Int("source-index")
+		}
+
+		input := map[string]interface{}{
+			"excel_id":     token,
+			"operation":    "move",
+			"sheet_id":     resolvedID,
+			"source_index": sourceIndex,
+			"target_index": runtime.Int("index"),
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "modify_workbook_structure", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+	Tips: []string{
+		"Pass --source-index when you already know it to avoid the extra read; otherwise CLI derives it from --sheet-id/--sheet-name.",
+	},
+}
+
+// sourceIndexOrPlaceholder returns the user-supplied source-index, or the
+// string "<resolve>" when DryRun should signal that Execute will derive it.
+func sourceIndexOrPlaceholder(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) interface{} {
+	if runtime.Changed("source-index") {
+		return runtime.Int("source-index")
+	}
+	return "<resolve>"
+}
+
+// SheetCopy duplicates a sub-sheet. --title (optional) names the copy;
+// --index (optional) places it.
+var SheetCopy = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+sheet-copy",
+	Description: "Duplicate a sub-sheet, optionally renaming and repositioning the copy.",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+sheet-copy"),
+	Validate:    validateViaInput(sheetCopyInput),
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		input, _ := sheetCopyInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "modify_workbook_structure", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := sheetCopyInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "modify_workbook_structure", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+func sheetCopyInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if err := requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{"excel_id": token, "operation": "duplicate"}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	if t := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("title")); t != "" {
+		input["new_name"] = t
+	}
+	if runtime.Changed("index") {
+		input["target_index"] = runtime.Int("index")
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+// SheetHide / SheetUnhide toggle visibility. Visible bool semantics live in
+// the operation enum so callers don't need a --visible flag.
+var SheetHide = newSheetVisibilityShortcut(
+	"+sheet-hide", "Hide a sub-sheet from the tabs bar.", "hide",
+)
+
+var SheetUnhide = newSheetVisibilityShortcut(
+	"+sheet-unhide", "Restore a hidden sub-sheet.", "unhide",
+)
+
+func newSheetVisibilityShortcut(command, desc, op string) common.Shortcut {
+	return common.Shortcut{
+		Service:     "sheets",
+		Command:     command,
+		Description: desc,
+		Risk:        "write",
+		Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+		AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+		HasFormat:   true,
+		Flags:       flagsFor(command),
+		Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+			token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			sheetID := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("sheet-id"))
+			sheetName := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("sheet-name"))
+			_, err = sheetVisibilityInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, op)
+			return err
+		},
+		DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+			token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+			sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+			input, _ := sheetVisibilityInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, op)
+			return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "modify_workbook_structure", input)
+		},
+		Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+			token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			input, err := sheetVisibilityInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName, op)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "modify_workbook_structure", input)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			runtime.Out(out, nil)
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// SheetSetTabColor sets the tab color of a sub-sheet. --color "" clears.
+var SheetSetTabColor = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+sheet-set-tab-color",
+	Description: "Set or clear the tab color of a sub-sheet.",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+sheet-set-tab-color"),
+	Validate:    validateViaInput(sheetSetTabColorInput),
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		input, _ := sheetSetTabColorInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "modify_workbook_structure", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := sheetSetTabColorInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "modify_workbook_structure", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+// ─── +workbook-create (legacy OAPI, cli_status: cli-only) ────────────
+//
+// Creates a brand-new spreadsheet via POST /sheets/v3/spreadsheets, then
+// optionally fills the first sheet's header row and initial data block
+// via a follow-up callTool(set_cell_range). Not exposed as an MCP tool —
+// hence the direct legacy OAPI call instead of going through callTool.
+
+// WorkbookCreate creates a brand-new spreadsheet in the user's drive
+// (optionally inside --folder-token) and can pre-fill the first row of
+// headers and an initial data block.
+var WorkbookCreate = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+workbook-create",
+	Description: "Create a new spreadsheet (optionally pre-filled with --headers and --values).",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:create", "sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+workbook-create"),
+	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("title")) == "" {
+			return common.FlagErrorf("--title is required")
+		}
+		if runtime.Str("headers") != "" {
+			v, err := parseJSONFlag(runtime, "headers")
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if _, ok := v.([]interface{}); !ok {
+				return common.FlagErrorf("--headers must be a JSON array")
+			}
+		}
+		if runtime.Str("values") != "" {
+			v, err := parseJSONFlag(runtime, "values")
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			rows, ok := v.([]interface{})
+			if !ok {
+				return common.FlagErrorf("--values must be a JSON 2D array")
+			}
+			for i, r := range rows {
+				if _, ok := r.([]interface{}); !ok {
+					return common.FlagErrorf("--values[%d] must be an array", i)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	},
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		body := map[string]interface{}{"title": strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("title"))}
+		if v := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("folder-token")); v != "" {
+			body["folder_token"] = v
+		}
+		dry := common.NewDryRunAPI().
+			POST("/open-apis/sheets/v3/spreadsheets").
+			Desc("create spreadsheet").
+			Body(body)
+		if fill, _ := buildInitialFillInput(runtime); fill != nil {
+			fill["excel_id"] = "<new-token>"
+			fill["sheet_id"] = "<first-sheet-id>" // resolved from the workbook at execute time
+			wireBody, _ := buildToolBody("set_cell_range", fill)
+			dry.POST("/open-apis/sheet_ai/v2/spreadsheets/<new-token>/tools/invoke_write").
+				Desc("fill headers + data via set_cell_range (sheet_id resolved after create)").
+				Body(wireBody)
+		}
+		return dry
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		body := map[string]interface{}{"title": strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("title"))}
+		if v := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("folder-token")); v != "" {
+			body["folder_token"] = v
+		}
+		data, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/open-apis/sheets/v3/spreadsheets", nil, body)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		ss := common.GetMap(data, "spreadsheet")
+		token := common.GetString(ss, "spreadsheet_token")
+		if token == "" {
+			token = common.GetString(ss, "token")
+		}
+		if token == "" {
+			return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "spreadsheet created but token missing in response")
+		}
+
+		result := map[string]interface{}{"spreadsheet": ss}
+
+		// --headers / --values are optional. buildInitialFillInput returns
+		// (nil, nil) when both are absent or empty, in which case we skip the
+		// fill entirely rather than dereferencing a nil map.
+		fill, err := buildInitialFillInput(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if fill != nil {
+			fill["excel_id"] = token
+			// set_cell_range needs a concrete sheet selector; the create
+			// response doesn't echo the default sheet's id, so read it back.
+			firstSheetID, err := lookupFirstSheetID(ctx, runtime, token)
+			if err != nil {
+				return workbookCreatedButFillFailed(token, ss,
+					fmt.Sprintf("resolving its first sheet for initial fill failed: %v", err))
+			}
+			fill["sheet_id"] = firstSheetID
+			fillOut, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "set_cell_range", fill)
+			if err != nil {
+				return workbookCreatedButFillFailed(token, ss,
+					fmt.Sprintf("initial fill failed: %v", err))
+			}
+			result["initial_fill"] = fillOut
+		}
+		runtime.Out(result, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+	Tips: []string{
+		"--headers and --values are optional follow-up writes. They use the same set_cell_range tool as +cells-set; partial failure leaves the spreadsheet created but empty.",
+	},
+}
+
+// workbookCreatedButFillFailed builds a structured partial-success error for the
+// window where the spreadsheet POST succeeded but the follow-up initial fill did
+// not. The new spreadsheet_token is surfaced in the error detail so callers can
+// retry the fill (+cells-set / +csv-put) or delete the orphan, instead of only
+// finding the token interpolated into a bare error string.
+func workbookCreatedButFillFailed(token string, spreadsheet interface{}, reason string) error {
+	return &output.ExitError{
+		Code: output.ExitAPI,
+		Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
+			Type:    "partial_success",
+			Message: fmt.Sprintf("spreadsheet %s created but %s", token, reason),
+			Hint:    "the spreadsheet exists; retry the fill with the returned spreadsheet_token, or delete it",
+			Detail: map[string]interface{}{
+				"spreadsheet_token": token,
+				"spreadsheet":       spreadsheet,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// buildInitialFillInput zips --headers + --values into a single set_cell_range
+// payload writing to the first sheet starting at A1.
+func buildInitialFillInput(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	var rows [][]interface{}
+	if runtime.Str("headers") != "" {
+		v, _ := parseJSONFlag(runtime, "headers")
+		headerArr, _ := v.([]interface{})
+		row := make([]interface{}, 0, len(headerArr))
+		for _, h := range headerArr {
+			row = append(row, map[string]interface{}{"value": h})
+		}
+		rows = append(rows, row)
+	}
+	if runtime.Str("values") != "" {
+		v, _ := parseJSONFlag(runtime, "values")
+		dataArr, _ := v.([]interface{})
+		for _, r := range dataArr {
+			cells, _ := r.([]interface{})
+			row := make([]interface{}, 0, len(cells))
+			for _, c := range cells {
+				row = append(row, map[string]interface{}{"value": c})
+			}
+			rows = append(rows, row)
+		}
+	}
+	if len(rows) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	maxCols := 0
+	for _, r := range rows {
+		if len(r) > maxCols {
+			maxCols = len(r)
+		}
+	}
+	if maxCols == 0 {
+		// --headers '[]' / --values '[]' parse to rows that carry no cells.
+		// There is nothing to write and a 0-width range ("A1:1") would be
+		// illegal, so treat it as "no initial fill" — same contract as the
+		// len(rows)==0 case above — and let the caller skip the write.
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	// Normalize rows to the same length so cells matrix is rectangular.
+	for i := range rows {
+		for len(rows[i]) < maxCols {
+			rows[i] = append(rows[i], map[string]interface{}{})
+		}
+	}
+	endCol := columnIndexToLetter(maxCols - 1)
+	rangeStr := fmt.Sprintf("A1:%s%d", endCol, len(rows))
+	return map[string]interface{}{
+		"range": rangeStr,
+		"cells": rows,
+		// sheet_id is left for the caller to fill: Execute resolves the new
+		// workbook's first sheet via lookupFirstSheetID. The DryRun preview
+		// can't know it yet (the workbook doesn't exist), so it stays absent.
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// ─── +workbook-export (legacy OAPI, cli_status: cli-only) ────────────
+//
+// Drives the three-step export flow against the classic drive endpoints:
+// create export task → poll task status → optional binary download.
+// Not exposed as an MCP tool.
+
+// WorkbookExport drives the three-step export flow: create task → poll →
+// optionally download. CSV mode requires --sheet-id (the API exports one
+// sheet at a time as csv).
+var WorkbookExport = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+workbook-export",
+	Description: "Export a spreadsheet to xlsx or a single sheet to csv (async + poll + optional download).",
+	Risk:        "read",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:read", "docs:document:export", "drive:drive.metadata:readonly"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+workbook-export"),
+	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		if _, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		ext := runtime.Str("file-extension")
+		if ext == "" {
+			ext = "xlsx"
+		}
+		if ext == "csv" && strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("sheet-id")) == "" {
+			return common.FlagErrorf("--sheet-id is required when --file-extension=csv")
+		}
+		return nil
+	},
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		ext := runtime.Str("file-extension")
+		if ext == "" {
+			ext = "xlsx"
+		}
+		body := map[string]interface{}{
+			"token":          token,
+			"type":           "sheet",
+			"file_extension": ext,
+		}
+		if sid := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("sheet-id")); sid != "" {
+			body["sub_id"] = sid
+		}
+		dry := common.NewDryRunAPI().
+			POST("/open-apis/drive/v1/export_tasks").
+			Desc("create export task").
+			Body(body).
+			GET("/open-apis/drive/v1/export_tasks/<ticket>").
+			Desc("poll task status").
+			Params(map[string]interface{}{"token": token})
+		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("output-path")) != "" {
+			dry.GET("/open-apis/drive/v1/export_tasks/file/<file_token>/download").
+				Desc("download exported file")
+		}
+		return dry
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		ext := runtime.Str("file-extension")
+		if ext == "" {
+			ext = "xlsx"
+		}
+		body := map[string]interface{}{
+			"token":          token,
+			"type":           "sheet",
+			"file_extension": ext,
+		}
+		if sid := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("sheet-id")); sid != "" {
+			body["sub_id"] = sid
+		}
+		taskData, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/open-apis/drive/v1/export_tasks", nil, body)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		ticket := common.GetString(taskData, "ticket")
+		if ticket == "" {
+			return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "export task created but ticket missing")
+		}
+
+		result := map[string]interface{}{
+			"ticket":         ticket,
+			"file_extension": ext,
+		}
+
+		// Poll up to ~30s for completion.
+		var fileToken, fileName string
+		for attempt := 0; attempt < 15; attempt++ {
+			status, err := pollExportTask(runtime, token, ticket)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			switch status.JobStatus {
+			case 0: // success
+				fileToken = status.FileToken
+				fileName = status.FileName
+				result["file_token"] = fileToken
+				result["file_name"] = fileName
+				result["file_size"] = status.FileSize
+				attempt = 999 // break outer loop
+			case 1, 2: // pending / in progress
+				time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
+				continue
+			default: // any non-zero status outside the in-progress window is a failure
+				if status.JobErrorMsg != "" {
+					return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "export task %s failed: %s", ticket, status.JobErrorMsg)
+				}
+				return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "export task %s failed with job_status=%d", ticket, status.JobStatus)
+			}
+		}
+		if fileToken == "" {
+			result["status"] = "polling_timeout"
+			runtime.Out(result, nil)
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		outPath := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("output-path"))
+		if outPath == "" {
+			runtime.Out(result, nil)
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		saved, err := downloadExportFile(ctx, runtime, fileToken, outPath, fileName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		result["saved_path"] = saved
+		runtime.Out(result, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+	Tips: []string{
+		"Polls up to ~30s (15 × 2s). For very large workbooks rerun and pass --output-path to capture the file once status flips to success.",
+	},
+}
+
+type exportTaskStatus struct {
+	JobStatus     int
+	JobErrorMsg   string
+	FileToken     string
+	FileName      string
+	FileSize      int64
+	FileExtension string
+}
+
+func pollExportTask(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, token, ticket string) (exportTaskStatus, error) {
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+		"GET",
+		fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/export_tasks/%s", validate.EncodePathSegment(ticket)),
+		map[string]interface{}{"token": token},
+		nil,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return exportTaskStatus{}, err
+	}
+	result := common.GetMap(data, "result")
+	if result == nil {
+		return exportTaskStatus{}, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "export task %s: empty result", ticket)
+	}
+	js, _ := util.ToFloat64(result["job_status"])
+	fs, _ := util.ToFloat64(result["file_size"])
+	return exportTaskStatus{
+		JobStatus:     int(js),
+		JobErrorMsg:   common.GetString(result, "job_error_msg"),
+		FileToken:     common.GetString(result, "file_token"),
+		FileName:      common.GetString(result, "file_name"),
+		FileSize:      int64(fs),
+		FileExtension: common.GetString(result, "file_extension"),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func downloadExportFile(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, fileToken, outPath, preferredName string) (string, error) {
+	apiResp, err := runtime.DoAPI(&larkcore.ApiReq{
+		HttpMethod: http.MethodGet,
+		ApiPath:    fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/export_tasks/file/%s/download", validate.EncodePathSegment(fileToken)),
+	}, larkcore.WithFileDownload())
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", output.ErrNetwork("download failed: %s", err)
+	}
+	if apiResp.StatusCode >= 400 {
+		return "", output.ErrNetwork("download failed: HTTP %d: %s", apiResp.StatusCode, string(apiResp.RawBody))
+	}
+	target := outPath
+	if info, statErr := runtime.FileIO().Stat(outPath); statErr == nil && info.IsDir() {
+		name := strings.TrimSpace(preferredName)
+		if name == "" {
+			name = client.ResolveFilename(apiResp)
+		}
+		target = filepath.Join(outPath, name)
+	}
+	if _, err := runtime.FileIO().Save(target, fileio.SaveOptions{
+		ContentType:   apiResp.Header.Get("Content-Type"),
+		ContentLength: int64(len(apiResp.RawBody)),
+	}, strings.NewReader(string(apiResp.RawBody))); err != nil {
+		return "", common.WrapSaveErrorByCategory(err, "io")
+	}
+	resolved, _ := runtime.FileIO().ResolvePath(target)
+	if resolved == "" {
+		resolved = target
+	}
+	return resolved, nil
+}
+
+// lookupSheetIndex finds a sub-sheet by id or name and returns its canonical
+// id + current 0-based index. Caller is responsible for ensuring at least one
+// of sheetID/sheetName is non-empty.
+func lookupSheetIndex(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, token, sheetID, sheetName string) (resolvedID string, index int, err error) {
+	out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindRead, "get_workbook_structure", map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id": token,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", 0, err
+	}
+	m, ok := out.(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		return "", 0, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "tool_output", "get_workbook_structure returned non-object output")
+	}
+	sheets, _ := m["sheets"].([]interface{})
+	for _, raw := range sheets {
+		sm, ok := raw.(map[string]interface{})
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		id, _ := sm["sheet_id"].(string)
+		// get_workbook_structure surfaces the sub-sheet's display name as
+		// "title"; older/alt payloads use "sheet_name". Match either so a
+		// --sheet-name lookup resolves regardless of the field name.
+		name, _ := sm["sheet_name"].(string)
+		if name == "" {
+			name, _ = sm["title"].(string)
+		}
+		if (sheetID != "" && id == sheetID) || (sheetName != "" && name == sheetName) {
+			idx, ok := util.ToFloat64(sm["index"])
+			if !ok {
+				return "", 0, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "tool_output", "sheet entry missing index field")
+			}
+			return id, int(idx), nil
+		}
+	}
+	target := sheetID
+	if target == "" {
+		target = sheetName
+	}
+	return "", 0, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "not_found", fmt.Sprintf("sheet %q not found in workbook", target))
+}
+
+// lookupFirstSheetID returns the sheet_id of the sub-sheet at index 0 (the
+// default sheet of a freshly created workbook). Used by +workbook-create to
+// target the initial-fill set_cell_range write — set_cell_range rejects an
+// empty sheet selector ("sheet_id or sheet_name is required"), and the v3
+// create-spreadsheet response does not echo the default sheet's id.
+func lookupFirstSheetID(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, token string) (string, error) {
+	out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindRead, "get_workbook_structure", map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id": token,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	m, ok := out.(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "tool_output", "get_workbook_structure returned non-object output")
+	}
+	sheets, _ := m["sheets"].([]interface{})
+	bestID := ""
+	bestIdx := -1
+	for _, raw := range sheets {
+		sm, ok := raw.(map[string]interface{})
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		id, _ := sm["sheet_id"].(string)
+		if id == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		idx, ok := util.ToFloat64(sm["index"])
+		if !ok {
+			// No index field — fall back to first encountered sheet.
+			if bestID == "" {
+				bestID = id
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		if bestIdx < 0 || int(idx) < bestIdx {
+			bestIdx = int(idx)
+			bestID = id
+		}
+	}
+	if bestID == "" {
+		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "tool_output", "get_workbook_structure returned no sheets")
+	}
+	return bestID, nil
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_workbook_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_workbook_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c7cad75f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_workbook_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// TestWorkbookShortcuts_DryRun covers all 9 lark_sheet_workbook shortcuts
+// (WorkbookInfo + 8 sheet-* variants) by asserting the One-OpenAPI body
+// the dry-run renders. Together they exercise every dispatch arm of
+// modify_workbook_structure plus the read tool.
+func TestWorkbookShortcuts_DryRun(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name      string
+		sc        common.Shortcut
+		args      []string
+		toolName  string
+		wantInput map[string]interface{}
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "+workbook-info read",
+			sc:       WorkbookInfo,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL},
+			toolName: "get_workbook_structure",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id": testToken,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+sheet-create with all options",
+			sc:       SheetCreate,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--title", "Q1", "--index", "1", "--row-count", "300", "--col-count", "10"},
+			toolName: "modify_workbook_structure",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":     testToken,
+				"operation":    "create",
+				"sheet_name":   "Q1",
+				"target_index": float64(1),
+				"rows":         float64(300),
+				"columns":      float64(10),
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+sheet-delete by id",
+			sc:       SheetDelete,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID},
+			toolName: "modify_workbook_structure",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":  testToken,
+				"operation": "delete",
+				"sheet_id":  testSheetID,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+sheet-rename by name",
+			sc:       SheetRename,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-name", "汇总", "--title", "Q1 汇总"},
+			toolName: "modify_workbook_structure",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":   testToken,
+				"operation":  "rename",
+				"sheet_name": "汇总",
+				"new_name":   "Q1 汇总",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+sheet-copy without explicit title",
+			sc:       SheetCopy,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID},
+			toolName: "modify_workbook_structure",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":  testToken,
+				"operation": "duplicate",
+				"sheet_id":  testSheetID,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+sheet-copy with new title and index",
+			sc:       SheetCopy,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--title", "副本", "--index", "0"},
+			toolName: "modify_workbook_structure",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":     testToken,
+				"operation":    "duplicate",
+				"sheet_id":     testSheetID,
+				"new_name":     "副本",
+				"target_index": float64(0),
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+sheet-hide",
+			sc:       SheetHide,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID},
+			toolName: "modify_workbook_structure",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":  testToken,
+				"operation": "hide",
+				"sheet_id":  testSheetID,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+sheet-unhide",
+			sc:       SheetUnhide,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID},
+			toolName: "modify_workbook_structure",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":  testToken,
+				"operation": "unhide",
+				"sheet_id":  testSheetID,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+sheet-set-tab-color hex",
+			sc:       SheetSetTabColor,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--color", "#FF0000"},
+			toolName: "modify_workbook_structure",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":  testToken,
+				"operation": "set_tab_color",
+				"sheet_id":  testSheetID,
+				"tab_color": "#FF0000",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "+sheet-set-tab-color empty clears",
+			sc:       SheetSetTabColor,
+			args:     []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--color", ""},
+			toolName: "modify_workbook_structure",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":  testToken,
+				"operation": "set_tab_color",
+				"sheet_id":  testSheetID,
+				"tab_color": "",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			body := parseDryRunBody(t, tt.sc, tt.args)
+			got := decodeToolInput(t, body, tt.toolName)
+			assertInputEquals(t, got, tt.wantInput)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSheetMove_DryRunResolvePlaceholders verifies the move shortcut emits
+// <resolve> placeholders for fields it would otherwise have to look up
+// at execute time. DryRun must stay network-free.
+func TestSheetMove_DryRunResolvePlaceholders(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		name          string
+		args          []string
+		wantSheetID   string
+		wantSourceIdx interface{}
+	}{
+		{
+			name:          "id only, no source-index → both literal + placeholder",
+			args:          []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--index", "0"},
+			wantSheetID:   testSheetID,
+			wantSourceIdx: "<resolve>",
+		},
+		{
+			name:          "name only → sheet_id placeholder + source_index placeholder",
+			args:          []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-name", "汇总", "--index", "0"},
+			wantSheetID:   "<resolve:汇总>",
+			wantSourceIdx: "<resolve>",
+		},
+		{
+			name:          "id + source-index → both literal",
+			args:          []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--index", "0", "--source-index", "5"},
+			wantSheetID:   testSheetID,
+			wantSourceIdx: float64(5),
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range cases {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			body := parseDryRunBody(t, SheetMove, tt.args)
+			input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "modify_workbook_structure")
+			if got := input["sheet_id"]; got != tt.wantSheetID {
+				t.Errorf("sheet_id = %#v, want %#v", got, tt.wantSheetID)
+			}
+			if got := input["source_index"]; got != tt.wantSourceIdx {
+				t.Errorf("source_index = %#v, want %#v", got, tt.wantSourceIdx)
+			}
+			if got := input["target_index"]; got != float64(0) {
+				t.Errorf("target_index = %#v, want 0", got)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSheetDelete_HighRiskWriteRequiresYes verifies the framework gate on
+// high-risk-write — exit code 10 (confirmation_required) without --yes.
+func TestSheetDelete_HighRiskWriteRequiresYes(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	stdout, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, SheetDelete, []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected confirmation_required error; got nil. stdout=%s stderr=%s", stdout, stderr)
+	}
+	combined := stdout + stderr + err.Error()
+	if !strings.Contains(combined, "confirmation_required") && !strings.Contains(combined, "requires confirmation") {
+		t.Errorf("expected confirmation envelope; got=%s|%s|%v", stdout, stderr, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestWorkbook_Validation covers a few critical validation paths shared
+// across the package's helpers (XOR token, XOR sheet selector, required
+// flags).
+func TestWorkbook_Validation(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		name    string
+		sc      common.Shortcut
+		args    []string
+		wantMsg string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:    "+workbook-info needs --url or --spreadsheet-token",
+			sc:      WorkbookInfo,
+			args:    []string{},
+			wantMsg: "at least one of --url or --spreadsheet-token",
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "+workbook-info rejects both url and token",
+			sc:      WorkbookInfo,
+			args:    []string{"--url", testURL, "--spreadsheet-token", testToken},
+			wantMsg: "mutually exclusive",
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "+sheet-delete needs sheet selector",
+			sc:      SheetDelete,
+			args:    []string{"--url", testURL},
+			wantMsg: "at least one of --sheet-id or --sheet-name",
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "+sheet-create requires --title",
+			sc:      SheetCreate,
+			args:    []string{"--url", testURL},
+			wantMsg: "required flag(s) \"title\" not set",
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "+sheet-create row-count over cap",
+			sc:      SheetCreate,
+			args:    []string{"--url", testURL, "--title", "X", "--row-count", "999999"},
+			wantMsg: "--row-count must be between",
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range cases {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			stdout, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, tt.sc, append(tt.args, "--dry-run"))
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("expected validation error; got nil. stdout=%s stderr=%s", stdout, stderr)
+			}
+			combined := stdout + stderr + err.Error()
+			if !strings.Contains(combined, tt.wantMsg) {
+				t.Errorf("error message missing %q; got=%s", tt.wantMsg, combined)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// ─── +workbook-create / +workbook-export (legacy OAPI) ───────────────
+
+// TestWorkbookCreate_DryRun verifies the two-step plan (create
+// spreadsheet + optional set_cell_range follow-up) is rendered.
+func TestWorkbookCreate_DryRun(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	t.Run("minimal title only", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		calls := parseDryRunAPI(t, WorkbookCreate, []string{"--title", "MySheet"})
+		if len(calls) != 1 {
+			t.Fatalf("api calls = %d, want 1 (no headers/data)", len(calls))
+		}
+		c := calls[0].(map[string]interface{})
+		if c["url"] != "/open-apis/sheets/v3/spreadsheets" {
+			t.Errorf("url = %v, want /open-apis/sheets/v3/spreadsheets", c["url"])
+		}
+		body, _ := c["body"].(map[string]interface{})
+		if body["title"] != "MySheet" {
+			t.Errorf("body.title = %v, want MySheet", body["title"])
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("with headers and data → 2-step plan", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		calls := parseDryRunAPI(t, WorkbookCreate, []string{
+			"--title", "Sales",
+			"--headers", `["Name","Score"]`,
+			"--values", `[["alice",95],["bob",88]]`,
+		})
+		if len(calls) != 2 {
+			t.Fatalf("api calls = %d, want 2 (create + fill)", len(calls))
+		}
+		fill := calls[1].(map[string]interface{})
+		if !strings.Contains(fill["url"].(string), "/sheet_ai/v2/spreadsheets/") {
+			t.Errorf("fill url = %v, want sheet_ai/v2 path", fill["url"])
+		}
+		body, _ := fill["body"].(map[string]interface{})
+		input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "set_cell_range")
+		if input["range"] != "A1:B3" {
+			t.Errorf("fill range = %v, want A1:B3 (1 header + 2 data rows × 2 cols)", input["range"])
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// TestWorkbookCreate_DataValidation rejects bad JSON shape.
+func TestWorkbookCreate_DataValidation(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		args []string
+		want string
+	}{
+		{"headers not array", []string{"--title", "X", "--headers", `"abc"`}, "must be a JSON array"},
+		{"values not 2D", []string{"--title", "X", "--values", `["a","b"]`}, "must be an array"},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range cases {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			stdout, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, WorkbookCreate, append(tt.args, "--dry-run"))
+			if err == nil || !strings.Contains(stdout+stderr+err.Error(), tt.want) {
+				t.Errorf("expected %q; got=%s|%s|%v", tt.want, stdout, stderr, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestWorkbookExport_DryRun checks the 2-or-3 step plan depending on
+// --output-path. The order should be: POST → GET (poll) → optional GET
+// (download).
+func TestWorkbookExport_DryRun(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	t.Run("xlsx without --output-path → 2 steps", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		calls := parseDryRunAPI(t, WorkbookExport, []string{"--url", testURL, "--file-extension", "xlsx"})
+		if len(calls) != 2 {
+			t.Fatalf("api calls = %d, want 2 (create + poll)", len(calls))
+		}
+		create := calls[0].(map[string]interface{})
+		if create["url"] != "/open-apis/drive/v1/export_tasks" {
+			t.Errorf("first url = %v", create["url"])
+		}
+		body, _ := create["body"].(map[string]interface{})
+		if body["type"] != "sheet" || body["file_extension"] != "xlsx" || body["token"] != testToken {
+			t.Errorf("create body = %#v", body)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("csv → 3 steps, with sub_id", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		calls := parseDryRunAPI(t, WorkbookExport, []string{
+			"--url", testURL, "--file-extension", "csv", "--sheet-id", "sh1",
+			"--output-path", "/tmp/out.csv",
+		})
+		if len(calls) != 3 {
+			t.Fatalf("api calls = %d, want 3", len(calls))
+		}
+		body, _ := calls[0].(map[string]interface{})["body"].(map[string]interface{})
+		if body["sub_id"] != "sh1" {
+			t.Errorf("csv export missing sub_id: %#v", body)
+		}
+		dl := calls[2].(map[string]interface{})
+		if !strings.Contains(dl["url"].(string), "/export_tasks/file/") {
+			t.Errorf("download url = %v", dl["url"])
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("csv requires --sheet-id", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		stdout, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, WorkbookExport, []string{
+			"--url", testURL, "--file-extension", "csv", "--dry-run",
+		})
+		if err == nil || !strings.Contains(stdout+stderr+err.Error(), "--sheet-id is required") {
+			t.Errorf("expected sheet-id guard; got=%s|%s|%v", stdout, stderr, err)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// assertInputEquals compares the decoded tool input map against the wanted
+// fields. Extra fields in `got` are allowed (defaults, optional fields);
+// every key in `want` must match exactly.
+func assertInputEquals(t *testing.T, got, want map[string]interface{}) {
+	t.Helper()
+	for k, wv := range want {
+		gv, ok := got[k]
+		if !ok {
+			t.Errorf("missing input key %q (got=%#v)", k, got)
+			continue
+		}
+		if !deepEqualJSON(gv, wv) {
+			t.Errorf("input[%q] = %#v, want %#v", k, gv, wv)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// deepEqualJSON compares JSON-shaped values (post-Unmarshal) — handles
+// the fact that numbers come back as float64 and maps as map[string]interface{}.
+func deepEqualJSON(a, b interface{}) bool {
+	switch av := a.(type) {
+	case map[string]interface{}:
+		bv, ok := b.(map[string]interface{})
+		if !ok || len(av) != len(bv) {
+			return false
+		}
+		for k, v := range av {
+			if !deepEqualJSON(v, bv[k]) {
+				return false
+			}
+		}
+		return true
+	case []interface{}:
+		bv, ok := b.([]interface{})
+		if !ok || len(av) != len(bv) {
+			return false
+		}
+		for i := range av {
+			if !deepEqualJSON(av[i], bv[i]) {
+				return false
+			}
+		}
+		return true
+	}
+	return a == b
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_write_cells.go b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_write_cells.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..07768614f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_write_cells.go
@@ -0,0 +1,824 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/csv"
+	"fmt"
+	"image"
+	_ "image/gif"
+	_ "image/jpeg"
+	_ "image/png"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+// ─── lark_sheet_write_cells ───────────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// Wraps:
+//   - set_cell_range     (powers +cells-set / +cells-set-style /
+//                        +dropdown-set / +dropdown-update / +dropdown-delete)
+//   - set_range_from_csv (powers +csv-put)
+//
+// +cells-set-image is a `cli_only_derivative` shortcut (needs a local file
+// upload before calling set_cell_range); it lives in the cli-only batch
+// where the upload helper is shared with +workbook-create / +dim-move /
+// +workbook-export.
+//
+// All set_cell_range-backed shortcuts construct a cells matrix whose
+// dimensions exactly match the target range — the tool errors on mismatch.
+
+// CellsSet wraps set_cell_range: caller provides the cells matrix via --cells
+// (JSON), with an optional --copy-to-range to replicate the written block
+// across a larger area (formula refs auto-shift).
+var CellsSet = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+cells-set",
+	Description: "Write values / formulas / styles / comments / data validation / embed-image to a cell range.",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+cells-set"),
+	Validate:    validateViaInput(cellsSetInput),
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		input, _ := cellsSetInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "set_cell_range", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := cellsSetInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "set_cell_range", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+func cellsSetInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if err := requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range")) == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--range is required")
+	}
+	cells, err := requireJSONArray(runtime, "cells")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id": token,
+		"range":    strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range")),
+		"cells":    cells,
+	}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	if !runtime.Bool("allow-overwrite") {
+		input["allow_overwrite"] = false
+	}
+	if copyTo := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("copy-to-range")); copyTo != "" {
+		input["copy_to_range"] = copyTo
+	}
+	if err := validateInputAgainstSchema(runtime, input); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+// CellsSetStyle stamps a single style block across every cell in --range.
+// Style is composed from a dozen flat flags (background-color, font-color,
+// font-size, font-style, font-weight, font-line, horizontal-alignment,
+// vertical-alignment, word-wrap, number-format) plus --border-styles for
+// the only field that still needs a nested object. At least one flag must
+// be set.
+var CellsSetStyle = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+cells-set-style",
+	Description: "Apply style flags to every cell in a range (values / formulas untouched).",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+cells-set-style"),
+	Validate:    validateViaInput(cellsSetStyleInput),
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		input, _ := cellsSetStyleInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "set_cell_range", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := cellsSetStyleInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "set_cell_range", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+func cellsSetStyleInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if err := requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	rangeStr := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range"))
+	if rangeStr == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--range is required")
+	}
+	rows, cols, err := rangeDimensions(rangeStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--range %q: %v", rangeStr, err)
+	}
+	if err := requireAnyStyleFlag(runtime); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	cellStyle := buildCellStyleFromFlags(runtime)
+	borderStyles, err := borderStylesFromFlag(runtime)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	cells := make([][]interface{}, rows)
+	for r := range cells {
+		row := make([]interface{}, cols)
+		for c := range row {
+			cell := map[string]interface{}{}
+			if len(cellStyle) > 0 {
+				cell["cell_styles"] = cellStyle
+			}
+			if borderStyles != nil {
+				cell["border_styles"] = borderStyles
+			}
+			row[c] = cell
+		}
+		cells[r] = row
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id": token,
+		"range":    rangeStr,
+		"cells":    cells,
+	}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	if err := validateInputAgainstSchema(runtime, input); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+// CsvPut wraps set_range_from_csv: dump a CSV blob into a sheet, only writing
+// plain values. Use +cells-set for anything richer (formula / style / note).
+var CsvPut = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+csv-put",
+	Description: "Paste RFC-4180 CSV into a sheet at --start-cell (plain values only, auto-expands sheet if needed).",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+csv-put"), // includes the hidden --range alias (defined in the base flags table)
+	PostMount: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {
+		// --range is an accepted alias for --start-cell (see csvPutInput).
+		// Neither is individually required; exactly one must be set. flag-defs
+		// marks --start-cell required, so clear that annotation and switch to a
+		// one-required group — otherwise cobra rejects `--range A1` for a
+		// missing --start-cell before the handler ever runs.
+		if fl := cmd.Flags().Lookup("start-cell"); fl != nil {
+			delete(fl.Annotations, cobra.BashCompOneRequiredFlag)
+		}
+		cmd.MarkFlagsOneRequired("start-cell", "range")
+	},
+	Validate: validateViaInput(csvPutInput),
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		input, _ := csvPutInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		dr := invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "set_range_from_csv", input)
+		if rng, ok := csvPutWriteRangeFromInput(input); ok {
+			dr = dr.Set("writes_range", rng)
+		}
+		return dr
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := csvPutInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "set_range_from_csv", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if rng, ok := csvPutWriteRangeFromInput(input); ok {
+			if m, isMap := out.(map[string]interface{}); isMap {
+				m["writes_range"] = rng
+			}
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+// csvPutWriteRangeFromInput computes the rectangle +csv-put will actually write,
+// from the built tool input (start_cell + csv). +csv-put pastes from the anchor
+// and auto-expands to the CSV's own row/column count — the footprint is the
+// result, not a user-set boundary. Surfacing it (e.g. "B2:D4") in dry-run and in
+// the success envelope lets agents see how far a paste reaches before it
+// silently overwrites neighbouring cells (use --allow-overwrite=false to block
+// that). Returns ok=false when the anchor is not a single cell or the CSV has no
+// parseable fields.
+func csvPutWriteRangeFromInput(input map[string]interface{}) (string, bool) {
+	anchor, _ := input["start_cell"].(string)
+	csvText, _ := input["csv"].(string)
+	if anchor == "" || csvText == "" {
+		return "", false
+	}
+	col0, row0, ok := splitCellRef(anchor)
+	if !ok {
+		return "", false
+	}
+	r := csv.NewReader(strings.NewReader(csvText))
+	r.FieldsPerRecord = -1 // tolerate ragged rows; we only need the max width
+	records, err := r.ReadAll()
+	if err != nil || len(records) == 0 {
+		return "", false
+	}
+	cols := 0
+	for _, rec := range records {
+		if len(rec) > cols {
+			cols = len(rec)
+		}
+	}
+	if cols == 0 {
+		return "", false
+	}
+	endCol := columnIndexToLetter(col0 + cols - 1)
+	endRow := row0 + len(records) // row0 is 0-based; +len(records) is the 1-based bottom row
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s%d", anchor, endCol, endRow), true
+}
+
+func csvPutInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if err := requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("csv")) == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--csv is required")
+	}
+	anchor := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("start-cell"))
+	// --range is accepted as an alias for --start-cell. +csv-get and +cells-set
+	// locate with --range, so agents routinely carry --range over to +csv-put and
+	// hit a guaranteed first-try failure. Honor it when --start-cell was not
+	// explicitly set — guard on Changed, not emptiness, because --start-cell
+	// defaults to "A1" and is therefore never empty. A range like "A1:H17"
+	// collapses to its top-left cell; +csv-put pastes from the anchor and
+	// auto-expands, so the range's lower-right bound is irrelevant.
+	//
+	// Standalone enforces "one of --start-cell / --range" via cobra's
+	// MarkFlagsOneRequired (see PostMount). A +batch-update sub-op never runs
+	// cobra, so without an explicit check the default "A1" silently wins and the
+	// paste lands at A1 instead of failing like the standalone command. Mirror
+	// the standalone contract: when --start-cell is absent, --range is mandatory.
+	if !runtime.Changed("start-cell") {
+		rng := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range"))
+		if rng == "" {
+			return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--start-cell or --range is required")
+		}
+		anchor = strings.TrimSpace(strings.SplitN(rng, ":", 2)[0])
+	}
+	if anchor == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--start-cell is required")
+	}
+	if _, _, ok := splitCellRef(anchor); !ok {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--start-cell %q must be a single cell ref (e.g. A1)", anchor)
+	}
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id":   token,
+		"csv":        runtime.Str("csv"),
+		"start_cell": anchor,
+	}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	if !runtime.Bool("allow-overwrite") {
+		input["allow_overwrite"] = false
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+// ─── +dropdown-* (set_cell_range via data_validation) ─────────────────
+//
+// All three dropdown shortcuts stamp a `data_validation` block on every cell
+// of the target range(s). set / update / delete differ in (a) how many
+// ranges they accept and (b) whether the block is populated or null.
+
+// DropdownSet places a single dropdown on one range.
+var DropdownSet = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+dropdown-set",
+	Description: "Attach a dropdown / data-validation list to every cell in --range.",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+dropdown-set"),
+	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		if err := validateViaInput(dropdownSetInput)(ctx, runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		warnDropdownSourceRangeHighlight(runtime)
+		return nil
+	},
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		input, _ := dropdownSetInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		return invokeToolDryRun(token, ToolKindWrite, "set_cell_range", input)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		input, err := dropdownSetInput(runtime, token, sheetID, sheetName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		out, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "set_cell_range", input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		runtime.Out(out, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+func dropdownSetInput(runtime flagView, token, sheetID, sheetName string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	if err := requireSheetSelector(sheetID, sheetName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	rangeStr := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range"))
+	if rangeStr == "" {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--range is required")
+	}
+	rows, cols, err := rangeDimensions(rangeStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--range %q: %v", rangeStr, err)
+	}
+	validation, err := buildDropdownValidation(runtime)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	cells := fillCellsMatrix(rows, cols, map[string]interface{}{"data_validation": validation})
+	input := map[string]interface{}{
+		"excel_id": token,
+		"range":    rangeStr,
+		"cells":    cells,
+	}
+	sheetSelectorForToolInput(input, sheetID, sheetName)
+	if err := validateInputAgainstSchema(runtime, input); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+// NOTE: +dropdown-update and +dropdown-delete were originally drafted here
+// but moved to lark_sheet_batch_update (B7) per the spec: multi-range
+// dropdown CRUD now goes through batch_update for atomicity. They'll land in
+// the batch_update file alongside +cells-batch-set-style.
+
+// ─── shared dropdown helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────
+
+// buildDropdownValidation packs --options or --source-range plus --colors /
+// --multiple / --highlight into the data_validation block expected by
+// set_cell_range. Field names follow the canonical
+// set_cell_range.data_validation schema:
+//
+//	--options       -> {type: "list",          items: <strings>}
+//	--source-range  -> {type: "listFromRange", range: <A1+sheet prefix>}
+//	--multiple      -> support_multiple_values  (bool)
+//	--colors        -> highlight_colors         (string array, hex)
+//	--highlight     -> enable_highlight         (bool, tri-state via Changed)
+//
+// --options and --source-range are XOR (caller must pass exactly one).
+// --colors length may be shorter than the source size (options length or
+// source-range cell count) — server cycles remaining slots through a
+// built-in 10-color palette — but must not exceed it.
+//
+// --highlight is tri-state: omitted leaves enable_highlight off the body so the
+// server's new default (true) applies; --highlight=true stamps an explicit true;
+// --highlight=false stamps false to turn the highlight off. Using Changed() lets
+// us distinguish "not passed" from "explicit false" — required because the
+// server-side default flipped from false to true and a plain cobra Bool can no
+// longer carry the opt-out signal.
+func buildDropdownValidation(runtime flagView) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	sourceSize, dv, err := dropdownTypeAndItems(runtime)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if runtime.Str("colors") != "" {
+		colors, err := requireJSONArray(runtime, "colors")
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if len(colors) > sourceSize {
+			return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--colors length (%d) must not exceed dropdown source size (%d)", len(colors), sourceSize)
+		}
+		dv["highlight_colors"] = colors
+	}
+	if runtime.Bool("multiple") {
+		dv["support_multiple_values"] = true
+	}
+	if runtime.Changed("highlight") {
+		dv["enable_highlight"] = runtime.Bool("highlight")
+	}
+	return dv, nil
+}
+
+// dropdownTypeAndItems resolves the XOR between --options and --source-range
+// and returns (sourceSize, partial dv with type+items|range set). sourceSize
+// is the option count for `list` mode or the source-range cell count for
+// `listFromRange` mode — used to validate --colors length.
+func dropdownTypeAndItems(runtime flagView) (int, map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	optsRaw := runtime.Str("options")
+	sourceRange := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("source-range"))
+	switch {
+	case optsRaw != "" && sourceRange != "":
+		return 0, nil, common.FlagErrorf("--options and --source-range are mutually exclusive; pass exactly one")
+	case optsRaw == "" && sourceRange == "":
+		return 0, nil, common.FlagErrorf("one of --options (inline list) or --source-range (listFromRange) is required")
+	case optsRaw != "":
+		options, err := requireJSONArray(runtime, "options")
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, nil, err
+		}
+		return len(options), map[string]interface{}{
+			"type":  "list",
+			"items": options,
+		}, nil
+	default: // sourceRange != ""
+		rows, cols, err := rangeDimensions(sourceRange)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, nil, common.FlagErrorf("--source-range %q: %v", sourceRange, err)
+		}
+		return rows * cols, map[string]interface{}{
+			"type":  "listFromRange",
+			"range": sourceRange,
+		}, nil
+	}
+}
+
+// validateDropdownSourceOrOptions runs the XOR + --colors length check at
+// Validate time so +dropdown-update / +dropdown-delete can fail fast without
+// reaching the body-build step. Returns the dropdown source size (options
+// length for list mode, source-range cell count for listFromRange) so
+// callers can size their cells matrix.
+func validateDropdownSourceOrOptions(runtime flagView) (int, error) {
+	sourceSize, _, err := dropdownTypeAndItems(runtime)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	if runtime.Str("colors") != "" {
+		colors, err := requireJSONArray(runtime, "colors")
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		if len(colors) > sourceSize {
+			return 0, common.FlagErrorf("--colors length (%d) must not exceed dropdown source size (%d)", len(colors), sourceSize)
+		}
+	}
+	return sourceSize, nil
+}
+
+// dropdownSourceRangeHighlightLimit is the cell-count cap above which the
+// server marks the dropdown's options as invalid when highlight is on.
+// Source: byted-sheet core LIST_WITH_COLOR_MAX_COUNT
+// (sheet-packages/.../dataValidation/list/ListFromRangeValidation.ts:49).
+// Beyond this, ListFromRangeValidation.checkOptionsValid() sets
+// isOptionError=true (highlight + range > 2000 is an unsupported combo).
+const dropdownSourceRangeHighlightLimit = 2000
+
+// warnDropdownSourceRangeHighlight emits a soft stderr warning when the user
+// targets a --source-range larger than dropdownSourceRangeHighlightLimit while
+// highlight is on (the server-side default and the most common path).
+// Inline --options is not subject to this limit (server has no inline count
+// or per-item length cap; only the listFromRange + highlight combo is).
+// Validate phase only — never blocks the request. Caller must already have
+// confirmed the source-or-options validation passed.
+func warnDropdownSourceRangeHighlight(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) {
+	sourceRange := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("source-range"))
+	if sourceRange == "" {
+		return // inline --options mode — no server-side size cap applies
+	}
+	// highlight is tri-state: omitted = ON (server default), --highlight=true
+	// = ON, --highlight=false = OFF. Only the OFF case avoids the warning.
+	if runtime.Changed("highlight") && !runtime.Bool("highlight") {
+		return
+	}
+	rows, cols, err := rangeDimensions(sourceRange)
+	if err != nil {
+		return // already errored upstream; don't double-report
+	}
+	cellCount := rows * cols
+	if cellCount <= dropdownSourceRangeHighlightLimit {
+		return
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut,
+		"warning: --source-range covers %d cells; server marks the dropdown as option-error when highlight is on and the source exceeds %d cells. Pass --highlight=false to suppress this.\n",
+		cellCount, dropdownSourceRangeHighlightLimit)
+}
+
+// ─── range parsing helpers ────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+// rangeDimensions parses an A1 range like "A1:C5" / "A1" / "sheet1!B2:D10"
+// and returns its row / column counts. Errors on non-rectangular forms like
+// "A:C" (whole-column) or "3:6" (whole-row) — those need a row/col total
+// from get_sheet_structure, outside the scope of pure local parsing.
+func rangeDimensions(rangeStr string) (rows, cols int, err error) {
+	if idx := strings.Index(rangeStr, "!"); idx >= 0 {
+		rangeStr = rangeStr[idx+1:]
+	}
+	rangeStr = strings.TrimSpace(rangeStr)
+	if rangeStr == "" {
+		return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("empty range")
+	}
+	parts := strings.SplitN(rangeStr, ":", 2)
+	if len(parts) == 1 {
+		// single cell, e.g. "A1"
+		if _, _, ok := splitCellRef(parts[0]); !ok {
+			return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid cell ref %q", parts[0])
+		}
+		return 1, 1, nil
+	}
+	startCol, startRow, ok1 := splitCellRef(parts[0])
+	endCol, endRow, ok2 := splitCellRef(parts[1])
+	if !ok1 || !ok2 {
+		return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("unsupported range form %q (need rectangular A1:B2)", rangeStr)
+	}
+	if endRow < startRow || endCol < startCol {
+		return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("end %q must be at or after start %q", parts[1], parts[0])
+	}
+	return endRow - startRow + 1, endCol - startCol + 1, nil
+}
+
+// splitCellRef parses "A1" → (col=0, row=0, true). Returns false for any
+// non-rectangular form (pure column "A", pure row "1", invalid chars).
+func splitCellRef(s string) (col, row int, ok bool) {
+	s = strings.TrimSpace(s)
+	if s == "" {
+		return 0, 0, false
+	}
+	var colEnd int
+	for i, r := range s {
+		if r >= '0' && r <= '9' {
+			colEnd = i
+			break
+		}
+		colEnd = i + 1
+	}
+	if colEnd == 0 || colEnd == len(s) {
+		return 0, 0, false
+	}
+	col = letterToColumnIndex(s[:colEnd])
+	if col < 0 {
+		return 0, 0, false
+	}
+	n, err := strconv.Atoi(s[colEnd:])
+	if err != nil || n < 1 {
+		return 0, 0, false
+	}
+	return col, n - 1, true
+}
+
+// letterToColumnIndex converts spreadsheet letter notation to a 0-based
+// column index ("A" → 0, "Z" → 25, "AA" → 26). Returns -1 on bad input.
+func letterToColumnIndex(letters string) int {
+	letters = strings.ToUpper(strings.TrimSpace(letters))
+	if letters == "" {
+		return -1
+	}
+	n := 0
+	for _, c := range letters {
+		if c < 'A' || c > 'Z' {
+			return -1
+		}
+		n = n*26 + int(c-'A'+1)
+	}
+	return n - 1
+}
+
+// fillCellsMatrix returns a rows×cols matrix where every cell is the same
+// (shallow-copied) prototype map. Use for fan-out shortcuts that stamp a
+// single attribute (style / data_validation) across an entire range.
+func fillCellsMatrix(rows, cols int, prototype map[string]interface{}) [][]interface{} {
+	cells := make([][]interface{}, rows)
+	for r := range cells {
+		row := make([]interface{}, cols)
+		for c := range row {
+			cell := make(map[string]interface{}, len(prototype))
+			for k, v := range prototype {
+				cell[k] = v
+			}
+			row[c] = cell
+		}
+		cells[r] = row
+	}
+	return cells
+}
+
+// ─── +cells-set-image (cli_only_derivative) ──────────────────────────
+//
+// The backing tool (set_cell_range) is in mcp-tools.json, but the CLI
+// shortcut also needs a local-file upload before it can call the tool.
+// That extra step doesn't fit the One-OpenAPI dispatcher, so the spec
+// marks this shortcut cli_only_derivative — the CLI uploads the image
+// to drive (parent_type=sheet_image) and then writes the returned
+// file_token into the target cell via callTool(set_cell_range) with a
+// rich_text embed-image entry.
+
+// CellsSetImage uploads a local image to drive (parent_type=sheet_image,
+// parent_node=spreadsheet token) and then writes a rich_text embed-image
+// into the target single-cell range via the set_cell_range tool.
+var CellsSetImage = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "sheets",
+	Command:     "+cells-set-image",
+	Description: "Embed a local image into a single cell (uploads via drive, then set_cell_range with rich_text embed-image).",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	Scopes:      []string{"sheets:spreadsheet:write_only", "drive:file:upload"},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags:       flagsFor("+cells-set-image"),
+	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		if _, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if _, _, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		r := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range"))
+		if r == "" {
+			return common.FlagErrorf("--range is required")
+		}
+		rows, cols, err := rangeDimensions(r)
+		if err != nil {
+			return common.FlagErrorf("--range %q: %v", r, err)
+		}
+		if rows != 1 || cols != 1 {
+			return common.FlagErrorf("--range %q must be exactly one cell (got %d×%d)", r, rows, cols)
+		}
+		imgPath := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("image"))
+		if imgPath == "" {
+			return common.FlagErrorf("--image is required")
+		}
+		// Validate path safety here (not just at Execute) so --dry-run also
+		// rejects unsafe paths instead of giving a false-positive preview.
+		// SafeLocalFlagPath checks path safety only (abs/traversal/outside-cwd),
+		// not existence, so legitimate relative paths still dry-run cleanly;
+		// the Execute-time Stat below still reports a missing/unreadable file.
+		if _, err := validate.SafeLocalFlagPath("--image", imgPath); err != nil {
+			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	},
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		token, _ := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		sheetID, sheetName, _ := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		imgPath := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("image"))
+		fileName := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("name"))
+		if fileName == "" {
+			fileName = filepath.Base(imgPath)
+		}
+		setCellBody, _ := buildToolBody("set_cell_range", map[string]interface{}{
+			"excel_id": token,
+			"range":    strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range")),
+			"sheet_id": sheetSelectorPlaceholder(sheetID, sheetName),
+			"cells": [][]interface{}{{map[string]interface{}{
+				"rich_text": []map[string]interface{}{{
+					"type":         "embed-image",
+					"text":         "",
+					"image_token":  "<file_token>",
+					"image_width":  "<image_width>",
+					"image_height": "<image_height>",
+				}},
+			}}},
+		})
+		return common.NewDryRunAPI().
+			POST("/open-apis/drive/v1/medias/upload_all").
+			Desc("upload local image to drive (parent_type=sheet_image)").
+			Body(map[string]interface{}{
+				"file_name":   fileName,
+				"parent_type": "sheet_image",
+				"parent_node": token,
+				"size":        "<file_size>",
+				"file":        "@" + imgPath,
+			}).
+			POST(toolInvokePath(token, ToolKindWrite)).
+			Desc("embed file_token into the cell via set_cell_range").
+			Body(setCellBody)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		token, err := resolveSpreadsheetToken(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sheetID, sheetName, err := resolveSheetSelector(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		imgPath := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("image"))
+		fileName := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("name"))
+		if fileName == "" {
+			fileName = filepath.Base(imgPath)
+		}
+		info, err := runtime.FileIO().Stat(imgPath)
+		if err != nil {
+			return common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+		}
+		imgFile, err := runtime.FileIO().Open(imgPath)
+		if err != nil {
+			return common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+		}
+		imgCfg, _, err := image.DecodeConfig(imgFile)
+		imgFile.Close()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("decode image dimensions: %w", err)
+		}
+		fileToken, err := common.UploadDriveMediaAll(runtime, common.DriveMediaUploadAllConfig{
+			FilePath:   imgPath,
+			FileName:   fileName,
+			FileSize:   info.Size(),
+			ParentType: "sheet_image",
+			ParentNode: &token,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		setCellInput := map[string]interface{}{
+			"excel_id": token,
+			"range":    strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("range")),
+			"cells": [][]interface{}{{map[string]interface{}{
+				"rich_text": []map[string]interface{}{{
+					"type":         "embed-image",
+					"text":         "",
+					"image_token":  fileToken,
+					"image_width":  imgCfg.Width,
+					"image_height": imgCfg.Height,
+				}},
+			}}},
+		}
+		sheetSelectorForToolInput(setCellInput, sheetID, sheetName)
+		setCellOut, err := callTool(ctx, runtime, token, ToolKindWrite, "set_cell_range", setCellInput)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("image uploaded (file_token=%s) but cell write failed: %w", fileToken, err)
+		}
+		runtime.Out(map[string]interface{}{
+			"file_token":     fileToken,
+			"file_name":      fileName,
+			"set_cell_range": setCellOut,
+		}, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+	Tips: []string{
+		"--range must be a single cell. The uploaded image becomes a cell-internal embed; use +float-image-create for floating images.",
+	},
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_write_cells_test.go b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_write_cells_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..00ba2c810
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/lark_sheet_write_cells_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,542 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+func TestWriteCellsShortcuts_DryRun(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name      string
+		sc        common.Shortcut
+		args      []string
+		toolName  string
+		wantInput map[string]interface{}
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "+cells-set with --cells bare 2D array",
+			sc:   CellsSet,
+			args: []string{
+				"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+				"--range", "A1:B2",
+				"--cells", `[[{"value":1},{"value":2}],[{"value":3},{"value":4}]]`,
+			},
+			toolName: "set_cell_range",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id": testToken,
+				"sheet_id": testSheetID,
+				"range":    "A1:B2",
+				"cells":    []interface{}{[]interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"value": float64(1)}, map[string]interface{}{"value": float64(2)}}, []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"value": float64(3)}, map[string]interface{}{"value": float64(4)}}},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "+cells-set --allow-overwrite=false sends false explicitly",
+			sc:   CellsSet,
+			args: []string{
+				"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+				"--range", "A1",
+				"--cells", `[[{"value":1}]]`,
+				"--allow-overwrite=false",
+			},
+			toolName: "set_cell_range",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":        testToken,
+				"sheet_id":        testSheetID,
+				"range":           "A1",
+				"cells":           []interface{}{[]interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"value": float64(1)}}},
+				"allow_overwrite": false,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "+cells-set --copy-to-range passes copy_to_range",
+			sc:   CellsSet,
+			args: []string{
+				"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+				"--range", "H2",
+				"--cells", `[[{"formula":"=A2*B2"}]]`,
+				"--copy-to-range", "H2:H100",
+			},
+			toolName: "set_cell_range",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":      testToken,
+				"sheet_id":      testSheetID,
+				"range":         "H2",
+				"cells":         []interface{}{[]interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"formula": "=A2*B2"}}},
+				"copy_to_range": "H2:H100",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "+csv-put inline csv",
+			sc:   CsvPut,
+			args: []string{
+				"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+				"--csv", "a,b,c\n1,2,3",
+				"--start-cell", "B3",
+			},
+			toolName: "set_range_from_csv",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id":   testToken,
+				"sheet_id":   testSheetID,
+				"csv":        "a,b,c\n1,2,3",
+				"start_cell": "B3",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "+dropdown-set fans out cells matrix",
+			sc:   DropdownSet,
+			args: []string{
+				"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+				"--range", "A2:A4",
+				"--options", `["a","b"]`,
+				"--multiple",
+			},
+			toolName: "set_cell_range",
+			wantInput: map[string]interface{}{
+				"excel_id": testToken,
+				"sheet_id": testSheetID,
+				"range":    "A2:A4",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			body := parseDryRunBody(t, tt.sc, tt.args)
+			got := decodeToolInput(t, body, tt.toolName)
+			assertInputEquals(t, got, tt.wantInput)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDropdownSet_CellsShape inspects the 3×1 matrix produced from
+// --range A2:A4 to confirm the data_validation prototype is replicated.
+// Also covers --colors / --highlight emitting the canonical
+// `highlight_colors` / `enable_highlight` field names (not the legacy
+// `colors` / `highlight_options`).
+func TestDropdownSet_CellsShape(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	body := parseDryRunBody(t, DropdownSet, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+		"--range", "A2:A4", "--options", `["a","b"]`, "--multiple",
+		"--colors", `["#FFE699","#bff7d9"]`, "--highlight",
+	})
+	input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "set_cell_range")
+	cells, _ := input["cells"].([]interface{})
+	if len(cells) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("cells rows = %d, want 3 (A2:A4)", len(cells))
+	}
+	for i, row := range cells {
+		r, _ := row.([]interface{})
+		if len(r) != 1 {
+			t.Errorf("row %d cols = %d, want 1", i, len(r))
+		}
+		cell, _ := r[0].(map[string]interface{})
+		dv, _ := cell["data_validation"].(map[string]interface{})
+		if dv == nil {
+			t.Errorf("row %d cell missing data_validation: %#v", i, cell)
+			continue
+		}
+		if dv["type"] != "list" {
+			t.Errorf("row %d data_validation.type = %v, want list", i, dv["type"])
+		}
+		items, _ := dv["items"].([]interface{})
+		if len(items) != 2 || items[0] != "a" || items[1] != "b" {
+			t.Errorf("row %d data_validation.items = %#v, want [\"a\",\"b\"]", i, dv["items"])
+		}
+		if dv["support_multiple_values"] != true {
+			t.Errorf("row %d data_validation.support_multiple_values = %v, want true", i, dv["support_multiple_values"])
+		}
+		if _, hasLegacy := dv["multiple_values"]; hasLegacy {
+			t.Errorf("row %d data_validation should not emit legacy `multiple_values`", i)
+		}
+		colors, _ := dv["highlight_colors"].([]interface{})
+		if len(colors) != 2 || colors[0] != "#FFE699" || colors[1] != "#bff7d9" {
+			t.Errorf("row %d data_validation.highlight_colors = %#v, want [\"#FFE699\",\"#bff7d9\"]", i, dv["highlight_colors"])
+		}
+		if dv["enable_highlight"] != true {
+			t.Errorf("row %d data_validation.enable_highlight = %v, want true", i, dv["enable_highlight"])
+		}
+		if _, hasLegacy := dv["colors"]; hasLegacy {
+			t.Errorf("row %d data_validation should not emit legacy `colors`", i)
+		}
+		if _, hasLegacy := dv["highlight_options"]; hasLegacy {
+			t.Errorf("row %d data_validation should not emit legacy `highlight_options`", i)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDropdownSet_HighlightTriState pins down the tri-state semantics of
+// --highlight after the server flipped enable_highlight's default from false
+// to true. The translator uses runtime.Changed() to tell "user did not pass
+// the flag" apart from "user passed --highlight=false":
+//
+//   - omitted          → no enable_highlight key in body (server applies its
+//     new default = true)
+//   - --highlight      → enable_highlight=true  (presence-only cobra form)
+//   - --highlight=true → enable_highlight=true  (explicit form)
+//   - --highlight=false → enable_highlight=false (the only way to opt out;
+//     the documented "plain dropdown" path)
+func TestDropdownSet_HighlightTriState(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	cases := []struct {
+		name      string
+		args      []string
+		wantKey   bool
+		wantValue bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:    "omitted leaves enable_highlight off the body",
+			args:    []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "A2", "--options", `["a","b"]`},
+			wantKey: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "presence form (--highlight) stamps true",
+			args:      []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "A2", "--options", `["a","b"]`, "--highlight"},
+			wantKey:   true,
+			wantValue: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "explicit --highlight=true stamps true",
+			args:      []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "A2", "--options", `["a","b"]`, "--highlight=true"},
+			wantKey:   true,
+			wantValue: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "explicit --highlight=false stamps false (the opt-out path)",
+			args:      []string{"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID, "--range", "A2", "--options", `["a","b"]`, "--highlight=false"},
+			wantKey:   true,
+			wantValue: false,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			body := parseDryRunBody(t, DropdownSet, tc.args)
+			input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "set_cell_range")
+			cells, _ := input["cells"].([]interface{})
+			row0, _ := cells[0].([]interface{})
+			cell, _ := row0[0].(map[string]interface{})
+			dv, _ := cell["data_validation"].(map[string]interface{})
+			got, has := dv["enable_highlight"]
+			if has != tc.wantKey {
+				t.Fatalf("enable_highlight key present = %v, want %v (dv = %#v)", has, tc.wantKey, dv)
+			}
+			if tc.wantKey && got != tc.wantValue {
+				t.Errorf("enable_highlight = %v (%T), want %v", got, got, tc.wantValue)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDropdownSet_ColorsLongerThanOptions checks the early Validate-time
+// error when --colors length exceeds the dropdown source size (options
+// length in list mode). Equal-or-shorter lengths are accepted (server
+// cycles the rest through a built-in palette).
+func TestDropdownSet_ColorsLongerThanOptions(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	_, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, DropdownSet, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+		"--range", "A2:A4",
+		"--options", `["a","b"]`,
+		"--colors", `["#FFE699","#bff7d9","#ffb3b3"]`,
+		"--dry-run",
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected --colors length error, got nil")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stderr, "must not exceed dropdown source size") && !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "must not exceed dropdown source size") {
+		t.Errorf("error message missing length-overflow hint:\nerr=%v\nstderr=%s", err, stderr)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDropdownSet_ColorsShorterAccepted verifies the partial-colors case:
+// fewer colors than options is legal — array is forwarded as-is and the
+// server fills remaining slots from its default palette.
+func TestDropdownSet_ColorsShorterAccepted(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	body := parseDryRunBody(t, DropdownSet, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+		"--range", "A2:A4",
+		"--options", `["a","b","c","d"]`,
+		"--colors", `["#FFE699","#bff7d9"]`,
+	})
+	input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "set_cell_range")
+	cells, _ := input["cells"].([]interface{})
+	row0, _ := cells[0].([]interface{})
+	cell, _ := row0[0].(map[string]interface{})
+	dv, _ := cell["data_validation"].(map[string]interface{})
+	colors, _ := dv["highlight_colors"].([]interface{})
+	if len(colors) != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("highlight_colors length = %d, want 2 (forwarded as-is)", len(colors))
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDropdownSet_ListFromRange verifies --source-range emits
+// data_validation.type=listFromRange + data_validation.range, paired with
+// --colors / --highlight propagating to highlight_colors / enable_highlight.
+func TestDropdownSet_ListFromRange(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	body := parseDryRunBody(t, DropdownSet, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+		"--range", "B2:B21",
+		"--source-range", "Sheet1!T1:T3",
+		"--colors", `["#cce8ff","#ffd6e7","#e6e6e6"]`,
+		"--highlight",
+	})
+	input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "set_cell_range")
+	cells, _ := input["cells"].([]interface{})
+	row0, _ := cells[0].([]interface{})
+	cell, _ := row0[0].(map[string]interface{})
+	dv, _ := cell["data_validation"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if dv["type"] != "listFromRange" {
+		t.Errorf("data_validation.type = %v, want listFromRange", dv["type"])
+	}
+	if dv["range"] != "Sheet1!T1:T3" {
+		t.Errorf("data_validation.range = %v, want Sheet1!T1:T3 (verbatim, server normalizes)", dv["range"])
+	}
+	if _, hasItems := dv["items"]; hasItems {
+		t.Errorf("listFromRange mode should not emit `items`: %#v", dv)
+	}
+	if dv["enable_highlight"] != true {
+		t.Errorf("data_validation.enable_highlight = %v, want true", dv["enable_highlight"])
+	}
+	colors, _ := dv["highlight_colors"].([]interface{})
+	if len(colors) != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("highlight_colors length = %d, want 3", len(colors))
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDropdownSet_ListFromRange_ColorsLongerThanCells rejects --colors
+// longer than the source range cell count (T1:T3 has 3 cells, 4 colors
+// must be refused).
+func TestDropdownSet_ListFromRange_ColorsLongerThanCells(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	_, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, DropdownSet, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+		"--range", "B2:B21",
+		"--source-range", "Sheet1!T1:T3",
+		"--colors", `["#a","#b","#c","#d"]`,
+		"--highlight",
+		"--dry-run",
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected --colors length error, got nil")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stderr, "must not exceed dropdown source size") && !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "must not exceed dropdown source size") {
+		t.Errorf("error message missing source-size hint:\nerr=%v\nstderr=%s", err, stderr)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDropdownSet_XorBothSet rejects passing both --options and
+// --source-range.
+func TestDropdownSet_XorBothSet(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	_, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, DropdownSet, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+		"--range", "B2:B21",
+		"--options", `["a","b"]`,
+		"--source-range", "Sheet1!T1:T3",
+		"--dry-run",
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected XOR error, got nil")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stderr, "mutually exclusive") && !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "mutually exclusive") {
+		t.Errorf("error message missing XOR hint:\nerr=%v\nstderr=%s", err, stderr)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDropdownSet_XorNeitherSet rejects passing neither --options nor
+// --source-range.
+func TestDropdownSet_XorNeitherSet(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	_, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, DropdownSet, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+		"--range", "B2:B21",
+		"--dry-run",
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected required-one error, got nil")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stderr, "one of --options") && !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "one of --options") {
+		t.Errorf("error message missing required-one hint:\nerr=%v\nstderr=%s", err, stderr)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCellsSetStyle_FlatFlags verifies that the 11 flat style flags +
+// --border-styles compose into cell_styles + border_styles per cell.
+func TestCellsSetStyle_FlatFlags(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	body := parseDryRunBody(t, CellsSetStyle, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+		"--range", "A1:B1",
+		"--font-weight", "bold",
+		"--background-color", "#ffff00",
+		"--horizontal-alignment", "center",
+		"--border-styles", `{"top":{"style":"solid"}}`,
+	})
+	input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "set_cell_range")
+	cells, _ := input["cells"].([]interface{})
+	row, _ := cells[0].([]interface{})
+	cell, _ := row[0].(map[string]interface{})
+	style, _ := cell["cell_styles"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if style["font_weight"] != "bold" || style["background_color"] != "#ffff00" || style["horizontal_alignment"] != "center" {
+		t.Errorf("cell_styles wrong: %#v", style)
+	}
+	if cell["border_styles"] == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("border_styles missing on cell: %#v", cell)
+	}
+	if _, leaked := style["border_styles"]; leaked {
+		t.Errorf("border_styles leaked into cell_styles: %#v", style)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCellsSetStyle_RequiresAtLeastOneFlag(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	stdout, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, CellsSetStyle, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+		"--range", "A1:B2", "--dry-run",
+	})
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(stdout+stderr+err.Error(), "at least one style flag") {
+		t.Errorf("expected style-flag guard; got=%s|%s|%v", stdout, stderr, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCellsSet_RequiresJSONArray(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	stdout, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, CellsSet, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+		"--range", "A1", "--cells", `{"foo":"bar"}`, "--dry-run",
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected validation error; stdout=%s stderr=%s", stdout, stderr)
+	}
+	// Schema validator fires first now: "--cells: expected type \"array\", got \"object\"".
+	// Either the schema phrasing or the legacy requireJSONArray phrasing is
+	// acceptable — both pin the same contract.
+	combined := stdout + stderr + err.Error()
+	if !strings.Contains(combined, `expected type "array"`) && !strings.Contains(combined, "must be a JSON array") {
+		t.Errorf("expected array-type guard; got=%s|%s|%v", stdout, stderr, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCellsSetImage_DryRun verifies the 2-step plan (upload + embed) is
+// rendered, including the parent_type=sheet_image upload metadata.
+func TestCellsSetImage_DryRun(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	calls := parseDryRunAPI(t, CellsSetImage, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+		"--range", "A1",
+		"--image", "./README.md", // any existing-shaped path; dry-run skips stat
+	})
+	if len(calls) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("api calls = %d, want 2 (upload + set_cell_range)", len(calls))
+	}
+	upload := calls[0].(map[string]interface{})
+	if upload["url"] != "/open-apis/drive/v1/medias/upload_all" {
+		t.Errorf("upload url = %v", upload["url"])
+	}
+	ubody, _ := upload["body"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if ubody["parent_type"] != "sheet_image" {
+		t.Errorf("parent_type = %v, want sheet_image", ubody["parent_type"])
+	}
+	if ubody["parent_node"] != testToken {
+		t.Errorf("parent_node = %v, want token", ubody["parent_node"])
+	}
+
+	embed := calls[1].(map[string]interface{})
+	body, _ := embed["body"].(map[string]interface{})
+	input := decodeToolInput(t, body, "set_cell_range")
+	cells, _ := input["cells"].([]interface{})
+	row, _ := cells[0].([]interface{})
+	cell, _ := row[0].(map[string]interface{})
+	rt, _ := cell["rich_text"].([]interface{})
+	if len(rt) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("rich_text len = %d, want 1", len(rt))
+	}
+	item, _ := rt[0].(map[string]interface{})
+	if item["type"] != "embed-image" {
+		t.Errorf("rich_text.type = %v, want embed-image", item["type"])
+	}
+	if item["image_token"] != "<file_token>" {
+		t.Errorf("image_token = %v, want <file_token>", item["image_token"])
+	}
+	if item["text"] != "" {
+		t.Errorf("text = %v, want empty string", item["text"])
+	}
+	if item["image_width"] != "<image_width>" {
+		t.Errorf("image_width = %v, want <image_width>", item["image_width"])
+	}
+	if item["image_height"] != "<image_height>" {
+		t.Errorf("image_height = %v, want <image_height>", item["image_height"])
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCellsSetImage_RangeMustBeSingleCell(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	stdout, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, CellsSetImage, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+		"--range", "A1:B2", "--image", "./foo.png", "--dry-run",
+	})
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(stdout+stderr+err.Error(), "must be exactly one cell") {
+		t.Errorf("expected single-cell guard; got=%s|%s|%v", stdout, stderr, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCellsSetImage_DryRunRejectsUnsafePath guards that an unsafe --image path
+// (e.g. an absolute path) is rejected during Validate, so --dry-run fails the
+// same way as a real run instead of printing a misleading success preview.
+func TestCellsSetImage_DryRunRejectsUnsafePath(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	stdout, stderr, err := runShortcutCapturingErr(t, CellsSetImage, []string{
+		"--url", testURL, "--sheet-id", testSheetID,
+		"--range", "A1", "--image", "/etc/hosts", "--dry-run",
+	})
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(stdout+stderr+err.Error(), "must be a relative path") {
+		t.Errorf("expected unsafe-path guard during dry-run; got=%s|%s|%v", stdout, stderr, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestRangeDimensions exercises the A1 parser's corner cases used by
+// cells-set-style / dropdown-set / rows-resize / cols-resize.
+func TestRangeDimensions(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	cases := []struct {
+		in       string
+		wantRows int
+		wantCols int
+		wantErr  bool
+	}{
+		{"A1", 1, 1, false},
+		{"A1:B2", 2, 2, false},
+		{"sheet1!C3:E10", 8, 3, false},
+		{"A:C", 0, 0, true},   // whole column not supported
+		{"3:6", 0, 0, true},   // whole row not supported
+		{"B2:A1", 0, 0, true}, // end before start
+		{"", 0, 0, true},
+	}
+	var unusedSheet common.Shortcut = CellsSet // touch the common import
+	_ = unusedSheet
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		rows, cols, err := rangeDimensions(c.in)
+		if c.wantErr {
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Errorf("rangeDimensions(%q): want error, got rows=%d cols=%d", c.in, rows, cols)
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("rangeDimensions(%q) unexpected error: %v", c.in, err)
+		}
+		if rows != c.wantRows || cols != c.wantCols {
+			t.Errorf("rangeDimensions(%q) = (%d,%d), want (%d,%d)", c.in, rows, cols, c.wantRows, c.wantCols)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/sheet_ai_api.go b/shortcuts/sheets/sheet_ai_api.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb4368476
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/sheet_ai_api.go
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package sheets
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/util"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// ToolKind selects the One-OpenAPI endpoint and its rate-limit bucket.
+//
+//   - ToolKindRead  → POST .../tools/invoke_read   (scope sheets:spreadsheet:read,       10 qps)
+//   - ToolKindWrite → POST .../tools/invoke_write  (scope sheets:spreadsheet:write_only,  5 qps)
+type ToolKind string
+
+const (
+	ToolKindRead  ToolKind = "read"
+	ToolKindWrite ToolKind = "write"
+)
+
+// toolInvokePath returns the full One-OpenAPI invoke path for the given
+// spreadsheet token + tool kind. Network-free, safe in DryRun.
+func toolInvokePath(token string, kind ToolKind) string {
+	suffix := "invoke_read"
+	if kind == ToolKindWrite {
+		suffix = "invoke_write"
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/sheet_ai/v2/spreadsheets/%s/tools/%s",
+		validate.EncodePathSegment(token), suffix)
+}
+
+// buildToolBody constructs the One-OpenAPI request body for a tool invocation.
+// `input` is serialized to a JSON string per the API contract; callers pass
+// a typed Go map and never need to handle JSON encoding themselves.
+func buildToolBody(toolName string, input map[string]interface{}) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	inputJSON, err := json.Marshal(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("encode tool input: %w", err)
+	}
+	return map[string]interface{}{
+		"tool_name": toolName,
+		"input":     string(inputJSON),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// callTool invokes a sheet-ai tool via the One-OpenAPI endpoint and decodes
+// the JSON-string `output` field into a generic Go value (typically
+// map[string]interface{}). When the tool returns an empty `output`, callTool
+// returns nil with no error.
+//
+// kind must match the tool's read/write classification — passing a read tool
+// to invoke_write (or vice versa) results in a 403 from the gateway.
+func callTool(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	runtime *common.RuntimeContext,
+	token string,
+	kind ToolKind,
+	toolName string,
+	input map[string]interface{},
+) (interface{}, error) {
+	body, err := buildToolBody(toolName, input)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	raw, err := runtime.RawAPI("POST", toolInvokePath(token, kind), nil, body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	envelope, ok := raw.(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "tool_response",
+			"tool %q: unexpected non-JSON-object response: %v", toolName, raw)
+	}
+	code, _ := util.ToFloat64(envelope["code"])
+	if code != 0 {
+		msg, _ := envelope["msg"].(string)
+		return nil, output.ErrAPI(int(code), fmt.Sprintf("tool %q failed: [%d] %s", toolName, int(code), msg), envelope["error"])
+	}
+	data, _ := envelope["data"].(map[string]interface{})
+	rawOutput, _ := data["output"].(string)
+	if rawOutput == "" {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	var out interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(rawOutput), &out); err != nil {
+		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "tool_output",
+			"tool %q returned invalid JSON output: %v", toolName, err)
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+// invokeToolDryRun renders the One-OpenAPI request the shortcut would send.
+// The wire-format body (with input serialized to a JSON string) is preserved
+// for fidelity, and a decoded tool_input map is surfaced alongside so humans
+// don't have to mentally unmarshal the string field.
+func invokeToolDryRun(
+	token string,
+	kind ToolKind,
+	toolName string,
+	input map[string]interface{},
+) *common.DryRunAPI {
+	wireBody, _ := buildToolBody(toolName, input)
+	return common.NewDryRunAPI().
+		POST(toolInvokePath(token, kind)).
+		Body(wireBody).
+		Set("spreadsheet_token", token).
+		Set("tool_name", toolName).
+		Set("tool_input", input)
+}
diff --git a/shortcuts/sheets/shortcuts.go b/shortcuts/sheets/shortcuts.go
index ac5e94487..2f1e76ea7 100644
--- a/shortcuts/sheets/shortcuts.go
+++ b/shortcuts/sheets/shortcuts.go
@@ -5,67 +5,103 @@ package sheets
 
 import "github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 
-// Shortcuts returns all sheets shortcuts.
+// Shortcuts returns all lark-sheets shortcuts. The list is grouped by
+// canonical skill to mirror the sheet-skill-spec layout
+// (lark_sheet_workbook → lark_sheet_float_image).
+//
+// Any shortcut whose command is registered in data/flag-schemas.json gets a
+// PrintFlagSchema closure attached, so the framework can serve
+// `--print-schema --flag-name <name>` locally.
 func Shortcuts() []common.Shortcut {
+	all := shortcutList()
+	// Gate on the codegen'd command set (flag_schemas_gen.go) so registration
+	// — which runs on every CLI invocation — does not parse the 256KB
+	// flag-schemas.json. The blob is unmarshaled lazily (printFlagSchemaFor /
+	// the validate fast-path) only when actually needed.
+	for i := range all {
+		if _, ok := commandsWithSchema[all[i].Command]; ok {
+			all[i].PrintFlagSchema = printFlagSchemaFor(all[i].Command)
+		}
+	}
+	return all
+}
+
+func shortcutList() []common.Shortcut {
 	return []common.Shortcut{
-		// Spreadsheet management
+		// lark_sheet_workbook
+		WorkbookInfo,
 		SheetCreate,
-		SheetInfo,
-		SheetExport,
+		SheetDelete,
+		SheetRename,
+		SheetMove,
+		SheetCopy,
+		SheetHide,
+		SheetUnhide,
+		SheetSetTabColor,
+		WorkbookCreate,
+		WorkbookExport,
 
-		// Sheet management
-		SheetCreateSheet,
-		SheetCopySheet,
-		SheetDeleteSheet,
-		SheetUpdateSheet,
+		// lark_sheet_sheet_structure
+		SheetInfo,
+		DimInsert,
+		DimDelete,
+		DimHide,
+		DimUnhide,
+		DimFreeze,
+		DimGroup,
+		DimUngroup,
+		DimMove,
 
-		// Cell data
-		SheetRead,
-		SheetWrite,
-		SheetAppend,
-		SheetFind,
-		SheetReplace,
+		// lark_sheet_read_data
+		CellsGet,
+		CsvGet,
+		DropdownGet,
 
-		// Cell style and merge
-		SheetSetStyle,
-		SheetBatchSetStyle,
-		SheetMergeCells,
-		SheetUnmergeCells,
+		// lark_sheet_search_replace
+		CellsSearch,
+		CellsReplace,
 
-		// Cell images
-		SheetWriteImage,
+		// lark_sheet_write_cells
+		CellsSet,
+		CellsSetStyle,
+		CellsSetImage,
+		CsvPut,
+		DropdownSet,
 
-		// Row/column management
-		SheetAddDimension,
-		SheetInsertDimension,
-		SheetUpdateDimension,
-		SheetMoveDimension,
-		SheetDeleteDimension,
+		// lark_sheet_range_operations
+		CellsClear,
+		CellsMerge,
+		CellsUnmerge,
+		RowsResize,
+		ColsResize,
+		RangeMove,
+		RangeCopy,
+		RangeFill,
+		RangeSort,
 
-		// Filter views
-		SheetCreateFilterView,
-		SheetUpdateFilterView,
-		SheetListFilterViews,
-		SheetGetFilterView,
-		SheetDeleteFilterView,
-		SheetCreateFilterViewCondition,
-		SheetUpdateFilterViewCondition,
-		SheetListFilterViewConditions,
-		SheetGetFilterViewCondition,
-		SheetDeleteFilterViewCondition,
+		// Object list (one read shortcut per object skill)
+		ChartList,
+		PivotList,
+		CondFormatList,
+		FilterList,
+		FilterViewList,
+		SparklineList,
+		FloatImageList,
 
-		// Dropdown
-		SheetSetDropdown,
-		SheetUpdateDropdown,
-		SheetGetDropdown,
-		SheetDeleteDropdown,
+		// Object CRUD (3 per skill)
+		ChartCreate, ChartUpdate, ChartDelete,
+		PivotCreate, PivotUpdate, PivotDelete,
+		CondFormatCreate, CondFormatUpdate, CondFormatDelete,
+		FilterCreate, FilterUpdate, FilterDelete,
+		FilterViewCreate, FilterViewUpdate, FilterViewDelete,
+		SparklineCreate, SparklineUpdate, SparklineDelete,
+		FloatImageCreate, FloatImageUpdate, FloatImageDelete,
 
-		// Float images
-		SheetMediaUpload,
-		SheetCreateFloatImage,
-		SheetUpdateFloatImage,
-		SheetGetFloatImage,
-		SheetListFloatImages,
-		SheetDeleteFloatImage,
+		// lark_sheet_batch_update
+		BatchUpdate,
+		CellsBatchSetStyle,
+		CellsBatchClear,
+		DropdownUpdate,
+		DropdownDelete,
 	}
 }
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/SKILL.md b/skills/lark-sheets/SKILL.md
index eba8e2b30..0190018e9 100644
--- a/skills/lark-sheets/SKILL.md
+++ b/skills/lark-sheets/SKILL.md
@@ -1,343 +1,156 @@
 ---
 name: lark-sheets
-version: 1.2.0
-description: "飞书电子表格：创建和操作电子表格。支持创建表格、创建/复制/删除/更新工作表、读写单元格、追加行数据、查找内容、导出文件。当用户需要创建电子表格、管理工作表、批量读写数据、在已知表格中查找内容、导出或下载表格时使用。若用户是想按名称或关键词搜索云空间（云盘/云存储）里的表格文件，请改用 lark-drive 的 drive +search 先定位资源。当用户给出 doubao.com 的 /sheets/ URL/token 时，也应直接使用本 skill，不要因为域名不是飞书而回退到 WebFetch；路由依据是 URL 路径模式和 token，而不是域名。"
+version: 2.0.0
+description: "飞书电子表格：创建和操作电子表格。支持创建表格、管理工作表与行列结构（增删/合并/调整尺寸/隐藏/冻结）、读写单元格（值/公式/样式/批注/单元格图片）、查找替换、多操作原子批量更新，以及图表、透视表、条件格式、筛选器、迷你图、浮动图片等对象的创建与维护。当用户需要创建电子表格、管理工作表、批量读写或编辑数据、统计汇总与可视化、表格美化、公式计算（含 Excel 公式迁移）等任务时使用。若用户是想按名称或关键词搜索云空间（云盘/云存储）里的表格文件，请改用 lark-drive 的 drive +search 先定位资源。当用户给出 doubao.com 的 /sheets/ URL/token 时，也应直接使用本 skill，不要因为域名不是飞书而回退到 WebFetch；路由依据是 URL 路径模式和 token，而不是域名。仅针对飞书在线电子表格，不适用于本地 Excel 文件。"
 metadata:
   requires:
     bins: ["lark-cli"]
+    siblings: ["lark-shared"]
   cliHelp: "lark-cli sheets --help"
 ---
 
-# sheets (v3)
+# sheets
 
-**CRITICAL — 开始前 MUST 先用 Read 工具读取 [`../lark-shared/SKILL.md`](../lark-shared/SKILL.md)，其中包含认证、权限处理**
+**CRITICAL — 开始前 MUST 先用 Read 工具读取 [`../lark-shared/SKILL.md`](../lark-shared/SKILL.md)，其中包含认证、权限处理。**
+
+## 术语约定
+
+下列词在本 skill 各文档中可能交替出现，但**指同一对象**；解析用户口语时按此映射，不要当成不同概念：
+
+| 标准用语 | 同义 / 口语（均指同一对象） | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| 工作表（sheet） | 子表、tab、标签页 | spreadsheet 内的单张表；`sheet_id` 是其稳定标识 |
+| 电子表格（spreadsheet） | 工作簿、表格 | 顶层容器；由 `--url` 或 `--spreadsheet-token` 定位 |
+| reference_id | id | **表内对象**的稳定标识，即各对象主键 flag 接受的值（见下表）。⚠️ 与 `lark-sheets-float-image` 的 `--image-uri`（图片上传句柄）不是一回事，后者不属于 reference_id |
 
-## 快速决策
-- 已知 spreadsheet URL / token 后，再进入 `sheets +info`、`sheets +read`、`sheets +find` 等对象内部操作。
+每类对象用各自的主键 flag 定位（命名不统一，按此表对照，不要凭直觉拼）：
 
-## 核心概念
+| 对象 | 主键 flag | 对象 | 主键 flag |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| 工作表 sheet | `--sheet-id` | 条件格式规则 | `--rule-id` |
+| 图表 chart | `--chart-id` | 筛选视图 | `--view-id` |
+| 透视表 pivot | `--pivot-table-id` | 迷你图（按组） | `--group-id` |
+| 浮动图片 | `--float-image-id` | | |
 
-### 文档类型与 Token
+## 场景 → 命令速查（拿不准命令名先查这里，别按直觉拼）
 
-飞书开放平台中，不同类型的文档有不同的 URL 格式和 Token 处理方式。在进行文档操作（如添加评论、下载文件等）时，必须先获取正确的 `file_token`。
+把高频意图映射到**真实存在**的 shortcut / flag。agent 常从 Excel / Google Sheets / 飞书 OpenAPI 误迁移命令名或 flag，先对照本表，避免一次必然失败的试错。完整 shortcut 见各工具参考。
 
-### 文档 URL 格式与 Token 处理
+| 你要做的事 | ✅ 正确写法 | ❌ 不存在（会被 cobra 拒） |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| 读数据（纯值 / CSV） | `+csv-get`（范围用 `--range`） | — |
+| 读值 + 公式 / 样式 / 批注 | `+cells-get --include value,formula,style,comment,data_validation` | `--with-styles`、`--with-merges`、`--include-merged-cells` |
+| 写纯值（整块 CSV 平铺） | `+csv-put`（定位用 `--start-cell`，单个左上角锚点格；也接受 `--range` 别名，区间自动取左上角） | — |
+| 写值 / 公式 / 样式 | `+cells-set`（定位用 `--range`） | — |
+| 查找单元格 | `+cells-search`（关键字用 `--find`） | `+cells-find`、`+find`、`--query` |
+| 查找并替换 | `+cells-replace` | — |
+| 看子表结构（合并 / 行高列宽 / 冻结 / 隐藏） | `+sheet-info` | `+sheet-get`、`+structure-get`、`+sheet-structure-get` |
+| 看工作簿 / 子表清单 | `+workbook-info` | — |
+| 导出 xlsx / 单表 csv | `+workbook-export` | — |
+| 清除内容 / 格式 | `+cells-clear`（范围维度用 `--scope`，取值 content / formats / all） | `--type` |
+| 批量清除多区域 | `+cells-batch-clear`（`--scope`） | `--target` |
+| 调整列宽 / 行高 | `+cols-resize` / `+rows-resize`（行、列是两个独立命令） | `--dimension`（无此 flag） |
+| 分组汇总 / 透视 | `+pivot-create`（默认不传落点 flag → 自动新建子表，零覆盖） | 用 SUMIF / 本地脚本拼一张假透视表 |
 
-| URL 格式 | 示例                                                      | Token 类型 | 处理方式 |
-|----------|---------------------------------------------------------|-----------|----------|
-| `/docx/` | `https://example.larksuite.com/docx/doxcnxxxxxxxxx`    | `file_token` | URL 路径中的 token 直接作为 `file_token` 使用 |
-| `/doc/` | `https://example.larksuite.com/doc/doccnxxxxxxxxx`     | `file_token` | URL 路径中的 token 直接作为 `file_token` 使用 |
-| `/wiki/` | `https://example.larksuite.com/wiki/wikcnxxxxxxxxx`    | `wiki_token` | ⚠️ **不能直接使用**，需要先查询获取真实的 `obj_token` |
-| `/sheets/` | `https://example.larksuite.com/sheets/shtcnxxxxxxxxx`  | `file_token` | URL 路径中的 token 直接作为 `file_token` 使用 |
-| `/drive/folder/` | `https://example.larksuite.com/drive/folder/fldcnxxxx` | `folder_token` | URL 路径中的 token 作为文件夹 token 使用 |
+> ⚠️ **定位 flag**：`+cells-get` / `+cells-set` / `+csv-get` 用 `--range`；`+csv-put` 规范用 `--start-cell`（单个左上角锚点格），也接受 `--range` 别名（区间自动取左上角），二者择一即可。
+> ⚠️ **读取附加信息**一律走 `+cells-get --include …`，**没有** `--with-styles` 这类 flag；**看合并单元格**用 `+sheet-info` 的 `merged_cells`，不要在 `+cells-get` 里找 merge flag。
 
-### Wiki 链接特殊处理（关键！）
+## References
 
-知识库链接（`/wiki/TOKEN`）背后可能是云文档、电子表格、多维表格等不同类型的文档。**不能直接假设 URL 中的 token 就是 file_token**，必须先查询实际类型和真实 token。
+本 skill 的 reference 分两组：先读**通用方法与规范**（横切所有任务的工作流、铁律、样式、公式规则，不含具体 shortcut），它们规定了"怎么做对"；再按操作对象进入**工具参考**查具体 shortcut 与调用细节。编辑类任务务必先过一遍通用方法与规范，其中的铁律对所有工具参考一律生效。
 
-#### 处理流程
+### 通用方法与规范（先读，横切所有任务，不含具体 shortcut）
 
-1. **使用 `wiki.spaces.get_node` 查询节点信息**
-   ```bash
-   lark-cli wiki spaces get_node --params '{"token":"wiki_token"}'
-   ```
+| Reference | 描述 |
+| --- | --- |
+| [飞书表格核心操作：分析、编辑与可视化](references/lark-sheets-core-operations.md) | 飞书表格核心操作工作流。当用户需要对已有的飞书表格进行查看、分析、编辑或可视化时使用。适用场景：数据查询与统计、公式计算、表格美化、创建图表/透视表、筛选排序、批量修改数据、调整表格结构等。即使用户没有明确说"飞书表格"，只要操作对象是已有的在线表格，都应触发此工作流。不适用于本地 Excel 文件操作。 |
+| [飞书表格样式与配色规范](references/lark-sheets-visual-standards.md) | 飞书表格样式与配色规范：表头/数据区/汇总行的颜色、字号、对齐、边框等取值标准，以及新增汇总行、追加行列继承原表风格、已有区域美化等典型场景的决策流程与样式要点。工具调用参数细节请参考对应的 lark-sheets-write-cells / lark-sheets-range-operations / lark-sheets-batch-update。条件格式（高亮、标红、数据条、色阶）请使用 lark-sheets-conditional-format。仅针对飞书表格，不适用于本地 Excel 文件。 |
+| [飞书表格公式生成规则](references/lark-sheets-formula-translation.md) | Excel 公式到飞书表格公式的迁移与生成规则。核心目标不是保留 Excel 原语法，而是按飞书表格可执行规则重写公式，并在结果上尽量对齐 Excel。当用户要求把 Excel 公式改写成飞书表格公式，或需要生成飞书公式（尤其涉及 ARRAYFORMULA、原生数组函数、INDEX/OFFSET、MAP/LAMBDA、日期差、多层范围结果与二次展开）时使用。仅针对飞书在线表格，不适用于本地 Excel 文件执行。 |
 
-2. **从返回结果中提取关键信息**
-   - `node.obj_type`：文档类型（docx/doc/sheet/bitable/slides/file/mindnote）
-   - `node.obj_token`：**真实的文档 token**（用于后续操作）
-   - `node.title`：文档标题
+### 按对象的工具参考（含 shortcut）
 
-3. **根据 `obj_type` 使用对应的 API**
+| Reference | 描述 |
+| --- | --- |
+| [Lark Sheet Workbook](references/lark-sheets-workbook.md) | 管理飞书表格的工作簿结构（子表列表及元数据）。当用户提到"看看这个表格有什么"、"表格结构"、"有哪些 sheet"、"新建一个 sheet"、"删除这个工作表"、"重命名"、"复制一份"、"移动到前面"时使用。仅针对飞书表格。 |
+| [Lark Sheet Sheet Structure](references/lark-sheets-sheet-structure.md) | 管理飞书表格的子表结构与布局。适用场景：查看行高、列宽、隐藏行列、合并单元格等布局信息，以及"插入一行"、"删除这列"、"隐藏行"、"冻结表头"、行列分组（大纲折叠/展开）等操作。行列大纲仅在用户明确提到"行分组"、"列分组"、"大纲"、"outline"时才触发，"按XXX分组"等数据分组场景请使用 lark-sheets-pivot-table。如需在表尾追加数据，应先通过此 skill 插入行，再通过 lark-sheets-write-cells 写入。仅针对飞书表格。 |
+| [Lark Sheet Read Data](references/lark-sheets-read-data.md) | 读取飞书表格中的单元格数据。当用户需要"看看数据"、"分析数据"、"统计/汇总"时使用；也适用于需要查看公式、样式、批注等详细信息的场景。仅针对飞书表格。 |
+| [Lark Sheet Search & Replace](references/lark-sheets-search-replace.md) | 在飞书表格中搜索和替换文本，支持限定范围、大小写匹配、精确匹配、正则表达式。当用户需要"查找"、"搜索"、"定位"某个值，或"替换"、"批量修改文本"、"把 A 改成 B"时使用。不要用于理解表格结构（应读取数据）、不要用于数据分析（应读取数据后计算）、不要把用户操作动作中的关键词（如"汇总金额""统计数量"）当作搜索词。仅针对飞书表格。 |
+| [Lark Sheet Write Cells](references/lark-sheets-write-cells.md) | 向飞书表格的指定区域批量写入值、公式、样式、批注或单元格图片。适用场景：填写数据、设置公式、修改格式、添加批注、嵌入单元格图片（如需操作浮动图片，请使用 lark-sheets-float-image）；若只需把一块 CSV 纯值批量铺到表格上（不带公式/样式），直接使用 `+csv-put` 更短更快。追加数据需先通过 lark-sheets-sheet-structure 插入行列。仅针对飞书表格。 |
+| [Lark Sheet Range Operations](references/lark-sheets-range-operations.md) | 对飞书表格中指定区域执行结构性操作（不涉及写入单元格数据值）。适用场景：清除内容或格式（"清空"、"删除内容"、"去掉格式"）、合并/取消合并单元格、调整行高列宽（"加宽列"、"自适应列宽"）、移动/复制/填充/排序数据（"移动数据"、"复制到"、"自动填充"、"按某列排序"）。写入单元格数据请使用 lark-sheets-write-cells。仅针对飞书表格。 |
+| [Lark Sheet Batch Update](references/lark-sheets-batch-update.md) | 将多个飞书表格写入操作合并为一次批量执行，按顺序依次完成。适合需要连续执行多个写入操作的场景（如先修改结构再写入数据）。仅针对飞书表格。 |
+| [Lark Sheet Chart](references/lark-sheets-chart.md) | 管理飞书表格中的图表（柱形图、折线图、饼图、条形图、面积图、散点图、组合图、雷达图等）。当用户需要创建图表、修改图表样式或数据源、查看已有图表配置、删除图表时使用。也适用于用户提到"数据可视化"、"画个图"、"趋势分析"、"对比图"、"占比分析"、"做个图表"等数据可视化相关场景。仅针对飞书表格。 |
+| [Lark Sheet Pivot Table](references/lark-sheets-pivot-table.md) | 管理飞书表格中的数据透视表。当用户需要创建透视表、修改透视表的行列字段/聚合方式/筛选条件、查看已有透视表配置、删除透视表时使用。也适用于用户提到"分组汇总"、"交叉分析"、"按XXX统计"、"按字段分组"、"再分下组"、"多维分析"、"数据透视"等场景。仅针对飞书表格。 |
+| [Lark Sheet Conditional Format](references/lark-sheets-conditional-format.md) | 管理飞书表格中的条件格式规则（重复值高亮、单元格值比较、数据条、色阶、排名、自定义公式等）。当用户需要创建条件格式、修改已有规则的范围或样式、查看当前条件格式配置、删除规则时使用。也适用于用户提到"高亮"、"标红"、"颜色标记"、"数据条"、"色阶"、"条件样式"等场景。仅针对飞书表格。 |
+| [Lark Sheet Filter](references/lark-sheets-filter.md) | 管理飞书表格中的筛选器（filter）。当用户需要筛选数据（按文本/数值/颜色/日期条件过滤行）、查看已有筛选配置、修改或删除筛选器时使用。也适用于"只看"、"筛选出"、"仅保留符合条件的"等场景。仅针对飞书表格。 |
+| [Lark Sheet Filter View](references/lark-sheets-filter-view.md) | 管理飞书表格中的筛选视图（filter view）。当用户需要"建一个 XX 视图"、"保存这个筛选状态"、"切换不同筛选"、维护一个 sheet 上多份独立筛选配置时使用。视图与筛选器（filter）相互独立，可在同一 sheet 共存；视图的隐藏行仅在用户进入该视图时本地生效，不影响其他协作者。仅针对飞书表格。 |
+| [Lark Sheet Sparkline](references/lark-sheets-sparkline.md) | 管理飞书表格中的迷你图（折线迷你图、柱形迷你图、胜负迷你图）。当用户需要在单元格内嵌入小型图表来展示数据趋势时使用。也适用于"趋势线"、"单元格内图表"、"迷你图"等场景。注意：不等同于被禁用的 SPARKLINE() 公式函数。仅针对飞书表格。 |
+| [Lark Sheet Float Image](references/lark-sheets-float-image.md) | 管理飞书表格中的浮动图片。当用户需要在表格中插入浮动图片、调整图片位置和大小、查看已有浮动图片、删除图片时使用。也适用于"插入图片"、"添加 logo"、"放一张图"等场景。注意：如果用户需要将图片嵌入到某个单元格内部（单元格图片），请阅读 lark-sheets-write-cells。仅针对飞书表格。 |
 
-   | obj_type | 说明 | 使用的 API |
-   |----------|------|-----------|
-   | `docx` | 新版云文档 | `drive file.comments.*`、`docx.*` |
-   | `doc` | 旧版云文档 | `drive file.comments.*` |
-   | `sheet` | 电子表格 | `sheets.*` |
-   | `bitable` | 多维表格 | `bitable.*` |
-   | `slides` | 幻灯片 | `drive.*` |
-   | `file` | 文件 | `drive.*` |
-   | `mindnote` | 思维导图 | `drive.*` |
+## 公共 flag 速查
 
-#### 查询示例
+各 reference 的每个 shortcut 标题下用一行徽章标注该 shortcut 支持的公共 / 系统 flag，例如：
 
-```bash
-# 查询 wiki 节点
-lark-cli wiki spaces get_node --params '{"token":"wiki_token"}'
-```
-
-返回结果示例：
-```json
-{
-   "node": {
-      "obj_type": "docx",
-      "obj_token": "xxxx",
-      "title": "标题",
-      "node_type": "origin",
-      "space_id": "12345678910"
-   }
-}
-```
-
-### 资源关系
-
-```
-Wiki Space (知识空间)
-└── Wiki Node (知识库节点)
-    ├── obj_type: docx (新版文档)
-    │   └── obj_token (真实文档 token)
-    ├── obj_type: doc (旧版文档)
-    │   └── obj_token (真实文档 token)
-    ├── obj_type: sheet (电子表格)
-    │   └── obj_token (真实文档 token)
-    ├── obj_type: bitable (多维表格)
-    │   └── obj_token (真实文档 token)
-    └── obj_type: file/slides/mindnote
-        └── obj_token (真实文档 token)
-
-Drive Folder (云空间/云盘/云存储文件夹)
-└── File (文件/文档)
-    └── file_token (直接使用)
-```
-
-**操作流程（重要）：**
-
-1. **create** — 创建筛选
-   - 用于首次创建筛选
-   - ⚠️ range 必须覆盖所有需要筛选的列（如 B1:E200）
-   - 如果已有筛选存在，再用 create 会覆盖整个筛选
-
-2. **update** — 更新筛选
-   - 用于在已有筛选上添加/更新指定列的条件
-   - 只需指定 col 和 condition，不需要 range
-
-3. **delete** — 删除筛选
-
-4. **get** — 获取筛选状态
-
-**多列筛选示例：**
+- `_公共四件套 · 系统：--dry-run_` — URL/token + sheet 定位（两组各**必给一个**，详见下方「公共 flag」），加 `--dry-run`
+- `_公共：URL/token（无 sheet 定位） · 系统：--yes、--dry-run_` — 只接 URL/token，常见于 `+batch-update` 等不强制 sheet 定位的 shortcut
 
-创建媒体名称(B列)和情感分析(E列)的双重筛选：
+徽章里只列名字。type / 必填 / 描述都在本段统一声明：
 
-```bash
-# 1. 删除现有筛选（如有）
-lark-cli sheets spreadsheet.sheet.filters delete \
-  --params '{"spreadsheet_token":"<spreadsheet_token>","sheet_id":"<sheet_id>"}'
-
-# 2. 创建第一个筛选，range 覆盖所有要筛选的列
-lark-cli sheets spreadsheet.sheet.filters create \
-  --params '{"spreadsheet_token":"<spreadsheet_token>","sheet_id":"<sheet_id>"}' \
-  --data '{"col":"B","condition":{"expected":["xx"],"filter_type":"multiValue"},"range":"<sheet_id>!B1:E200"}'
-
-# 3. 添加第二个筛选条件
-lark-cli sheets spreadsheet.sheet.filters update \
-  --params '{"spreadsheet_token":"<spreadsheet_token>","sheet_id":"<sheet_id>"}' \
-  --data '{"col":"E","condition":{"expected":["xx"],"filter_type":"multiValue"}}'
-```
-
-**常见错误：**
-- `Wrong Filter Value`：筛选已存在，需要先 delete 再 create
-- `Excess Limit`：update 时重复添加同一列条件
-
-### 单元格数据类型
+### 公共 flag（定位资源）
 
-接受二维数组的 shortcut（`+write`/`+append` 的 `--values`、`+create` 的 `--data`）中，每个单元格值支持以下类型。**公式、带文本链接、@人、@文档、下拉列表必须使用对象格式**，直接传字符串会被当作纯文本存储。
+**公共四件套** = `--url` / `--spreadsheet-token` / `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name`，分成两组 XOR，**每组都必须给且只能给一个**（XOR = 二选一必填，不是"可选"）：
 
-| 类型 | 写入格式 | 示例 |
-|------|---------|------|
-| 字符串 | `"文本"` | `"hello"` |
-| 数字 | `数字` | `123`、`3.14` |
-| 日期 | `数字`（自 1899-12-30 起的天数，需先设单元格日期格式） | `42101` |
-| 链接（纯 URL） | `"URL 字符串"` | `"https://example.com"` |
-| 链接（带文本） | `{"type":"url","text":"显示文本","link":"URL"}` | `{"type":"url","text":"飞书","link":"https://www.feishu.cn"}` |
-| 邮箱 | `"邮箱字符串"` | `"user@example.com"` |
-| **公式** | `{"type":"formula","text":"=公式"}` | `{"type":"formula","text":"=SUM(A1:A10)"}` |
-| @人 | `{"type":"mention","text":"标识","textType":"email\|openId\|unionId","notify":false}` | `{"type":"mention","text":"user@example.com","textType":"email","notify":false}`（notify 可选，默认 false；仅在用户明确要求通知时设为 true） |
-| @文档 | `{"type":"mention","textType":"fileToken","text":"token","objType":"类型"}` | `{"type":"mention","textType":"fileToken","text":"shtXXX","objType":"sheet"}` |
-| 下拉列表 | `{"type":"multipleValue","values":[值1,值2]}` | `{"type":"multipleValue","values":["选项A","选项B"]}` |
+1. **spreadsheet 定位（必填）**：`--url` 与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一，**必须给其中之一**。两个都不给 → 校验报错 `specify at least one of --url or --spreadsheet-token`；两个都给 → 互斥冲突。
+   - **`--url` 只解析 `/sheets/` 与 `/spreadsheets/` 两种链接**（从路径里抽出 token；也可以直接把裸 token 传给 `--spreadsheet-token`）。其它形态的链接不会被解析成表格 token。
+   - ⚠️ **`/wiki/` 知识库链接不能直接当表格定位用**：wiki 链接背后可能是电子表格，也可能是文档 / 多维表格等其它类型，`--url` **不会**自动把 wiki token 解析成 spreadsheet token，直接传会失败。必须先把它解析成真实文档 token —— `lark-cli wiki +node-get --node-token "<wiki 链接或 token>"`，确认返回的 `obj_type` 为 `sheet` 后，取其 `obj_token` 作为 `--spreadsheet-token` 传入（解析细节见 [`../lark-wiki/SKILL.md`](../lark-wiki/SKILL.md)）。
+   - **例外**：`+workbook-create` 是新建一个还不存在的表格，**不接受任何 spreadsheet / sheet 定位 flag**（只有 `--title` / `--folder-token` / `--headers` / `--values`）。
+2. **sheet 定位（公共四件套 shortcut 必填）**：`--sheet-id` 与 `--sheet-name` 二选一，**必须给其中之一**。两个都不给 → 校验报错 `specify at least one of --sheet-id or --sheet-name`。
+   - ⚠️ **不确定 sheet 名时禁止直接猜 `Sheet1`**：除非用户对话明确说出 sheet 名 / id，或上下文（之前的工具调用 / URL 锚点 `?sheet=xxx`）已经出现过具体值，否则**第一步先调 `+workbook-info --url "..."`**（或 `--spreadsheet-token`）拿 `sheets[].sheet_id` / `sheets[].title` 列表再选。中文环境下子表常叫"数据" / "Sheet"（无数字）/ "工作表 1" / 业务名，猜 `Sheet1` 大概率撞 `sheet not found`，比先查多耗一次失败调用 + 重试。
+   - ⚠️ **`--range` 里的 `Sheet1!` 前缀不能替代 sheet 定位**：即使写了 `--range 'Sheet1!A1:B2'`，仍**必须**额外传 `--sheet-id` 或 `--sheet-name`，否则照样报上面的错。
+   - ⚠️ **A1 reference 含 `!`**（`--source` / `--range` / `--ranges`）**：shell session 起手先 `set +H`** 关 bash history expansion，否则 `"Sheet1!A1"` 会被拦成 `event not found`；含特殊字符（`-` / 空格 / 非 ASCII）的 sheet 名还要内部 single-quote 包，如 `--source "'Sales-2025'!A1:D100"`。
+   - **例外**：徽章标为 `_公共：URL/token（无 sheet 定位）…_` 的 shortcut（如 `+workbook-info` / `+workbook-export` / `+batch-update` / `+dropdown-update|delete` / `+cells-batch-set-style` / `+cells-batch-clear` / `+sheet-create`）**不接受也不需要** sheet 定位，只给一组 spreadsheet 定位即可。`+pivot-create` 用 `--target-sheet-id` / `--target-sheet-name`（XOR，可都不传，落点细节见 `lark-sheets-pivot-table`）。
 
-**写入公式示例**：
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--url` | string | 二选一必填（与 `--spreadsheet-token`） | spreadsheet URL |
+| `--spreadsheet-token` | string | 二选一必填（与 `--url`） | spreadsheet token |
+| `--sheet-id` | string | 二选一必填（与 `--sheet-name`；仅公共四件套 shortcut） | 工作表 reference_id |
+| `--sheet-name` | string | 二选一必填（与 `--sheet-id`；仅公共四件套 shortcut） | 工作表名称 |
+
+**统一调用范式**（公共四件套 shortcut 的所有示例都遵循此形状，两组定位缺一不可）：
 
 ```bash
-# ✅ 正确：使用对象格式
-lark-cli sheets +write --url "URL" --sheet-id "sheetId" --range "C6" \
-  --values '[[{"type":"formula","text":"=SUM(C2:C5)"}]]'
-
-# ❌ 错误：直接传字符串，会被存为纯文本
-lark-cli sheets +write --url "URL" --sheet-id "sheetId" --range "C6" \
-  --values '[["=SUM(C2:C5)"]]'
+lark-cli sheets <shortcut> <workbook 定位> <sheet 定位> <其它 flag>
+#   workbook 定位：--url "..."        或 --spreadsheet-token "..."           （二选一，必给）
+#   sheet 定位：    --sheet-id "$SID"  或 --sheet-name "<真实表名>"            （二选一，必给；占位符不要原样填）
+# 例：lark-cli sheets +csv-get --url "https://.../sheets/shtXXX" --sheet-name "<真实表名>" --range "A1:F30"
+# 注意：真实表名不要直接填 "Sheet1"——大多数表的子表不叫这个；先 +workbook-info 拿 sheets[].title 再代入。
 ```
 
-> **公式语法参考**：涉及 ARRAYFORMULA、原生数组函数、MAP/LAMBDA、日期差、Excel 公式改写等飞书特有规则时，先阅读 [`references/lark-sheets-formula.md`](references/lark-sheets-formula.md)。
-
-**限制**：
-- 公式支持 IMPORTRANGE 跨表引用（最多 5 层嵌套、每个工作表最多 100 个引用）
-- @人仅支持同租户用户，单次最多 50 人
-- 下拉列表需**先配置下拉选项**，否则 `multipleValue` 写入会变成纯文本。配置方法见 [`references/lark-sheets-dropdown.md#set-dropdown`](references/lark-sheets-dropdown.md#set-dropdown)。值中的字符串不能包含逗号
-
-## Shortcuts（推荐优先使用）
-
-Shortcut 是对常用操作的高级封装（`lark-cli sheets +<verb> [flags]`）。有 Shortcut 的操作优先使用。
-
-### Spreadsheet Management
-
-对应参考文档：[spreadsheet-management](references/lark-sheets-spreadsheet-management.md)
-
-| Shortcut | 说明 |
-|----------|------|
-| [`+create`](references/lark-sheets-spreadsheet-management.md#create) | Create a spreadsheet (optional header row and initial data) |
-| [`+info`](references/lark-sheets-spreadsheet-management.md#info) | View spreadsheet metadata and sheet information |
-| [`+export`](references/lark-sheets-spreadsheet-management.md#export) | Export a spreadsheet (async task polling + optional download) |
-
-### Sheet Management
-
-对应参考文档：[sheet-management](references/lark-sheets-sheet-management.md)
-
-| Shortcut | 说明 |
-|----------|------|
-| [`+create-sheet`](references/lark-sheets-sheet-management.md#create-sheet) | Create a sheet in an existing spreadsheet |
-| [`+copy-sheet`](references/lark-sheets-sheet-management.md#copy-sheet) | Copy a sheet within a spreadsheet |
-| [`+delete-sheet`](references/lark-sheets-sheet-management.md#delete-sheet) | Delete a sheet from a spreadsheet |
-| [`+update-sheet`](references/lark-sheets-sheet-management.md#update-sheet) | Update sheet title, position, visibility, freeze, or protection |
+### 系统 flag
 
-### Cell Data
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--dry-run` | bool | 否 | 零副作用：仅打印请求路径与参数模板，不发起调用；多步操作会输出每个子操作的请求模板 |
+| `--yes` | bool | 是（仅 `high-risk-write`） | 二次确认；不带时退出码 10。详见 [`../lark-shared/SKILL.md`](../lark-shared/SKILL.md) 高风险审批协议 |
+| `--print-schema` | bool | 否 | 本地打印复合 JSON flag 的 JSON Schema 并退出，不发起任何调用、不需要其它 required flag。与 `--flag-name <name>` 搭配指定要查哪个 flag；省略 `--flag-name` 时列出该 shortcut 所有可查询的 flag。**仅在 shortcut 含复合 JSON flag 时有效**——判断方法：该 shortcut 的 Flags 表里出现类型标注为「复合 JSON」的 flag（如 `--cells` / `--properties` / `--operations` / `--border-styles` / `--sort-keys` / `--options`）即支持；纯标量 flag 的 shortcut 不支持。 |
+| `--flag-name` | string | 否 | 配合 `--print-schema` 使用，指定要打印 JSON Schema 的 flag 名（不带 `--` 前缀，如 `cells` / `properties` / `operations`）。 |
 
-对应参考文档：[cell-data](references/lark-sheets-cell-data.md)
+**Agent 使用提示**：写复合 JSON flag（`--cells` / `--properties` / `--operations` / `--border-styles` / `--sort-keys` / `--options` 等）时，如果对结构不确定，先跑 `lark-cli sheets <shortcut> --print-schema --flag-name <name>` 把完整 JSON Schema 读出来再构造 payload，比靠 reference 的速查表更精确，也避免因为字段拼写或缺失被服务端拒绝。reference 的 `## Schemas` 段只给一层结构，深层只能靠 `--print-schema` 或 `## Examples` 的真实示例。
 
-| Shortcut | 说明 |
-|----------|------|
-| [`+read`](references/lark-sheets-cell-data.md#read) | Read spreadsheet cell values |
-| [`+write`](references/lark-sheets-cell-data.md#write) | Write to spreadsheet cells (overwrite mode) |
-| [`+append`](references/lark-sheets-cell-data.md#append) | Append rows to a spreadsheet |
-| [`+find`](references/lark-sheets-cell-data.md#find) | Find cells in a spreadsheet |
-| [`+replace`](references/lark-sheets-cell-data.md#replace) | Find and replace cell values |
+### flag 内容类型与输出约定（术语速记）
 
-### Cell Style And Merge
+- flag 表里 JSON 类入参标三类：**复合 JSON** = 深层嵌套对象（用 `--print-schema` 取完整结构）；**简单 JSON** = 一维 / 二维标量数组（如 `["sheet1!A1:B2",...]` / `[["alice",95]]`，结构简单无需 print-schema）；**非 JSON 文本** = 原样文本（如 CSV）。`--print-schema` 只对**复合 JSON** flag 有效（同一 shortcut 的简单 JSON flag 如 `--colors` 不在此列）。
+- **envelope**：所有 shortcut 返回统一外层结构 `{ok, identity, data, ...}`。正文里 `envelope.data` 指业务数据层（如 `+csv-get` 的 `annotated_csv`）；写操作不会自动回读，如需校验请自行调用对应的 `+*-list` / `+*-get` / `+cells-get`。
 
-对应参考文档：[cell-style-and-merge](references/lark-sheets-cell-style-and-merge.md)
+## 复合 JSON / 大入参：优先 stdin
 
-| Shortcut | 说明 |
-|----------|------|
-| [`+set-style`](references/lark-sheets-cell-style-and-merge.md#set-style) | Set cell style for a range |
-| [`+batch-set-style`](references/lark-sheets-cell-style-and-merge.md#batch-set-style) | Batch set cell styles for multiple ranges |
-| [`+merge-cells`](references/lark-sheets-cell-style-and-merge.md#merge-cells) | Merge cells in a spreadsheet |
-| [`+unmerge-cells`](references/lark-sheets-cell-style-and-merge.md#unmerge-cells) | Unmerge (split) cells in a spreadsheet |
+flag 帮助里标注支持 **Stdin** 的入参，当 payload 较大、含换行 / 引号等特殊字符，或已经落在某个文件里时，优先用 stdin（`-`）传入，避免命令行超长与 shell 转义问题。
 
-### Cell Images
-
-对应参考文档：[cell-images](references/lark-sheets-cell-images.md)
-
-| Shortcut | 说明 |
-|----------|------|
-| [`+write-image`](references/lark-sheets-cell-images.md#write-image) | Write an image into a spreadsheet cell |
-
-### Row Column Management
-
-对应参考文档：[row-column-management](references/lark-sheets-row-column-management.md)
-
-| Shortcut | 说明 |
-|----------|------|
-| [`+add-dimension`](references/lark-sheets-row-column-management.md#add-dimension) | Add rows or columns at the end of a sheet |
-| [`+insert-dimension`](references/lark-sheets-row-column-management.md#insert-dimension) | Insert rows or columns at a specified position |
-| [`+update-dimension`](references/lark-sheets-row-column-management.md#update-dimension) | Update row or column properties (visibility, size) |
-| [`+move-dimension`](references/lark-sheets-row-column-management.md#move-dimension) | Move rows or columns to a new position |
-| [`+delete-dimension`](references/lark-sheets-row-column-management.md#delete-dimension) | Delete rows or columns |
-
-### Filter Views
-
-对应参考文档：[filter-views](references/lark-sheets-filter-views.md)
-
-| Shortcut | 说明 |
-|----------|------|
-| [`+create-filter-view`](references/lark-sheets-filter-views.md#create-filter-view) | Create a filter view |
-| [`+update-filter-view`](references/lark-sheets-filter-views.md#update-filter-view) | Update a filter view |
-| [`+list-filter-views`](references/lark-sheets-filter-views.md#list-filter-views) | List all filter views in a sheet |
-| [`+get-filter-view`](references/lark-sheets-filter-views.md#get-filter-view) | Get a filter view by ID |
-| [`+delete-filter-view`](references/lark-sheets-filter-views.md#delete-filter-view) | Delete a filter view |
-| [`+create-filter-view-condition`](references/lark-sheets-filter-views.md#create-filter-view-condition) | Create a filter condition on a filter view |
-| [`+update-filter-view-condition`](references/lark-sheets-filter-views.md#update-filter-view-condition) | Update a filter condition |
-| [`+list-filter-view-conditions`](references/lark-sheets-filter-views.md#list-filter-view-conditions) | List all filter conditions of a filter view |
-| [`+get-filter-view-condition`](references/lark-sheets-filter-views.md#get-filter-view-condition) | Get a filter condition by column |
-| [`+delete-filter-view-condition`](references/lark-sheets-filter-views.md#delete-filter-view-condition) | Delete a filter condition |
-
-### Dropdown
-
-对应参考文档：[dropdown](references/lark-sheets-dropdown.md)
-
-| Shortcut | 说明 |
-|----------|------|
-| [`+set-dropdown`](references/lark-sheets-dropdown.md#set-dropdown) | 设置下拉列表（`multipleValue` 写入的前置步骤） |
-| [`+update-dropdown`](references/lark-sheets-dropdown.md#update-dropdown) | 更新下拉列表选项 |
-| [`+get-dropdown`](references/lark-sheets-dropdown.md#get-dropdown) | 查询下拉列表配置 |
-| [`+delete-dropdown`](references/lark-sheets-dropdown.md#delete-dropdown) | 删除下拉列表 |
-
-### Float Images
-
-对应参考文档：[float-images](references/lark-sheets-float-images.md)
-
-| Shortcut | 说明 |
-|----------|------|
-| [`+media-upload`](references/lark-sheets-float-images.md#media-upload) | 上传本地图片素材，返回 `file_token`（供 `+create-float-image` 使用；>20MB 自动分片） |
-| [`+create-float-image`](references/lark-sheets-float-images.md#create-float-image) | 创建浮动图片 |
-| [`+update-float-image`](references/lark-sheets-float-images.md#update-float-image) | 更新浮动图片属性 |
-| [`+get-float-image`](references/lark-sheets-float-images.md#get-float-image) | 获取浮动图片 |
-| [`+list-float-images`](references/lark-sheets-float-images.md#list-float-images) | 查询所有浮动图片 |
-| [`+delete-float-image`](references/lark-sheets-float-images.md#delete-float-image) | 删除浮动图片 |
-
-### Formula
-
-对应参考文档：[formula](references/lark-sheets-formula.md)
-
-> 浮动图片相关的读接口只返回元数据（含 `float_image_token`），**不包含图片字节**。要读取图片内容，用 token 调 `lark-cli docs +media-preview --token "<float_image_token>" --output ./image.png`。
-
-## API Resources
+推荐写法：payload 写到用户项目目录之外的临时文件（放系统临时目录，避免污染项目），再用 stdin 喂进去：
 
 ```bash
-lark-cli schema sheets.<resource>.<method>   # 调用 API 前必须先查看参数结构
-lark-cli sheets <resource> <method> [flags] # 调用 API
+# TMPFILE 指向系统临时目录下的 payload 文件（脚本里用 tempfile.gettempdir() / os.tmpdir() 等取临时目录）
+lark-cli sheets +cells-set --url "..." --sheet-name "Sheet1" --range "A1:B2" --cells - < "$TMPFILE"
 ```
 
-> **重要**：使用原生 API 时，必须先运行 `schema` 查看 `--data` / `--params` 参数结构，不要猜测字段格式。
-
-### spreadsheets
-
-  - `create` — 创建电子表格
-  - `get` — 获取电子表格信息
-  - `patch` — 修改电子表格属性
-
-### spreadsheet.sheet.filters
-
-  - `create` — 创建筛选
-  - `delete` — 删除筛选
-  - `get` — 获取筛选
-  - `update` — 更新筛选
-
-### spreadsheet.sheets
-
-  - `find` — 查找单元格
-
-### spreadsheet.sheet.float_images
-
-  - `create` — 创建浮动图片
-  - `patch` — 更新浮动图片
-  - `get` — 获取浮动图片
-  - `query` — 查询所有浮动图片
-  - `delete` — 删除浮动图片
-
-## 权限表
-
-| 方法 | 所需 scope |
-|------|-----------|
-| `spreadsheets.create` | `sheets:spreadsheet:create` |
-| `spreadsheets.get` | `sheets:spreadsheet.meta:read` |
-| `spreadsheets.patch` | `sheets:spreadsheet.meta:write_only` |
-| `spreadsheet.sheet.filters.create` | `sheets:spreadsheet:write_only` |
-| `spreadsheet.sheet.filters.delete` | `sheets:spreadsheet:write_only` |
-| `spreadsheet.sheet.filters.get` | `sheets:spreadsheet:read` |
-| `spreadsheet.sheet.filters.update` | `sheets:spreadsheet:write_only` |
-| `spreadsheet.sheets.find` | `sheets:spreadsheet:read` |
-| `spreadsheet.sheet.float_images.create` | `sheets:spreadsheet:write_only` |
-| `spreadsheet.sheet.float_images.patch` | `sheets:spreadsheet:write_only` |
-| `spreadsheet.sheet.float_images.get` | `sheets:spreadsheet:read` |
-| `spreadsheet.sheet.float_images.query` | `sheets:spreadsheet:read` |
-| `spreadsheet.sheet.float_images.delete` | `sheets:spreadsheet:write_only` |
+**`@file` 接绝对路径会被拒，且被拒后不要照报错提示做。** `@file` 出于安全只接受 cwd 下的相对路径，传 cwd 之外的绝对路径会被拒。此时报错会建议"先 cd 到目标目录，或改用相对路径"——**两条都不要照做**：cd 过去、或把临时文件写进用户项目目录，都会污染工作目录。正解是改用 stdin（`--<flag> - < 文件`）。
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-batch-update.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-batch-update.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b2880d891
--- /dev/null
+++ b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-batch-update.md
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+# Lark Sheet Batch Update
+
+## 写入边界 + 回读校验
+
+`+batch-update` 把多次写入打包成单次请求，但每个子操作仍受编辑类任务硬性默认规则约束：
+
+1. **目标 range 必须落在用户授权范围内**：除用户明示要修改的区域外，子操作禁止扩张到无关单元格 / 列 / Sheet。规划 range 时先确认每个子操作的边界。
+2. **批次完成后必须回读校验**：整个 `+batch-update` 执行成功后，用 `+csv-get` 或 `+cells-get` 抽样回读受影响区域，至少校验 3-5 个代表性单元格（首 / 中 / 末），与本地脚本预先计算的预期值对照。
+3. **预期条数前置断言**：涉及"批量填充 N 行"或"对 M 个区域分别写入"时，先把 N、M 硬编码进代码，回读后断言实际等于预期；不一致就再发一轮 `+batch-update` 补齐，禁止交付半成品。
+
+## 使用场景
+
+写入。批量执行多个写入工具操作。将多个工具调用合并为一次请求，按顺序依次执行。适合需要连续执行多个写入操作的场景（如先修改结构再写入数据）。注意：不支持嵌套 `+batch-update`。
+
+**不可放进 `--operations` 的写 shortcut**（`shortcut` 枚举不含它们，强行写入会被校验拒）：`+cells-set-image`（需本地上传图片）、`+dropdown-update` / `+dropdown-delete` / `+cells-batch-set-style` / `+cells-batch-clear`（自身已是批量入口，不可再嵌套）、`+dim-move`。这些操作需在 `+batch-update` 之外单独调用。
+
+**⚠️ 何时必须使用 `+batch-update`（硬性要求）**：
+- 需要对**多个**不同区域执行 `+cells-{merge|unmerge}` 时（如按分组合并多列相同内容）
+- 需要对**多个**不同区域执行 `+rows-resize / +cols-resize` 时（如统一调整多列列宽或多行行高）
+- 需要先插入行列再写入数据时（`+dim-{insert|delete|hide|unhide|freeze|group|ungroup}` + `+cells-set`）
+- 需要对多个区域执行不同写入操作时（多次 `+cells-set` + `+cells-clear` 等组合）
+
+当同一工具需要对多个区域重复调用时，**必须**改用 `+batch-update` 合并为单次请求——`+batch-update` 是原子提交（要么全成功要么整批回滚）；逐个调用非原子，中途失败会留下半成品。
+
+**`+dropdown-update` 的选项模式（`--options` / `--source-range` 二选一）+ 配色规则**（`--colors` 长度可短不能长、必须配 `--highlight=true` 才生效、不传按内置 10 色色板循环补色）见 [`lark-sheets-write-cells`](./lark-sheets-write-cells.md) 的「Dropdown 选项 + 配色」节，本 skill 不重复。`+dropdown-delete` 不涉及这些 flag。
+
+## Shortcuts
+
+| Shortcut | Risk | 分组 |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `+batch-update` | high-risk-write | 批量 |
+| `+cells-batch-set-style` | write | 批量 |
+| `+dropdown-update` | write | 对象 |
+| `+dropdown-delete` | high-risk-write | 对象 |
+| `+cells-batch-clear` | high-risk-write | 批量 |
+
+## Flags
+
+### `+batch-update`
+
+_公共：URL/token（无 sheet 定位） · 系统：`--yes`、`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--operations` | string + File + Stdin（复合 JSON） | required | JSON 数组：[{"shortcut":"+xxx-yyy","input":{...}}, ...]。shortcut 用 CLI 名；input 是该 shortcut 的入参集——含子表定位 sheet_id（或 sheet_name），但不含 spreadsheet token/url（后者只在顶层 --url/--spreadsheet-token 给一次；+batch-update 顶层没有 --sheet-id）；input 的键是该 shortcut 的 flag 展平成 JSON（如 "range":"A11:B12"），不是再套一层嵌套。基础 flag 查 --help，复合 JSON flag 查 --print-schema --flag-name <flag>；不要手填 operation 字段（由 CLI 按 shortcut 自动注入）。默认严格事务（首个失败即整批中断），传 --continue-on-error 切换为软批量（遇失败仍继续）；不支持嵌套；按数组顺序串行执行 |
+| `--continue-on-error` | bool | optional | 遇子操作失败时继续执行剩余操作；默认 false（首个失败即整批中断） |
+
+### `+cells-batch-set-style`
+
+_公共：URL/token（无 sheet 定位） · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--ranges` | string + File + Stdin（简单 JSON） | required | 目标范围 JSON 数组，每项必须带 sheet 前缀（如 `["'Sheet1'!A1:B2","'Sheet2'!D1:D10"]`）；前缀必须是 sheet 显示名（如 `Sheet1`），不接受 sheet reference_id；支持跨 sheet；所有 range 应用同一组 style |
+| `--background-color` | string | optional | 背景颜色（十六进制，如 `#ffffff`） |
+| `--font-color` | string | optional | 字体颜色（十六进制，如 `#000000`） |
+| `--font-size` | float64 | optional | 字体大小（px，例：10、12、14） |
+| `--font-style` | string | optional | 字体样式（可选值：`normal` / `italic`） |
+| `--font-weight` | string | optional | 字重（可选值：`normal` / `bold`） |
+| `--font-line` | string | optional | 字体线条样式（可选值：`none` / `underline` / `line-through`） |
+| `--horizontal-alignment` | string | optional | 水平对齐（可选值：`left` / `center` / `right`） |
+| `--vertical-alignment` | string | optional | 垂直对齐（可选值：`top` / `middle` / `bottom`） |
+| `--word-wrap` | string | optional | 换行策略（可选值：`overflow` / `auto-wrap` / `word-clip`） |
+| `--number-format` | string | optional | 数字格式（例：文本 `@`、数字 `0.00`、货币 `$#,##0.00`、日期 `mm/dd/yyyy`） |
+| `--border-styles` | string + File + Stdin（复合 JSON） | optional | 边框配置 JSON（结构同 +cells-set-style） |
+
+### `+dropdown-update`
+
+_公共：URL/token（无 sheet 定位） · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--ranges` | string + File + Stdin（简单 JSON） | required | 目标范围 JSON 数组（如 `["'Sheet1'!A2:A100","'Sheet1'!C2:C100"]`），每项必须带 sheet 前缀；前缀必须是 sheet 显示名（如 `Sheet1`），不接受 sheet reference_id |
+| `--options` | string + File + Stdin（复合 JSON） | xor | 下拉选项 JSON 数组，例如 `["opt1","opt2"]`。服务端不限制选项数量，也不限制单个选项长度；含逗号的选项可以接受（写入时会自动转义）。大量选项建议改用 `--source-range`。 |
+| `--colors` | string + File + Stdin（简单 JSON） | optional | 下拉胶囊背景色，RGB hex 数组（如 `["#1FB6C1","#F006C2"]`）。长度可短不可长——超长 Validate 拦截（`--colors length (N) must not exceed dropdown source size (M)`），未指定项按内置 10 色色板循环补色。**单独传即生效**；`--highlight=false` 时被忽略。 |
+| `--multiple` | bool | optional | 启用多选 |
+| `--highlight` | bool | optional | 下拉胶囊背景色高亮开关。**不传 = 开**（按内置 10 色色板循环上色）；`--highlight=false` 关闭得到纯白下拉。配色用 `--colors` 覆盖。 |
+| `--source-range` | string | xor | listFromRange 模式的下拉源 range，A1 表示法 + sheet 前缀（如 `'Sheet1'!T1:T3`）。映射到 server `data_validation.range`，搭配 server `data_validation.type='listFromRange'` 自动生效。跟 `--options` 二选一：传 `--options` 走 inline 列表（type=list），传本 flag 走 range 引用（type=listFromRange）。`--colors` 长度规则不变（≤ 源 range 单元格数），`--highlight` / `--multiple` 行为相同。当 `--highlight` 开启且 source 覆盖单元格数超过 2000 时，服务端会将该下拉判为 option-error（这是不支持的组合）；CLI 会向 stderr 输出 warning。如需取消，传 `--highlight=false`。 |
+
+### `+dropdown-delete`
+
+_公共：URL/token（无 sheet 定位） · 系统：`--yes`、`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--ranges` | string + File + Stdin（简单 JSON） | required | 目标范围 JSON 数组（最多 100 个，如 `["'Sheet1'!E2:E6"]`），每项必须带 sheet 前缀；前缀必须是 sheet 显示名（如 `Sheet1`），不接受 sheet reference_id |
+
+### `+cells-batch-clear`
+
+_公共：URL/token（无 sheet 定位） · 系统：`--yes`、`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--ranges` | string + File + Stdin（简单 JSON） | required | 目标范围 JSON 数组，每项必须带 sheet 前缀（如 `["'Sheet1'!A2:Z1000","'Sheet2'!A2:Z1000"]`）；前缀必须是 sheet 显示名（如 `Sheet1`），不接受 sheet reference_id；支持跨 sheet；对所有 range 执行同一 scope 的清除 |
+| `--scope` | string | optional | 清除范围 enum：`content`（默认，仅清内容）/ `formats`（仅清格式）/ `all`（清内容 + 格式）（可选值：`content` / `formats` / `all`） |
+
+## Schemas
+
+> 复合 JSON flag 字段速查（只列顶层 + 一层嵌套）。深层结构看下方 `## Examples`，或用 `--print-schema` 读完整 JSON Schema（用法见 SKILL.md「公共 flag 速查」与「Agent 使用提示」）。
+
+### `+batch-update` `--operations`
+
+_要批量执行的 CLI shortcut 操作列表，按声明顺序串行执行；任一失败立即中断_
+
+**数组项**（类型 object）：
+- `shortcut` (enum) — CLI shortcut 名（不是底层 MCP tool 名） [+cells-set / +cells-set-style / +cells-clear / +cells-merge / +cells-unmerge / +cells-replace / +csv-put / +dropdown-set / +dim-insert / +dim-delete / +dim-hide / +dim-unhide / +dim-freeze / +dim-group / +dim-ungroup / +rows-resize / +cols-resize / +range-move / +range-copy / +range-fill / +range-sort / +sheet-create / +sheet-delete / +sheet-rename / +sheet-move / +sheet-copy / +sheet-hide / +sheet-unhide / +sheet-set-tab-color / +chart-create / +chart-update / +chart-delete / +pivot-create / +pivot-update / +pivot-delete / +cond-format-create / +cond-format-update / +cond-format-delete / +filter-create / +filter-update / +filter-delete / +filter-view-create / +filter-view-update / +filter-view-delete / +sparkline-create / +sparkline-update / +sparkline-delete / +float-image-create / +float-image-update / +float-image-delete]
+- `input` (object) — 该 shortcut 的入参集——含子表定位 sheet_id（或 sheet_name），但不含 spreadsheet token/url（后者只在顶层 …
+
+### `+cells-batch-set-style` `--border-styles`
+
+_单元格边框配置，含 top/bottom/left/right 四个方向，每个方向的结构相同（见 top）_
+
+**顶层字段**：
+- `top` (object?) { style?: enum, weight?: enum, color?: string }
+- `bottom` (object?) { style?: enum, weight?: enum, color?: string }
+- `left` (object?) { style?: enum, weight?: enum, color?: string }
+- `right` (object?) { style?: enum, weight?: enum, color?: string }
+
+### `+dropdown-update` `--options`
+
+_列表选项_
+
+**数组项**（类型 string）：
+- 标量：string
+
+## Examples
+
+公共四件套：`--url` / `--spreadsheet-token` / `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name`（前两者 XOR；`+batch-update` 本身不强制 sheet-id，子操作各自携带）。
+
+### `+batch-update`
+
+示例：
+
+```bash
+lark-cli sheets +batch-update --url "https://example.feishu.cn/sheets/shtXXX" --yes \
+  --operations @ops.json
+
+# ops.json （array<{shortcut, input}>，shortcut 用 CLI 名）:
+# [
+#   {"shortcut": "+dim-insert", "input": {"sheet_id":"...","dimension":"row","start":10,"end":12}},
+#   {"shortcut": "+cells-set",  "input": {"sheet_id":"...","range":"A11:B12","cells":[[{"value":"a"},{"value":"b"}],[{"value":"c"},{"value":"d"}]]}}
+# ]
+```
+
+> ⚠️ **子操作定位规则**：
+> - spreadsheet 定位（`--url` / `--spreadsheet-token`）**只在顶层给一次**；`+batch-update` 顶层**没有** `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name`，在顶层传不生效。
+> - **每个子操作的子表定位 `sheet_id`（或 `sheet_name`）写进它自己的 `input`**（见上方 ops.json 每个 item）。
+> - `input` 的键是该 shortcut 的 flag **展平**成 JSON（`"range":"A11:B12"`、`"dimension":"row"`），不要把整组 `--operations` 再套一层嵌套 JSON。
+
+> **常见组合：插列 + 写表头 + 整列回填**——一次原子提交，不要拆成 N 次独立调用。批量回填同一列 **只需一次** `+cells-set`（range 写整列范围、cells 写 N×1 矩阵），不需要逐行循环。
+>
+> ```jsonc
+> // 在 C 列前插入新列 → 写表头 C1 → 回填 C2:C100 共 99 行
+> [
+>   {"shortcut": "+dim-insert",
+>    "input": {"sheet_id": "...", "dimension": "column", "start": 3, "end": 4}},
+>   {"shortcut": "+cells-set",
+>    "input": {"sheet_id": "...", "range": "C1:C100",
+>              "cells": [[{"value":"score"}], [{"value":95}], [{"value":87}], /* ... 97 more rows ... */ ]}}
+> ]
+> ```
+
+### `+cells-batch-set-style`
+
+多 range 应用同一组 style（服务端走 `+batch-update` 原子事务）：
+
+```bash
+# 表头行 + 汇总行同时刷成蓝底白字
+lark-cli sheets +cells-batch-set-style --url "..." \
+  --ranges '["sheet1!A1:F1","sheet1!A30:F30"]' \
+  --background-color "#1E5BC6" --font-color "#FFFFFF" --font-weight bold
+```
+
+### `+cells-batch-clear`
+
+多 range 一次性清除（服务端走 `+batch-update` 原子事务）；`--scope` 同 `+cells-clear`（`content` / `formats` / `all`，默认 `content`），`high-risk-write` 强制 `--yes`：
+
+```bash
+# dry-run 先看清除范围
+lark-cli sheets +cells-batch-clear --url "..." \
+  --ranges '["sheet1!A2:Z1000","sheet2!A2:Z1000"]' --scope all --dry-run
+# 执行
+lark-cli sheets +cells-batch-clear --url "..." \
+  --ranges '["sheet1!A2:Z1000","sheet2!A2:Z1000"]' --scope all --yes
+```
+
+### Validate / DryRun / Execute 约束
+
+- `Validate`：`+batch-update` 的 `--operations` 必须合法 JSON，且为非空数组；逐个子操作 `shortcut` / `input` 字段必填校验；**禁止嵌套 `+batch-update`**。`+cells-batch-set-style` 的 `--ranges` 必须 JSON 数组、每项带 sheet 前缀；样式 flag 至少一个非空（或带 `--border-styles`）。`+cells-batch-clear` 的 `--ranges` 同样必须 JSON 数组、每项带 sheet 前缀，`high-risk-write` 强制 `--yes` 或 `--dry-run`（`--scope` 默认 `content`）。
+- `DryRun`：按顺序输出每个子操作的目标 API + 请求 body 模板；首个失败则整批 fail-fast（不实际执行任何后续）。
+- `Execute`：按声明顺序串行执行；任一子操作失败立即中断并回滚到该子操作前状态（具体回滚能力取决于子操作类型，沿用 `+batch-update` 的语义）。
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-cell-data.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-cell-data.md
deleted file mode 100644
index d8942f0f8..000000000
--- a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-cell-data.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,197 +0,0 @@
-# Sheets Cell Data
-
-> **前置条件：** 先阅读 [`../lark-shared/SKILL.md`](../../lark-shared/SKILL.md) 了解认证、全局参数和安全规则。
-
-这份 reference 汇总单元格数据操作：
-
-- `+read`
-- `+write`
-- `+append`
-- `+find`
-- `+replace`
-
-<a id="read"></a>
-## `+read`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +read`
-
-内置能力：
-
-- 支持 `--url` / `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一（URL 支持 wiki）
-- 若已传 `--sheet-id`，`--range` 可写 `A1:D10` 或 `C2`
-- 默认最多返回 200 行
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +read --url "https://example.larksuite.com/sheets/shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --range "<sheetId>!A1:H20"
-
-lark-cli sheets +read --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --range "C2"
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--range` | 否 | `<sheetId>!A1:D10`、`A1:D10` / `C2` 或 `<sheetId>` |
-| `--sheet-id` | 否 | 工作表 ID |
-| `--value-render-option` | 否 | `ToString` / `FormattedValue` / `Formula` / `UnformattedValue` |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-输出：
-
-- `range`
-- `values`
-- `truncated`
-- `total_rows`
-
-<a id="write"></a>
-## `+write`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +write`
-
-用于覆盖写入一个矩形区域。
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +write --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --range "<sheetId>!A1:B2" \
-  --values '[["name","age"],["alice",18]]'
-
-lark-cli sheets +write --url "https://example.larksuite.com/sheets/shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --range "C2" \
-  --values '[["hello"]]'
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--range` | 否 | 写入范围；可用相对范围或 `<sheetId>` |
-| `--sheet-id` | 否 | 工作表 ID |
-| `--values` | 是 | 二维数组 JSON |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-输出：
-
-- `updated_range`
-- `updated_rows`
-- `updated_columns`
-- `updated_cells`
-- `revision`
-
-<a id="append"></a>
-## `+append`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +append`
-
-用于向工作表末尾追加行。
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +append --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --range "<sheetId>!A1" \
-  --values '[["华东一仓","2026-03",125000,98000,168000,"41.7%"]]'
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--range` | 否 | 追加范围：支持 `<sheetId>`、完整范围、相对范围 |
-| `--sheet-id` | 否 | 工作表 ID |
-| `--values` | 是 | 二维数组 JSON |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-输出：
-
-- `table_range`
-- `updated_range`
-- `updated_rows`
-- `updated_columns`
-- `updated_cells`
-- `revision`
-
-<a id="find"></a>
-## `+find`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +find`
-
-只在一个已知 spreadsheet 内查找单元格内容，不是云空间（云盘/云存储）搜索。
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +find --url "https://example.larksuite.com/sheets/shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --find "张三" --range "A1:H200"
-
-lark-cli sheets +find --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --find "仓库管理营收报表" --ignore-case
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--sheet-id` | 是 | 工作表 ID |
-| `--find` | 是 | 查找内容 |
-| `--range` | 否 | 范围；不填则搜索整个工作表 |
-| `--ignore-case` | 否 | 不区分大小写 |
-| `--match-entire-cell` | 否 | 完全匹配单元格 |
-| `--search-by-regex` | 否 | 使用正则 |
-| `--include-formulas` | 否 | 搜索公式 |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-输出：
-
-- `matched_cells`
-- `matched_formula_cells`
-- `rows_count`
-
-<a id="replace"></a>
-## `+replace`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +replace`
-
-在指定范围内查找并替换单元格内容。
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +replace --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --find "hello" --replacement "world"
-
-lark-cli sheets +replace --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --find "\\d{4}-\\d{2}-\\d{2}" \
-  --replacement "DATE" --search-by-regex
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--sheet-id` | 是 | 工作表 ID |
-| `--find` | 是 | 搜索文本 |
-| `--replacement` | 是 | 替换文本 |
-| `--range` | 否 | 搜索范围，不传则搜索整个工作表 |
-| `--match-case` | 否 | 区分大小写 |
-| `--match-entire-cell` | 否 | 匹配整个单元格 |
-| `--search-by-regex` | 否 | 使用正则 |
-| `--include-formulas` | 否 | 在公式中搜索 |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-输出：
-
-- `replace_result.matched_cells`
-- `replace_result.matched_formula_cells`
-- `replace_result.rows_count`
-
-## 参考
-
-- [spreadsheet-management](lark-sheets-spreadsheet-management.md#info) — 先获取 `sheet_id`
-- [dropdown](lark-sheets-dropdown.md#set-dropdown) — 写入 `multipleValue` 前先设置下拉列表
-- [formula](lark-sheets-formula.md) — 公式写入规则
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-cell-images.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-cell-images.md
deleted file mode 100644
index b06c1b553..000000000
--- a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-cell-images.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-# Sheets Cell Images
-
-> **前置条件：** 先阅读 [`../lark-shared/SKILL.md`](../../lark-shared/SKILL.md) 了解认证、全局参数和安全规则。
-
-这份 reference 汇总单元格图片写入能力：
-
-- `+write-image`
-
-<a id="write-image"></a>
-## `+write-image`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +write-image`
-
-特性：
-
-- 将本地图片文件写入到指定单元格
-- 支持格式：PNG、JPEG、JPG、GIF、BMP、JFIF、EXIF、TIFF、BPG、HEIC
-- `--range` 必须表示单个单元格，如 `A1` 或 `<sheetId>!B2:B2`
-- `--name` 默认取 `--image` 的文件名
-
-```bash
-# 写入图片到指定单元格
-lark-cli sheets +write-image --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --range "<sheetId>!B2:B2" \
-  --image "./logo.png"
-
-# 使用 URL + sheet-id，指定单个单元格
-lark-cli sheets +write-image --url "https://example.larksuite.com/sheets/shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --range "C3" \
-  --image "./chart.jpg"
-
-# 自定义图片名称
-lark-cli sheets +write-image --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --range "<sheetId>!A1:A1" \
-  --image "./output.png" --name "revenue_chart.png"
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--range` | 是 | 目标单元格：`<sheetId>!A1:A1` 或相对单元格 |
-| `--sheet-id` | 否 | 工作表 ID |
-| `--image` | 是 | 本地图片文件的相对路径 |
-| `--name` | 否 | 图片文件名（默认取 `--image` 的文件名） |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-输出：
-
-- `spreadsheetToken`
-- `updateRange`
-- `revision`
-
-## 参考
-
-- [cell-data](lark-sheets-cell-data.md#write) — 写入普通单元格数据
-- [float-images](lark-sheets-float-images.md) — 管理浮动图片
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-cell-style-and-merge.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-cell-style-and-merge.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 8ca135da5..000000000
--- a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-cell-style-and-merge.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,141 +0,0 @@
-# Sheets Cell Style and Merge
-
-> **前置条件：** 先阅读 [`../lark-shared/SKILL.md`](../../lark-shared/SKILL.md) 了解认证、全局参数和安全规则。
-
-这份 reference 汇总单元格样式和合并相关操作：
-
-- `+set-style`
-- `+batch-set-style`
-- `+merge-cells`
-- `+unmerge-cells`
-
-<a id="set-style"></a>
-## `+set-style`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +set-style`
-
-对指定范围设置字体、颜色、对齐、边框等样式。
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +set-style --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --range "<sheetId>!A1:C3" \
-  --style '{"font":{"bold":true},"backColor":"#ff0000"}'
-
-lark-cli sheets +set-style --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --range "<sheetId>!A1:Z100" --style '{"clean":true}'
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--range` | 是 | 单元格范围 |
-| `--sheet-id` | 否 | 工作表 ID（用于相对范围） |
-| `--style` | 是 | 样式 JSON 对象 |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-常用 `style` 字段：
-
-- `font.bold`
-- `font.italic`
-- `font.font_size`
-- `textDecoration`
-- `formatter`
-- `hAlign`
-- `vAlign`
-- `foreColor`
-- `backColor`
-- `borderType`
-- `borderColor`
-- `clean`
-
-输出：`updates`（updatedRange / updatedRows / updatedColumns / updatedCells / revision）
-
-<a id="batch-set-style"></a>
-## `+batch-set-style`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +batch-set-style`
-
-对多个范围批量设置不同样式。
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +batch-set-style --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --data '[{"ranges":["<sheetId>!A1:C3"],"style":{"font":{"bold":true},"backColor":"#21d11f"}},{"ranges":["<sheetId>!D1:F3"],"style":{"foreColor":"#ff0000"}}]'
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--data` | 是 | JSON 数组，每项包含 `ranges` 和 `style` |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-输出：
-
-- `totalUpdatedRows`
-- `totalUpdatedColumns`
-- `totalUpdatedCells`
-- `revision`
-- `responses[]`
-
-<a id="merge-cells"></a>
-## `+merge-cells`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +merge-cells`
-
-支持三种模式：
-
-- `MERGE_ALL`
-- `MERGE_ROWS`
-- `MERGE_COLUMNS`
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +merge-cells --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --range "<sheetId>!A1:B2" --merge-type MERGE_ALL
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--range` | 是 | 单元格范围 |
-| `--sheet-id` | 否 | 工作表 ID（用于相对范围） |
-| `--merge-type` | 是 | `MERGE_ALL` / `MERGE_ROWS` / `MERGE_COLUMNS` |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-输出：`spreadsheetToken`
-
-<a id="unmerge-cells"></a>
-## `+unmerge-cells`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +unmerge-cells`
-
-用于拆分合并单元格。
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +unmerge-cells --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --range "<sheetId>!A1:B2"
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--range` | 是 | 单元格范围 |
-| `--sheet-id` | 否 | 工作表 ID（用于相对范围） |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-输出：`spreadsheetToken`
-
-## 参考
-
-- [cell-data](lark-sheets-cell-data.md) — 数据读写
-- [cell-images](lark-sheets-cell-images.md) — 写入单元格图片
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-chart.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-chart.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c242f9ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-chart.md
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+# Lark Sheet Chart
+
+## 真对象硬约束
+
+当用户要求"画个图 / 数据可视化 / 趋势图 / 对比图 / 占比图"时，**必须**通过 `+chart-{create|update|delete}` 创建真实的图表对象。**禁止**用本地脚本调 matplotlib / seaborn 生成图片再插入到表格代替——静态图片无法随源数据更新，且失去交互能力。判断标准：交付后 `+chart-list` 必须能返回该对象。
+
+## 使用场景
+
+读写图表对象。本 reference 覆盖 4 个 shortcut：
+
+| 操作需求 | 使用工具 | 说明 |
+|---------|---------|------|
+| 查看已有图表 | `+chart-list` | 获取图表的类型、数据源和样式配置 |
+| 创建/更新/删除图表 | `+chart-{create|update|delete}` | 对图表对象执行写入操作 |
+
+典型工作流：先读取现有图表了解配置 → 执行创建/更新/删除 → 再次读取验证结果。
+
+## 需求→图表类型映射（创建前必查）
+
+| 用户说 | 图表类型 | 备注 |
+|--------|---------|------|
+| "占比"、"比例"、"各XX占多少" | 饼图（pie） | 单维度占比首选 |
+| "对比"、"各XX的YY" | 柱形图（column，纵向） | 多类别数值对比；横向条形用 `bar` |
+| "趋势"、"变化"、"走势" | 折线图（line） | 时间序列首选 |
+| "堆积"、"组成构成" | 堆积柱形图（column + stack） | 多系列累加 |
+| "分布"、"相关性" | 散点图（scatter） | 两变量关系 |
+
+**多图表需求**：当用户同时提到多种分析（如"统计占比 + 对比数量"），必须创建多个图表，每个对应一种类型，不要只做一个。
+
+**`--properties` 结构锚点（构造前必读）**：`--properties` 顶层只有 `position` / `offset` / `size` / `snapshot` 四个字段，**没有**顶层 `data`，也没有再嵌一层 `properties`。图表数据配置全部挂在 `snapshot.data` 下——下文及示例里出现的 `refs` / `headerMode` / `dim1` / `dim2` / `nameRef` 一律指 `snapshot.data.refs` / `snapshot.data.headerMode` / `snapshot.data.dim1` / `snapshot.data.dim2`（及其下的 `serie.nameRef` / `series[].nameRef`）；样式 / 堆叠 / 数据标签等在 `snapshot.plotArea` 下。完整结构以 `lark-cli sheets +chart-create --print-schema --flag-name properties` 为准。
+
+**常见配置错误（必须注意）**：
+- **图表类型选择错误**：用户说"堆积柱形图/百分比堆积"时，应在 `properties.snapshot.plotArea.plot.extra.stack` 中配置堆叠；百分比堆叠需在该 stack 下设置 `percentage: true`。用户说"占比/比例"时，优先考虑饼图或百分比堆积图。注意区分 `column`（柱形图，纵向）与 `bar`（条形图，横向）是两个不同的 type 取值，"对比/各 XX" 类纵向柱默认用 `column`
+- **数据标签缺失**：用户需要看到具体数值时，需配置 `properties.snapshot.plotArea.plot.labels`（数据标签）相关字段
+- **数据源范围与系列名来源要对齐**：
+  - **默认情况（inline 模式）**：`refs` 范围**应包含表头行**（首行/首列即系列名），且范围要精确覆盖目标数据，不要多选或少选。
+  - **合并标题行要跳过**：如果表格在表头上方存在合并的标题行（如"员工统计表"横跨多列的大标题），`refs` 必须跳过标题行、从真正的列标题行开始。例如表头在第 3 行、数据在第 4-20 行，则 `refs` 应为 `A3:G20` 而非 `A1:G20`。包含合并标题行会导致列名识别错误、表头被当作数据参与聚合计算。
+  - **数据与表头分离时必须用 detached 模式**：当 `refs` 只覆盖完整数据的一个子集（按筛选/分组只画其中一段），而真正的语义表头在该子集之外时，**必须**设置 `snapshot.data.headerMode='detached'`：refs 仅传纯数据范围，维度名/系列名通过 `snapshot.data.dim1.serie.nameRef` / `snapshot.data.dim2.series[].nameRef` 指向真正的表头单元格。详见下文"硬性规则：数据与表头分离场景必须使用 detached 模式"。
+- **axes[].label 不接受 `format` / `number_format` 字段**：想给坐标轴数值加千分位、百分号等格式化时，不要在 `axes[i].label` 里传 `format` 或 `number_format`（schema 未定义，会报 `unexpected property "format" is not defined in schema`）。数值格式化统一在源数据单元格的 `cell_styles.number_format` 里设置（写 `+cells-set` 时），图表会沿用单元格格式。
+- **创建后必须验证**：图表创建后必须调用 `+chart-list` 验证配置是否正确
+
+> **⚠️ 硬性规则：当用户通过列标题名称（而非列索引）指定横轴/纵轴系列时，必须先读取表格首行（表头）来确定列名与列索引的对应关系，再设置 `dim1`/`dim2` 的 `index`。**
+> 例如用户说"横轴为车型系列，纵轴为Q1-Q4的销量"，你不能猜测列索引，必须先通过读取表格数据源范围的首行内容（使用 `lark-sheets-read-data` 的 `+cells-get` 或其他读取单元格的工具），确认"车型系列"是第几列、"Q1"~"Q4"分别是第几列，然后再将正确的列索引填入 `dim1.serie.index` 和 `dim2.series[].index`。
+
+> **⚠️ 硬性规则：数据与表头分离场景必须使用 detached 模式。** 当 `refs` 仅覆盖数据的一个子集，而真正的语义表头行/列位于该子集之外时，**必须** `snapshot.data.headerMode='detached'` 并配上 `nameRef`。不能用 inline 模式 + 把 refs 多带 1 行兜底表头来替代——那种写法已废弃。否则图表会把错误的首行/首列当系列名，或图例显示成"系列1/系列2"等默认名，或者 refs 里混入相邻分组的数据。
+>
+> **触发该规则的典型信号**（满足任意一条都必须走 detached）：
+> - 用户要求"针对 X 类的数据画图"、"只看某个分组"、"只画筛选后的部分"，而 X 类对应的行段在数据中间或末尾，与表头不连续；
+> - 用户要求"按 X 分别画图"、"按某个维度（部门/品类/地区/时间段等）拆图"——**多张图共享同一组表头**；
+> - `refs` 起始行 > 表头行（如表头在第 1 行，但 `refs` 从第 11 行开始）；
+> - `refs` 起始列 > 表头列（如表头在 A 列，但 `refs` 从 C 列开始）。
+>
+> **正确做法**：
+> 1. 在 `data` 下显式设置 `"headerMode": "detached"`；
+> 2. `refs` **只覆盖该子集的纯数据**，不要向上/向左多带 1 行/列，也不要把全局表头整段并进来（否则会把其它分组的数据混进图）；
+> 3. **`nameRef` 必填**：给 `dim1.serie.nameRef` 写真正表头中"类别名"那一格的 A1 引用（如 `'Sheet2'!A1`，sheet 名按 A1 标准单引号包裹），给每个 `dim2.series[i].nameRef` 写对应数值列的 A1 引用（如 `'Sheet2'!C1`、`'Sheet2'!D1`）。任一缺失会被校验拦下并报 `headerMode=detached requires ... nameRef`；
+> 4. `refs[i].value` 必须是单元格或普通矩形范围（CELL / NORMAL），不接受整行/整列/开区间；`direction='column'` 时起始行必须 > 0，`direction='row'` 时起始列必须 > 0；
+> 5. `index` 仍按 `refs` 内的列/行号填，从 1 开始。
+>
+> **两种场景对照（互斥，二选一）**：
+>
+> | 场景 | 何时命中 | 写法 |
+> |---|---|---|
+> | A. 表头与数据连在一起 | 单张图、refs 首行/首列就是表头（典型整段画图） | **省略 headerMode**（默认 inline），refs 含表头，**不写 nameRef** |
+> | B. 表头与数据分离 | 上面 4 条信号任一命中（数据子集、按维度拆图等） | **`headerMode='detached'`**，refs 仅纯数据，**`nameRef` 必填** |
+>
+> **反向约束**：场景 A 下不要写 `nameRef`——首行命名已经生效，多写反而冗余。`nameRef` 仅在场景 B 下使用（且必填）。
+
+## ⚠️ chart 数据源引用 pivot 时必须排除总计行（高频致命错误）
+
+当 chart 要基于刚创建的 pivot 产物画图时，**禁止凭猜写 `refs`**。pivot 默认启用 `show_row_grand_total` / `show_col_grand_total`，产物最后一行/一列通常是"总计"。如果 `refs` 把总计行一并框进去：
+- **柱形图**末尾会多一根天文数字柱子（=所有数据求和），把其他柱子压扁到看不见
+- **饼图**会多一个"总计"扇区占 33%+，真实类别的比例完全失真
+
+**正确流程**：
+1. `+pivot-create create` 返回 `sheet_id` + `pivot_table_id`
+2. 调 `+csv-get(sheet_id, 'A1:E30')` 或 `+pivot-list` 读 pivot 产物的**实际数据范围**
+3. 识别并排除"总计"/"小计"行（通常最后一行；嵌套 pivot 还要排除中间层小计）
+4. `+chart-create create` 时 `snapshot.data.refs` 精确到数据行（如 pivot 占 A1:D9、总计在 row9 → chart 用 `A1:D8`）
+
+## 图表位置选择（创建前必做）
+
+凭感觉挑列号/行号会被 API 拒（`position is out of sheet range`）。按以下四步走：
+
+1. **查尺寸**：`+workbook-info` 拿该 sheet 的 `row_count` / `column_count`（下文记为 rowCount / columnCount；`+sheet-info` 只返回布局，不含行列总数）。
+2. **估跨度**：默认单元格 **105 px 宽 × 27 px 高**，`needCols = ceil(width/105)`，`needRows = ceil(height/27)`。
+3. **校验**：`position.row + needRows ≤ rowCount` 且 `col_idx + needCols ≤ columnCount`（col 按 A=0、B=1、…、Z=25、AA=26… 换算）。
+4. **不够就先扩表**，二选一，禁止硬塞越界位置：
+   - **优先**放数据下方空区：`position = {row: data_end_row + 2, col: "A"}`；
+   - 否则先调 `+dim-insert`（`lark-sheets-sheet-structure`）扩行/列，再 create。
+
+**示例**：21 列 sheet 放 600×400 图 → `needCols=6, needRows=15`
+- ❌ `{row: 0, col: "W"}` — col=22 越界
+- ✅ `{row: 42, col: "A"}` — 放数据下方
+- ✅ 先 `+dim-insert --dimension column --start 21 --end 27`（在 U 列后插 6 列；U=index 20，after 即从 21 起），再放图到 `{row: 0, col: "V"}`
+
+## Shortcuts
+
+| Shortcut | Risk | 分组 |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `+chart-list` | read | 对象 |
+| `+chart-create` | write | 对象 |
+| `+chart-update` | write | 对象 |
+| `+chart-delete` | high-risk-write | 对象 |
+
+## Flags
+
+### `+chart-list`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--chart-id` | string | optional | 指定单个图表 reference_id 过滤 |
+
+### `+chart-create`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--properties` | string + File + Stdin（复合 JSON） | required | 图表完整配置 JSON。顶层字段为 `position` / `offset` / `size` / `snapshot`（无顶层 `data`，也无再嵌一层 `properties`）；图表数据配置在 `snapshot.data` 下（含 `refs` / `headerMode` / `dim1` / `dim2`）。结构嵌套深，完整结构跑 `--print-schema --flag-name properties` |
+
+### `+chart-update`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--chart-id` | string | required | 目标图表 reference_id |
+| `--properties` | string + File + Stdin（复合 JSON） | required | 完整或足够完整的图表配置 JSON（先 `+chart-list` 回读再 patch） |
+
+### `+chart-delete`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--yes`、`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--chart-id` | string | required | 目标图表 reference_id |
+
+## Schemas
+
+> 复合 JSON flag 字段速查（只列顶层 + 一层嵌套）。深层结构看下方 `## Examples`，或用 `--print-schema` 读完整 JSON Schema（用法见 SKILL.md「公共 flag 速查」与「Agent 使用提示」）。
+
+### `+chart-create` `--properties` / `+chart-update` `--properties`
+
+_创建/更新的图表属性_
+
+**顶层字段**：
+- `position` (object) — 必填 { row: number, col: string }
+- `offset` (object?) — 可选 { row_offset?: number, col_offset?: number }
+- `size` (object) — 必填 { width: number, height: number }
+- `snapshot` (object?) — 图表快照配置 { title?: object, subTitle?: object, style?: object, legend?: oneOf, plotArea: object, …共 6 项 }
+
+## Examples
+
+公共四件套：所有 shortcut 顶部排列 `--url` / `--spreadsheet-token` / `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name`（XOR 规则同 `+csv-get`）。
+
+### `+chart-list`
+
+输出契约：返回按工作表分组的图表列表，每个图表含 `chart_id` / `position` / `details.snapshot` 等。
+
+### `+chart-create`
+
+> **`snapshot.data` 必填 `dim1.serie.index` 或 `dim2.series[].index` 之一**（1-based，对应 `refs.value` 范围内的列序）。schema 允许传空 `{}` 但 server 运行时强制：缺则被拒为 `snapshot.data.dim1.serie.index and dim2.series[].index are both missing; at least one must be set`，即便侥幸通过也只会渲染空图。
+
+最小可用列图（inline 模式：refs 含表头行）：
+
+```bash
+lark-cli sheets +chart-create --url "https://example.feishu.cn/sheets/shtXXX" \
+  --sheet-name "Sheet1" --properties '{
+    "position":{"row":42,"col":"A"},
+    "size":{"width":600,"height":400},
+    "snapshot":{
+      "data":{
+        "refs":[{"value":"'Sheet1'!A1:B10"}],
+        "dim1":{"serie":{"index":1}},
+        "dim2":{"series":[{"index":2}]}
+      },
+      "plotArea":{"plot":{"type":"column"}}
+    }
+  }'
+
+# 走文件（推荐配置较多时）
+lark-cli sheets +chart-create --url "..." --sheet-name "Sheet1" --properties @chart-config.json
+```
+
+**饼图专属示例**（`sectors` 必须嵌在 `plotArea.plot.series[i].sectors.sector[]`，且 `sector[].index` 1-based）：
+
+饼图比 column / bar 更复杂：`sectors` 是 object，里面再包一个**单数** `sector` 数组——CLI 不替你 normalize，写错路径会被 server schema 直接拒。
+
+```bash
+lark-cli sheets +chart-create --url "..." --sheet-name "Sheet1" --properties '{
+  "position":{"row":24,"col":"F"},
+  "size":{"width":600,"height":450},
+  "snapshot":{
+    "title":{"text":"各部门员工人数占比"},
+    "plotArea":{"plot":{
+      "type":"pie",
+      "series":[{
+        "index":1,
+        "sectors":{"sector":[{"index":1,"offsetRadius":0.05}]}
+      }]
+    }},
+    "data":{
+      "refs":[{"value":"'Sheet1'!A1:B11"}],
+      "dim1":{"serie":{"index":1,"aggregate":true}},
+      "dim2":{"series":[{"index":2,"aggregateType":"sum"}]}
+    }
+  }
+}'
+```
+
+**数据与表头分离（必须用 `detached` + `nameRef`）**：
+
+场景：周度销量明细表，真实表头在第 1 行（A1=周次、C1=订单量、D1=退款量），数据按 B 列"店铺"分段；用户只要"3 号店"那一段（第 11–17 行）。
+
+```bash
+lark-cli sheets +chart-create --url "..." --sheet-name "Sheet2" --properties '{
+  "position":{"row":7,"col":"F"},
+  "size":{"width":600,"height":360},
+  "snapshot":{
+    "title":{"text":"3 号店周度订单/退款"},
+    "plotArea":{"plot":{"type":"column"}},
+    "data":{
+      "headerMode":"detached",
+      "direction":"column",
+      "refs":[{"value":"'Sheet2'!A11:D17"}],
+      "dim1":{"serie":{"index":1,"nameRef":"'Sheet2'!A1"}},
+      "dim2":{"series":[
+        {"index":3,"nameRef":"'Sheet2'!C1"},
+        {"index":4,"nameRef":"'Sheet2'!D1"}
+      ]}
+    }
+  }
+}'
+```
+
+约束：
+- `refs` 只覆盖纯数据 `A11:D17`，**不要**把表头行 A1 并进来
+- `nameRef` 在 detached 模式下**必填**，缺了被校验报 `headerMode=detached requires ... nameRef`
+- `index` 按 refs 内的列序算（A=1、B=2、C=3、D=4），**不是**全表列号
+- `nameRef` 必须配对应的 `index`；单写 `nameRef` 不传 `index` 直接报参数错
+
+**多张图共享同一组表头（按维度拆图，必须用 detached）**：
+
+场景：销售明细表头在 A1:E1（月份/区域/销售额/订单数/客单价），数据按区域分 3 段（华北 A2:E9、华东 A10:E17、华南 A18:E25），要分别画 3 张图。
+
+❌ 常见错误：
+
+```jsonc
+// 错误 1：refs 含全局表头但跨段 —— 多个区域被混进同一张图
+{"data":{"refs":[{"value":"'Sheet'!A1:E17"}], ... }}   // 华东图混进华北 8 行
+// 错误 2：inline + refs 只取数据段、不写 detached/nameRef —— 图例显示成具体数据值
+{"data":{"refs":[{"value":"'Sheet'!A10:E17"}],"dim1":{"serie":{"index":1}}, ... }}
+```
+
+✅ 正确模式：3 张图各自 detached、refs 干净不重叠：
+
+```jsonc
+// 图 1：华北
+{"data":{
+  "headerMode":"detached","direction":"column",
+  "refs":[{"value":"'Sheet'!A2:E9"}],
+  "dim1":{"serie":{"index":1,"nameRef":"'Sheet'!A1"}},
+  "dim2":{"series":[
+    {"index":3,"nameRef":"'Sheet'!C1"},
+    {"index":4,"nameRef":"'Sheet'!D1"}
+  ]}
+}}
+// 图 2：华东 —— refs 改 'Sheet'!A10:E17，其余同上
+// 图 3：华南 —— refs 改 'Sheet'!A18:E25，其余同上
+```
+
+> `--properties` JSON 关键字段：
+> - `position.row` / `position.col` 必须留足空间，越界会被 API 拒（按本文件"图表位置选择"四步走）
+> - `snapshot.data.headerMode`：默认 inline；当 refs 仅覆盖数据子集而语义表头在子集之外，必须 `detached` + `nameRef`
+> - chart 引用 pivot 输出时，`snapshot.data.refs` 必须排除总计 / 小计行
+
+### `+chart-update`
+
+**Update 三步法**（缺一步会丢字段）：
+
+1. `+chart-list --chart-id <id>` 拿到完整 snapshot
+2. 在拿到的 snapshot 上**局部**修改要改的字段，其余保持不变
+3. 把**完整 snapshot** 整个回写到 `--properties.snapshot`
+
+```bash
+lark-cli sheets +chart-update --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --chart-id "chrXXX" \
+  --properties '{
+    "position":{"row":0,"col":"A"},
+    "size":{"width":480,"height":320},
+    "snapshot": <完整快照（由 +chart-list 取回后局部修改）>
+  }'
+```
+
+> 关键：**不能只提交局部 snapshot**，否则未传字段会被还原为默认值。`+chart-update` 的语义是 PUT（整体覆盖），不是 PATCH。
+
+### `+chart-delete`
+
+示例：
+
+```bash
+# dry-run 先看会删什么（sheet 定位必填）
+lark-cli sheets +chart-delete --url "https://example.feishu.cn/sheets/shtXXX" --sheet-id "$SID" \
+  --chart-id "chrXXX" --dry-run
+
+# 真正执行
+lark-cli sheets +chart-delete --url "https://example.feishu.cn/sheets/shtXXX" --sheet-id "$SID" \
+  --chart-id "chrXXX" --yes
+```
+
+### Validate / DryRun / Execute 约束
+
+- `Validate`：XOR 公共四件套；`+chart-create` / `+chart-update` 的 `--properties` 必须能解析为合法 JSON；`+chart-delete`（high-risk-write）校验 `--yes` 或 `--dry-run` 至少一个。
+- `DryRun`：`+chart-create` / `+chart-update` 输出"将要 POST 的 body 模板"；`+chart-delete` 输出"将要删除的 chart_id 及隶属 sheet"，零网络副作用。
+- `Execute`：写操作执行后不自动回读；如需确认，自行调用 `+chart-list` 比对结果。
+
+> `+chart-create` / `+chart-update` 是 write 级别，按需可用 `--dry-run` 预览，不要求 `--yes`。只有 `+chart-delete`（high-risk-write）必须 `--yes`。
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-conditional-format.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-conditional-format.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9d58ea09b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-conditional-format.md
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+# Lark Sheet Conditional Format
+
+## 真对象硬约束 + 触发词清单
+
+用户出现以下口语指令时，**强制**走 `+cond-format-{create|update|delete}`，**禁止**用 `+cells-set` 写静态背景色 / 字体色代替：
+
+- **颜色动作**："标红 / 标黄 / 标绿 / 上色 / 染色 / 涂色 / 表红色 / 表黄色"
+- **视觉强调**："高亮 / 突出 / 标记 / 标注 / 区分"
+- **条件触发**："重复的标出来 / 异常的圈出来 / 过期的染红 / 大于 X 的标黄 / 不达标的标红"
+- **联动语义**："颜色随数据变 / 联动 / 自动更新 / 改了数据颜色也跟着变"
+- **数值可视化**："数据条 / 色阶 / 渐变色 / 进度条样式"
+
+飞书表格的"颜色标记"语义 = 条件格式规则 ≠ 静态背景色。如果用 `+cells-set` 写静态，源数据变化时颜色不会跟着变（典型反例：用户要求"过期单元格标红"时，模型用静态填充——日期变化后单元格颜色不再准确反映过期状态）。
+
+**判断标准**：交付后 `+cond-format-list` 必须能返回该规则；否则视为违规。
+
+**大数据量首选**：当数据量 > 1000 行时，条件格式是首选——它由飞书自身渲染，比"本地脚本逐行计算 + `+cells-set` 写静态背景色"更高效、更稳（颜色还能随源数据自动联动）。
+
+## 使用场景
+
+读写条件格式对象。本 reference 覆盖 4 个 shortcut：
+
+| 操作需求 | 使用工具 | 说明 |
+|---------|---------|------|
+| 查看已有条件格式 | `+cond-format-list` | 获取规则类型、范围和样式配置 |
+| 创建/更新/删除条件格式 | `+cond-format-{create|update|delete}` | 对条件格式规则执行写入操作 |
+
+典型工作流：先读取现有条件格式了解配置 → 执行创建/更新/删除 → **必须再次读取验证结果**。
+
+**常见配置错误（必须注意）**：
+- **创建后必须验证**：条件格式创建后必须调用 `+cond-format-list` 验证规则是否生效。如果验证发现规则未生效或配置不正确，应立即修复并重试
+- **范围要精确**：条件格式的应用范围必须精确覆盖用户指定的列/行，不要遗漏
+- **`style.back_color` vs `style.fore_color` 的中文语义**：用户中文语境下的"**标红/高亮/染色/标记**"指**单元格背景色**，用 `back_color`；"**文字红/字体红/把字变红**"才用 `fore_color`。默认无说明时选 `back_color`。把过期数据涂红、重复值高亮等都应该是 `back_color: "#FFE6E6"`（或类似浅红）配合可选的 `fore_color` 加深字体
+- **日期/空值比较必须防空**：用户说"过期的标红"时，除了 `TODAY()`，公式必须排除空单元格，否则空白格也会被误判为"早于今天"而全表标红。正确公式：`=AND(E1<>"", E1<=TODAY())`；错误公式：`=E1<=TODAY()`（空值会被当作 0 判为过期）
+- **公式条件注意引用方式**：自定义公式条件中的单元格引用需要根据实际场景选择相对/绝对引用（如 `=E1<=TODAY()` 而非 `=$E$1<=TODAY()`，后者只比较一个格）
+
+⚠️ **用户明确要求"辅助列+条件格式"两步走时，禁止用 `expression` 绕过（高频致命错误）**：当用户说以下任意一种表达时，必须按两步走（先建辅助列 → 再基于辅助列做条件格式），**禁止**直接用一个 `rule_type: "expression"` 公式一步完成：
+
+- "**增加辅助列**，再/然后标记……"
+- "**先计算/判断** XX **是否** YY，**再**标记……"
+- "**新建一列**放结果，再用结果染色"
+- 明确要求用 "辅助列"、"辅助字段"、"判断列"、"标记列"
+
+**正确做法（两步走）**：
+
+```
+Step 1: `+cells-set` 在新列写判断公式（形成"是/否"或布尔辅助列）
+  range="H2", cells=[[{formula: "=IF(A2>B2, \"是\", \"否\")"}]], --copy-to-range="H2:H100"
+
+Step 2: 基于辅助列值做条件格式（用 cellIs 或引用辅助列的 expression）
+  `+cond-format-{create|update|delete}` create
+    rule_type: "expression"
+    ranges: ["A2:H100"]  // 整行高亮
+    attrs: [{formula: ["=$H2=\"是\""]}]  // 引用辅助列
+    style: {back_color: "#FFECEC"}
+```
+
+**错误做法（一步走绕过辅助列）**：
+
+```
+`+cond-format-{create|update|delete}` create
+  rule_type: "expression"
+  ranges: ["2:145"]
+  attrs: [{formula: ["=$O2>$H2"]}]   ← 虽然逻辑等价，但产物里缺辅助列 → 不满足用户明确要求的"辅助列"诉求
+```
+
+为什么禁止一步走：用户明确要求辅助列是有**业务意图**的——让人肉眼能在表里看到"是/否"列；条件格式只是视觉辅助。一步 expression 虽然效果对了，但用户打开表格看不到辅助列，被视为"操作不完整/未采用公式"。
+
+`expression` 单独使用的场景是：用户**没有**明确要求辅助列、只要"标红符合条件的行"时。
+
+⚠️ **创建条件格式前必须读数据行确认列对应**：仅读首行表头（`+csv-get range="A1:Z1"`）不够——如果表头语义含糊（比如"时间"、"日期"这种多列同义词），formula 里引用的列字母可能张冠李戴。必须再读 3-5 行**数据样本**（如 `range="A2:Z6"`）确认：①列名对应的实际值；②字段含义匹配用户描述；③数据类型是日期/数字/文本。特别是比较类条件格式（`=$A2>$B2` 这种），列字母选错整条规则就废了。
+
+## Shortcuts
+
+| Shortcut | Risk | 分组 |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `+cond-format-list` | read | 对象 |
+| `+cond-format-create` | write | 对象 |
+| `+cond-format-update` | write | 对象 |
+| `+cond-format-delete` | high-risk-write | 对象 |
+
+## Flags
+
+### `+cond-format-list`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--rule-id` | string | optional | 按规则 id 过滤 |
+
+### `+cond-format-create`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--properties` | string + File + Stdin（复合 JSON） | required | 规则配置 JSON，含 `style`（命中样式，必填）和 `attrs?`（规则参数列表，因 `rule_type` 不同结构而异）/ `has_ref?`。`rule_type` 和 `ranges` 已拎为独立 flag |
+| `--rule-type` | string | required | 条件格式规则类型；优先级高于 `--properties` 中同名字段（可选值：`duplicateValues` / `uniqueValues` / `cellIs` / `containsText` / `timePeriod` / `containsBlanks` / `notContainsBlanks` / `dataBar` / `colorScale` / `rank` / `aboveAverage` / `expression` / `iconSet`） |
+| `--ranges` | string + File + Stdin（简单 JSON） | required | 应用条件格式的 A1 范围 JSON 数组（如 `["A1:A100","C2:C50"]`）；优先级高于 `--properties` 中同名字段 |
+
+### `+cond-format-update`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--rule-id` | string | required | 目标规则 id |
+| `--properties` | string + File + Stdin（复合 JSON） | required | 规则配置 JSON，结构同 `+cond-format-create` 的 `--properties`；update 是整组覆盖式 |
+| `--rule-type` | string | required | 条件格式规则类型；优先级高于 `--properties` 中同名字段（可选值：`duplicateValues` / `uniqueValues` / `cellIs` / `containsText` / `timePeriod` / `containsBlanks` / `notContainsBlanks` / `dataBar` / `colorScale` / `rank` / `aboveAverage` / `expression` / `iconSet`） |
+| `--ranges` | string + File + Stdin（简单 JSON） | required | 应用条件格式的 A1 范围 JSON 数组（如 `["A1:A100","C2:C50"]`）；优先级高于 `--properties` 中同名字段 |
+
+### `+cond-format-delete`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--yes`、`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--rule-id` | string | required | 目标规则 id |
+
+## Schemas
+
+> 复合 JSON flag 字段速查（只列顶层 + 一层嵌套）。深层结构看下方 `## Examples`，或用 `--print-schema` 读完整 JSON Schema（用法见 SKILL.md「公共 flag 速查」与「Agent 使用提示」）。
+
+### `+cond-format-create` `--properties` / `+cond-format-update` `--properties`
+
+_创建/更新的条件格式属性_
+
+**顶层字段**：
+- `rule_type` (enum) — 条件格式规则类型 [duplicateValues / uniqueValues / cellIs / containsText / timePeriod / containsBlanks / notContainsBlanks / dataBar / colorScale / rank / aboveAverage / expression / iconSet] — ⚠️ 已拎为独立 flag `--rule-type`，请勿在此 JSON 内重复填写（同名以独立 flag 为准）
+- `ranges` (array<string>) — 应用条件格式的 A1 范围列表 — ⚠️ 已拎为独立 flag `--ranges`，请勿在此 JSON 内重复填写（同名以独立 flag 为准）
+- `style` (object) — 命中规则时应用的单元格样式 { back_color?: string, fore_color?: string, text_decoration?: enum, font?: enum }
+- `attrs` (array<oneOf>?) — 规则参数列表
+- `has_ref` (boolean?) — 可选
+
+## Examples
+
+公共四件套：所有 shortcut 顶部排列 `--url` / `--spreadsheet-token` / `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name`（XOR）。
+
+### `+cond-format-list`
+
+```bash
+# 列出当前 sheet 全部条件格式规则（拿 rule_id 供 update/delete）
+lark-cli sheets +cond-format-list --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID"
+```
+
+### `+cond-format-create`
+
+`--rule-type` / `--ranges` 是独立 flag（不要再放 `--properties`）；`style` / `attrs` 等结构走 `--properties`：
+
+```bash
+# 重复值高亮
+lark-cli sheets +cond-format-create --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" \
+  --rule-type duplicateValues --ranges '["A1:A100"]' \
+  --properties '{"style":{"back_color":"#FFD7D7"}}'
+
+# 数据条
+lark-cli sheets +cond-format-create --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" \
+  --rule-type dataBar --ranges '["B2:B100"]' \
+  --properties @rule.json
+```
+
+### `+cond-format-update`
+
+整组覆盖式：先 `+cond-format-list --rule-id <id>` 拿当前完整配置，改后整组传回。
+
+### `+cond-format-delete`
+
+```bash
+lark-cli sheets +cond-format-delete --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --rule-id "$RULE_ID" --yes
+```
+
+> 一次只删一个 `--rule-id`。要删**多个**条件格式时，先 `+cond-format-list` 拿到各 `rule-id`，再用 `+batch-update` 把多个 `+cond-format-delete` 合并为单次原子提交，不要逐个调用。
+
+### Validate / DryRun / Execute 约束
+
+- `Validate`：XOR 公共四件套；`--rule-type` / `--ranges` 必填；`--properties` 必须能解析为合法 JSON；按 `--rule-type` 检查必填子字段（`cellIs` 需 `attrs.operator` + `attrs.value`、`expression` 需 `attrs.formula`、`colorScale` 需 `min/mid/max` 配色等）；`+cond-format-delete` 强制 `--yes` 或 `--dry-run`。
+- `DryRun`：写操作输出"将要 POST/PATCH/DELETE 的 conditional_format 请求模板"。
+- `Execute`：写后不自动回读；如需确认，自行调用 `+cond-format-list --rule-id <id>` 比对规则 / 范围 / 样式。
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-core-operations.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-core-operations.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c7c915c48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-core-operations.md
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+# 飞书表格核心操作：分析、编辑与可视化
+
+## 概览
+
+面向"已有飞书表格"的核心工作流，核心原则：**先了解，再分析或写入，最后验证**。本文是方法论总纲；具体工具的参数细节、边界陷阱在对应子 skill，本文用指针引到那里，不重复展开。
+
+**三份「通用方法与规范」如何分工**（都不含 shortcut，按主题单一归属）：
+
+- **本文（core-operations）= 流程与铁律**：端到端工作流 + 全局铁律 + 横切陷阱，是读取入口与枢纽。
+- **`lark-sheets-visual-standards` = 样式知识**：配色 / 表头 / 数值格式 / 斑马纹 / 美化决策等"正确视觉输出"的全部标准。
+- **`lark-sheets-formula-translation` = 公式知识**：飞书公式书写与 Excel 迁移的全部正确性规则（绝对引用、范围语法、数组语义、不支持函数等）。
+
+> **下面的铁律对所有任务一律生效**，即使你是被索引直接路由进 visual 或 formula 而没经过本文——编辑类任务务必先回到这里过一遍铁律。
+
+## 铁律（所有编辑类任务必须满足，子 skill 不得放宽）
+
+1. **最小改动**：除用户明示要改的单元格 / 列外，原表其它单元格、行列结构、Sheet 名、合并区、格式必须 1:1 保持。中间结果优先放原数据**右侧**；会与原数据混淆或要承载透视表 / 图表时才**新建空白 Sheet**。**禁止**擅自删 / 改名 / 隐藏 / 移动**已存在**的 Sheet（新建允许，节制使用）。
+2. **真实写回 + 回读校验**：交付必须是对在线表格的真实写入，并 `+csv-get` / `+cells-get` / `+<对象>-list` 回读校验。**严禁**只在文本里描述"已完成"、用普通公式 / 文本假装结构化对象、或只给占位而无真实写入。
+3. **读全再写，禁止只探前 N 行**：批量填充 / 补齐 / 修正类任务必须先确认**真实数据末行**再写，否则会漏写表尾（高频致命错误）。完整的"按表格形态分流读取 + `current_region` / `has_more` 兜底 + 真实末行确认"流程见 `lark-sheets-read-data` 的「确定数据范围的正确流程」。
+4. **公式优先于硬编码**：能用飞书公式表达的计算（总计 / 占比 / 增长率 / 提取 / 查找等）一律写公式而非静态值，源数据变化才能自动重算。用户口头的"分列 / 排序 / 求和 / 提取"也要落地为公式或原生工具（SORT / `TEXTBEFORE` / `MID` / 透视表 等）。Excel 公式迁移、数组语义、不支持函数清单一律以 `lark-sheets-formula-translation` 为唯一权威。
+5. **续写 / 扩展必须继承样式**：续写、补齐、复制区块、新增行列时，**禁止**只读值只写值。必须连带 `cell_styles` + `border_styles` + 合并 + 行高一起继承。完整继承清单与做法见 `lark-sheets-write-cells` 的「新增列 / 新增行的样式继承」（`border_styles` 四边最易漏）。
+6. **多步写入优先 `+batch-update`**：多个连续写入、或同一工具对多个区域重复调用（多次 merge / resize / cells-set），必须合并为单次原子 `+batch-update`。语义与不可嵌套的限制见 `lark-sheets-batch-update`。
+7. **分组汇总必须用透视表**："按 X 统计 Y / 分组汇总 / 各部门数量金额"必须用 `+pivot-{create|update|delete}`（推荐省略 sheet_id 自动新建子表），**禁止**用 SUMIF / COUNTIF 或本地脚本覆盖原表替代。
+8. **任务拆成可验证 checklist**：落地前把指令拆成所有"独立可验证子要点"，每点一个 `assert`，全部通过才交付：多维度操作（按部门一/二/三级排序）每维一个 assert；多目标（删 N 行）每目标一个；多格式兼容（多种日期格式）每种至少一个样本；范围类（A1:H11 加边框）起 / 末行 / 末列三边界都核。只完成第一个要点（只排一级、只删 1 行）属违规。
+9. **全量处理要前置断言条数**：翻译 / 打标 / 批量公式落地等逐条任务，落地前把"预期处理条数"硬编码进代码，处理完 `assert actual == expected`。**严禁**输出"已完成前 N 条，剩余将继续"的半成品。
+
+## 推荐工作流程
+
+1. **规划 skill 清单**：开工前一次性列出本任务要读的子 skill（避免读一个调一个），本轮已读过的不重复读。本 skill + `lark-sheets-workbook` 几乎每次都要。
+2. **了解结构**：先 `+workbook-info` 拿子表列表 / 行列数 / 冻结位置（不可猜测，猜错会越界覆盖）；涉及合并 / 隐藏 / 分组 / 行高列宽再用 `lark-sheets-sheet-structure` 的 `+sheet-info`。
+3. **读取数据（按任务类型选路径，细则见 `lark-sheets-read-data`）**：
+
+   | 用户需求语义 | 路径 |
+   |---|---|
+   | "完善 / 补齐 / 填空 / 修正所有 XX" / 数据分析 / 清洗 / 大数据集 | **A：原生优先**（公式 / `+pivot` / `+filter`，见第 5 步）；原生表达不了或更复杂时**分批 `+csv-get` 导出 + 本地脚本处理 + 分批回写**（默认覆盖所有对应数据行，不以用户选区为准；脚本与 CLI 配合见下方「CLI 配合要点」） |
+   | "查一下 / 看看 / 统计 / 汇总" 等只读 | B：`+csv-get` 读到上下文 |
+   | 需要公式 / 样式 / 批注 | C：`+cells-get` |
+   | 续写 / 扩展 / 完善已有内容 | D：`+csv-get` 看结构 + `+cells-get` 读源区样式 + `+sheet-info --include row_heights,merges`（见铁律 5） |
+
+   **【高频致命错误】** 对"完善 / 补齐 / 填空"类任务用路径 B 探 10 行就写入，实测会漏写表尾多行。写入前必须按 `lark-sheets-read-data`「确定数据范围的正确流程」确认真实数据末行。按关键字定位区域用 `lark-sheets-search-replace` 的 `+cells-search`。
+
+4. **理解数据语义（写入前必做）**：读表头 + 3-5 行样本确认各列含义与格式（文本 / 数字 / 日期 / 混合）；写公式前先分析样本值格式模式再选提取策略；建透视表前先列清"行字段=分组维度、值字段=聚合指标"。需求模糊时（如"加入加减乘除"未说逻辑）基于表头与已有公式推断，不确定就问用户，禁止臆造业务逻辑。
+
+5. **分析与计算（原生工具优先，代码兜底）**：飞书原生能力能随数据自动更新，**必须优先**：
+
+   | 用户需求 | 必须用的原生工具 | 禁止用代码替代 |
+   |---|---|---|
+   | 按 X 统计 Y、分组汇总 | `+pivot-{create\|update\|delete}` | pandas groupby → `+cells-set` |
+   | 求和 / 计数 / 平均 / 占比 | 公式（SUM/COUNT/AVERAGE） | Python 算 → 写静态值 |
+   | 画图表 / 可视化 | `+chart-{create\|update\|delete}` | matplotlib 画图 |
+   | 条件高亮 / 色阶 | `+cond-format-{create\|update\|delete}` | 逐单元格设样式 |
+   | 数据筛选 | `+filter-{create\|update\|delete}` | pandas filter → 覆盖写入 |
+   | 文本提取 / 转换 | 公式（REGEXEXTRACT/TEXT/VALUE） | Python 正则 → 写静态值 |
+   | 查找匹配 | 公式（VLOOKUP/INDEX+MATCH） | pandas merge → 写静态值 |
+
+   **只有以下才用代码**：多步清洗流水线、统计建模、公式试错 3 次仍失败的降级。代码结果回写：大块纯值用 `+csv-put`（+ `--start-cell`，必要时自动扩容）；少量或需公式 / 样式用 `+cells-set`；能用飞书公式表达的写飞书公式。
+
+6. **写入与修改（细节见 `lark-sheets-write-cells`）**：`+cells-set` 的 `range` 必须落在已有行列范围内、`cells` 二维数组与 `range` 严格同维；表尾追加先用 `+dim-insert` 插行列再写；整列 / 整行同结构的值 / 公式 / 格式用模板单元格 + `--copy-to-range`，禁止逐行 `+cells-set`；多步写入合并为 `+batch-update`；改尺寸先读相邻可见行列当前尺寸再决定 `pixel` / `standard` / `auto`，不要猜数值。
+
+7. **验证**：重新读取受影响区域确认值 / 公式 / 样式 / 批注符合预期；对象类（图表 / 透视表 / 条件格式 / 筛选 / 迷你图 / 浮动图片）重新读对象配置确认；出错先定位错误类型 / 受影响区域 / 根因再修复重验。
+
+## 用本地代码 / 脚本时的 CLI 配合要点
+
+复杂处理——多步清洗、统计建模、批量转换、语义任务的分批编排等——用代码（`python` / `node` 等）解决是完全正当的。原生能力（公式 / `+pivot` / `+filter`）能表达就优先用（可随源数据自动重算）；原生表达不了或逻辑更复杂时，放手用代码。下面几条让脚本与 CLI 顺畅配合：
+
+- **解析输出时只读 stdout**：CLI 把数据 JSON 写到 stdout、把诊断与警告写到 stderr。解析 JSON 时**不要合并这两条流**（即不要 `2>&1`），否则警告行混进 JSON 会让解析失败。用管道（`lark-cli … | jq …`）或先把 stdout 单独重定向到文件再读；需要诊断信息时把 stderr 另导到一个文件。
+- **喂给 CLI 的 CSV / JSON 用 UTF-8、不带 BOM**：BOM 会污染首格的值或触发 `invalid character` 解析错；脚本读写文件时显式指定 `encoding='utf-8'`。
+- **临时文件交给运行时的标准库**：用 `tempfile.gettempdir()` / `os.tmpdir()` 等取临时目录，不要硬编码固定路径；放在用户项目目录之外。
+- **命令失败先读错误再调整**：同一条命令失败后不要原样重发；先看 stderr 的报错（参数错误、缺依赖、解释器不可用等）定位原因，再决定换写法、补依赖或退回原生工具。
+
+## 公式策略
+
+- **公式优先于硬编码**（同铁律 4）：能用公式表达的计算一律写公式，源数据变化才能自动重算。
+- **写任何公式前先读 `lark-sheets-formula-translation`**：它是公式正确性的唯一权威，覆盖绝对引用（`$`）、飞书范围语法（`H:H` 与工具 A1 表示法的区别）、ARRAYFORMULA / 数组语义、Excel 迁移、不支持函数清单等全部规则。本文不再单列这些细则。
+
+## 常见陷阱（铁律已覆盖的不再重复，仅列易漏点）
+
+- **合并单元格**：合并区只有左上角存数据，其余读为空是正常行为；写入只能写左上角，写其它位置会报 `cell ... is inside a merged region`。改合并区先取消再操作。安全操作 5 条与"批量取消用大 range 一次调用"见 `lark-sheets-range-operations`。
+- **`+dim-insert` 不继承行高**：`--inherit-style before/after` 只继承值 / 公式 / 边框，不继承 `row_height`，新行会回落默认高度截断长文本；中间插行填文本前先读相邻行 `row_height`，用 `+batch-update` 合 `+rows-resize` 补齐。
+- **公式容错**：日期 / 查找 / 数值转换公式用 `IFERROR` 包裹；写完读结果列首 5 + 末 5 行查 `#VALUE!` / `#NAME?` / `#REF!` / `#DIV/0!`；同一方案试错上限 3 次，超了改代码以值写入。
+- **循环引用**：聚合公式（SUM/AVERAGE）引用范围不能含目标 cell 自身或其传递依赖。
+- **NaN / 空值 / 除零**：空值不直接参与运算；除法用 `IF` / `IFERROR` 防零。
+- **排序 / 筛选混合文本列**：带货币符 / 单位 / 表达式的文本列直接排序 / 筛选会按字典序出错，先抽数值到辅助列再处理（细则见 `lark-sheets-range-operations` / `lark-sheets-filter`）。
+- **隐藏行列**：`+csv-get` 默认 `--skip-hidden=false`（含隐藏行列）；设 `true` 只看可见数据，但返回行序号与实际行号不再对应。
+- **行号一律取 `[row=N]` 前缀**：`+csv-get` 的 CSV 中双引号内换行是单元格内换行不是新行；禁止数 `\n`、禁止用"序号列"当行号（细则见 `lark-sheets-read-data`）。
+- **列字母取 `col_indices[j]`**：禁止手数表头逗号定位列（>10 列极易 off-by-one）。
+- **跨 sheet 对象**：图表 / 条件格式 / 透视表 / 浮动图片可能分布在多个子表，操作前先 `+workbook-info` 掌握全局。
+- **`+cells-search` 不是万能**：用户说"汇总金额"是操作动作（求和），不是搜索该文本；只在确需定位某文本位置时才用。
+
+## 特殊场景
+
+### 续写 / 复制已有区块格式
+
+核心要求见铁律 5。机制（带齐哪些样式字段、怎么采样写入）见 `lark-sheets-write-cells` 的「新增列 / 新增行的样式继承」；样式标准（斑马纹奇偶 / 配色 / 边框层级）见 `lark-sheets-visual-standards` 场景二。本文不再展开。
+
+### NLP 任务处理
+
+任务涉及语义理解、翻译、改写、摘要、分类、抽取、多行聚合时，以 NLP 方式处理，不要用纯规则代码替代语义理解（但可用代码做分批、行号映射、结果拼装与写回）。数据量大时**必须**分批（通常 30 行一批），每批处理完立即写回，不要全处理完再一次写入；单批生成通常不超 300 行，超出时按性质抽样或分批并向用户说明范围；多批写入优先用 `+batch-update` 合并为原子提交。
+
+### 格式处理优先公式
+
+"去除多余零 / 提取数字 / 文本格式转换 / 日期格式化"等清洗，**必须优先用公式**（`SUBSTITUTE` / `TEXT` / `VALUE` / `LEFT` / `RIGHT` / `MID` 等）：写一个模板 + `--copy-to-range` 即可整列处理，远比逐行修改高效。
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-dropdown.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-dropdown.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 2086b9621..000000000
--- a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-dropdown.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,133 +0,0 @@
-# Sheets Dropdown
-
-> **前置条件：** 先阅读 [`../lark-shared/SKILL.md`](../../lark-shared/SKILL.md) 了解认证、全局参数和安全规则。
-
-这份 reference 汇总下拉列表配置：
-
-- `+set-dropdown`
-- `+update-dropdown`
-- `+get-dropdown`
-- `+delete-dropdown`
-
-> **关键规则：** 使用 `multipleValue` 写入前，必须先设置下拉列表；否则值会被当成纯文本。
-
-<a id="set-dropdown"></a>
-## `+set-dropdown`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +set-dropdown`
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +set-dropdown --url "https://example.larksuite.com/sheets/shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --range "<sheetId>!A2:A100" --condition-values '["选项1", "选项2", "选项3"]'
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--range` | 是 | 范围（如 `<sheetId>!A2:A100`） |
-| `--condition-values` | 是 | 下拉选项 JSON 数组 |
-| `--multiple` | 否 | 是否多选 |
-| `--highlight` | 否 | 是否着色 |
-| `--colors` | 否 | 颜色 JSON 数组 |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-输出：`code`、`msg`
-
-<a id="update-dropdown"></a>
-## `+update-dropdown`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +update-dropdown`
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +update-dropdown --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" \
-  --ranges '["<sheetId>!A1:A100"]' \
-  --condition-values '["选项A", "选项B"]'
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--sheet-id` | 是 | 工作表 ID |
-| `--ranges` | 是 | 范围 JSON 数组 |
-| `--condition-values` | 是 | 选项 JSON 数组 |
-| `--multiple` | 否 | 是否多选 |
-| `--highlight` | 否 | 是否着色 |
-| `--colors` | 否 | 颜色 JSON 数组 |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-输出：`spreadsheetToken`、`sheetId`、`dataValidation`
-
-<a id="get-dropdown"></a>
-## `+get-dropdown`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +get-dropdown`
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +get-dropdown --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --range "<sheetId>!A2:A100"
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--range` | 是 | 查询范围 |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-输出：
-
-- `dataValidations[].conditionValues`
-- `dataValidations[].ranges`
-- `dataValidations[].options.multipleValues`
-- `dataValidations[].options.highlightValidData`
-- `dataValidations[].options.colorValueMap`
-
-<a id="delete-dropdown"></a>
-## `+delete-dropdown`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +delete-dropdown`
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +delete-dropdown --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --ranges '["<sheetId>!A2:A100", "<sheetId>!C1:C50"]'
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--ranges` | 是 | 范围 JSON 数组 |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-输出：
-
-- `rangeResults[].range`
-- `rangeResults[].success`
-- `rangeResults[].updatedCells`
-
-## 典型流程
-
-```bash
-# 1. 配置下拉
-lark-cli sheets +set-dropdown --url "<url>" \
-  --range "<sheetId>!J2:J100" --condition-values '["选项1","选项2"]' --multiple
-
-# 2. 再写入 multipleValue
-lark-cli sheets +write --url "<url>" --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --range "J2" \
-  --values '[[{"type":"multipleValue","values":["选项1","选项2"]}]]'
-```
-
-## 参考
-
-- [cell-data](lark-sheets-cell-data.md#write) — 写入普通单元格数据
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-filter-view.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-filter-view.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b9ed3909
--- /dev/null
+++ b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-filter-view.md
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+# Lark Sheet Filter View
+
+## 概念回顾
+
+筛选视图是 sheet 内的多份独立筛选配置，每个视图持有自己的 `range` 和 `rules`，由独立 `view_id`（10 位随机字符串）标识。一个 sheet 可有多个视图，视图的隐藏行仅在用户进入该视图时本地生效，不影响其他协作者，也不与该 sheet 上可能并存的筛选器（filter）互相影响。
+
+`+filter-view-{create|update|delete}` 负责视图本身的 CRUD（create / update / delete）；视图的"进入 / 退出"（激活态）是本地状态，不在工具语义内。
+
+## 使用场景
+
+读写筛选视图对象。本 reference 覆盖 4 个 shortcut：
+
+| 操作需求 | 使用工具 | 说明 |
+|---------|---------|------|
+| 查看已有筛选视图 | `+filter-view-list` | 获取 sheet 上所有视图（视图名、范围、规则） |
+| 创建 / 更新 / 删除筛选视图 | `+filter-view-{create|update|delete}` | create / update / delete 三个独立 shortcut |
+
+典型工作流：先读取现有视图了解配置 → 执行创建 / 更新 / 删除 → **必须再次读取验证结果**。
+
+**常见配置错误（必须注意）**：
+- **视图范围必须覆盖表头行**：视图的 range 必须从表头行开始（如 `A1:F100`），不能只包含数据行
+- **更新前先读取**：用户说"调整这个视图"时，先用 `+filter-view-list` 拉到目标视图当前 rules，**只改差异列**再回写
+- **多次 create 不能复用 view_id**：复用应走 `update`，重复 `create` 会产生新视图
+- **筛选不支持正则表达式**：飞书表格筛选器不支持正则表达式，传入正则会当成普通文本处理
+
+## Shortcuts
+
+| Shortcut | Risk | 分组 |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `+filter-view-list` | read | 对象 |
+| `+filter-view-create` | write | 对象 |
+| `+filter-view-update` | write | 对象 |
+| `+filter-view-delete` | high-risk-write | 对象 |
+
+## Flags
+
+### `+filter-view-list`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--view-id` | string | optional | 按筛选视图 reference_id 过滤（命中即只返回单个视图） |
+
+### `+filter-view-create`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--properties` | string + File + Stdin（复合 JSON） | required | 筛选视图规则 JSON，含 `rules?`（列级筛选规则数组）和 `filtered_columns?`。`range` 和 `view_name` 是独立 flag |
+| `--range` | string | required | 筛选视图作用的单元格范围（A1 表示法，如 `A1:F1000`）；优先级高于 `--properties` 中同名字段；create 必填，必须覆盖表头行 |
+| `--view-name` | string | optional | 筛选视图名称；create 不传时系统自动分配，update 不传时保留原名；优先级高于 `--properties` 中同名字段 |
+
+### `+filter-view-update`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--view-id` | string | required | 目标筛选视图 reference_id |
+| `--properties` | string + File + Stdin（复合 JSON） | required | 筛选视图规则 JSON，含 `rules?` 和 `filtered_columns?`；update 是整组覆盖式（先 `+filter-view-list` 回读再 patch；传空 `rules: []` 清空）。`range` 和 `view_name` 是独立 flag |
+| `--range` | string | optional | 筛选视图作用的单元格范围（A1 表示法，如 `A1:F1000`）；优先级高于 `--properties` 中同名字段；update 时省略表示保留当前 range |
+| `--view-name` | string | optional | 筛选视图名称；create 不传时系统自动分配，update 不传时保留原名；优先级高于 `--properties` 中同名字段 |
+
+### `+filter-view-delete`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--yes`、`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--view-id` | string | required | 目标筛选视图 reference_id |
+
+## Schemas
+
+> 复合 JSON flag 字段速查（只列顶层 + 一层嵌套）。深层结构看下方 `## Examples`，或用 `--print-schema` 读完整 JSON Schema（用法见 SKILL.md「公共 flag 速查」与「Agent 使用提示」）。
+
+### `+filter-view-create` `--properties` / `+filter-view-update` `--properties`
+
+_create / update 的视图属性_
+
+**顶层字段**：
+- `view_name` (string?) — 可选 — ⚠️ 已拎为独立 flag `--view-name`，请勿在此 JSON 内重复填写（同名以独立 flag 为准）
+- `range` (string?) — 视图作用的单元格范围（A1 表示法） — ⚠️ 已拎为独立 flag `--range`，请勿在此 JSON 内重复填写（同名以独立 flag 为准）
+- `rules` (array<object>?) — 列级筛选规则列表，每一项对应一个具体列的筛选条件 each: { column_index: string, conditions: array<oneOf>, filtered_rows?: array<number> }
+- `filtered_columns` (array<string>?) — 可选
+
+## Examples
+
+公共四件套：所有 shortcut 顶部排列 `--url` / `--spreadsheet-token` / `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name`（XOR）。`view_id` 是 10 位随机字符串，每个 sheet 可有多个视图。
+
+### `+filter-view-list`
+
+```bash
+# 列出某个 sheet 的全部筛选视图
+lark-cli sheets +filter-view-list --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID"
+
+# 按 view_id 精确定位
+lark-cli sheets +filter-view-list --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --view-id vAbcde1234
+```
+
+### `+filter-view-create`
+
+`--range`（必填）/ `--view-name`（可选）是独立 flag；`rules` 走 `--properties`：
+
+```bash
+lark-cli sheets +filter-view-create --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" \
+  --view-name "活跃用户" --range "A1:F1000" \
+  --properties '{"rules":[{"column_index":"C","conditions":[{"type":"number","compare_type":"greaterThan","values":[100]}]}]}'
+```
+
+> `--range` **必须覆盖表头行**（如 `A1:F1000`），不能只包含数据行；`--view-name` 重名时服务端自动改名。
+
+### `+filter-view-update`
+
+> ⚠️ update 是整组覆盖（PUT 语义）：`--properties` **必传**，未在请求里出现的 rules / filtered_columns 会被清空。如要保留已有 rules，先 `+filter-view-list` 读回再合并写回。`--range` 变更会丢弃已有筛选规则属预期行为（rules 跟当前 range 绑定）。重复 `+filter-view-create` 不会复用 view_id，会产生新视图。
+
+### `+filter-view-delete`
+
+> ⚠️ 删除**已存在**的视图不可逆；目标 view_id **不存在**时按幂等成功返回（不报错）。先 `--dry-run` 看 view_id 确认。
+
+### Validate / DryRun / Execute 约束
+
+- `Validate`：XOR 公共四件套；`+filter-view-create` 校验 `--range` 起始行为表头（第一行）；`+filter-view-update` 必须先 `+filter-view-list` 确认 view 存在，`--properties` 必传（整组覆盖式）；`+filter-view-delete` 强制 `--yes` 或 `--dry-run`。
+- `DryRun`：输出"将要 POST/PATCH/DELETE 的 view 请求模板"，零网络副作用；`--sheet-name` 在 dry-run 输出里生成为 `<resolve:Sheet1>` 占位符。
+- `Execute`：写后不自动回读；如需确认，自行调用 `+filter-view-list --view-id <new>` 比对当前 range + rules。
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-filter-views.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-filter-views.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 0535799b2..000000000
--- a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-filter-views.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,193 +0,0 @@
-# Sheets Filter Views
-
-> **前置条件：** 先阅读 [`../lark-shared/SKILL.md`](../../lark-shared/SKILL.md) 了解认证、全局参数和安全规则。
-
-这份 reference 汇总筛选视图和筛选条件：
-
-- `+create-filter-view`
-- `+update-filter-view`
-- `+list-filter-views`
-- `+get-filter-view`
-- `+delete-filter-view`
-- `+create-filter-view-condition`
-- `+update-filter-view-condition`
-- `+list-filter-view-conditions`
-- `+get-filter-view-condition`
-- `+delete-filter-view-condition`
-
-<a id="create-filter-view"></a>
-## `+create-filter-view`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +create-filter-view`
-
-在工作表中创建筛选视图，每个工作表最多 150 个。
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +create-filter-view --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --range "<sheetId>!A1:H14"
-
-lark-cli sheets +create-filter-view --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --range "<sheetId>!A1:H14" --filter-view-name "我的筛选"
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--sheet-id` | 是 | 工作表 ID |
-| `--range` | 是 | 筛选范围 |
-| `--filter-view-name` | 否 | 显示名称 |
-| `--filter-view-id` | 否 | 自定义 10 位字母数字 ID |
-
-输出：`filter_view`
-
-<a id="update-filter-view"></a>
-## `+update-filter-view`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +update-filter-view`
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +update-filter-view --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --filter-view-id "<fvId>" --range "<sheetId>!A1:J20"
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--sheet-id` | 是 | 工作表 ID |
-| `--filter-view-id` | 是 | 筛选视图 ID |
-| `--range` | 否 | 新范围 |
-| `--filter-view-name` | 否 | 新显示名称 |
-
-<a id="list-filter-views"></a>
-## `+list-filter-views`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +list-filter-views`
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +list-filter-views --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" --sheet-id "<sheetId>"
-```
-
-输出：`items[]`（`filter_view_id`、`filter_view_name`、`range`）
-
-<a id="get-filter-view"></a>
-## `+get-filter-view`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +get-filter-view`
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +get-filter-view --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --filter-view-id "<fvId>"
-```
-
-输出：`filter_view`
-
-<a id="delete-filter-view"></a>
-## `+delete-filter-view`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +delete-filter-view`
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +delete-filter-view --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --filter-view-id "<fvId>"
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--sheet-id` | 是 | 工作表 ID |
-| `--filter-view-id` | 是 | 筛选视图 ID |
-
-<a id="create-filter-view-condition"></a>
-## `+create-filter-view-condition`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +create-filter-view-condition`
-
-为筛选视图的指定列创建筛选条件。
-
-```bash
-# 数值筛选：E 列 < 6
-lark-cli sheets +create-filter-view-condition --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --filter-view-id "<fvId>" \
-  --condition-id "E" --filter-type "number" --compare-type "less" --expected '["6"]'
-
-# 文本筛选：G 列以 a 开头
-lark-cli sheets +create-filter-view-condition --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --filter-view-id "<fvId>" \
-  --condition-id "G" --filter-type "text" --compare-type "beginsWith" --expected '["a"]'
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--sheet-id` | 是 | 工作表 ID |
-| `--filter-view-id` | 是 | 筛选视图 ID |
-| `--condition-id` | 是 | 列字母，如 `E` |
-| `--filter-type` | 是 | `hiddenValue` / `number` / `text` / `color` |
-| `--compare-type` | 否 | 比较运算符 |
-| `--expected` | 是 | 筛选值 JSON 数组 |
-
-输出：`condition`
-
-<a id="update-filter-view-condition"></a>
-## `+update-filter-view-condition`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +update-filter-view-condition`
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +update-filter-view-condition --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --filter-view-id "<fvId>" --condition-id "E" \
-  --filter-type "number" --compare-type "between" --expected '["2","10"]'
-```
-
-参数与创建条件相同，但 `filter-type` / `compare-type` / `expected` 可按需部分更新。
-
-<a id="list-filter-view-conditions"></a>
-## `+list-filter-view-conditions`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +list-filter-view-conditions`
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +list-filter-view-conditions --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --filter-view-id "<fvId>"
-```
-
-输出：`items[]`
-
-<a id="get-filter-view-condition"></a>
-## `+get-filter-view-condition`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +get-filter-view-condition`
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +get-filter-view-condition --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --filter-view-id "<fvId>" --condition-id "E"
-```
-
-输出：`condition`
-
-<a id="delete-filter-view-condition"></a>
-## `+delete-filter-view-condition`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +delete-filter-view-condition`
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +delete-filter-view-condition --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --filter-view-id "<fvId>" --condition-id "E"
-```
-
-## 参考
-
-- [dropdown](lark-sheets-dropdown.md) — 需要下拉值配合筛选时
-- [cell-data](lark-sheets-cell-data.md#find) — 只查数据时用 `+find`
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-filter.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-filter.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..356bdb643
--- /dev/null
+++ b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-filter.md
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+# Lark Sheet Filter
+
+## 真对象硬约束 + 数量校验
+
+1. **真对象**：当用户要求"筛选 / 只看 / 仅保留 X"时，**必须**通过 `+filter-{create|update|delete}` 创建真实的筛选器对象。**禁止**用"删除不符合条件的行" / "新建子表只放符合条件的行" / 用 `+cells-set` 覆盖原表来代替——这些做法会让原数据丢失或不可恢复。
+2. **筛选数量必校**：执行筛选后**必须**回读，断言 `len(visible_rows) == expected_count`。`expected_count` 来自先用本地脚本在源数据上独立复现该筛选条件得到的结果数。两者不一致时禁止交付，需排查筛选条件 / 数据列类型问题。
+3. **混合文本列禁止字面比较**：筛选 key 是公式文本（如 `1000+200=1200`）或带单位的混合文本时，先在辅助列里抽出纯数值再筛选；不能直接用文本比较。
+
+## 使用场景
+
+读写筛选器对象。本 reference 覆盖 4 个 shortcut：
+
+| 操作需求 | 使用工具 | 说明 |
+|---------|---------|------|
+| 查看已有筛选器 | `+filter-list` | 获取筛选器的范围、规则和条件配置 |
+| 创建/更新/删除筛选器 | `+filter-{create|update|delete}` | 对筛选器执行写入操作 |
+
+典型工作流：先读取现有筛选器了解配置 → 执行创建/更新/删除 → **必须再次读取验证结果**。
+
+**只读场景例外**：用户只是想知道哪些数据满足条件、并不要求修改表格展示时，可以走 `lark-sheets-read-data` 读后文本回答，不必创建筛选器。
+
+**常见配置错误（必须注意）**：
+- **筛选范围必须覆盖表头行**：筛选器的 range 必须从表头行开始（如 `A1:F100`），不能只包含数据行。缺少表头会导致筛选条件无法正确匹配列
+- **更新已有筛选器前先读取**：如果子表上已存在筛选器，直接创建会报错或覆盖原有配置。应先用 `+filter-list` 查看是否存在筛选器，存在时使用 update 而非 create
+- **筛选条件的列索引要精确**：筛选条件中的列标识必须与实际数据列精确对应，不要凭猜测填写
+- **”调整筛选逻辑”要先读旧配置**：用户说”调整筛选”时，先读取现有筛选器的完整配置，理解当前规则后再修改，不要从零创建
+- **创建后必须验证**：调用 `+filter-list` 确认筛选器配置正确且生效
+- **筛选不支持正则表达式**：飞书表格筛选器不支持正则表达式，传入正则会当成普通文本处理。
+
+## Shortcuts
+
+| Shortcut | Risk | 分组 |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `+filter-list` | read | 对象 |
+| `+filter-create` | write | 对象 |
+| `+filter-update` | write | 对象 |
+| `+filter-delete` | high-risk-write | 对象 |
+
+## Flags
+
+### `+filter-list`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+_仅含公共 / 系统 flag。_
+
+### `+filter-create`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--range` | string | required | 筛选范围（A1 表示法，含表头行，如 `A1:F1000`）；不要重复写入 `--properties` 中的 range 字段 |
+| `--properties` | string + File + Stdin（复合 JSON） | optional | 筛选规则 JSON：`rules`（列级筛选规则数组）+ `filtered_columns?`（激活列索引提示）。`--properties` 整体可选——传它时 `rules` 不可为空；不传则只在 `--range` 上建立空筛选器（无列条件）。`range` 是独立 flag（不要再放此 JSON 里） |
+
+### `+filter-update`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--properties` | string + File + Stdin（复合 JSON） | required | 筛选规则 JSON，含 `rules` 和 `filtered_columns?`；update 是整组覆盖式（传空 `rules: []` 清空）。`range` 已拎为独立 flag |
+| `--range` | string | required | 筛选作用的单元格范围（A1 表示法，如 `A1:F1000`）；优先级高于 `--properties` 中同名字段 |
+
+### `+filter-delete`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--yes`、`--dry-run`_
+
+_仅含公共 / 系统 flag。_
+
+## Schemas
+
+> 复合 JSON flag 字段速查（只列顶层 + 一层嵌套）。深层结构看下方 `## Examples`，或用 `--print-schema` 读完整 JSON Schema（用法见 SKILL.md「公共 flag 速查」与「Agent 使用提示」）。
+
+### `+filter-create` `--properties` / `+filter-update` `--properties`
+
+_创建/更新的筛选器属性_
+
+**顶层字段**：
+- `range` (string) — 筛选对象作用的单元格范围（A1 表示法） — ⚠️ 已拎为独立 flag `--range`，请勿在此 JSON 内重复填写（同名以独立 flag 为准）
+- `rules` (array<object>) — 列级筛选规则列表，每一项对应一个具体列的筛选条件 each: { column_index: string, conditions: array<oneOf>, filtered_rows?: array<number> }
+- `filtered_columns` (array<string>?) — 可选
+
+## Examples
+
+公共四件套：所有 shortcut 顶部排列 `--url` / `--spreadsheet-token` / `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name`（XOR）。`filter_id` 等同于 `sheet_id`（每个工作表至多一个筛选器）。
+
+### `+filter-list`
+
+```bash
+# 查看当前 sheet 的筛选器配置（filter_id 等于 sheet_id）
+lark-cli sheets +filter-list --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID"
+```
+
+### `+filter-create`
+
+`--range` 是独立 flag（含表头行）；`rules` 走 `--properties`：
+
+```bash
+lark-cli sheets +filter-create --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" \
+  --range "A1:F1000" \
+  --properties '{"rules":[{"column_index":"B","conditions":[{"type":"multiValue","compare_type":"equal","values":["北京","上海"]}]}]}'
+```
+
+### `+filter-update`
+
+> ⚠️ update 是覆盖式：`--properties` 中传新 `rules` 会替换旧组。如只想加一条，要带上已有的全部条件再追加。必填 `--range`。
+
+### `+filter-delete`
+
+```bash
+lark-cli sheets +filter-delete --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --yes
+```
+
+### Validate / DryRun / Execute 约束
+
+- `Validate`：XOR 公共四件套；`+filter-create` 校验 `--range` 至少 2 行（表头 + 至少 1 行数据）；`+filter-update` 必须先 `+filter-list` 确认目标存在；`+filter-delete` 强制 `--yes` 或 `--dry-run`。
+- `DryRun`：输出"将要 POST/PATCH/DELETE 的 filter 请求模板"。
+- `Execute`：写后不自动回读；如需确认，自行调用 `+filter-list` 查看当前筛选条件 + 已过滤行数。
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-float-image.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-float-image.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..26a2ccd58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-float-image.md
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+# Lark Sheet Float Image
+
+> **单元格图片 vs 浮动图片**：飞书表格有两种图片类型，请根据需求选择正确的工具：
+> - **单元格图片**：图片嵌入在单元格内部，随单元格移动，属于单元格内容的一部分。→ 使用 `+cells-set`，在 `rich_text` 中设置 `type: "embed-image"`（见 lark-sheets-write-cells）。
+> - **浮动图片**（本 Skill）：图片悬浮在单元格上方，可自由指定位置、大小和层级，不属于任何单元格的内容。→ 使用本 Skill 的 `+float-image-{create|update|delete}`。
+
+## 真对象硬约束
+
+当用户要求"插入图片 / 添加 logo / 放一张图"时，**必须**通过 `+float-image-{create|update|delete}`（浮动图片）或 `+cells-set` 的 `embed-image`（单元格图片）创建真实的图片对象。**禁止**只在文本回复中给出图片链接 / 描述图片内容代替插入。判断标准：交付后 `+float-image-list` 或单元格 `rich_text` 必须能读到该图片对象。
+
+## 使用场景
+
+读写**浮动图片**对象（悬浮在单元格上方的图片，不属于单元格内容）。本 reference 覆盖 4 个 shortcut：
+
+| 操作需求 | 使用工具 | 说明 |
+|---------|---------|------|
+| 查看已有浮动图片 | `+float-image-list` | 获取浮动图片的位置、大小和层级配置 |
+| 创建/更新/删除浮动图片 | `+float-image-{create|update|delete}` | 对浮动图片执行写入操作 |
+
+典型工作流：先读取现有浮动图片了解配置 → 执行创建/更新/删除 → **必须再次读取验证结果**。
+
+**常见配置错误（必须注意）**：
+- **单元格图片 vs 浮动图片选择错误**：如果用户希望图片嵌入单元格内部（随单元格移动），应使用 `+cells-set` 的 `rich_text` + `embed-image`，而非本 Skill
+- **图片位置参数要精确**：锚点单元格的行列索引和偏移量决定了图片位置，设置不当会导致图片遮挡数据
+- **创建后必须验证**：调用 `+float-image-list` 确认图片位置和大小正确
+
+图片来源有三种方式，`+float-image-create` 上三者 **XOR、必给其一**（`--image` / `--image-token` / `--image-uri`）：
+
+- **`--image <本地路径>`（首选，最省事）**：直接给本地图片文件路径（PNG/JPEG/GIF/BMP/HEIC 等）。CLI 会自动把它以 `parent_type=sheet_image` 上传，拿到 file_token 后创建浮动图，**不用你手动上传 / 取 token**。路径规则同其它本地文件 flag：必须是当前工作目录内的相对路径（绝对路径会被 Validate 拒，`--dry-run` 也会拦）。
+- `--image-token`：复用**已存在**的图片 file_token。常见来源：① `+float-image-list` 返回的 `image_token`（适合"换皮不换位置"复用同一张图）；② `+cells-set-image` 成功返回里的 `file_token`（它也是 `sheet_image` 上传句柄）。适合"同一张图复用到多处"，省去重复上传。
+- `--image-uri`：图片 reference_id（image URI），由系统自动转 file_token。
+
+> ⚠️ **`--image` 仅 `+float-image-create` 支持**。`+float-image-update` 换图仍只接受 `--image-token` / `--image-uri`，而且**图片源是 update 唯一可省的部分**——三者全不传则保留原图。但 `--image-name` / `--position-{row,col}` / `--size-{width,height}` 在 update 时和 create 一样**必填**（`manage_float_image` 工具强制要求这套核心字段，且 `+float-image-list` 不回传 `image_name` 供 CLI 回填）。要在 update 里换一张本地新图，先用 `+cells-set-image` 上传到任意临时单元格、从返回取 `file_token`，再把它传给 update 的 `--image-token`。
+
+## Shortcuts
+
+| Shortcut | Risk | 分组 |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `+float-image-list` | read | 对象 |
+| `+float-image-create` | write | 对象 |
+| `+float-image-update` | write | 对象 |
+| `+float-image-delete` | high-risk-write | 对象 |
+
+## Flags
+
+### `+float-image-list`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--float-image-id` | string | optional | 按 id 过滤；省略时列工作表全部 |
+
+### `+float-image-create`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--image-name` | string | required | 图片名称，含扩展名（如 `logo.png`） |
+| `--image-token` | string | xor | 图片 file_token（与 `--image-uri` 二选一）。常见来源：`+float-image-list` 返回的 `image_token` |
+| `--image-uri` | string | xor | 图片 reference_id（与 `--image-token` 二选一）；图片上传链路返回的 reference_id |
+| `--position-row` | int | required | 图片左上角所在行（0-based） |
+| `--position-col` | string | required | 图片左上角所在列（列字母，如 `A` / `B`） |
+| `--size-width` | int | required | 图片宽度（像素） |
+| `--size-height` | int | required | 图片高度（像素） |
+| `--offset-row` | int | optional | 在 `--position-row` 基础上的行内偏移（像素） |
+| `--offset-col` | int | optional | 在 `--position-col` 基础上的列内偏移（像素） |
+| `--z-index` | int | optional | 图片 Z 轴层级，控制重叠顺序 |
+| `--image` | string | xor | 本地图片路径（PNG/JPEG 等）；CLI 自动上传为 sheet_image 并用返回的 file_token，省去手动拿 token（与 --image-token / --image-uri 三选一） |
+
+### `+float-image-update`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--float-image-id` | string | required | 目标图片 id |
+| `--image-name` | string | required | 图片名称，含扩展名（如 `logo.png`） |
+| `--image-token` | string | xor | 图片 file_token（与 `--image-uri` 二选一）。常见来源：`+float-image-list` 返回的 `image_token` |
+| `--image-uri` | string | xor | 图片 reference_id（与 `--image-token` 二选一）；图片上传链路返回的 reference_id |
+| `--position-row` | int | required | 图片左上角所在行（0-based） |
+| `--position-col` | string | required | 图片左上角所在列（列字母，如 `A` / `B`） |
+| `--size-width` | int | required | 图片宽度（像素） |
+| `--size-height` | int | required | 图片高度（像素） |
+| `--offset-row` | int | optional | 在 `--position-row` 基础上的行内偏移（像素） |
+| `--offset-col` | int | optional | 在 `--position-col` 基础上的列内偏移（像素） |
+| `--z-index` | int | optional | 图片 Z 轴层级，控制重叠顺序 |
+
+### `+float-image-delete`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--yes`、`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--float-image-id` | string | required | 目标图片 id |
+
+## Examples
+
+公共四件套：所有 shortcut 顶部排列 `--url` / `--spreadsheet-token` / `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name`（XOR）。浮动图片是 sheet 级对象——和单元格内嵌图片不同（后者走 `+cells-set`）。
+
+### `+float-image-list`
+
+```bash
+lark-cli sheets +float-image-list --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID"
+```
+
+### `+float-image-create`
+
+所有字段拍平为独立 flag：图片来源 `--image` / `--image-token` / `--image-uri`（三选一 XOR）/ `--image-name` / `--position-{row,col}` / `--size-{width,height}` / `--offset-{row,col}` / `--z-index`。
+
+```bash
+# 首选：直接给本地图片路径，CLI 自动上传（无需手动拿 token）
+# 注意：--image-name 是 required（即使路径 basename 已经是 logo.png 也要显式传）
+lark-cli sheets +float-image-create --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" \
+  --image ./logo.png --image-name "logo.png" \
+  --position-row 2 --position-col B --size-width 300 --size-height 200 --z-index 1
+
+# 用已有 file_token（从 +float-image-list 的 image_token 或 +cells-set-image 返回的 file_token）
+lark-cli sheets +float-image-create --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" \
+  --image-name "logo.png" --image-token "$TOKEN" \
+  --position-row 0 --position-col A --size-width 200 --size-height 150
+
+# 用 reference_id（图片上传链路返回的 image reference_id；与 --image-token 二选一）
+lark-cli sheets +float-image-create --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" \
+  --image-name "logo.png" --image-uri "$IMAGE_URI" \
+  --position-row 2 --position-col B --size-width 300 --size-height 200 --z-index 1
+```
+
+### `+float-image-update`
+
+> **update ≈ create，只有图片源可省**：`manage_float_image` 工具的 update 要求和 create 相同的核心字段——`--image-name`、`--position-{row,col}`、`--size-{width,height}` **全部必填**；唯一区别是**图片源（`--image-token` / `--image-uri`）可以全省**，省略即保留原图。这**不是**"只发改动字段"的 patch：缺任一核心字段会被工具拒绝（`+float-image-list` 不回传 `image_name`，CLI 无法替你回填）。
+>
+> 推荐流程：先 `+float-image-list --float-image-id <id>` 回读当前 position / size，再带上 `--image-name` 和完整的 position / size 调一次 `+float-image-update`。
+
+```bash
+# 调整位置 + 尺寸，保留原图（不传图片源）
+lark-cli sheets +float-image-update --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" \
+  --float-image-id "$IMG_ID" --image-name "logo.png" \
+  --position-row 5 --position-col C --size-width 300 --size-height 200
+
+# 换图：额外带 --image-token，核心字段同样要给全
+lark-cli sheets +float-image-update --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" \
+  --float-image-id "$IMG_ID" --image-name "new-logo.png" --image-token "$NEW_TOKEN" \
+  --position-row 5 --position-col C --size-width 300 --size-height 200
+```
+
+### `+float-image-delete`
+
+```bash
+lark-cli sheets +float-image-delete --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --float-image-id "$IMG_ID" --yes
+```
+
+### Validate / DryRun / Execute 约束
+
+- `Validate`：XOR 公共四件套；`+float-image-create` 要求 `--image` / `--image-token` / `--image-uri` **恰好给一个**，`--position-row/col` 与 `--size-width/height` 必填且为合法整数；传 `--image` 时还会校验路径安全（绝对路径 / 越出工作目录会被拒，`--dry-run` 同样拦）。`+float-image-update` 必须 `--float-image-id`，并和 create 一样必填 `--image-name` / `--position-{row,col}` / `--size-{width,height}`（缺任一核心字段本地直接报错，不会静默发 0）；图片源 `--image-token` / `--image-uri` 可省（省略保留原图），给则二选一；`+float-image-delete` 强制 `--yes` 或 `--dry-run`。
+- `DryRun`：写操作输出"将要 POST/PATCH/DELETE 的 float_image 请求模板"；传 `--image` 时会多打印一步本地图片上传（`POST /open-apis/drive/v1/medias/upload_all`，`parent_type=sheet_image`）。
+- `Execute`：写后不自动回读；如需确认，自行调用 `+float-image-list --float-image-id <id>` 比对新位置 / 尺寸。
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-float-images.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-float-images.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 7c5f3f1b4..000000000
--- a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-float-images.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,125 +0,0 @@
-# Sheets Float Images
-
-> **前置条件：** 先阅读 [`../lark-shared/SKILL.md`](../../lark-shared/SKILL.md) 了解认证、全局参数和安全规则。
-
-这份 reference 汇总浮动图片相关能力：
-
-- `+media-upload`
-- `+create-float-image`
-- `+update-float-image`
-- `+get-float-image`
-- `+list-float-images`
-- `+delete-float-image`
-
-<a id="media-upload"></a>
-## `+media-upload`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +media-upload`
-
-把本地图片上传到指定电子表格的素材空间，返回 `file_token`，供 `+create-float-image` 使用。
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +media-upload --url "https://example.larksuite.com/sheets/shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --file ./image.png
-```
-
-说明：
-
-- 内部调用 `drive/v1/medias/upload_all`
-- `>20MB` 自动分片上传
-- `--file` 只能是当前工作目录下的相对路径
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--file` | 是 | 本地图片路径，必须是相对路径 |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-输出：`file_token`、`file_name`、`size`、`spreadsheet_token`
-
-<a id="create-float-image"></a>
-## `+create-float-image`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +create-float-image`
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +create-float-image --url "https://example.larksuite.com/sheets/shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --float-image-token "boxcnXXXX" \
-  --range "<sheetId>!A1:A1" --width 200 --height 150
-```
-
-关键规则：
-
-- `--float-image-token` 必须来自 `+media-upload`
-- `--range` 必须锚定单个单元格
-- `width` / `height` 必须 `>=20`
-- `offset-x` / `offset-y` 必须 `>=0`
-
-输出：`float_image`
-
-<a id="update-float-image"></a>
-## `+update-float-image`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +update-float-image`
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +update-float-image --url "https://example.larksuite.com/sheets/shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --float-image-id "fi12345678" \
-  --width 400 --height 300 --offset-y 20
-```
-
-至少需要传一个更新字段：`--range` / `--width` / `--height` / `--offset-x` / `--offset-y`
-
-输出：更新后的 `float_image`
-
-<a id="get-float-image"></a>
-## `+get-float-image`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +get-float-image`
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +get-float-image --url "https://example.larksuite.com/sheets/shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --float-image-id "fi12345678"
-```
-
-输出：`float_image`
-
-<a id="list-float-images"></a>
-## `+list-float-images`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +list-float-images`
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +list-float-images --url "https://example.larksuite.com/sheets/shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>"
-```
-
-输出：`items[]`
-
-<a id="delete-float-image"></a>
-## `+delete-float-image`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +delete-float-image`
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +delete-float-image --url "https://example.larksuite.com/sheets/shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --float-image-id "fi12345678"
-```
-
-输出：`code`、`msg`
-
-## 读取图片内容
-
-上述读接口只返回元数据，不返回图片字节。要读取图片内容，用 `float_image_token` 调：
-
-```bash
-lark-cli docs +media-preview --token "<float_image_token>" --output ./image.png
-```
-
-## 参考
-
-- [cell-images](lark-sheets-cell-images.md) — 写入到单元格的图片
-- [spreadsheet-management](lark-sheets-spreadsheet-management.md#info) — 先获取 `sheet_id`
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-formula-translation.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-formula-translation.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b2800ea2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-formula-translation.md
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+# 飞书表格公式生成规则
+
+> **本文定位**：飞书公式正确性的**唯一权威**——书写任何飞书公式、或把 Excel 公式迁移到飞书前，先读本文。涵盖公式书写约定（绝对引用、范围语法）、投影 vs spill、ARRAYFORMULA / 数组语义、高风险引用函数、日期差、不支持函数清单。
+> **边界**：本文只讲"公式怎么写对"；公式**怎么写入表格**（`+cells-set` / 模板单元格 + `--copy-to-range` / 容错回读）见 `lark-sheets-write-cells` 与 `lark-sheets-core-operations`。本文不含 shortcut，铁律见 `lark-sheets-core-operations`。
+
+**核心原则：飞书不像 Excel 365 那样默认 spill（溢出展开）。飞书普通公式遇到区域时默认"投影"（只取当前行/列对应的单个值），必须显式使用 `ARRAYFORMULA` 或原生数组函数才能逐项展开。**
+
+## 公式书写约定（写任何公式都先满足）
+
+- **绝对引用 `$`**：向下 / 向右填充前判断哪些引用要锁定——用户指定的固定 cell（`$C$3`）、要固定的数据范围（`$A$2:$B$5`）、锁列不锁行（`$A2`）、锁行不锁列（`B$1`）。填充前检查是否需固定汇率 / 税率 / 查找表 / 权重表，以及同列 / 同行公式结构是否一致。
+- **公式字符串用飞书范围语法**：写 `H:H`、`A2:B5`，**禁止** `H2:H` / `2:2`。这与 CLI 工具参数（如 `--range`）的 A1 表示法（`A1:D3`、`1:1`）写法不同，两者混淆会导致调用失败或公式报错。
+
+## 翻译后必做：代码复现校验
+
+公式语法翻译完之后，**必须**用本地脚本在源数据上独立复现一份"等价计算结果"再写入。流程：
+
+1. **挑 3-5 个代表性输入行**（首行 / 中段 / 末行 / 含空值 / 含异常格式各一）
+2. **用 Python 复现 Excel 原公式的语义**（不是飞书译文的语义，而是用户原本想要的结果）
+3. **写入飞书译文公式后回读这几行的实际值**
+4. **三方对照**：`Excel 原公式语义 == Python 复现 == 飞书译文回读值`，全部一致才交付；不一致先排查（数组语义？日期差？范围引用？）
+
+**理由**：Excel→飞书的语法翻译很容易在 spill / 数组 / 日期差 / 范围引用上出现等价性偏差，仅靠语法转换通过不足以保证业务结果正确。
+
+## 决策流程
+
+1. 最终结果是**标量**（单值）→ 通常不需要 `ARRAYFORMULA`
+2. 最终结果是**一维或二维数组**：
+   - 公式中**包含**飞书原生数组函数（如 FILTER、XLOOKUP、MAP 等）→ 无需加 `ARRAYFORMULA`，数组语义会自动传播到整个公式，包括原生数组函数外层接的标量运算（如 `+1`、`*100`）
+   - 公式中**不包含**任何原生数组函数，但在对区域做标量计算 → 加 `ARRAYFORMULA(<整个表达式>)`
+3. Excel 依赖 `ROW(range)` 逐项驱动 `SUBTOTAL/INDIRECT/OFFSET` → 改用 `MAP(ARRAYFORMULA(ROW(...)), LAMBDA(r, ...))`
+4. 内层 `INDEX/INDIRECT/OFFSET` 返回范围，外层 `SUMIF/COUNTIF/SUMIFS` 还要继续吃这些范围 → 改用 `MAP(..., LAMBDA(...))` 或 `REDUCE(..., LAMBDA(...))`
+5. 公式意图是"对多个区域分别计算再汇总"（例如用 INDIRECT/OFFSET 对每行生成一个范围，再对所有范围聚合）→ 飞书不能直接返回"区域的列表"，必须明确降维：用 `VSTACK` 垂直合并、`HSTACK` 水平合并、`TOCOL/TOROW` 展平，或 `REDUCE` 归约成标量
+6. 算日期差 → 不要写 `DAY(end-start)`，用 `DAYS`、`DATEDIF` 或直接 `end-start`
+
+## 飞书的投影行为（不是默认 spill）
+
+飞书普通公式对引用区域默认"投影"而不是"spill"：
+
+- 单列区域 → 按当前公式所在行取值
+- 单行区域 → 按当前公式所在列取值
+- 二维区域 → 只有当前公式位置能映射到该区域时才取值，否则报错
+- 数组常量 `{...}` 或函数返回矩阵，在普通标量上下文里通常只取左上角
+
+因此：
+- `=A1:A2` 在飞书普通公式里不会 spill，只会投影到当前行
+- `=ABS(A2:B2)` 不会得到一整行，要写 `=ARRAYFORMULA(ABS(A2:B2))`
+- `=TRUNC({1.1111,2.222},{1,2})` 要得到一整行，写 `=ARRAYFORMULA(TRUNC({1.1111,2.222},{1,2}))`
+
+## ARRAYFORMULA 使用规则
+
+**前提：以下规则适用于公式中没有任何原生数组函数的情况。** 若公式中已有原生数组函数（如 FILTER、XLOOKUP、MAP 等），数组语义会自动传播到整个公式的求值过程，后续标量运算无需额外包 `ARRAYFORMULA`（见下一节）。
+
+需要加 `ARRAYFORMULA` 的典型场景（公式中无原生数组函数时）：
+
+- 算术运算：`+ - * / ^ %`
+- 比较运算：`= <> > >= < <=`
+- 标量数学函数：`ABS ROUND INT TRUNC MOD LOG LN SQRT SIN COS TAN ...`
+- 文本函数：`LEN LEFT RIGHT MID UPPER LOWER TRIM TEXT VALUE ...`
+- 日期函数：`YEAR MONTH DAY DATE TIME EDATE EOMONTH ...`
+- 条件函数：`IF IFS IFERROR IFNA NOT ISNUMBER ISTEXT ISBLANK ...`
+- 引用函数（高风险）：`INDEX OFFSET COLUMN ROW MATCH`
+
+### 公式中有原生数组函数时，整个公式已进入数组模式
+
+飞书的数组语义会在整个公式求值过程中累积传播：一旦某个原生数组函数运行，后续所有运算符和函数也会自动逐元素处理，无论它们出现在哪一层。
+
+因此，以下写法**无需**额外包 `ARRAYFORMULA`：
+
+- `=FILTER(A2:A10,B2:B10="x")+1` ✓
+- `=XLOOKUP(E2:E10,A2:A10,B2:B10)*100` ✓
+- `=ABS(FILTER(A2:A10,B2:B10>0))` ✓
+- `=MAP(A2:A10,LAMBDA(x,x*2))-1` ✓
+
+对比：**没有原生数组函数**时必须加：
+
+- `=A2:A100*B2:B100` → `=ARRAYFORMULA(A2:A100*B2:B100)` ✓
+- `=IF(A2:A100>0,B2:B100,"")` → `=ARRAYFORMULA(IF(A2:A100>0,B2:B100,""))` ✓
+
+## 飞书原生数组函数清单
+
+以下函数按数组语义工作，通常**不需要额外包 `ARRAYFORMULA`**：
+
+`ARRAYFORMULA` `ARRAY_CONSTRAIN` `BYCOL` `BYROW` `CELL` `CHOOSECOLS` `CHOOSEROWS` `DROP` `EXPAND` `FILTER` `FLATTEN` `FREQUENCY` `GROWTH` `HSTACK` `IMPORTDATA` `IMPORTFEED` `IMPORTHTML` `IMPORTRANGE` `IMPORTXML` `LINEST` `LOGEST` `LOOKUP` `MAKEARRAY` `MAP` `MINVERSE` `MMULT` `MUNIT` `QUERY` `RANDARRAY` `REDUCE` `REGEXEXTRACT` `SCAN` `SEQUENCE` `SORT` `SORTBY` `SORTN` `SPLIT` `SUMPRODUCT` `SWITCH` `TAKE` `TEXTSPLIT` `TOCOL` `TOROW` `TRANSPOSE` `TREND` `UNIQUE` `VSTACK` `WRAPCOLS` `WRAPROWS` `XLOOKUP`
+
+> **注意：`SWITCH` 在飞书里被当作原生数组函数处理，这与 Excel 行为不同，不需要额外包 `ARRAYFORMULA`。**
+
+## IMPORTRANGE 跨工作簿引用限制
+
+用 `IMPORTRANGE` 跨电子表格引用数据时有两条硬上限：
+
+- **嵌套最多 5 层**：被引用的表里若又用 `IMPORTRANGE` 继续引下一张表，整条引用链最多 5 层。
+- **每个工作表最多 100 个 `IMPORTRANGE` 引用**。
+
+超限会让引用失效或报错。设计大量跨表汇总前先估算引用数，必要时先把数据落地到本表再计算。
+
+## INDEX / OFFSET / COLUMN / ROW / MATCH 是高风险函数
+
+这组函数容易让人误以为会自动把多值铺开，但在飞书里不能这样假设。
+
+**高风险信号：**
+
+- 行号 / 列号 / 偏移量本身是数组
+- 结果本来应该是一行或一块二维区域
+- 外层还有算术、比较、`IF` 等继续处理它
+
+更稳的写法：
+
+- `=ARRAYFORMULA(INDEX(...))`
+- `=ARRAYFORMULA(OFFSET(...))`
+- `=ARRAYFORMULA(COLUMN(...))`
+- `=ARRAYFORMULA(ROW(...))`
+
+**例外：** 如果返回值只是立刻交给聚合函数消费，不需要额外包：
+
+- `=SUM(INDEX(A1:B2,0,1))` ✓
+
+## Excel 隐式逐项求值，飞书里要显式写 MAP
+
+**典型特征：**
+
+- 外层是 `SUMPRODUCT`、`SUM` 等聚合
+- 内层用了 `SUBTOTAL`、`INDIRECT`、`OFFSET` 等更偏"单值/单引用"的函数
+- Excel 会把中间结果逐项带进去算
+- 飞书里直接照抄，往往不能得到同样的逐项语义
+
+同类本质也包括：`INDEX/INDIRECT/OFFSET` 先返回范围，外层再把这些范围交给 `SUMIF`、`COUNTIF`、`AVERAGEIF`、`SUMIFS` 等范围感知函数 —— 飞书里这些外层函数不会自动二次展开内层范围。
+
+这时不要只会补 `ARRAYFORMULA`，要显式写"遍历"。最常用模板：
+
+```excel
+=SUMPRODUCT(
+  MAP(
+    ARRAYFORMULA(ROW(目标范围)),
+    LAMBDA(r, 单行计算逻辑)
+  )
+)
+```
+
+同类场景也优先考虑 `MAP`：
+
+- `INDIRECT("A"&ROW(...))`
+- `OFFSET(...,ROW(...)-ROW(...),...)`
+- `SUBTOTAL(...)`
+- `SUMIF(内层返回范围, ...)`
+- `COUNTIF(内层返回范围, ...)`
+- `SUMIFS(内层返回范围, ...)`
+- 任何"希望对每一行 / 每一列各算一次"的模式
+
+## 多层范围结果与三维以上结果
+
+飞书公式结果只能是二维区域，不能是"数组的数组"。
+
+### 多层范围不能自动二次展开
+
+内层 `INDEX/INDIRECT/OFFSET` 返回的是二维范围，外层还想继续对这些范围做范围计算时，不要假设飞书会"再展开一层"。改用：
+
+- `MAP(..., LAMBDA(...))` 显式逐项算
+- `REDUCE(..., LAMBDA(...))` 显式累加/归约
+
+### 真正的三维或更高维结果不能直接返回
+
+典型触发场景：想把多个不同区域或不同条件的结果合并展示，例如：
+- 对 A 列、B 列、C 列分别做 FILTER，想把三列结果并排展示
+- 对多个月份分别生成数据行，想把所有月份上下堆叠展示
+
+飞书无法直接返回"多个区域的集合"，必须先决定降维方式：
+
+- 上下堆叠：`=VSTACK(slice1, slice2, slice3)`
+- 左右拼接：`=HSTACK(slice1, slice2, slice3)`
+- 压成单列：`=TOCOL(...)`
+- 压成单行：`=TOROW(...)`
+- 只保留聚合值：`=REDUCE(slice1, {slice2,slice3}, LAMBDA(acc,x,acc+x))`
+
+不要替用户"偷定"第三维展示方式；如果用户没有明确说明怎么展示，至少先把结果改写成可见的二维形状。
+
+## 不能机械照抄的 Excel 语法
+
+### `@` 隐式交叉
+
+Excel：`=@A1:A10`（强制单值，取当前行对应的值）
+
+飞书没有 `@` 运算符。飞书普通公式对引用区域默认就有投影语义，去掉 `@` 即可：
+
+- Excel: `=@A1:A10`
+- 飞书: `=A1:A10`
+
+### `#` spill range
+
+Excel：`=A1#`（引用 A1 公式溢出的整片区域）
+
+飞书没有此语法，迁移方式：
+
+- spill 区域已知 → 改成明确范围
+- spill 区域未知 → 回到源公式重写，或用 `TAKE` / `DROP` / `ARRAY_CONSTRAIN`
+
+### 结构化引用
+
+Excel：`=SUM(Table1[Amount])`
+
+飞书不支持结构化引用，改成显式 A1 区域：`=SUM(A2:A100)`
+
+### 老式 CSE 花括号
+
+Excel：`{=A1:A10*B1:B10}`（Ctrl+Shift+Enter 输入）
+
+飞书改为：`=ARRAYFORMULA(A1:A10*B1:B10)`
+
+## 日期序列与日期差
+
+飞书日期序列：`0 = 1899-12-30`，`1 = 1899-12-31`，没有 Excel 的 1900 年闰年兼容问题。
+
+**高频错误写法（不要用）：**
+
+- `=DAY(B2-A2)` ✗ — 差值会被当成日期序列号再拆字段
+- `=MONTH(B2-A2)` ✗
+- `=YEAR(B2-A2)` ✗
+
+**正确写法：**
+
+- 天数差：`=DAYS(B2,A2)` 或 `=DATEDIF(A2,B2,"D")` 或 `=B2-A2`
+- 月份差：`=DATEDIF(A2,B2,"M")`
+- 年份差：`=DATEDIF(A2,B2,"Y")`
+- 工作日差：`=NETWORKDAYS(A2,B2)`
+
+## 飞书不支持的函数
+
+> 本段是"飞书不支持函数"的**唯一权威清单**（`lark-sheets-core-operations` 不再单列，统一指向这里）。以下函数在飞书里不存在或被禁用，禁止主动使用；用户明确要求时应拒绝并提供替代方案：
+
+- `STOCKHISTORY` — 实时股票数据，飞书无等价函数，需手动导入数据
+- `WEBSERVICE` — 外部 HTTP 请求，飞书无等价函数
+- CUBE 系列（`CUBEVALUE`、`CUBEMEMBER`、`CUBESET`、`CUBERANK` 等）— OLAP cube 函数，飞书不支持
+- `GOOGLEFINANCE`、`GOOGLETRANSLATE` 等 Google 特有函数 — 无等价函数
+- `FORECAST.ETS` 系列（`FORECAST.ETS`、`FORECAST.ETS.STAT` 等）— 飞书不支持
+- `INFO`、`RTD` — 系统信息 / 实时数据函数，飞书不支持
+- `PIVOT` — 用 `+pivot-{create|update|delete}` 透视表对象替代
+- `AMORDEGRC`、`PHONETIC`、`DETECTLANGUAGE` — 飞书不支持
+
+## 代表性改写示例
+
+- 基础逐项计算
+  - Excel: `=A2:A100*B2:B100`
+  - 飞书: `=ARRAYFORMULA(A2:A100*B2:B100)`
+- 条件判断
+  - Excel: `=IF(A2:A100>0,B2:B100,"")`
+  - 飞书: `=ARRAYFORMULA(IF(A2:A100>0,B2:B100,""))`
+- 原生数组函数（无需改动）
+  - Excel: `=FILTER(A2:C100,B2:B100="East")`
+  - 飞书: `=FILTER(A2:C100,B2:B100="East")`
+- 原生数组函数 + 标量运算（无需改动，数组语义自动传播）
+  - Excel: `=XLOOKUP(E2:E10,A2:A10,B2:B10)*100`
+  - 飞书: `=XLOOKUP(E2:E10,A2:A10,B2:B10)*100`
+- 高风险引用函数
+  - Excel: `=INDEX(A1:D2,{2,1},0)`
+  - 飞书: `=ARRAYFORMULA(INDEX(A1:D2,{2,1},0))`
+- 日期差
+  - 错误: `=DAY(B2-A2)`
+  - 推荐: `=DAYS(B2,A2)` 或 `=DATEDIF(A2,B2,"D")` 或 `=B2-A2`
+- Excel 隐式逐项求值
+  - Excel: `=SUMPRODUCT(SUBTOTAL(103,INDIRECT("E"&ROW($E$16:$E$387))))`
+  - 飞书: `=SUMPRODUCT(MAP(ARRAYFORMULA(ROW($E$16:$E$387)),LAMBDA(row,SUBTOTAL(103,INDIRECT("E"&row)))))`
+- 多层范围 / 二次展开
+  - 错误思路: `=SUMIF(INDIRECT("E"&ROW($E$16:$E$387)),">0")`
+  - 飞书: `=MAP(ARRAYFORMULA(ROW($E$16:$E$387)),LAMBDA(r,SUMIF(INDIRECT("E"&r),">0")))`
+- 三维降二维（保留所有层）
+  - 飞书: `=VSTACK(slice1,slice2,slice3)` 或 `=HSTACK(slice1,slice2,slice3)`
+- 三维降二维（只保留聚合值）
+  - 飞书: `=REDUCE(slice1,{slice2,slice3},LAMBDA(acc,x,acc+x))`
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-formula.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-formula.md
deleted file mode 100644
index a00460924..000000000
--- a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-formula.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-# 飞书表格公式规则
-
-> 生成或改写飞书电子表格公式时的参考规则。飞书不像 Excel 365 默认 spill，普通公式对区域默认“投影”（只取当前行/列对应的单值），必须显式使用 `ARRAYFORMULA` 或原生数组函数才能逐项展开。
-
-## 写入方式
-
-公式必须使用对象格式写入（参见 SKILL.md「单元格数据类型」）：
-
-```bash
---values '[[{"type":"formula","text":"=SUM(A1:A10)"}]]'
-```
-
-## ARRAYFORMULA 判断流程
-
-1. 结果是**标量**（单值）→ 不需要
-2. 结果是**数组**，且公式中**有**原生数组函数 → 不需要（数组语义自动传播）
-3. 结果是**数组**，且公式中**无**原生数组函数，对区域做标量计算 → 加 `ARRAYFORMULA`
-
-```text
-# 有原生数组函数，无需包裹
-=FILTER(A2:A10,B2:B10="x")+1          ✓
-=XLOOKUP(E2:E10,A2:A10,B2:B10)*100    ✓
-=MAP(A2:A10,LAMBDA(x,x*2))-1          ✓
-
-# 无原生数组函数，必须包裹
-=ARRAYFORMULA(A2:A100*B2:B100)         ✓
-=ARRAYFORMULA(IF(A2:A100>0,B2:B100,""))✓
-```
-
-## 原生数组函数清单（无需 ARRAYFORMULA）
-
-`ARRAYFORMULA` `ARRAY_CONSTRAIN` `BYCOL` `BYROW` `CELL` `CHOOSECOLS` `CHOOSEROWS` `DROP` `EXPAND` `FILTER` `FLATTEN` `FREQUENCY` `GROWTH` `HSTACK` `IMPORTDATA` `IMPORTFEED` `IMPORTHTML` `IMPORTRANGE` `IMPORTXML` `LINEST` `LOGEST` `LOOKUP` `MAKEARRAY` `MAP` `MINVERSE` `MMULT` `MUNIT` `QUERY` `RANDARRAY` `REDUCE` `REGEXEXTRACT` `SCAN` `SEQUENCE` `SORT` `SORTBY` `SORTN` `SPLIT` `SUMPRODUCT` `SWITCH` `TAKE` `TEXTSPLIT` `TOCOL` `TOROW` `TRANSPOSE` `TREND` `UNIQUE` `VSTACK` `WRAPCOLS` `WRAPROWS` `XLOOKUP`
-
-## 高风险函数：INDEX / OFFSET / ROW / COLUMN / MATCH
-
-行号/列号/偏移量本身是数组时，必须显式包裹：
-
-```text
-=ARRAYFORMULA(INDEX(...))
-=ARRAYFORMULA(ROW(...))
-```
-
-例外：结果直接交给聚合函数消费时不需要：`=SUM(INDEX(A1:B2,0,1))` ✓
-
-## 隐式逐项求值 → MAP/LAMBDA
-
-Excel 中 `SUBTOTAL`、`INDIRECT`、`OFFSET` 等在 `SUMPRODUCT` 内会隐式逐行求值，飞书不会。用 `MAP` 显式遍历：
-
-```text
-# Excel
-=SUMPRODUCT(SUBTOTAL(103,INDIRECT("E"&ROW($E$16:$E$387))))
-
-# 飞书
-=SUMPRODUCT(MAP(ARRAYFORMULA(ROW($E$16:$E$387)),LAMBDA(r,SUBTOTAL(103,INDIRECT("E"&r)))))
-```
-
-同类场景：`SUMIF/COUNTIF/SUMIFS` 的范围参数来自 `INDIRECT/OFFSET` 时也需要 `MAP`。
-
-## 多维结果降维
-
-飞书公式结果只能是二维，不能返回“区域的列表”。合并多个区域时：
-
-| 需求 | 写法 |
-|------|------|
-| 上下堆叠 | `=VSTACK(a, b, c)` |
-| 左右拼接 | `=HSTACK(a, b, c)` |
-| 压成单列 | `=TOCOL(...)` |
-| 压成单行 | `=TOROW(...)` |
-| 归约为标量 | `=REDUCE(init, arr, LAMBDA(acc, x, ...))` |
-
-## 日期差
-
-| 需求 | 正确写法 | 错误写法 |
-|------|---------|---------|
-| 天数差 | `=DAYS(B2,A2)` 或 `=DATEDIF(A2,B2,"D")` 或 `=B2-A2` | `=DAY(B2-A2)` |
-| 月份差 | `=DATEDIF(A2,B2,"M")` | `=MONTH(B2-A2)` |
-| 年份差 | `=DATEDIF(A2,B2,"Y")` | `=YEAR(B2-A2)` |
-| 工作日差 | `=NETWORKDAYS(A2,B2)` | — |
-
-## 飞书不支持的 Excel 语法
-
-| Excel 语法 | 飞书替代 |
-|-----------|---------|
-| `=@A1:A10`（隐式交叉） | `=A1:A10`（飞书默认投影，去掉 `@`） |
-| `=A1#`（spill range） | 改成明确范围，或用 `TAKE`/`DROP`/`ARRAY_CONSTRAIN` |
-| `=SUM(Table1[Amount])`（结构化引用） | `=SUM(A2:A100)`（改为 A1 区域） |
-| `{=A1:A10*B1:B10}`（CSE 花括号） | `=ARRAYFORMULA(A1:A10*B1:B10)` |
-| `STOCKHISTORY` / `WEBSERVICE` / `CUBE*` | 飞书无等价函数 |
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-pivot-table.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-pivot-table.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dad7a1bb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-pivot-table.md
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+# Lark Sheet Pivot Table
+
+## 真对象硬约束
+
+当用户要求"透视表 / 分组汇总 / 交叉分析 / 按 X 统计 Y"时，**必须**通过 `+pivot-{create|update|delete}` 创建真实的透视表对象。**禁止**用 `SUMIFS` / `COUNTIFS` 等普通公式 + `+cells-set` 在原表中拼一张"看起来像透视表的汇总表"来代替。判断标准：交付后 `+pivot-list` 必须能返回该对象。
+
+## 使用场景
+
+读写透视表对象。本 reference 覆盖 4 个 shortcut：
+
+| 操作需求 | 使用工具 | 说明 |
+|---------|---------|------|
+| 查看已有透视表 | `+pivot-list` | 获取透视表的结构、数据源和配置 |
+| 创建/更新/删除透视表 | `+pivot-{create|update|delete}` | 对透视表执行写入操作 |
+
+典型工作流：先读取现有透视表了解配置 → 执行创建/更新/删除 → **必须再次读取验证结果**。
+
+## 行/值字段映射（创建前必做）
+
+创建透视表前先识别用户需求中的分组维度和聚合指标，**不要搞反**：
+
+- **rows（行字段）** = 分组维度，即"按什么分组"。例：部门、地区、医生、产品类别
+- **values（值字段）** = 聚合指标，即"统计什么数值"。例：销售额（聚合方式 `sum`）、订单数（聚合方式 `count`）
+- **columns（列字段）** = 交叉维度（可选），即"再按什么横向展开"。例：月份、性别
+
+| 用户说 | rows | values | columns |
+|--------|------|--------|---------|
+| "按部门统计人数" | 部门 | 姓名（`summarize_by: "count"`） | — |
+| "按医生统计费用和结余" | 主管医生 | 费用（`"sum"`）、结余（`"sum"`） | — |
+| "各部门男女人数" | 部门 | 姓名（`"count"`） | 性别 |
+
+**常见配置错误（必须注意）**：
+- **数据源范围必须精确**：透视表的数据源范围必须包含表头行，且精确覆盖全部数据行列。范围过大（包含空行/空列）或过小（遗漏数据列）都会导致透视表结果错误
+- **行列字段选择要匹配用户意图**：用户说"按商品统计金额"→ 行字段=商品，值字段=金额（`summarize_by: "sum"`）。不要把行列字段搞反
+- **聚合类型要匹配**：用户说"统计数量"→ `summarize_by: "count"`；"统计总额"→ `"sum"`；"统计平均"→ `"average"`。完整合法值：`sum` / `count` / `average` / `max` / `min` / `product` / `countNums` / `stdDev` / `stdDevp` / `var` / `varp` / `distinct` / `median`。默认不要用 `count` 替代 `sum`
+- **参数长度限制**：如果透视表配置 JSON 过长（数据源范围跨越大量行列），可能导致工具调用失败。此时应先确认数据范围的精确边界，避免传入过大的 range
+- **创建后必须验证**：调用 `+pivot-list` 确认透视表结构正确
+
+## Shortcuts
+
+| Shortcut | Risk | 分组 |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `+pivot-list` | read | 对象 |
+| `+pivot-create` | write | 对象 |
+| `+pivot-update` | write | 对象 |
+| `+pivot-delete` | high-risk-write | 对象 |
+
+## Flags
+
+### `+pivot-list`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--pivot-table-id` | string | optional | 按 id 过滤 |
+
+### `+pivot-create`
+
+_公共：URL/token（无 sheet 定位） · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--properties` | string + File + Stdin（复合 JSON） | required | JSON：{"rows":[...],"columns":[...],"values":[...],"filters":[...],"show_row_grand_total":true,"show_col_grand_total":true}（数据源走 --source，不要再放进 properties.source） |
+| `--target-position` | string | optional | 透视表落点子表内的起始 cell（A1 格式，如 `A1`），映射到顶层 `target_position`，默认 `A1`（值为 A1 时不下发）。它与 `--range` 都表达落点但落在不同 wire 字段，避免两者同时给冲突值 |
+| `--target-sheet-id` | string | xor | 透视表落点目标子表的 reference_id（与 `--target-sheet-name` 互斥，优先于 --target-sheet-name；都不传时自动新建一张子表放置透视表——推荐）。与数据源 sheet 区分：数据源 sheet 写在 --source 的 A1 引用里（带 sheet 前缀，形如 `'Sheet1'!A1:D100`）。 |
+| `--target-sheet-name` | string | xor | 透视表落点目标子表的名称（与 `--target-sheet-id` 互斥；都不传时自动新建一张子表放置透视表——推荐）。与数据源 sheet 区分：数据源 sheet 写在 --source 的 A1 引用里（带 sheet 前缀，形如 `'Sheet1'!A1:D100`）。 |
+| `--source` | string | required | 透视表源数据区域（A1 表示法，格式 `'SheetName'!StartCell:EndCell`，如 `'Sheet1'!A1:D100`） |
+| `--range` | string | optional | 透视表左上角放置位置（A1 单值，如 `F1`，仅 create 生效），映射到 `properties.range`；省略时放在落点子表（默认新建子表）的左上角。它与 `--target-position` 都表达落点但落在不同 wire 字段，避免两者同时给冲突值 |
+
+### `+pivot-update`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--pivot-table-id` | string | required | 目标透视表 id |
+| `--properties` | string + File + Stdin（复合 JSON） | required | 完整或足够完整的配置（先 `+pivot-list --pivot-table-id <id>` 回读再 patch） |
+
+### `+pivot-delete`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--yes`、`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--pivot-table-id` | string | required | 目标透视表 id |
+
+## Schemas
+
+> 复合 JSON flag 字段速查（只列顶层 + 一层嵌套）。深层结构看下方 `## Examples`，或用 `--print-schema` 读完整 JSON Schema（用法见 SKILL.md「公共 flag 速查」与「Agent 使用提示」）。
+
+### `+pivot-create` `--properties` / `+pivot-update` `--properties`
+
+_创建/更新的透视表属性_
+
+**顶层字段**：
+- `range` (string?) — 放置透视表的左上角单元格 A1 地址（例如：'F1'）（仅 create 时有效） — ⚠️ 已拎为独立 flag `--range`，请勿在此 JSON 内重复填写（同名以独立 flag 为准）
+- `source` (string?) — 源数据区域地址，格式为 'SheetName!StartCell:EndCell'（例如：'Sheet1!A1:D100'） — ⚠️ 已拎为独立 flag `--source`，请勿在此 JSON 内重复填写（同名以独立 flag 为准）
+- `rows` (array<object>?) — 纵向分组字段（行字段） each: { field: string, display_name?: string, sort?: object, filter?: object, condition_filter?: object, …共 6 项 }
+- `columns` (array<object>?) — 横向分组字段（列字段） each: { field: string, display_name?: string, sort?: object, filter?: object, condition_filter?: object, …共 6 项 }
+- `filters` (array<object>?) — 筛选区域字段（页字段） each: { field: string, display_name?: string, filter?: object, condition_filter?: object, group?: object }
+- `values` (array<object>?) — 要汇总的字段（至少需要 1 个） each: { field: string, display_name?: string, summarize_by?: enum, show_data_as?: enum, base_field?: string }
+- `auto_fit_col` (boolean?) — 是否自动调整列宽以适应内容
+- `show_row_grand_total` (boolean?) — 是否显示行总计（默认 true）
+- `show_col_grand_total` (boolean?) — 是否显示列总计（默认 true）
+- `show_subtotals` (boolean?) — 是否显示分类小计（默认 true，应用于所有字段）
+- `repeat_row_labels` (boolean?) — 是否显示重复项标签
+- `calculated_fields` (array<object>?) — 计算字段列表 each: { name: string, formula: string, summarize_by?: enum }
+- `collapse` (object?) — 行字段展开/折叠状态：字段名 -> 要折叠的项目列表
+
+## Examples
+
+公共四件套：所有 shortcut 顶部排列 `--url` / `--spreadsheet-token` / `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name`，其中 `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name` 在 `+pivot-update` / `+pivot-delete` / `+pivot-list` 上是公共四件套语义（定位透视表所在 sheet，XOR 必传一个）。
+
+**`+pivot-create` 例外**：placement 选择器用 `--target-sheet-id` / `--target-sheet-name`（XOR，两个都不传时后端自动新建子表存放产物，强烈推荐，绝不碰源数据）。数据源 sheet 写在 `--source` 的 `'SheetName'!Range` 里，不靠 sheet 选择器 flag。
+
+### `+pivot-list`
+
+```bash
+lark-cli sheets +pivot-list --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID"
+```
+
+### `+pivot-create`
+
+> 数据源 `--source` 必须从表头行开始；空行 / 汇总行会被当作数据参与聚合，需提前用 `+csv-get` 确认起止边界。`--source` 和 `--range` 是独立 flag（不要再放 `--properties`）；`rows` / `columns` / `values` 等数组字段走 `--properties`。
+>
+> **先理清 `+pivot-create` 上 4 个位置类入参（语义不同，别混）**：
+> - `--source`（**必填**）：**源数据**区域，须自带 `Sheet!` 前缀（如 `'Sheet1'!A1:D100`，sheet 名按 A1 标准单引号包裹）。源 sheet 的名字在 `--source` 字符串里，**不**通过单独 flag 传。
+> - `--target-sheet-id` / `--target-sheet-name`：**透视表的落点 sheet**（即产物放哪张子表）。两个互斥（最多传一个），都不传时后端自动新建子表存放产物（强烈推荐）。
+> - `--target-position`（可选，A1 表示法，默认 `A1`）：落点 sheet 内的起始 cell，映射到顶层 `target_position`。
+> - `--range`（可选，A1 单值，仅 create 生效）：跟 `--target-position` 表达同一意图但映射到 `properties.range`，**两者不要同时给**。
+>
+> **落点 3 种策略（互斥，选其一）**：
+> 1. **默认（强烈推荐）**：`--target-sheet-id` / `--target-sheet-name` / `--target-position` / `--range` **全都不传** → 服务端**自动新建子表**存放产物，绝不碰任何已有数据。
+> 2. **放进指定的已有子表**：传 `--target-sheet-id <落点子表 id>`（或 `--target-sheet-name`），可选 `--target-position <子表内起点 cell>`。⚠️ **若落点子表就是源数据所在的 sheet**，必须配 `--target-position` 或 `--range` 指向源数据范围**之外**的位置，否则产物默认从 A1 起会盖在源数据上。
+> 3. **`--range`**：跟策略 2 等价（同样需要 `--target-sheet-id` / `--target-sheet-name` 指定落点子表，不然落到自动新建子表），只是用 `properties.range` 那条 wire 路径表达位置。同样的覆盖风险，同样需要避开源数据范围。
+>
+> 一般用策略 1（默认新建子表）即可，零覆盖风险，无需任何 `--target-*` / `--range` flag。
+
+```bash
+# 策略 1（强烈推荐）：不传任何落点 flag → 后端自动新建子表，零覆盖风险
+lark-cli sheets +pivot-create --url "..." \
+  --source "'Sheet1'!A1:D100" --properties @pivot.json
+
+# 策略 2：落进指定的已有目标子表（注意目标 sheet ≠ 源 sheet，否则要配 --target-position 避开源数据）
+lark-cli sheets +pivot-create --url "..." \
+  --source "'Sheet1'!A1:D100" --target-sheet-id "$DEST_SID" --target-position "A1" --properties @pivot.json
+```
+
+### `+pivot-update`
+
+> 不允许改 `--source` / `--range`（透视表创建后位置/数据源固定）；只能用 `--properties` 改 rows / columns / values / filters 等。先 `+pivot-list --pivot-table-id <id>` 回读再 patch，避免漏字段。
+
+### `+pivot-delete`
+
+```bash
+lark-cli sheets +pivot-delete --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --pivot-table-id "$PID" --yes
+```
+
+### Validate / DryRun / Execute 约束
+
+- `Validate`：`--url` / `--spreadsheet-token` XOR 必填；`+pivot-{update,delete,list}` 的 `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name` XOR 必填一个；`+pivot-create` 例外（用 `--target-sheet-id` / `--target-sheet-name` 表达落点，两个都可空时触发 backend auto-create 子表，两个都给则报 mutually exclusive）；`+pivot-create` 的 `--source` 必填且必须含表头行；`--properties` 中 `rows` / `columns` / `values` 至少非空之一；`+pivot-delete` 强制 `--yes` 或 `--dry-run`。
+- `DryRun`：写操作输出"将要 POST/PATCH/DELETE 的 pivot 请求模板"+ 预估输出尺寸（行数 × 列数）。
+- `Execute`：写后不自动回读；如需确认，自行调用 `+pivot-list --pivot-table-id <id>` 并用 `+csv-get` 抽样读透视产物核对输出尺寸 + 总计行位置。
+
+> ⚠️ pivot 输出包含总计 / 小计行；后续 chart 引用 pivot 时，`snapshot.data.refs` 必须排除这些行（见 `lark-sheets-chart` 的「⚠️ chart 数据源引用 pivot 时必须排除总计行」段）。
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-range-operations.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-range-operations.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5a74e2728
--- /dev/null
+++ b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-range-operations.md
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+# Lark Sheet Range Operations
+
+## 结构性操作影响面预检（清除 / 合并 / 排序 / 移动前必做）
+
+`+cells-clear`、`+cells-{merge|unmerge}`、`+range-{move|copy|fill|sort}`（移动 / 复制 / 排序 / 自动填充）都会让既有引用关系发生偏移或失效。**操作前必须**先确认以下两点；否则禁止执行：
+
+1. **打印当前合并单元格 + 公式引用 + 数据验证范围**：用 `+sheet-info --include merges` + `+cells-get` 抽样目标区域和它周边的公式 / 透视表 / 图表 / 条件格式 / 筛选器的数据源；评估操作后这些引用是否仍指向正确数据。
+2. **`+cells-clear` 不得侵入用户授权范围之外**：清除范围只能是用户明示要清的区域；不要顺手清除"看起来没用"的相邻单元格。
+
+排序场景的存储类型识别 + 辅助列抽数值的细则见下方「sort 操作前必读」章节。
+
+## 使用场景
+
+写入。对指定区域执行结构性操作。本 reference 覆盖 9 个 shortcut，按 4 类用途组织：
+
+| 操作需求 | 使用工具 | 说明 |
+|---------|---------|------|
+| 清除内容/格式 | `+cells-clear` | "清空"、"删除内容"、"去掉格式" |
+| 合并/取消合并单元格 | `+cells-{merge|unmerge}` | "合并单元格"、"取消合并" |
+| 调整行高/列宽 | `+rows-resize / +cols-resize` | "加宽列"、"调整行高"、"自适应列宽" |
+| 移动/复制/填充/排序 | `+range-{move|copy|fill|sort}` | "移动数据"、"复制到"、"自动填充"、"按某列排序" |
+
+注意：
+
+- 用户说"这行 / 整行 / 首行"时，优先使用整行范围如 `1:1`；"这列 / 整列"时使用 `J:J`。不要截断为局部矩形
+- 合并后只保留左上角单元格的内容，其余清除。写入合并区域用 `+cells-set` 对左上角单元格操作
+- 调整行高列宽时，先读取相邻行列尺寸再决定像素值，不要随意猜测
+- `--copy-to-range`（`+cells-set` 的参数）复制的是值/公式/样式，不含行高列宽。需要统一尺寸时另行调用 `+rows-resize / +cols-resize`
+
+## 写入后列宽自适应（防内容遮挡）
+
+写入文本 / 数值后**必须**主动检查列宽是否适配，否则会出现"内容被截断 / 长数字显示为科学计数法 / 文本溢出被相邻列遮挡"等用户感知问题：
+
+1. **写入后回读最长内容字符数**：用 `+csv-get` 读目标列的实际写入内容，统计最长单元格的字符数（`max(len(cell) for cell in col)`）。汉字按 2 字符宽度估算，半角字母数字按 1 字符。
+2. **判定阈值**：当前列宽（用 `+sheet-info --include row_heights,col_widths` 拿）≥ 最长字符数 × 字体宽度系数 + buffer 才算适配。默认列宽 11 通常只够 11 个半角字符或 5-6 个汉字，写长文本前必扩宽。
+3. **修复二选一**：
+   - **扩列宽**：用 `+rows-resize / +cols-resize` 把目标列宽设为 `max(表头字符数, 内容采样最长字符数) × 8 + 16` 像素（经验值）
+   - **自动换行**：在 `+cells-set` 时给单元格设置 `cell_styles.word_wrap="auto-wrap"`（可选值：`overflow` / `auto-wrap` / `word-clip`），并用 `+rows-resize / +cols-resize` 调高对应行的行高
+4. **新增列默认列宽规则**：新增列宽度 ≥ `max(表头字符数, 内容采样最长字符数) × 8 + 16` 像素，**禁止**用默认 11 直接交付。
+
+**典型反例**：默认列宽 11 但内容含 12+ 字符的中文 / 含单位的数值（如 `109.10μmol/L`）/ 长数字未设 `number_format` 显示为科学计数法 —— 用户在结果表里看不到完整原值。
+
+**⚠️ 合并单元格安全操作规则**（`+cells-{merge|unmerge}` 必读）：
+
+1. **先读后写**：操作前必须用 `+sheet-info --include merges` 或 `+cells-get` 识别已有合并区域（特征：多个连续单元格中只有左上角有值，其余为空）。
+2. **不要对已合并区域重复 merge**：对已合并的区域再次调用 merge 会报错或产生不可预期结果。
+3. **修改合并区域的正确顺序**：先 `unmerge` → 修改内容/样式 → 再 `merge`。
+4. **对合并区域设置样式**：只对完整 range 设置一次 `cell_styles`（写在左上角单元格），其余位置用 `{}` 占位。
+5. **新增合并时数据保护**：合并前确认目标区域只有左上角有数据，其余单元格为空，否则合并会导致非左上角的数据丢失。
+6. **批量取消合并一次调用即可**：当一个范围（整列 `A:A`、整行 `3:3`、矩形 `A1:D100`）内存在多个合并区域，直接调一次 `+cells-unmerge` 传入这个大范围，会一次性取消该范围内所有合并区域；**不要**为每个合并区域单独调用 unmerge，也不要用 `+batch-update` 拆成多次 unmerge。
+
+**⚠️ 批量操作必须用 `+batch-update`**：对**多个**不同区域执行 `+cells-merge` 或 `+rows-resize / +cols-resize` 时，禁止逐个调用，合并为单次原子 `+batch-update`（语义与 `--operations` 入参格式见 `lark-sheets-batch-update`）。
+
+**唯一例外**：`+cells-unmerge` 原生支持传一个大 range 一次性取消其中所有合并区域，应直接单次调用，**不要**拆进 `+batch-update`。
+
+**⚠️ sort 操作前必读：确认目标列的数据类型**
+
+排序按单元格的**存储类型**比较：纯数字按数值排序；文本字符串按**字典序**（`"1000"` 排在 `"999"` 之前，与数值相反）；日期按时间戳排序。
+
+以下形态**看起来像数字但实际是字符串**，直接 sort 会得到错误结果：
+
+| 示例 | 说明 |
+|------|------|
+| `843688.69+20042.35=863731.04` | 表达式文本（无前导 `=` 不是公式，整串按字典序比较） |
+| `¥1,234.56` / `$1,234` | 带货币符号 |
+| `1.2万` / `3.5亿` / `100kg` | 带中文 / 英文单位 |
+| 前后含空格或不可见字符的数字串 | 被当文本 |
+| 同列混文本和数字 | 排序后分块 |
+
+**硬性流程**：
+
+1. sort 前先用 `+csv-get` 抽样目标列的前 3–5 行确认原始值形态，不要只看列名和用户问题就直接排。
+2. 若是纯数字或日期 → 直接 sort。
+3. 若是带符号 / 表达式 / 单位的文本 → **不要直接排**：
+   - 简单场景（货币、千分位、单位前缀）：新增辅助列，用公式提取数值（如 `=VALUE(SUBSTITUTE(SUBSTITUTE(A2,"¥",""),",",""))`），按辅助列排序，排完可按需清除辅助列。
+- 复杂场景（多段表达式、中文单位、混合格式）：分批 `+csv-get` 读到本地，按数值排序后用 `+csv-put` / `+cells-set` 分批回写。
+
+## Shortcuts
+
+| Shortcut | Risk | 分组 |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `+cells-clear` | high-risk-write | 单元格 |
+| `+cells-merge` | write | 单元格 |
+| `+cells-unmerge` | write | 单元格 |
+| `+rows-resize` | write | 工作表 |
+| `+cols-resize` | write | 工作表 |
+| `+range-move` | write | 区域 |
+| `+range-copy` | write | 区域 |
+| `+range-fill` | write | 区域 |
+| `+range-sort` | write | 区域 |
+
+## Flags
+
+### `+cells-clear`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--yes`、`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--range` | string | required | 清除范围（A1 格式） |
+| `--scope` | string | optional | 清除范围 enum：`content`（默认，仅清内容）/ `formats`（仅清格式）/ `all`（清内容 + 格式）（可选值：`content` / `formats` / `all`） |
+
+### `+cells-merge`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--range` | string | required | 待合并 / 取消合并的范围（A1 格式） |
+| `--merge-type` | string | optional | 合并方向（仅 `+cells-merge`）（可选值：`all` / `rows` / `columns`）（默认 `all`） |
+
+### `+cells-unmerge`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--range` | string | required | 待合并 / 取消合并的范围（A1 格式） |
+
+### `+rows-resize`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--type` | string | required | 尺寸方式 enum：`pixel`（指定 px 像素值，需配 `--size`）/ `standard`（重置为默认标准行高）/ `auto`（自动适应内容）（可选值：`pixel` / `standard` / `auto`） |
+| `--size` | int | optional | 行高（像素，例：30 / 40 / 60）；`--type pixel` 时必填，其它 type 忽略 |
+| `--range` | string | required | 要调整行高的行闭区间；1-based 行号如 `2:10` 或单行 `5` |
+
+### `+cols-resize`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--type` | string | required | 尺寸方式 enum：`pixel`（指定 px 像素值，需配 `--size`）/ `standard`（重置为默认标准列宽）（可选值：`pixel` / `standard`） |
+| `--size` | int | optional | 列宽（像素，例：80 / 120 / 200）；`--type pixel` 时必填，其它 type 忽略 |
+| `--range` | string | required | 要调整列宽的列闭区间；列字母如 `A:E` 或单列 `C` |
+
+### `+range-move`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--source-range` | string | required | 源 A1 范围 |
+| `--target-sheet-id` | string | optional | 目标子表 id；省略时同源 sheet |
+| `--target-range` | string | required | 目标 A1 范围（传起点 cell 即可，按源尺寸自动推断） |
+
+### `+range-copy`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--source-range` | string | required | 源 A1 范围 |
+| `--target-sheet-id` | string | optional | 目标子表 id；省略时同源 sheet |
+| `--target-range` | string | required | 目标 A1 范围（传起点 cell 即可，按源尺寸自动推断） |
+| `--paste-type` | string | optional | 粘贴内容（仅 `+range-copy`）（可选值：`values` / `formulas` / `formats` / `all`）（默认 `all`） |
+
+### `+range-fill`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--source-range` | string | required | 填充模板范围（系列起始 cells） |
+| `--target-range` | string | required | 目标填充范围（A1 格式） |
+| `--series-type` | string | optional | 填充序列类型（可选值：`auto` / `linear` / `growth` / `date` / `copy`）（默认 `auto`） |
+
+### `+range-sort`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--range` | string | required | 排序范围（A1 格式；含或不含表头由 `--has-header` 决定） |
+| `--sort-keys` | string + File + Stdin（复合 JSON） | required | JSON 数组：`[{"column":"<列字母>","ascending":<bool>}, ...]` |
+| `--has-header` | bool | optional | 第一行是表头不参与排序，默认 false |
+
+## Schemas
+
+> 复合 JSON flag 字段速查（只列顶层 + 一层嵌套）。深层结构看下方 `## Examples`，或用 `--print-schema` 读完整 JSON Schema（用法见 SKILL.md「公共 flag 速查」与「Agent 使用提示」）。
+
+### `+range-sort` `--sort-keys`
+
+_排序条件列表（仅 sort 操作）_
+
+**数组项**（类型 object）：
+- `column` (string) — 排序依据的列字母（如 "C"、"D"），必须在 range 范围内
+- `ascending` (boolean) — 是否升序排序
+
+## Examples
+
+> ⚠️ 本 skill 派生的 shortcut 跨 3 个分组：`+rows-resize` / `+cols-resize` → 工作表，`+cells-*` → 单元格，`+range-*` → 区域。skill 视角统一在这里讲解。
+
+公共四件套：所有 shortcut 顶部排列 `--url` / `--spreadsheet-token` / `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name`（XOR）。
+
+### `+cells-clear`
+
+> **删不掉嵌入对象**：`+cells-clear`（任何 `--scope`，含 `all`）只清单元格的值 / 格式，**删不掉**压在范围内的透视表 / 图表等嵌入对象——后端会报 `can not find embedded block`。删透视表用 `+pivot-delete`、删图表用 `+chart-delete`（先用 `+pivot-list` / `+chart-list` 拿对象 id）。
+
+> 需要一次清除**多个不连续 range**（如把内容搬走后批量去掉散落各处的边框/底色）时，改用 `lark-sheets-batch-update` 的 `+cells-batch-clear`，避免对 `+cells-clear` 逐个 range 调用。
+
+```bash
+# dry-run 先看
+lark-cli sheets +cells-clear --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --range "A2:Z1000" --scope all --dry-run
+# 执行
+lark-cli sheets +cells-clear --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --range "A2:Z1000" --scope all --yes
+```
+
+### `+cells-merge` / `+cells-unmerge`
+
+```bash
+# 合并 A1:C1（可选 --merge-type all/rows/columns）
+lark-cli sheets +cells-merge   --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --range "A1:C1"
+# 取消合并：传大 range 一次性取消其中所有合并区域
+lark-cli sheets +cells-unmerge --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --range "A1:C100"
+```
+
+### `+rows-resize` / `+cols-resize`
+
+行高列宽分两条 shortcut，避免行 / 列在底层 schema 的差异（行支持 `auto`，列不支持）混在一起。每条 `--type` 必填：
+
+```bash
+# 把第 2-10 行设为固定 30 px
+lark-cli sheets +rows-resize --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --range "2:10" --type pixel --size 30
+
+# 把 A-C 列设为固定 120 px
+lark-cli sheets +cols-resize --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --range "A:C" --type pixel --size 120
+
+# 第 1 行行高自动适应内容（列宽不支持 auto）
+lark-cli sheets +rows-resize --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --range "1" --type auto
+
+# 重置 A-E 列为默认列宽
+lark-cli sheets +cols-resize --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --range "A:E" --type standard
+```
+
+> 同时出现在 `lark-sheets-sheet-structure.md` —— 行高 / 列宽调整也算行列结构层动作。
+
+### `+range-move` / `+range-copy`
+
+> `+range-move` 会**清空源区域**（move = copy + clear_source）；`+range-copy` 不动源。
+
+### `+range-fill`
+
+```bash
+# 用 A1:A2 的序列规律向下填充到 A3:A100（target 区域不能与 source 重叠，否则后端报 source overlaps destination）
+lark-cli sheets +range-fill --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --source-range "A1:A2" --target-range "A3:A100" --series-type auto
+```
+
+### `+range-sort`
+
+```bash
+# 按 C 列降序排 A1:E100（首行为表头不参与）
+lark-cli sheets +range-sort --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --range "A1:E100" --has-header --sort-keys '[{"column":"C","ascending":false}]'
+```
+
+### Validate / DryRun / Execute 约束
+
+- `Validate`：XOR 公共四件套；`+cells-clear` 强制 `--yes` 或 `--dry-run`；`+range-*` 校验源 / 目标 range 在同一 spreadsheet；`+range-sort` 的 `--sort-keys` 必须合法 JSON 数组且 col 都在 `--range` 内；`+rows-resize` / `+cols-resize` 的 `--type` 必填，`--type pixel` 时 `--size` 必填、其它 type 时 `--size` 会被忽略（传了无害）；`+cols-resize.--type` 不接受 `auto`（只行高支持自适应）。
+- `DryRun`：所有写操作输出"将要 PATCH 的 range + 受影响 cell 数估算"。
+- `Execute`：写后不自动回读；如需确认，自行调用 `+cells-get --range <影响范围>` 抽样比对。
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-read-data.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-read-data.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ed54e4830
--- /dev/null
+++ b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-read-data.md
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# Lark Sheet Read Data
+
+## 列格式多样性预探（写公式 / 排序 / 筛选前必做）
+
+> 对应 `lark-sheets-core-operations` 的 **R3 计算复现**——本节是 R3 在 read_data 工具层的具体落地。
+
+对参与后续**计算 / 排序 / 筛选 / 公式提取**的列，**必须**先 sample **至少 50 行**（小表则全量），识别该列所有值类型变体后再设计公式 / 条件。只看前 10 行不够，因为下列差异通常潜伏在表尾或中段：
+
+- **日期列同时出现多种格式**：`YYYYMM`、`YYYY-MM-DD`、`YYYY/M/D`、带时间戳、文本"未知"
+- **数值列混入公式文本 / 单位 / 注释**：`1000+200=1200`、`100元`、`/（合同未明确）`、`#N/A`
+- **空值与 0 / "0" 混杂**
+- **大小写 / 全角半角差异**（"办公费" vs "办公费 "、"Sales" vs "sales"）
+
+预探后必须在公式 / 筛选条件里用 `IFERROR` / `IFS` / 提取数值的辅助列处理所有变体；不能为了通过 head(10) 的样本就直接落地。一旦设计的逻辑只覆盖 sample 中出现的格式，就属于违规。
+
+## 使用场景
+
+读取。从飞书表格中读取单元格数据。本 reference 覆盖 3 个 shortcut，按读取目的选择：
+
+| 读取目的 | 用这个 shortcut | 数据去向 | 说明 |
+|---------|----------------|---------|------|
+| 快速查看纯值数据、批量处理 | `+csv-get` | 对话上下文 | 返回 CSV 文本（加 `--rows-json` 改为结构化 rows `{row_number, values:{列字母→值}}`）；大表请按 `--range` 行窗口分批读（截断时看 `has_more`） |
+| 查看公式、样式、批注、数据验证 | `+cells-get` | 对话上下文 | 返回单元格完整信息，token 开销较大 |
+| 查看某区域的下拉框（数据验证）选项 | `+dropdown-get` | 对话上下文 | 返回该 A1 范围已配置的下拉列表选项 |
+
+**选择原则**：
+- 只看值或做数据处理 → `+csv-get`；大表分批读取，避免一次拉全表撑爆上下文
+- 要结构化、按 `row_number` / 列字母定位的输出 → `+csv-get --rows-json`（默认 CSV 串更省 token，超大表批量仍用默认）
+- 需要公式/样式/批注 → `+cells-get`
+- 只想知道某区域下拉框有哪些选项 → `+dropdown-get`
+
+⚠️ 超大数据请走"`+csv-get` 按 `--range` 行窗口（如 `A1:Z500` / `A501:Z1000` …）分批读到本地文件 + 本地脚本处理 + `+csv-put` 分批回写"。
+
+**`+csv-get` 返回值核心设计**：
+- `annotated_csv` — **CSV 数据唯一入口**。每一逻辑行前加 `[row=N] ` 前缀（N = 真实表格行号）。任何需要行号的下游操作（合并、写入、清空、格式化、插入/删除、条件格式、筛选、图表/透视表范围、搜索替换等），**行号一律直接从 `[row=N]` 读取**。若需要纯 CSV（如喂给本地脚本做解析），去前缀即可：`line.replace(/^\[row=\d+\] /, '')`。
+- `col_indices` — **定位列字母唯一入口**。在表头中找到目标字段是第 j 个（0-based），用 `col_indices[j]` 取列字母。**禁止手数逗号**——列数超过 10 时极易 off-by-one（例如把 W 误判为 X）。
+- `row_indices` — 程序化引用的备用数组。LLM 推理请用 `annotated_csv` 的前缀，不要查这个数组里的 index（把行号当数值用容易心算出错）。
+- `current_region` — 从请求范围扩展到被空行空列包围的连续数据区域（等价于 Excel Ctrl+Shift+*），适合先读少量行探表头、同时获知整表实际范围。
+
+注意：
+
+- `+csv-get` 和 `+cells-get` 支持分页/截断，注意检查 `has_more` / `truncated` 标志；使用 `+cells-get` 时，在读取 `cells` 之前还必须先看 `warning_message`，并用每个 range 的 `actual_range` / `row_indices` / `col_indices` 判断真实位置
+- 隐藏行列默认包含在返回结果中（`--skip-hidden=false`），如需只看可见数据设为 `true`
+
+**常见配置错误（必须注意）**：
+- **全量读取导致上下文溢出（高频致命错误）**：不要对大表（数百行以上）直接用 `+csv-get` 或 `+cells-get` 读取全部数据到上下文。大表场景必须分批读取：用 `--range` 切行窗口逐块读（`+csv-get` / `+cells-get` 单次返回量由 `--max-chars` 自动兜底，截断时返回 `has_more`）；过大时考虑导出到本地文件后用脚本处理再分批回写
+- **了解结构 ≠ 读取全量数据**：探表不用读全表，但必须同时探两个方向的表头：
+  - **横向（列头）**：先读前几行，且**列范围必须覆盖所有列**——用 `+workbook-info` 拿总列数，`range` 末列填到最后一列（例如总列数是 N，则 `range: "A1:[列N]10"`）。列范围截短会遗漏右侧字段、后续写入列定位错误。
+  - **纵向（行标）**：若左侧 1-2 列是行标签（日期/类别/编号枚举每行含义，典型交叉表/透视布局），**必须再读 `A:A` 或 `A:B` 把行标列读到底**，拿全部行标。只读前几行会看不全表尾的行，导致批量写入漏改——这是"只改前 N 行、其余未更新"的主要成因。扁平列表（每行独立记录、列是字段）可跳过这一步，但仍要靠 `current_region` 兜底。
+  - 数据量大或会进入上下文上限时，分批读 + 本地处理 + 分批回写，不要一口气拉全表到上下文。
+- **`+cells-get` 滥用**：当只需要数据值时，使用 `+csv-get`（token 开销约为 `+cells-get` 的 1/5）。只有确实需要公式、样式或批注时才用 `+cells-get`
+- **忽略分页标志**：读取返回 `has_more=true` 时，说明还有更多数据。如果任务需要完整数据，必须继续分页读取，不能只处理第一页就开始写入
+- **直接按 `+cells-get` 返回二维数组下标推导真实位置（高频错误）**：`ranges[n].cells[i][j]` 里的 `i/j` 只是返回数组下标，不等于真实表格行列。定位真实行号必须用 `ranges[n].row_indices[i]`，定位真实列字母必须用 `ranges[n].col_indices[j]`；若 `--skip-hidden=true`、请求范围越界被裁剪，或最后一行是部分返回，错误地自己数下标会立刻错位
+- **CSV 行号计数错误（高频致命错误）**：`+csv-get` 返回的 CSV 遵循 RFC 4180 标准，被双引号 `"..."` 包裹的字段中的换行符属于**字段内容的一部分**（即单元格内换行），不代表新的一行。计算行号时必须按**逻辑记录**计数，而非按物理换行符 `\n` 计数
+- **手动数列确定列号（高频致命错误）**：禁止通过在 CSV 表头中手动数逗号/字段来确定目标列的列字母。当列数超过 10 时，手动计数极易产生 off-by-one 偏移（例如把 W 列误判为 X 列）。**必须使用 `col_indices`**：先在 CSV 表头中找到目标字段名是第 j 个字段（0-based），再用 `col_indices[j]` 获取该列的实际列字母
+- **用数据列的值推导行号（高频致命错误，常被巧合掩盖）**：CSV 中常见"序号 / ID / 编号 / No."等形似行号的列，其值与实际表格行号**没有任何绑定关系**——序号可能跳号（1,2,3,5,6...）、可能从非 1 开始、可能有重复或被中途重置。此规则适用于**所有需要行号的下游操作**：合并单元格、区间写入/清空/格式化、插入/删除行、条件格式范围、筛选器范围、图表数据源、透视表范围、搜索替换范围等等——**凡是要把行号填进任何工具参数的场景，行号一律从 `annotated_csv` 中目标行开头的 `[row=N]` 前缀直接读取**，禁止用"序号=行号"、"表头占 1 行所以数据从第 2 行开始"、"第 N 个序号就在第 N+1 行"等心算，也禁止先心算再"事后核对"。**危险特征**：前几十行中序号恰好等于表格行号（典型成因：表头 +1 与一次跳号 -1 的偏移互相抵消形成巧合），模型一旦把这个巧合当作规律，会在后续所有行沿用；而中间再出现跳号时，从该行起整块区域全部错位，且错位不自查很难发现。**正确工作流**：①在 `annotated_csv` 里定位目标逻辑行（按字段内容匹配）；②直接读取该行开头的 `[row=N]` 前缀得到真实表格行号；③把这个行号填进下游工具参数。区间操作时，起始行用 start 行的 `[row=N]`、结束行用 end 行的 `[row=N]`。**自检**：动手前，在 `annotated_csv` 靠后位置再抽 1~2 行，核对 `[row=N]` 是否与首列"序号"一致——不一致（典型：`[row=57] 58,...`）即说明有跳号/隐藏行，更要严格从 `[row=N]` 取值，不要被序号列迷惑
+- **按 `row_count` 盲读空行（高频低效）**：`+workbook-info` 的 `row_count` 是 sheet 的**网格物理行数**（常是 200 / 1000 等默认值），不是数据末行；按它把 `--range` 拉到 `S200`（实际数据可能只到 `S32`）会读回大片空行，浪费上下文又干扰判断。真实数据末行以 `+csv-get` 返回的 `current_region` 为准（它就是数据边界），再按下方「确定数据范围的正确流程」确认末行。
+- **current_region 当作纯数据范围（高频致命错误）**：`current_region` 返回的是从请求范围向四周扩展到被空行空列包围的**连续非空区域**，等价于 Excel 的 Ctrl+Shift+\*。它包含该区域内**所有非空行**——不仅包含数据行，还可能包含标题行、汇总行（如"总计"）、签名行（如"编制人/审批人"）、脚注等非数据内容。**严禁直接将 `current_region` 的末尾行作为数据范围的结束行**。正确做法见下方「确定数据范围的正确流程」
+
+### 确定数据范围的正确流程（排序、筛选、批量写入等操作前必做）
+
+当后续操作需要精确的数据范围（如排序、筛选、删除、批量写入）时，仅靠 `current_region` 探测到的范围是不够的——必须同时确认数据的**起始行**和**结束行**。具体步骤：
+
+1. **确认起始行**：读取前 5~10 行，识别表头行位置，数据起始行 = 表头行 + 1
+2. **确认结束行**（关键步骤，不可跳过）：读取 `current_region` 末尾附近的若干行（建议读取末尾 5~10 行），逐行检查内容，排除非数据行：
+   - **汇总行**：内容为"合计"、"总计"、"小计"、"总计:"等
+   - **签名/审批行**：内容为"编制人"、"审核人"、"部门负责人"等
+   - **空行或分隔行**：整行为空或仅有边框
+   - **备注/脚注行**：注释性文字、说明文字等
+3. **最终数据范围** = 起始行 ~ 最后一条有效数据行（排除非数据行）
+
+**示例**：`current_region` 返回 `A1:N51`，读取 Row 48~51 发现：
+
+- Row 49: 序号=47, 姓名=xxx, 有正常数据 → ✅ 数据行
+- Row 50: "总计", 有合并单元格 → ❌ 汇总行
+- Row 51: "总经理：...", "编制人：..." → ❌ 签名行
+- **正确数据范围 = A3:N49**（而非 A3:N51）
+
+## Shortcuts
+
+| Shortcut | Risk | 分组 |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `+cells-get` | read | 单元格 |
+| `+dropdown-get` | read | 对象 |
+| `+csv-get` | read | 单元格 |
+
+## Flags
+
+### `+cells-get`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--range` | string | required | A1 范围，如 `A1:F10`（不带 sheet 前缀；用 `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name` 指定 sheet） |
+| `--include` | string_slice | optional | 要返回的信息类别，逗号分隔多个（可选值：`value` / `formula` / `style` / `comment` / `data_validation`） |
+| `--max-chars` | int | optional | 防爆，默认 200000（隐藏 flag：不在 `--help` 列出，但可正常传入） |
+| `--skip-hidden` | bool | optional | 跳过隐藏行列，默认 `false` |
+
+### `+dropdown-get`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--range` | string | required | A1 范围，如 `A2:A100`（不带 sheet 前缀；用 `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name` 指定 sheet） |
+
+### `+csv-get`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--range` | string | required | A1 范围，如 `A1:F30`（不带 sheet 前缀；用 `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name` 指定 sheet） |
+| `--max-chars` | int | optional | 防爆，默认 200000（隐藏 flag：不在 `--help` 列出，但可正常传入） |
+| `--include-row-prefix` | bool | optional | 是否在每行前加 `[row=N]` 前缀，默认 `true` |
+| `--skip-hidden` | bool | optional | 跳过隐藏行列，默认 `false` |
+| `--rows-json` | bool | optional | 返回结构化 rows（`{row_number, values:{列字母→值}}`）而非 CSV 文本，默认 `false` |
+
+## Examples
+
+### `+csv-get`
+
+公共四件套：`--url` / `--spreadsheet-token` / `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name`（前两者 XOR，后两者 XOR）。
+
+示例：
+
+```bash
+# 简单读（sheet 定位必填：--sheet-name 或 --sheet-id 必给一个；range 的 Sheet1! 前缀不能替代它）
+lark-cli sheets +csv-get --url "https://example.feishu.cn/sheets/shtXXX" --sheet-name "Sheet1" --range "A1:F30"
+
+# 用 sheet-name 模糊定位（运行时框架会先解析到 sheet-id）
+lark-cli sheets +csv-get --spreadsheet-token shtXXX --sheet-name "销售明细" --range "A1:F30"
+```
+
+输出契约（envelope.data）：
+
+- `annotated_csv` — 含 `[row=N]` 前缀的 CSV 主入口
+- `col_indices` / `row_indices` — 列字母 / 行号映射数组
+- `current_region` — 自动扩展到非空连续区域的 A1 范围。它是**真实数据边界**，**优先于 `+workbook-info` 的 `row_count`**（`row_count` 是网格物理行数，常是 200 / 1000 等默认值、远大于实际数据；按它盲读会拉回大片空行）
+- `has_more` — 是否截断；截断后续读用 `--range` 接着读
+
+**加 `--rows-json`：返回结构化 rows（而非 CSV 字符串）**
+
+```bash
+lark-cli sheets +csv-get --url "https://example.feishu.cn/sheets/shtXXX" --sheet-name "Sheet1" --range "A1:G20" --rows-json
+```
+
+`--rows-json` 下的输出契约（替换 `annotated_csv` / `col_indices` / `row_indices`）：
+
+- `rows` — 数组，每元素 `{row_number, values}`。`row_number` 是真实表格行号（整数，下游需要行号的操作直接取它）；`values` 按**列字母** key（如 `values["D"]`，绝对列字母）。**所有逻辑行都在 `rows` 里**。引号内换行已解析进单元格值，无需自己按 RFC-4180 拆行。
+- `data_not_fully_read` — **仅当没读全时出现**：`{read_through_row, data_extends_through_row, unread_rows, reread_range}`。出现即表示真实数据超出本次读取范围；批量写入前必须按 `reread_range` 重读全区，否则漏行。
+- 其余字段（`current_region` / `actual_range` / `has_more`）同上。
+
+### `+cells-get`
+
+示例：
+
+```bash
+# 读 A1:F10 的公式 + 样式（sheet 定位必填）
+lark-cli sheets +cells-get --url "https://example.feishu.cn/sheets/shtXXX" --sheet-name "Sheet1" \
+  --range "A1:F10" --include formula,style
+```
+
+> ⚠️ 调用方在 `cells[i][j]` 中**不能**用下标推真实行列：必须读 `ranges[n].row_indices[i]` / `ranges[n].col_indices[j]`。
+
+### Validate / DryRun / Execute 约束
+
+- `Validate` 阶段只做 XOR 检查、Enum 合法性、防爆参数上限校验；**禁止**联网（如不能用 `--sheet-name` 提前去查 `sheet-id`）。
+- `DryRun` 输出请求模板：`--sheet-name` 在 dry-run 输出里生成为 `<resolve:销售明细>` 占位符，不实际解析。
+- `Execute` 阶段才进行 sheet-name → sheet-id 解析与 API 调用。
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-row-column-management.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-row-column-management.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 1c4d553a6..000000000
--- a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-row-column-management.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,151 +0,0 @@
-# Sheets Row and Column Management
-
-> **前置条件：** 先阅读 [`../lark-shared/SKILL.md`](../../lark-shared/SKILL.md) 了解认证、全局参数和安全规则。
-
-这份 reference 汇总行列结构操作：
-
-- `+add-dimension`
-- `+insert-dimension`
-- `+update-dimension`
-- `+move-dimension`
-- `+delete-dimension`
-
-<a id="add-dimension"></a>
-## `+add-dimension`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +add-dimension`
-
-在工作表末尾追加空行或空列，不影响已有数据。
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +add-dimension --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --dimension ROWS --length 10
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--sheet-id` | 是 | 工作表 ID |
-| `--dimension` | 是 | `ROWS` 或 `COLUMNS` |
-| `--length` | 是 | 追加数量（1-5000） |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-输出：`addCount`、`majorDimension`
-
-<a id="insert-dimension"></a>
-## `+insert-dimension`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +insert-dimension`
-
-在指定位置插入空行或空列，已有数据向下或向右移动。
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +insert-dimension --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --dimension ROWS --start-index 3 --end-index 7
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--sheet-id` | 是 | 工作表 ID |
-| `--dimension` | 是 | `ROWS` 或 `COLUMNS` |
-| `--start-index` | 是 | 起始位置（0-indexed） |
-| `--end-index` | 是 | 结束位置（0-indexed，不含） |
-| `--inherit-style` | 否 | `BEFORE` 或 `AFTER` |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-输出：成功时 `data` 为空对象 `{}`
-
-<a id="update-dimension"></a>
-## `+update-dimension`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +update-dimension`
-
-更新指定范围行/列的显隐状态和行高/列宽。
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +update-dimension --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --dimension ROWS --start-index 1 --end-index 3 \
-  --visible=false
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--sheet-id` | 是 | 工作表 ID |
-| `--dimension` | 是 | `ROWS` 或 `COLUMNS` |
-| `--start-index` | 是 | 起始位置（**1-indexed**，含） |
-| `--end-index` | 是 | 结束位置（**1-indexed**，含） |
-| `--visible` | 否 | `--visible=true` 或 `--visible=false` |
-| `--fixed-size` | 否 | 行高或列宽（像素） |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-输出：成功时 `data` 为空对象 `{}`
-
-<a id="move-dimension"></a>
-## `+move-dimension`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +move-dimension`
-
-将指定范围的行/列移动到目标位置。
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +move-dimension --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --dimension ROWS \
-  --start-index 0 --end-index 1 --destination-index 4
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--sheet-id` | 是 | 工作表 ID |
-| `--dimension` | 是 | `ROWS` 或 `COLUMNS` |
-| `--start-index` | 是 | 源起始位置（0-indexed） |
-| `--end-index` | 是 | 源结束位置（0-indexed，含） |
-| `--destination-index` | 是 | 目标位置（0-indexed） |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-输出：成功时 `data` 为空对象 `{}`
-
-<a id="delete-dimension"></a>
-## `+delete-dimension`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +delete-dimension`
-
-删除指定范围的行或列。
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +delete-dimension --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --dimension ROWS --start-index 3 --end-index 7
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--sheet-id` | 是 | 工作表 ID |
-| `--dimension` | 是 | `ROWS` 或 `COLUMNS` |
-| `--start-index` | 是 | 起始位置（**1-indexed**，含） |
-| `--end-index` | 是 | 结束位置（**1-indexed**，含） |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-输出：`delCount`、`majorDimension`
-
-## 参考
-
-- [spreadsheet-management](lark-sheets-spreadsheet-management.md#info) — 查看当前工作表信息
-- [cell-style-and-merge](lark-sheets-cell-style-and-merge.md) — 调整样式或合并单元格
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-search-replace.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-search-replace.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9a7e98947
--- /dev/null
+++ b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-search-replace.md
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+# Lark Sheet Search & Replace
+
+## 替换前 dry-run + 范围明确（替换前必做）
+
+`+cells-replace` 的副作用是不可逆的（除非另写代码回滚）。执行前必须：
+
+1. **明确替换范围**：必须显式说明"只替换 X 列 / X 区域，还是全表替换"。**禁止**默认全表替换——容易误改无关列。范围应由用户指令决定，模糊时主动询问。
+2. **dry-run 命中数量**：先用 `+cells-search` 在同一范围、同一关键词、同一匹配选项（大小写 / 精确 / 正则）下统计命中数量。把数量和**期望命中数**（用户明示的或基于业务理解推断的）对照——一致才进入 `+cells-replace`，不一致先排查（关键词太宽？范围太大？）。
+3. **替换后回读校验**：执行后再次 `+cells-search` 旧关键词，预期为 0；并对替换后的若干代表性单元格回读确认值符合预期。
+
+## 使用场景
+
+读写。在飞书表格中搜索和替换文本。本 reference 覆盖 2 个 shortcut：
+
+| 操作需求 | 使用工具 | 说明 |
+|---------|---------|------|
+| 搜索/定位文本 | `+cells-search` | 返回匹配的单元格位置，支持正则、精确匹配等 |
+| 查找并替换文本 | `+cells-replace` | 批量替换文本；`--regex` 模式下 `--replacement` 可用 `$1`、`$2` 引用 `--find` 的捕获组 |
+
+**常见配置错误（必须注意）**：
+- **不要把操作动词当搜索词**：用户说"汇总金额"是一个操作动作（求和），不是要搜索"汇总金额"这个文本。只有当确实需要定位某个文本值的位置时才用 `+cells-search`
+- **不要用搜索来了解表格结构**：要了解表头和数据结构时，应使用 `+csv-get` 读取前几行，而不是用 `+cells-search` 逐个猜测字段名
+- **注意正则特殊字符**：使用正则匹配时，`.`、`*`、`(`、`)` 等特殊字符需要转义
+
+## Shortcuts
+
+| Shortcut | Risk | 分组 |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `+cells-search` | read | 单元格 |
+| `+cells-replace` | write | 单元格 |
+
+## Flags
+
+### `+cells-search`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--find` | string | required | 待查找文本（与 `--regex` 配合时按正则解释） |
+| `--range` | string | optional | 查找范围（A1 格式）；省略时整表 |
+| `--match-case` | bool | optional | 大小写敏感 |
+| `--match-entire-cell` | bool | optional | 完全匹配整个单元格 |
+| `--regex` | bool | optional | 把 `--find` 按正则解释 |
+| `--include-formulas` | bool | optional | 也在公式文本中搜索 |
+| `--max-matches` | int | optional | 防爆，默认 5000（隐藏 flag：不在 `--help` 列出，但可正常传入） |
+| `--offset` | int | optional | 跳过前 N 个匹配（分页用），默认 0 |
+
+### `+cells-replace`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--find` | string | required | 待替换文本 |
+| `--replacement` | string | required | 替换为；传空字符串 `""` 等价于「删除内容」 |
+| `--range` | string | optional | 替换范围（A1 格式）；省略时整表 |
+| `--match-case` | bool | optional | 大小写敏感 |
+| `--match-entire-cell` | bool | optional | 完全匹配整个单元格 |
+| `--regex` | bool | optional | 把 `--find` 按正则解释 |
+| `--include-formulas` | bool | optional | 也在公式文本中替换 |
+
+## Examples
+
+公共四件套：所有 shortcut 顶部排列 `--url` / `--spreadsheet-token` / `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name`（XOR 规则）。
+
+### `+cells-search`
+
+示例：
+
+```bash
+# 普通查找
+lark-cli sheets +cells-search --url "https://example.feishu.cn/sheets/shtXXX" \
+  --sheet-name "Sheet1" --find "张三"
+
+# 正则 + 范围限定
+lark-cli sheets +cells-search --spreadsheet-token shtXXX --sheet-id "$SID" \
+  --find "^[A-Z]{2}-\\d{4}$" --regex --range "A2:A1000"
+```
+
+输出契约（envelope.data）：
+
+- `matches` — 命中 cell 列表，每条含 `address`（A1）+ `value` + `sheet_id`
+- `total_matches` — 匹配总数
+- `has_more` / `next_offset` — 分页游标（命中数超过单页上限时用于继续读取）
+
+### `+cells-replace`
+
+示例：
+
+```bash
+# 先 dry-run 预览
+lark-cli sheets +cells-replace --url "https://example.feishu.cn/sheets/shtXXX" \
+  --sheet-name "Sheet1" --find "v1" --replacement "v2" --dry-run
+
+# 确认后执行
+lark-cli sheets +cells-replace --url "https://example.feishu.cn/sheets/shtXXX" \
+  --sheet-name "Sheet1" --find "v1" --replacement "v2"
+
+# 正则捕获组：把 "2026-03" 重排成 "03/2026"（$1/$2 引用 --find 的捕获组）
+lark-cli sheets +cells-replace --url "https://example.feishu.cn/sheets/shtXXX" \
+  --sheet-name "Sheet1" --regex --find "(\\d{4})-(\\d{2})" --replacement "$2/$1" --dry-run
+```
+
+> `+cells-replace` 虽然 Risk = write，但范围大或正则错可能改一堆。**强烈推荐工作流**：先 `+cells-search` 看匹配数，再 `+cells-replace --dry-run` 预览，最后真正执行。
+
+### Validate / DryRun / Execute 约束
+
+- `Validate`：XOR 公共四件套；`--find` 非空；正则模式下 `--find` 必须是合法正则。
+- `DryRun`：`+cells-search` 输出请求模板；`+cells-replace` 额外返回预估替换数（`would_replace_count`）。
+- `Execute`：写后不自动回读；如需确认，自行用 `+cells-search` 复查旧值是否已不再命中。
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-sheet-management.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-sheet-management.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 089059c91..000000000
--- a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-sheet-management.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,164 +0,0 @@
-# Sheets Sheet Management
-
-> **前置条件：** 先阅读 [`../lark-shared/SKILL.md`](../../lark-shared/SKILL.md) 了解认证、全局参数和安全规则。
-
-这份 reference 汇总工作表级操作：
-
-- `+create-sheet`
-- `+copy-sheet`
-- `+delete-sheet`
-- `+update-sheet`
-
-其中 `+create-sheet` / `+copy-sheet` / `+delete-sheet` 底层封装官方“操作工作表（operate-sheets）”接口；`+update-sheet` 封装“更新工作表属性”接口。
-
-<a id="create-sheet"></a>
-## `+create-sheet`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +create-sheet`
-
-```bash
-# 在表格末尾或服务端默认位置创建工作表
-lark-cli sheets +create-sheet --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --title "明细"
-
-# 指定插入位置（0-based）
-lark-cli sheets +create-sheet --url "https://example.larksuite.com/sheets/shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --title "汇总" --index 0
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--title` | 否 | 工作表标题，最长 100 字符，不能包含 `/ \ ? * [ ] :` |
-| `--index` | 否 | 工作表位置（从 0 开始） |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-输出：
-
-- `spreadsheet_token`
-- `sheet.sheet_id`
-- `sheet.title`
-- `sheet.index`
-
-<a id="copy-sheet"></a>
-## `+copy-sheet`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +copy-sheet`
-
-```bash
-# 按默认位置复制
-lark-cli sheets +copy-sheet --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>"
-
-# 指定副本名称和位置
-lark-cli sheets +copy-sheet --url "https://example.larksuite.com/sheets/shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --title "销售副本" --index 2
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--sheet-id` | 是 | 源工作表 ID |
-| `--title` | 否 | 新工作表标题，最长 100 字符，不能包含 `/ \ ? * [ ] :` |
-| `--index` | 否 | 新工作表位置（从 0 开始） |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-说明：
-
-- 传 `--index` 时，CLI 会先复制，再追加一次位置更新，把副本移动到目标索引
-
-输出：
-
-- `spreadsheet_token`
-- `sheet.sheet_id`
-- `sheet.title`
-- `sheet.index`
-
-<a id="delete-sheet"></a>
-## `+delete-sheet`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +delete-sheet`
-
-> [!CAUTION]
-> 这是**高风险删除操作**。CLI 会要求显式确认；可以先用 `--dry-run` 预览。
-
-```bash
-lark-cli sheets +delete-sheet --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>"
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--sheet-id` | 是 | 要删除的工作表 ID |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-输出：
-
-- `deleted`
-- `spreadsheet_token`
-- `sheet_id`
-
-<a id="update-sheet"></a>
-## `+update-sheet`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +update-sheet`
-
-用于更新工作表标题、位置、隐藏状态、冻结行列和保护设置。
-
-```bash
-# 改名 + 调整冻结
-lark-cli sheets +update-sheet --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --title "汇总表" --frozen-row-count 2 --frozen-col-count 1
-
-# 隐藏工作表
-lark-cli sheets +update-sheet --url "https://example.larksuite.com/sheets/shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --hidden=true
-
-# 开启保护并授权额外编辑人
-lark-cli sheets +update-sheet --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --lock LOCK --lock-info "仅财务维护" \
-  --user-id-type open_id --user-ids '["ou_xxx","ou_yyy"]'
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 表格 token |
-| `--sheet-id` | 是 | 要更新的工作表 ID |
-| `--title` | 否 | 新标题，最长 100 字符，不能包含 `/ \ ? * [ ] :` |
-| `--index` | 否 | 新位置（从 0 开始） |
-| `--hidden` | 否 | `--hidden=true` 隐藏，`--hidden=false` 取消隐藏 |
-| `--frozen-row-count` | 否 | 冻结行数，`0` 表示取消冻结 |
-| `--frozen-col-count` | 否 | 冻结列数，`0` 表示取消冻结 |
-| `--lock` | 否 | 保护模式：`LOCK` / `UNLOCK` |
-| `--lock-info` | 否 | 保护备注；要求 `--lock LOCK` |
-| `--user-id-type` | 否 | `--user-ids` 的 ID 类型：`open_id` / `union_id` / `lark_id` / `user_id` |
-| `--user-ids` | 否 | 额外可编辑用户 ID 的 JSON 数组；要求 `--lock LOCK` |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-输出：
-
-- `spreadsheet_token`
-- `sheet.sheet_id`
-- `sheet.title`
-- `sheet.hidden`
-- `sheet.grid_properties.frozen_row_count`
-- `sheet.grid_properties.frozen_column_count`
-- `sheet.protect`
-
-## 参考
-
-- [spreadsheet-management](lark-sheets-spreadsheet-management.md#info) — 先获取 `sheet_id`
-- [row-column-management](lark-sheets-row-column-management.md) — 需要改行列结构时用这组命令
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-sheet-structure.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-sheet-structure.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..16473e3b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-sheet-structure.md
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+# Lark Sheet Sheet Structure
+
+## 结构性操作影响面预检（插入 / 删除行列前必做）
+
+插入 / 删除行列、隐藏 / 取消隐藏、冻结、行列分组都会让原表的引用关系发生偏移。**操作前必须**先打印以下三类信息，并评估操作是否会让它们失效；否则禁止执行：
+
+1. **当前合并单元格范围**（来自 `+sheet-info` 的 `merged_cells`）：插入行 / 列时，跨过插入位置的合并区域可能扩张或断裂；删除行 / 列时合并区域可能直接消失。
+2. **现有公式的引用范围**（用 `+cells-get` 抽样附近行 + 跨表引用 + 透视表 / 图表 / 条件格式 / 筛选器的数据源 range）：插入 / 删除会导致 `=SUM(B4:B13)` 这种相对引用偏移；如果操作发生在引用范围内部，可能产生 `#REF!`。
+3. **数据验证（下拉列表）规则的应用范围**：列表来源是某个区域时，区域被部分删除会让规则失效。
+
+不可逆的影响必须先在回复中告知用户，得到确认再执行。
+
+## 使用场景
+
+读写。管理子表结构与布局。本 reference 覆盖 9 个 shortcut（按用途分两类）：
+
+| 操作需求 | 使用工具 | 说明 |
+|---------|---------|------|
+| 查看子表布局 | `+sheet-info` | 获取行高、列宽、隐藏行列、行列分组、合并单元格等信息 |
+| 变更子表结构 | `+dim-{insert|delete|hide|unhide|freeze|group|ungroup|move}` | 插入/删除/隐藏/取消隐藏/冻结/分组/移动行列 |
+
+注意：
+
+- 当表格存在合并单元格时，应结合返回的 `merged_cells` 判断表头、分组标题和区域语义
+- 不要把合并区域中非左上角的空白单元格理解为"无内容"；通常应将左上角单元格的内容视为整个合并区域的语义内容
+- 插入用 `+dim-insert`：`--position`（插入位置；行用 1-based 行号如 `3`，列用字母如 `C`，新行/列插在此位置**之前**）+ `--count`（插入数量，>0）。新行/列样式继承用 `--inherit-style`（`before`/`after`/`none`）
+- 例如"在第 20 行后新增 116 行"：`--position 21 --count 116`（"第 20 行后"即 1-based 行号 21）
+
+**区间表达统一为 A1 风格**：所有涉及"一段连续行/列"的 shortcut 都用同一套 A1 闭区间字符串语法，**不存在 inclusive / exclusive / 0-based / 1-based 跨命令差异**：
+
+| 命令 | 用什么 flag 表达区间 / 位置 | 例子 |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `+dim-insert` | `--position` + `--count` | `--position 3 --count 5`（在第 3 行前插 5 行）/ `--position C --count 2`（在 C 列前插 2 列） |
+| `+dim-delete` / `+dim-hide` / `+dim-unhide` / `+dim-group` / `+dim-ungroup` / `+rows-resize` / `+cols-resize` | `--range` | `"3:7"`（第 3-7 行，闭区间）/ `"C:F"`（C-F 列，闭区间）/ `"5"` 或 `"C"`（单行/列） |
+| `+dim-move` | `--source-range`（源区间）+ `--target`（目标位置） | `--source-range "3:7" --target 12`（把第 3-7 行移到第 12 行前）/ `--source-range "C:F" --target H` |
+
+行用 1-based 数字、列用字母——跟 Excel / 飞书 UI 看到的行号、列字母完全一致。
+
+**常见配置错误（必须注意）**：
+- **插入列直接用字母**：`+dim-insert` 的 `--position` 在列场景直接传字母（如 `C`），不要把列字母换算成 0-based 索引
+- **插入后引用偏移**：插入行/列后，原有数据的行号 / 列字母会发生偏移。如果插入后还需要对原有区域执行写入操作，必须重新计算偏移后的位置
+- **删除行列前先确认范围**：删除操作不可逆，执行前应确认 `--range` 精确无误。可先用 `+csv-get` 读取目标区域验证内容
+- **"在 D 列左侧新增一列"的正确写法**：`--position D --count 1`（新列插在 D 列之前）；要继承左侧列样式加 `--inherit-style before`
+- **`+dim-move` 同维度约束**：`--source-range` 是行区间时 `--target` 必须是行号（数字），是列区间时 `--target` 必须是列字母——不可一行一列混用
+- **插入列后必须检查多行表头合并区域**：很多表格有 2-3 行的合并表头。插入列后，原有的合并区域不会自动扩展到新列。必须先用 `+sheet-info --include merges` 读取合并区域，插入后将跨越插入位置的合并区域重新设置（用 `+cells-{merge|unmerge}`），否则新列的表头会是空的、格式不连续
+- **公式写入范围跳过表头行**：写入公式时从数据行开始（不是第 1 行）。先确认表头占几行（可能 1-3 行），公式的起始行 = 表头行数 + 1
+
+## Shortcuts
+
+| Shortcut | Risk | 分组 |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `+sheet-info` | read | 工作表 |
+| `+dim-insert` | write | 工作表 |
+| `+dim-delete` | high-risk-write | 工作表 |
+| `+dim-hide` | write | 工作表 |
+| `+dim-unhide` | write | 工作表 |
+| `+dim-freeze` | write | 工作表 |
+| `+dim-group` | write | 工作表 |
+| `+dim-ungroup` | write | 工作表 |
+| `+dim-move` | write | 工作表 |
+
+## Flags
+
+### `+sheet-info`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--include` | string_slice | optional | 要返回的结构信息类别，逗号分隔多个（可选值：`merges` / `row_heights` / `col_widths` / `hidden_rows` / `hidden_cols` / `groups` / `frozen`） |
+| `--range` | string | optional | 限定只返回该 A1 范围的结构信息；省略时返回整表 |
+
+### `+dim-insert`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--inherit-style` | string | optional | 新行/列样式继承策略 enum：`before`（继承前一行/列）/ `after`（继承后一行/列）/ `none`（默认）（可选值：`before` / `after` / `none`） |
+| `--position` | string | required | 插入位置（在此行/列**之前**插入）：行用 1-based 行号如 `3`；列用字母如 `C` |
+| `--count` | int | required | 插入数量（>0） |
+
+### `+dim-delete`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--yes`、`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--range` | string | required | 要删除的行/列闭区间；行用 1-based 数字如 `3:7` 或单行 `5`，列用字母如 `C:F` 或单列 `C` |
+
+### `+dim-hide`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--range` | string | required | 要隐藏的行/列闭区间；行如 `3:7`，列如 `C:F` |
+
+### `+dim-unhide`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--range` | string | required | 要取消隐藏的行/列闭区间；行如 `3:7`，列如 `C:F` |
+
+### `+dim-freeze`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--dimension` | string | required | 维度方向（行或列）（可选值：`row` / `column`） |
+| `--count` | int | required | 冻结前 N 行/列；传 0 解除冻结 |
+
+### `+dim-group`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--depth` | int | optional | 嵌套分组的层级（创建到第几层），默认 1 |
+| `--group-state` | string | optional | 分组初始展开状态（可选值：`expand` / `fold`）（默认 `expand`） |
+| `--range` | string | required | 要创建分组的行/列闭区间；行如 `3:7`，列如 `C:F` |
+
+### `+dim-ungroup`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--depth` | int | optional | 要取消的分组层级，默认 1（最外层） |
+| `--range` | string | required | 要取消分组的行/列闭区间；行如 `3:7`，列如 `C:F` |
+
+### `+dim-move`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--source-range` | string | required | 要移动的源行/列闭区间；行如 `3:7`，列如 `C:F` |
+| `--target` | string | required | 目标位置（移到此行/列**之前**）：行用 1-based 行号如 `12`，列用字母如 `H`。必须与 `--source-range` 同维度（行/列） |
+
+## Examples
+
+公共四件套：所有 shortcut 顶部排列 `--url` / `--spreadsheet-token` / `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name`（XOR）。
+
+### `+sheet-info`
+
+输出契约：返回子表的行高 / 列宽 / 隐藏 / 合并 / 分组等布局元信息。
+
+### `+dim-insert`
+
+```bash
+# 在第 10 行前插 3 行，继承上方样式
+lark-cli sheets +dim-insert --url "https://example.feishu.cn/sheets/shtXXX" \
+  --sheet-id "$SID" --position 10 --count 3 --inherit-style before
+
+# 在 C 列前插 2 列
+lark-cli sheets +dim-insert --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --position C --count 2
+```
+
+### `+dim-delete`
+
+```bash
+# 删除第 5-7 行
+lark-cli sheets +dim-delete --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --range "5:7" --yes
+
+# 删除 D-F 列
+lark-cli sheets +dim-delete --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --range "D:F" --yes
+```
+
+### `+dim-hide` / `+dim-unhide`
+
+```bash
+lark-cli sheets +dim-hide   --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --range "5:7"
+lark-cli sheets +dim-unhide --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --range "5:7"
+lark-cli sheets +dim-hide   --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --range "C:F"
+```
+
+### `+dim-move`
+
+```bash
+# 把第 3-7 行移到第 12 行前
+lark-cli sheets +dim-move --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --source-range "3:7" --target 12
+
+# 把 C-F 列移到 H 列前
+lark-cli sheets +dim-move --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --source-range "C:F" --target H
+```
+
+### `+rows-resize` / `+cols-resize`
+
+> ⚠️ 这两条 shortcut 来自 `lark-sheets-range-operations` 的 `+rows-resize / +cols-resize` tool（分组在"工作表"是为了发现性）。详细参数和示例在 `lark-sheets-range-operations.md`。
+>
+> 行 vs 列底层 schema 有差异：`+rows-resize.--type` 支持 `pixel` / `standard` / `auto`，`+cols-resize.--type` 只支持 `pixel` / `standard`（列宽不支持自动适应）。
+
+### `+dim-freeze`
+
+```bash
+# 冻结前 1 行（--count 传 0 解除冻结）
+lark-cli sheets +dim-freeze --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --dimension row --count 1
+```
+
+### `+dim-group` / `+dim-ungroup`（大纲）
+
+> 仅当用户明确说"行分组 / 列分组 / 大纲 / outline"时触发；按字段做数据分组用 `+pivot-create`。
+
+### Validate / DryRun / Execute 约束
+
+- `Validate`：XOR 公共四件套；`--range` / `--source-range` 必须是合法 A1 闭区间（行用数字、列用字母，不可混用）；`+dim-insert` 的 `--count` > 0；`+dim-move` 的 `--target` 必须与 `--source-range` 同维度（行 vs 列）；`+dim-delete` 强制 `--yes` 或 `--dry-run`；`+rows-resize` / `+cols-resize` 的 `--type` 必填，`--type pixel` 时 `--size` 必填、其它 type 时 `--size` 会被忽略（传了无害）；`+rows-resize` / `+cols-resize` 的行 vs 列 `--type` 差异详见 `lark-sheets-range-operations.md`。
+- `DryRun`：写操作输出"将要 PATCH 的目标范围 + 目标参数"。
+- `Execute`：写后不自动回读；如需确认，自行调用 `+sheet-info --include row_heights,col_widths,hidden_rows,hidden_cols,groups,frozen` 查看受影响的范围。
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-sparkline.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-sparkline.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..090dbcda5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-sparkline.md
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+# Lark Sheet Sparkline
+
+## 真对象硬约束
+
+当用户要求"迷你图 / 趋势线 / 单元格内图表"时，**必须**通过 `+sparkline-{create|update|delete}` 创建真实的迷你图对象。**禁止**用文本字符（如 `▁▂▃▅▇`）拼接在单元格里、或用 `SPARKLINE()` 公式函数（已禁用）代替。判断标准：交付后 `+sparkline-list` 必须能返回该对象。
+
+## 使用场景
+
+读写迷你图对象。本 reference 覆盖 4 个 shortcut：
+
+| 操作需求 | 使用工具 | 说明 |
+|---------|---------|------|
+| 查看已有迷你图 | `+sparkline-list` | 获取迷你图的类型、数据源和样式配置 |
+| 创建/更新/删除迷你图 | `+sparkline-{create|update|delete}` | 对迷你图执行写入操作 |
+
+典型工作流：先读取现有迷你图了解配置 → 执行创建/更新/删除 → **必须再次读取验证结果**。
+
+**常见配置错误（必须注意）**：
+- **数据源范围要精确**：迷你图的数据源范围必须与实际数据行列精确对应，范围偏移会导致图形展示错误
+- **不要与 SPARKLINE() 公式混淆**：飞书表格的 `SPARKLINE()` 公式函数已被禁用，迷你图只能通过本 Skill 的对象方式创建
+- **创建后必须验证**：调用 `+sparkline-list` 确认迷你图配置正确
+
+## Shortcuts
+
+| Shortcut | Risk | 分组 |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `+sparkline-list` | read | 对象 |
+| `+sparkline-create` | write | 对象 |
+| `+sparkline-update` | write | 对象 |
+| `+sparkline-delete` | high-risk-write | 对象 |
+
+## Flags
+
+### `+sparkline-list`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--group-id` | string | optional | 按 group_id 过滤 |
+
+### `+sparkline-create`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--properties` | string + File + Stdin（复合 JSON） | required | JSON：`{config（共享样式配置）, sparklines（迷你图数组）}`；完整字段结构跑 `--print-schema` |
+
+### `+sparkline-update`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--group-id` | string | required | 目标组 id |
+| `--properties` | string + File + Stdin（复合 JSON） | required | JSON：`{config, sparklines}`；先 `+sparkline-list --group-id <id>` 回读再 patch；完整字段结构跑 `--print-schema` |
+
+### `+sparkline-delete`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--yes`、`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--group-id` | string | required | 目标组 id |
+
+## Schemas
+
+> 复合 JSON flag 字段速查（只列顶层 + 一层嵌套）。深层结构看下方 `## Examples`，或用 `--print-schema` 读完整 JSON Schema（用法见 SKILL.md「公共 flag 速查」与「Agent 使用提示」）。
+
+### `+sparkline-create` `--properties` / `+sparkline-update` `--properties`
+
+_创建/更新/部分删除的迷你图属性_
+
+**顶层字段**：
+- `config` (object?) — 迷你图样式配置, 相同 groupId 的迷你图共享相同的样式 { theme_type?: enum, non_num_show_as?: enum, empty_show_as?: enum, contain_hidden_cells?: boolean, series_color?: string, …共 13 项 }
+- `sparklines` (array<object>?) — 迷你图项列表 each: { sparkline_id?: string, position?: object, source?: string, source_range?: object }
+
+## Examples
+
+公共四件套：所有 shortcut 顶部排列 `--url` / `--spreadsheet-token` / `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name`（XOR）。迷你图用 **两层 id** 管理——`group_id` 选组（一组同形态的迷你图共享类型 / 样式 / 数据源映射），`sparkline_id` 在组内选具体某一项。注意：不等同于已禁用的 `SPARKLINE()` 公式函数。
+
+> **何时需要先 `+sparkline-list`：**
+> - `+sparkline-update`：**总是**需要——拿到组内每一项的 `sparkline_id`，回填到 `properties.sparklines[i]`，server 用它做映射。
+> - `+sparkline-delete`：**不需要** `sparkline_id`——CLI 仅支持按 `--group-id` 整组删除（该 shortcut 没有 `--properties`）。
+
+### `+sparkline-list`
+
+```bash
+# 列出整张子表的所有迷你图组
+lark-cli sheets +sparkline-list --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID"
+
+# 钉到单组：返回该组每一项的 sparkline_id（update / partial-delete 必需）
+lark-cli sheets +sparkline-list --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --group-id "grpA"
+```
+
+### `+sparkline-create`
+
+> `--properties` 顶层只有 `config`（同组共享样式，如 `line_width` / `points` / `extremum_max` / `extremum_min`）和 `sparklines`（迷你图项数组）两个字段。`sparklines[i]` 每项必须含 `position`（落点 cell，`row` + `col`）+ `source`（数据 A1 范围，与 `source_range` 二选一）；create 时 `sparkline_id` 可省略，由系统生成。
+
+```bash
+lark-cli sheets +sparkline-create --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --properties @sparkline.json
+```
+
+`sparkline.json` 示例（在 F 列嵌入两行折线迷你图，数据分别来自 A2:E2 和 A3:E3）：
+
+```jsonc
+{
+  "config": { "line_width": 2 },
+  "sparklines": [
+    {"position": {"row": 1, "col": "F"}, "source": "'Sheet1'!A2:E2"},
+    {"position": {"row": 2, "col": "F"}, "source": "'Sheet1'!A3:E3"}
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+### `+sparkline-update`
+
+> 两步式：先 `+sparkline-list --group-id <id>` 拿当前组的 `sparkline_id` 列表，再构造 `properties.sparklines[]`——**每项必须带 `sparkline_id`**。只改样式可只传 `properties.config`（不带 `sparklines`，整组样式覆盖式更新）。
+
+```bash
+# 假设 +sparkline-list 已返回 group_id=grpA，组内 sparkline_id=sl_1 / sl_2
+lark-cli sheets +sparkline-update --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --group-id "grpA" --properties '{
+  "sparklines": [
+    {"sparkline_id":"sl_1","source":"'Sheet1'!A2:A20"},
+    {"sparkline_id":"sl_2","source":"'Sheet1'!B2:B20"}
+  ]
+}'
+```
+
+### `+sparkline-delete`
+
+> CLI 仅支持**整组删除**：传 `--group-id` 删掉该组全部迷你图。该 shortcut **没有** `--properties`，无法只删组内单项（需求上要"留一部分"时，改用 `+sparkline-update` 重写该组的 `sparklines` 列表，而不是 delete）。强制 `--yes` 或 `--dry-run`；先 `--dry-run` 确认要删的目标组。
+
+```bash
+# 删整组
+lark-cli sheets +sparkline-delete --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --group-id "grpA" --yes
+```
+
+### Validate / DryRun / Execute 约束
+
+- `Validate`：
+  - XOR 公共四件套；`+sparkline-{update,delete}` 必须 `--group-id`。
+  - **`+sparkline-update`**：当 `properties.sparklines` 非空时，每一项必须含 `sparkline_id`（CLI 预检，错误信息会指回 `+sparkline-list`，避免命中服务端的不可读拒绝）；只传 `properties.config`（config-only update）合法、不触发 sparkline_id 检查。
+  - **`+sparkline-delete`**：只接 `--group-id`（整组删除），**没有** `--properties`，无法删组内单项。
+  - `--properties`（仅 `+sparkline-create` / `+sparkline-update`）顶层只接 `config`（同组共享样式）和 `sparklines`（迷你图项数组）；`+sparkline-create` 要求每个 `sparklines[i]` 含 `position` 与 `source`（或 `source_range`，二选一）。
+  - `+sparkline-delete` 强制 `--yes` 或 `--dry-run`。
+- `DryRun`：写操作输出"将要 POST/PATCH/DELETE 的 sparkline group 请求模板"。
+- `Execute`：写后不自动回读；如需确认，自行调用 `+sparkline-list --group-id <id>` 查看 `config` / `sparklines`。
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-spreadsheet-management.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-spreadsheet-management.md
deleted file mode 100644
index b6bfe591e..000000000
--- a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-spreadsheet-management.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,140 +0,0 @@
-# Sheets Spreadsheet Management
-
-> **前置条件：** 先阅读 [`../lark-shared/SKILL.md`](../../lark-shared/SKILL.md) 了解认证、全局参数和安全规则。
-
-这份 reference 汇总电子表格对象级操作：
-
-- `+create`：创建电子表格
-- `+info`：查看电子表格元信息和工作表列表
-- `+export`：导出电子表格
-
-<a id="create"></a>
-## `+create`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +create`
-
-特性：
-
-- 一步创建表格并返回 URL
-- 可选 `--headers/--data` 在创建后自动写入第一个工作表的 A1 开始
-- `--as bot` 创建成功后，CLI 会尝试为当前 CLI 用户自动授予 `full_access`
-
-```bash
-# 只创建表格
-lark-cli sheets +create --title "仓库管理营收报表"
-
-# 创建并写入表头 + 初始数据
-lark-cli sheets +create --title "仓库管理营收报表" \
-  --headers '["仓库","统计月份","入库金额","出库金额","销售收入","毛利率"]' \
-  --data '[["华东一仓","2026-03",125000,98000,168000,"41.7%"]]'
-
-# 创建到指定文件夹
-lark-cli sheets +create --title "测试表" --folder-token "fldbc_xxx"
-
-# 仅预览请求
-lark-cli sheets +create --title "测试表" --dry-run
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--title` | 是 | 表格标题 |
-| `--folder-token` | 否 | 创建到指定文件夹 |
-| `--headers` | 否 | 一维数组 JSON，作为表头写入 |
-| `--data` | 否 | 二维数组 JSON，作为初始数据写入 |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-输出：
-
-- `spreadsheet_token`
-- `title`
-- `url`
-- `permission_grant`（仅 `--as bot` 时返回）
-
-<a id="info"></a>
-## `+info`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +info`
-
-用于：
-
-- 从表格 URL / token 获取 `spreadsheet_token`
-- 获取电子表格标题、URL、所有者等元信息
-- 列出工作表的 `sheet_id`、标题、行列数、冻结状态等信息
-
-权限说明：
-
-- 该 shortcut 声明了 `sheets:spreadsheet.meta:read` 和 `sheets:spreadsheet:read`，本地 scope preflight 要求两者同时满足
-- `spreadsheet` 元信息来自 `spreadsheets/:token` 查询，工作表列表来自额外的 `spreadsheets/:token/sheets/query` 查询
-
-```bash
-# 传 URL（支持 wiki URL）
-lark-cli sheets +info --url "https://example.larksuite.com/sheets/shtxxxxxxxx"
-
-# 传 spreadsheet_token
-lark-cli sheets +info --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx"
-
-# 仅预览请求
-lark-cli sheets +info --url "https://..." --dry-run
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一；支持 wiki URL） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 电子表格 token |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-输出：
-
-- `spreadsheet.spreadsheet.token`
-- `spreadsheet.spreadsheet.url`
-- `sheets.sheets[]`
-
-<a id="export"></a>
-## `+export`
-
-对应命令：`lark-cli sheets +export`
-
-特性：
-
-- 创建导出任务并轮询完成
-- 支持导出 `xlsx` 或 `csv`
-- 提供 `--output-path` 时自动下载，否则只返回 `file_token`
-
-```bash
-# 导出 xlsx 并保存到本地
-lark-cli sheets +export --url "https://example.larksuite.com/sheets/shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --file-extension xlsx --output-path "./report.xlsx"
-
-# 导出 csv（必须指定 sheet-id）
-lark-cli sheets +export --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" \
-  --file-extension csv --sheet-id "<sheetId>" --output-path "./report.csv"
-
-# 只返回导出文件 token
-lark-cli sheets +export --spreadsheet-token "shtxxxxxxxx" --file-extension xlsx
-```
-
-参数：
-
-| 参数 | 必填 | 说明 |
-|------|------|------|
-| `--url` | 否 | 电子表格 URL（与 `--spreadsheet-token` 二选一） |
-| `--spreadsheet-token` | 否 | 电子表格 token |
-| `--file-extension` | 是 | `xlsx` 或 `csv` |
-| `--sheet-id` | 否 | 导出 `csv` 时必填 |
-| `--output-path` | 否 | 保存到本地的路径 |
-| `--dry-run` | 否 | 仅打印请求，不执行 |
-
-输出：
-
-- 提供 `--output-path`：`saved_path`、`file_name`、`file_size`
-- 不提供 `--output-path`：`file_token`、`file_name`、`file_size`
-
-## 参考
-
-- [sheet-management](lark-sheets-sheet-management.md) — 管理工作表
-- [cell-data](lark-sheets-cell-data.md) — 读写单元格数据
-- [float-images](lark-sheets-float-images.md) — 上传和管理浮动图片
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-visual-standards.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-visual-standards.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1ffc57ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-visual-standards.md
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+# 飞书表格样式与配色规范
+
+> **本文定位**：飞书表格"正确视觉输出"的取值标准与美化决策流——配色、表头、对齐、数值格式、斑马纹、列宽行高、图表展示，以及新增 / 继承 / 美化已有区域三类场景的做法。
+> **边界**：本文只讲"样式长什么样、怎么决策"；**怎么调用工具写入样式**（`cell_styles` / `border_styles` 字段、合并、resize 等参数）见 `lark-sheets-write-cells` / `lark-sheets-range-operations` / `lark-sheets-batch-update`。**条件格式**（高亮 / 标红 / 数据条 / 色阶）见 `lark-sheets-conditional-format`。本文不含 shortcut，铁律见 `lark-sheets-core-operations`。
+
+## 最高优先级原则
+
+- **用户指令优先**：用户明确提出的格式要求（如"使用红色背景"）具有最高权重，即使与通用审美冲突。
+- **继承原表风格**：编辑前先采样原文件视觉特征（色系、边框、对齐、数字格式），新增内容必须与之对齐。严禁对已有风格的文件强行施加通用标准化格式。
+- **扩展而非覆盖**：新增行列或追加数据时，目标是"扩展原模板"——继承邻近区域的表头风格、条纹节奏、边框层级、对齐方式、数字格式和列宽/行高策略。
+- **美化只动样式属性，不动数据**：对**已有区域**做美化时，**只能**修改 `font` / `fill` / `border` / `alignment` / `number_format` 这 5 类样式属性。**禁止**改动原始单元格的 `value` / `formula`、合并区域、行列结构、Sheet 名称。如果美化需求需要改变数据布局（例如"汇总行加进表里"），必须把"加汇总行"和"美化"拆成两步，前者属于编辑动作、需另行得到用户授权。
+- **不可见视觉属性也属保护对象**：原表的**合并范围、对齐方式（H-Align/V-Align）、行高列宽、数字格式**是用户能感知但不一定会明示的视觉属性。即使用户没说"保留这些"，**禁止**因写入新内容而修改它们；写公式 / 写值 / 写新列时只传 `value` / `formula`，不要重置 `alignment` / `number_format` 等字段为默认值（重置等同于改动）。**例外**：用户明示要修改这些属性时（如"调整对齐 / 合并 / 列宽"）才能动。
+- **美化范围必须覆盖所有用户语义目标**：用户说"给表格加边框 / 美化整个表"时，范围 = 实际数据区域**含所有数据行**（含汇总行、总计行、表尾备注行），不能停在"看起来主体内容结束"的地方。落地前先用 `current_region` + 末尾 5~10 行核对真实末行（同 `lark-sheets-read-data` 的「确定数据范围的正确流程」），再设置美化范围。范围漏掉用户提到的目标行 / 列**直接判失败**。
+
+## 美化任务 5 维度 checklist（用户说"美化 / 整理 / 让表更清晰 / 适合打印"时必做）
+
+当用户用"美化 / 整理表格 / 让表清晰 / 适合打印 / 调整样式"等口语表达**主动美化需求**时，**必须**遍历以下 5 个维度逐一落地，**只动一处就交付**（如只加边框）属于违规：
+
+1. **表头格式区分**：表头行加粗 + 背景色填充（与数据行有色差）+ 居中对齐；多行表头时全部行同步处理
+2. **对齐方式**：文本列左对齐、数值 / 货币 / 百分比列右对齐、日期 / 分类列居中；垂直方向统一居中
+3. **数值格式**：每列统一小数位 + 千分位（用 `number_format`）；金额列统一货币符号；同一列内**禁止**出现 0 位 / 1 位 / 2 位小数混杂
+4. **边框**：覆盖范围按上方「美化范围必须覆盖所有用户语义目标」规则（含汇总 / 总计 / 表尾说明行），内外框线清晰
+5. **列宽 + 行高 + 自动换行**：详细规则见 `lark-sheets-range-operations` 的「写入后列宽自适应」章节（按最长字符数扩列宽 / 长文本设置 `cell_styles.word_wrap="auto-wrap"` + 调高行高 / 长数字设置 `number_format` 防科学计数法）
+
+**差异化标注场景**：用户要求"重复行 / 异常值 / 重要项视觉区分"时，标注列 / 行必须设置与普通数据**显著不同**的 `cell_styles`（背景色 + 加粗 + 字体色至少改一项），不能与普通数据格式完全一致。
+
+## 通用样式规范
+
+> 以下取值标准都在「最高优先级原则」的**继承原表风格 / 扩展而非覆盖**前提下生效：凡涉及"沿用原表"的条目，遵循该原则即可，本节不再逐条复述。
+
+### 1. 表头样式
+
+- 表头/汇总行须与数据区域有明确视觉区分。
+- 使用低饱和度背景色搭配字体颜色（如深蓝 + 白字，浅蓝 + 黑字），文字加粗、水平居中。
+- 表头覆盖多列时使用合并单元格。
+
+### 2. 数据区域样式
+
+- 减少垂直线条，优先使用水平浅灰细线。
+- **对齐方式**：文本左对齐，数值/货币/百分比右对齐，日期或分类居中，所有内容垂直居中。
+- 次要信息（备注、次要日期等）使用缩小字号或浅灰色。
+- **Zebra Stripes**：数据行 > 10 行时可使用交替背景色引导视线。
+  - 设置前先清理原区域背景色为白色（#FFFFFF），再设置斑马纹色，避免新旧混杂。
+  - 优先直接设置单元格背景色，而非条件格式（除非用户要求）。
+  - 推荐配色：奇数行 #FFFFFF，偶数行 #F3F4F6 或 #EBF1F8。
+
+### 3. 数值格式
+
+- 百分比使用 `%` 符号，适当注明单位和货币符号（¥、$）。
+- 大于 1000 的数字使用千分位符，保留一致的小数位数（1–2 位）。
+- 涉及数据检索的须注明数据来源。
+- 可使用数据条/色阶/条件格式增强可视化。
+
+### 4. 整体结构
+
+- 长表/宽表考虑冻结行列，方便滚动查看。
+- **长文本处理**：启用自动换行，行高合理调整以确保阅读舒适，添加适当垂直留白，目标是清晰、专业、不拥挤的布局。
+- 保持表格简洁，合理分组（可用合并单元格展示分组），在适当位置添加合计或汇总行。
+- **区域分隔**：多阶段或多类别时，使用柔和背景色块进行逻辑分区，而非简单边框。
+- **增删行列的样式规则**：
+  - 新增整列继承同组列的表头样式、列宽、对齐和数字格式；新增整行继承同层级数据行或汇总行风格，避免写成表头风格。追加列时需判断是否应加入已有合并单元格（常见于顶部标题行）。
+  - 若追加位置紧邻汇总行、说明区或空白分隔区，先判断真实数据区域边界再操作，避免破坏原有结构。
+  - **Zebra Stripes 维护**：插入或删除行后若影响后续行奇偶性，须从受影响行往后重建条纹（先清理再重设）。少量增删用局部重建，大量变动用全局清理+统一重建。
+  - 具体采样与复制流程见下方「场景二：从已有区域继承美化」。
+- **列宽调整**（飞书 `+rows-resize / +cols-resize` 按 pixel 传值）：
+  - 禁止硬编码固定列宽，须根据该列实际内容长度估算像素。
+  - 经验估算：中文每字约 15-18px，英文/数字每字约 7-9px，外加 10-16px padding。
+  - 上下限建议 80~400px；超上限启用自动换行（`word_wrap: auto-wrap`）+ 调整行高，而非无限加宽。
+  - 合并单元格不参与列宽计算，避免撑宽单列。
+  - 复制自原文件的列优先沿用原列宽，不重新计算覆盖。
+
+### 5. 配色
+
+- 优先沿用原表色板与明暗层级（见「继承原表风格」），新增区域不凭空换色，确保视觉连续。
+- 背景填充选择柔和色（如浅蓝 `#DDEBF7`），区分颜色时优先同一主题色不同深浅，避免超过 3 种主题色。
+
+### 6. 图表展示
+
+- 遵循用户指令选择图表类型，或匹配用户意图（饼图/环形图 → 占比，折线图 → 趋势）。
+- 包含必要元素：标题、图例、数据标签、坐标轴标题。
+- 调整至合适大小，避免数据和标签过多堆叠。
+- **图表放置防重叠**：新增图表前须计算放置区域，避免与已有图表重叠。具体步骤：
+  1. 调用 `+chart-list` 获取当前工作表所有已有图表的 `position`（锚点单元格：`row` 行索引、`col` 列索引如 "A"/"B"）、`offset`（锚点内偏移：`row_offset`、`col_offset`，单位像素）以及 `size`（`width`、`height`，单位像素）。
+  2. 获取工作表的行高和列宽信息（像素）。
+  3. 根据每个图表的锚点 `position.row`/`position.col` + 偏移 `offset.row_offset`/`offset.col_offset` + 尺寸 `size.width`/`size.height`，结合行高列宽，计算出每个已有图表覆盖的像素矩形区域 `(x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max)`。
+  4. 为新图表选定大小后，候选放置位置应避开所有已有矩形区域；若存在重叠则向下或向右偏移，直至找到无冲突位置。
+  5. 若工作表已无足够空间，优先向下方空白区域放置，保持图表间至少 1 行或 1 列的间距。
+
+> 飞书表格中颜色需带 `#` 前缀（如 `#0070C0`），与 openpyxl 的无前缀写法不同。
+> 具体工具调用参数格式，请读取对应工具 skill（`lark-sheets-write-cells`、`lark-sheets-conditional-format`、`lark-sheets-range-operations` 等）。
+
+---
+
+## 场景化操作指南
+
+### 场景一：新增独立样式
+
+> 适用情况：在表格中创建全新的、具有独立视觉特征的区域，如汇总行、新表头、独立数据表等。
+
+#### 1A. 添加汇总行 / 表头行
+
+**决策流程：**
+1. 先用 `+cells-get` 读取目标位置上方的数据区域，确认数据边界和已有样式（背景色、字体大小等）
+2. 如果需要新增空行，先用 `+dim-{insert|delete|hide|unhide|freeze|group|ungroup}` 插入行
+3. 用 `+cells-set` 写入汇总公式 + 特殊样式（背景色区分 + 加粗 + 边框）
+4. 如果汇总行标题需要跨列显示，追加 `+cells-{merge|unmerge}` 合并标题区域
+
+**样式要点：**
+- 汇总行使用比数据区域更深的同色系背景（如数据区 #EBF1F8 → 汇总行 #D6E4F0 或 #4472C4 + 白字）
+- 必须加粗，水平对齐方式与数据列一致（数值列右对齐，文本列左对齐）
+- 上方加一条较粗的边框线，与数据区域形成视觉分隔
+
+#### 1B. 添加独立数据表/独立区域
+
+**决策流程：**
+
+1. 新建 sheet，或用 `+cells-get` 或 `+workbook-info` 确认已有表格的占用范围，找到空闲区域
+2. 用 `+cells-get` 采样已有表格的表头样式（背景色、字体大小、字重、对齐方式）和数据区域样式
+3. 新表头复用已有表头的配色和字体参数（保持风格统一），但内容和列宽可独立
+4. 新数据区域复用已有数据区域的对齐规则、边框风格、数字格式
+5. 用 `+cells-set` 一次性写入新表头 + 数据
+
+**样式要点：**
+- 必须复用：背景色色系、字体大小、字重、边框风格
+- 可以独立：列宽、行高、具体数字格式（根据新数据的类型调整）
+- 新旧表格之间至少留 1~2 行空白作为视觉分隔
+
+### 场景二：从已有区域继承美化
+
+> 适用情况：新增的行/列/区域与已有内容性质相同（数据类型、层级一致），需要无缝衔接已有格式。
+
+#### 2A. 继续补充行/列（数据性质与已有内容一致）
+
+**核心规则**：采样紧邻 2 行 → 判断并延续 Zebra Stripes 奇偶性 → 按 write-cells 的继承清单带齐样式写入。
+
+**斑马纹延续要点**（本节只管"奇偶判断"这一标准，"带哪些样式字段写入"的机制见下方指针）：
+
+- 至少读 2 行（末行 + 倒数第二行）才能判断是否有斑马纹交替色
+- 若倒数两行背景色不同（如 #FFFFFF 与 #F3F4F6），新行按奇偶延续，不要固定一个色
+
+> 具体继承哪些字段、怎么采样与写入（`+cells-get` 读源行 `cell_styles` + `border_styles`、`+sheet-info --include row_heights,merges` 读行高合并、带齐 6 类样式写入）见 `lark-sheets-write-cells` 的「新增列 / 新增行的样式继承」章节——`border_styles` 四边最易遗漏，以那里为准。
+
+#### 2B. 基于模板区域的修改（copy 保留所有格式）
+
+**核心思路：三步分层法**
+
+```
+Step 1 — 格式铺开：`+batch-update` + `+range-copy`（或 `+range-fill`）
+  └── 将模板行/区域的 **全部格式**（样式、边框、数字格式、数据验证等）复制到目标区域
+  └── 推荐用 `+range-copy --paste-type formats`（仅复制格式，目标值/公式保留），即"格式刷"
+  └── 若需连带公式平移填充（如公式列结构一致），改用 `+range-fill --series-type copy` 或 `+range-copy --paste-type all`
+
+Step 2 — 内容覆写：`+batch-update` + `+cells-set`（仅传 value/formula，不传任何样式）
+  └── 将每行的实际数据写入，cell_styles 全部省略，因为格式已在 Step 1 中就位
+
+Step 3 — 微调收尾：`+batch-update` + `+rows-resize / +cols-resize` / `+cells-{merge|unmerge}` 等
+  └── 调整行高列宽、处理合并单元格、扩展条件格式范围等边缘情况
+```
+
+**关键注意事项：**
+- Step 1 用 `+range-copy --paste-type formats` 时只铺格式、不动值/公式，Step 2 再用 `+cells-set` 写值即可（`+cells-set` 默认覆盖，无需额外 flag）；若 Step 1 用 `--paste-type all` 连带复制了值/公式，Step 2 写入同样会覆盖（默认行为）
+- `+range-fill --series-type auto`（或 `linear`/`date`）会自动递增数字序列（1→2→3）和日期序列，`+range-fill --series-type copy` 则原样复制值但公式引用会自动平移
+- 如果模板区域存在合并单元格，copy/fill 不会复制合并状态，必须在 Step 3 中用 `+cells-{merge|unmerge}` 补全
+- 如果模板区域有条件格式，需要在 Step 3 中通过 `+cond-format-update` 扩展 ranges
+
+**场景：纯"格式刷"（用户说"把 A 列样式应用到 B 列"、"格式复制过去"、"只刷格式不改数据"）**
+
+单步即可，无需三步分层：调用 `+range-copy --paste-type formats`，`--source-range` 为样式来源、`--target-range` 为目标起点。参数细节见 `lark-sheets-range-operations`。
+
+### 场景三：已有区域格式美化
+
+> 适用情况：对已存在数据的区域进行格式美化（不改变数据内容），重点处理表头、汇总行等特殊行的识别与格式设置，需特别注意合并单元格的安全操作。
+
+#### 整体操作流程
+
+```
+1. 探查阶段
+   ├── `+workbook-info` → 获取子表列表、行列数、冻结位置
+   ├── `+sheet-info --include merges` → 获取合并区域
+   ├── `+cells-get`（前几行 + 末尾几行，`--include style`）→ 采样表头/数据区/汇总行样式
+   └── 分析结果 → 建立区域地图（表头行号、数据起止行号、汇总行号、合并区域列表）
+
+2. 规划阶段
+   ├── 判断表头行：通常第 1 行或前 2 行，特征为加粗/背景色/合并/居中
+   ├── 判断汇总行：通常最后 1~2 行，特征为加粗/SUM/AVERAGE 公式/更深背景色
+   ├── 判断合并区域：从 `+cells-get` 返回中识别（多个单元格同值且样式相同通常暗示合并）
+   └── 制定美化方案：按区域分别设置样式
+
+3. 执行阶段（按顺序）
+   ├── 先处理合并单元格（如需取消合并再重新合并，必须先 unmerge 再 merge）
+   ├── 设置表头样式
+   ├── 设置数据区域样式
+   ├── 设置汇总行样式
+   └── 调整列宽行高
+```
+
+#### 美化中的合并单元格要点
+
+- 编辑前先识别已有合并区域（见探查阶段），避免破坏原有语义分区。
+- 美化表头/分组标题时，若需修改合并区域的范围或样式，遵循"先 `unmerge` → 修改 → 再 `merge`"顺序。
+- 合并区域样式只写左上角，不要对合并内的其他单元格重复写入样式。
+
+> 合并单元格完整的安全操作规则（含数据保护、样式占位等 5 条）见 `lark-sheets-range-operations` 的 `+cells-{merge|unmerge}` 章节。
+
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-workbook.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-workbook.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b9d03b4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-workbook.md
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+# Lark Sheet Workbook
+
+## Sheet 结构变更保守化（编辑类任务必做）
+
+`+sheet-{create|delete|rename|move|copy|hide|unhide|set-tab-color}` 会改变原表的物理结构，是高副作用动作。执行前必须遵守：
+
+1. **删除 / 重命名 / 隐藏 / 移动原 Sheet 需用户明示**：除非用户明示要这些操作，**禁止**擅自对**已存在**的 Sheet 执行 delete / rename / hide / move。新建 Sheet 是允许的（用于承载中间结果或透视表 / 图表对象），但应优先在原表右侧加列；只有当中间结果数量较大或会与原数据混淆时，才新建空白 Sheet（同 R1）。
+2. **Sheet 级操作前先列清单**：调用 `+sheet-{create|delete|rename|move|copy|hide|unhide|set-tab-color}` 之前，必须先调用 `+workbook-info`，把"当前所有 Sheet 名 + 可见性 + 行列数"列出来，再决定是否操作。禁止跳过列清单直接 create / delete / rename。
+3. **删除 / 重命名前向用户确认**：删除是不可逆的，重命名会让其他公式 / 透视表 / 图表的数据源失效——执行前必须在回复里确认"将删除 / 改名 X，影响 Y 个引用"。
+
+## 使用场景
+
+读写。管理工作簿结构。本 reference 覆盖 11 个 shortcut：
+
+| 操作需求 | 使用工具 | 说明 |
+|---------|---------|------|
+| 查看工作簿结构 | `+workbook-info` | 获取子表列表、名称、行列数、冻结位置等元数据 |
+| 变更工作簿结构 | `+sheet-{create|delete|rename|move|copy|hide|unhide|set-tab-color}` | 新建/删除/移动/重命名/复制/隐藏子表、修改标签颜色 |
+
+注意：
+
+- 如果用户请求包含多个动作，例如"先重命名，再新建工作表"，请按顺序发起多次调用，覆盖全部动作
+- `create` 时若用户指定了工作表名称，应显式传入 `sheet_name`；不要省略后依赖默认命名
+- 若 `+workbook-info` 返回包含 `warning_message`，说明部分 `sheet_id` 已失效（被删除/改名或输入错误），应停止复用这些 id，重新不带 `sheet_ids` 全量获取结构后再继续操作
+
+**常见配置错误（必须注意）**：
+- **获取结构是第一步**：任何表格操作前必须先调用 `+workbook-info`，不要跳过直接操作。返回的行列数、子表列表是后续所有操作的基础
+- **sheet_id 不要写错**：从 `+workbook-info` 返回值中精确获取 `sheet_id`，不要手动拼写或从 URL 中猜测
+- **优先使用 `sheet_id`**：虽然飞书表格不允许子表重名，但 `sheet_id` 是稳定标识符，跨多轮操作时不会因用户中途重命名而失效
+
+## Shortcuts
+
+| Shortcut | Risk | 分组 |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `+workbook-info` | read | 工作簿 |
+| `+sheet-create` | write | 工作簿 |
+| `+sheet-delete` | high-risk-write | 工作簿 |
+| `+sheet-rename` | write | 工作簿 |
+| `+sheet-move` | write | 工作簿 |
+| `+sheet-copy` | write | 工作簿 |
+| `+sheet-hide` | write | 工作簿 |
+| `+sheet-unhide` | write | 工作簿 |
+| `+sheet-set-tab-color` | write | 工作簿 |
+| `+workbook-create` | write | 工作簿 |
+| `+workbook-export` | read | 工作簿 |
+
+## Flags
+
+### `+workbook-info`
+
+_公共：URL/token（无 sheet 定位） · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+_仅含公共 / 系统 flag。_
+
+### `+sheet-create`
+
+_公共：URL/token（无 sheet 定位） · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--title` | string | required | 新工作表名称 |
+| `--index` | int | optional | 插入位置；省略时附加到末尾 |
+| `--row-count` | int | optional | 初始行数（默认 200，上限 50000） |
+| `--col-count` | int | optional | 初始列数（默认 20，上限 200） |
+
+### `+sheet-delete`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--yes`、`--dry-run`_
+
+_仅含公共 / 系统 flag。_
+
+### `+sheet-rename`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--title` | string | required | 新名称 |
+
+### `+sheet-move`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--index` | int | required | 目标位置（0-based） |
+| `--source-index` | int | optional | 源位置（0-based）；可选，未传时由 CLI runtime 根据 `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name` 当前在工作簿中的 index 自动派生 |
+
+### `+sheet-copy`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--title` | string | optional | 副本名称；省略时由服务端生成 |
+| `--index` | int | optional | 副本插入位置（0-based）；省略时附加到末尾 |
+
+### `+sheet-hide`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+_仅含公共 / 系统 flag。_
+
+### `+sheet-unhide`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+_仅含公共 / 系统 flag。_
+
+### `+sheet-set-tab-color`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--color` | string | required | Hex 色值如 `#FF0000`，传空 `""` 清除 |
+
+### `+workbook-create`
+
+_系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--title` | string | required | 新 spreadsheet 标题 |
+| `--folder-token` | string | optional | 目标文件夹 token；省略时放在云空间根目录 |
+| `--headers` | string + File + Stdin（简单 JSON） | optional | 表头行 JSON 数组：`["列A","列B"]` |
+| `--values` | string + File + Stdin（简单 JSON） | optional | 初始数据 JSON 二维数组：`[["alice",95]]` |
+
+### `+workbook-export`
+
+_公共：URL/token（无 sheet 定位） · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--file-extension` | string | optional | 导出文件格式；`csv` 模式必须配 `--sheet-id`（可选值：`xlsx` / `csv`）（默认 `xlsx`） |
+| `--sheet-id` | string | optional | 仅 csv 模式必填：指定要导出哪张 sheet 为 CSV。这是 `+workbook-export` 专有 flag，与公共四件套的 sheet 定位无关（本 shortcut 不接受公共 sheet 定位） |
+| `--output-path` | string | optional | 本地保存路径；省略时只触发导出不下载 |
+
+## Examples
+
+公共四件套：所有 shortcut 顶部排列 `--url` / `--spreadsheet-token` / `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name`（XOR）。`+workbook-info` 只用前两者；`+sheet-*` 系列对单个工作表操作，需 `--sheet-id` 或 `--sheet-name`。
+
+### `+workbook-info`
+
+输出契约：返回 `sheets[]`，每个含 `sheet_id` / `title`（工作表显示名；旧 payload 用 `sheet_name`，读取时优先取 `title`、缺失再回退 `sheet_name`）/ `row_count` / `column_count` / `index` / `is_hidden`，以及计数字段 `merged_cells_count` / `chart_count` / `pivot_table_count` / `float_image_count`（无 `frozen_*` 字段，冻结信息请用 `+sheet-info` 读取）。是操作飞书表格的第一步——任何后续 sheet 级动作都需要先拿这里的 sheet_id。
+
+### `+sheet-create`
+
+示例：
+
+```bash
+lark-cli sheets +sheet-create --url "https://example.feishu.cn/sheets/shtXXX" \
+  --title "汇总" --index 0
+```
+
+### `+sheet-delete`
+
+> ⚠️ 工作表删除不可逆；先 `--dry-run` 看输出 sheet_id + title 确认是要删的那张。
+
+### `+sheet-rename`
+
+```bash
+lark-cli sheets +sheet-rename --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --title "汇总"
+```
+
+### `+sheet-move`
+
+standalone 路径在缺 `--source-index` / 只给 `--sheet-name` 时会自动发起一次 `+workbook-info` 读把它们解出来。
+
+> ⚠️ **在 `+batch-update` 内调用 `+sheet-move`**：必须同时显式传 `--sheet-id`、`--source-index` 和 `--index`（目标位置）。batch 中途无法发起结构查询，且 `--index` 不显式给会静默落到默认位置 0，所以 batch translator 强制要求三者都显式。
+
+### `+sheet-copy`
+
+```bash
+# --title 省略时由服务端生成副本名
+lark-cli sheets +sheet-copy --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --title "副本"
+```
+
+### `+sheet-hide` / `+sheet-unhide`
+
+```bash
+lark-cli sheets +sheet-hide   --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID"
+lark-cli sheets +sheet-unhide --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID"
+```
+
+### `+sheet-set-tab-color`
+
+```bash
+# Hex 色值；传空字符串 "" 清除标签色
+lark-cli sheets +sheet-set-tab-color --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" --color "#FF0000"
+```
+
+### Validate / DryRun / Execute 约束
+
+- `Validate`：XOR 公共四件套；`+sheet-create` 校验 `--title` 非空、`--row-count` ≤ 50000、`--col-count` ≤ 200；`+sheet-delete` 必须 `--yes` 或 `--dry-run`。
+- `DryRun`：`+sheet-*` 写操作输出"将要 PATCH 的 sheet metadata"；`--sheet-name` 在 dry-run 输出里生成为 `<resolve:Sheet1>` 占位符，不实际解析为 sheet-id。
+- `Execute`：写操作不自动回读；如需确认目标 sheet 的新状态，自行调用 `+workbook-info`。
diff --git a/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-write-cells.md b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-write-cells.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dd772f246
--- /dev/null
+++ b/skills/lark-sheets/references/lark-sheets-write-cells.md
@@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
+# Lark Sheet Write Cells
+
+## 写入边界 + 回读校验（编辑类任务必做）
+
+1. **明确写入边界**：写入前必须能回答"目标 range 的起止行列号是多少？是否落在用户授权范围内？"。除用户明示要修改的区域外，禁止扩张到原数据列以外或新建 Sheet。
+2. **完整性断言**：批量写入前先把"预期写入条数"硬编码到代码里（如要填 106 条翻译 → `expected = 106`），写完后回读断言 `actual == expected`。少于预期就继续写，禁止交付半成品。
+3. **回读抽样校验**：写完关键值 / 公式后，用 `+csv-get` 或 `+cells-get` 重新读取写入区域，至少抽样 3-5 个代表性单元格（首 / 中 / 末），核对值与预期一致（与本地脚本计算的预期值对照）。公式特定的"先验证模板再 --copy-to-range / 修完再读回"细则见下方相关章节。
+
+## 新增列 / 新增行的样式继承（防止视觉风格不一致）
+
+新增列 / 新增行**必须**先用 `+cells-get` 读相邻原列 / 原行的完整样式作为模板，**禁止**只传 `value` 期望默认样式与原表一致——飞书新单元格默认对齐通常是 `H:right, V:bottom`，与多数原表的 `H:center, V:middle` 不一致。
+
+**完整继承清单**（写新列 / 新行时 cells 数组必须同时携带）：
+
+1. `cell_styles.font_size` / `cell_styles.font_weight` / `cell_styles.font_color` / `cell_styles.font_style`（字号 / 粗细 / 颜色 / 斜体等）
+2. `cell_styles.horizontal_alignment` / `cell_styles.vertical_alignment`（H-Align / V-Align）—— 漏继承会导致新列对齐与原列不一致（高频）
+3. `cell_styles.number_format`（小数位 / 千分位 / 百分比 / 日期格式）—— 漏继承会导致同列数值格式混乱
+4. `cell_styles.background_color`（背景色）
+5. `border_styles`（四边框）
+6. **`merged_cells`（合并范围）**——续写场景必查（高频致命错误）：用 `+sheet-info --include merges` 读原数据区域的合并信息。**原行有跨列合并**（如标题行 `A1:G1` 合并）时，新行**必须**用 `+cells-{merge|unmerge}` 工具复制相同合并模式到新行（如续写第 3 个周报块的标题行 `A23:G23` 必须合并）。仅传 cells 数组的 5 类样式不够——合并范围要单独靠 `+cells-{merge|unmerge}` 工具落地（典型反例：续写多周记录表时，新增周次的标题行未合并，视觉上与原前几周风格不一致）
+
+**采样模板的正确做法**：
+- 表头新列 → 读相邻表头单元格（如新加 D1 → 读 A1/B1/C1 任一）
+- 数据新列 → 读相邻数据行单元格（如新加 M5:M100 → 读 L5 / L6 / L7）
+- 续写新行 → 读最近一行已有数据（如续写第 20 行 → 读 19 行所有列）
+
+**反模式**（违规）：
+- 只传 `{"value": "四级菜单"}` 给 D1，不传 `cell_styles` → D1 默认非加粗、非居中，与 A1/B1/C1 风格断裂
+- 新列 M5 写入 `=SUM(F5:L5)` 时只传 `formula`，不传 `cell_styles.horizontal_alignment / vertical_alignment / number_format` → M 列对齐变 `H:right`，数字格式变默认
+
+## 长数字防科学计数法（数值列写入必查）
+
+写入或计算结果可能产生长数字（≥ 12 位整数 / 高精度小数）的列，**必须**在 `cell_styles.number_format` 显式设置非通用格式，否则飞书会自动用科学计数法显示，用户看到的就是"内容被截断 / 看不清原值"。
+
+| 场景 | 必加的 `number_format` |
+|---|---|
+| 长整数（订单号 / 身份证 / 单据号） | `"0"` 或 `"@"`（强制文本，避免精度丢失） |
+| 金额 / 千分位 | `"#,##0.00"` |
+| 百分比 | `"0.00%"` |
+| 数量 / 计数 | `"0"`（整数） |
+| 日期 | `"yyyy-mm-dd"` 或 `"yyyy/m/d"` |
+
+**典型反例**：长数字列（如审批单号、流水号）未设 `number_format`，飞书显示为 `1.23E+15`，用户复制出来已经丢失精度。
+
+## 使用场景
+
+写入。为一块单元格区域设置值、公式、批注/备注和/或格式。也支持通过 `rich_text` 中 `type: "embed-image"` 在单元格内嵌入图片（单元格图片）。关键：数组维度必须严格匹配——`cells` 二维数组必须与 `range` 的行列维度完全一致，range 是闭区间，否则会触发 `InvalidCellRangeError`。计算示例：区域 `A1:D3` = 3 行 × 4 列 = `[[r1c1,r1c2,r1c3,r1c4],[r2c1,r2c2,r2c3,r2c4],[r3c1,r3c2,r3c3,r3c4]]`；区域 `A41:N48` = 8 行 × 14 列 = 8 个数组且每个数组 14 个单元；单个单元格 `A1` = `[[cell]]`；单列区域 `B5:B7` = `[[cell1],[cell2],[cell3]]`。空单元请使用 `{}`。**如果填写的区域存在大量重复内容，务必优先使用 `--copy-to-range` 字段复制，可大幅减少 `cells` 长度。**
+
+> **单元格图片 vs 浮动图片**：
+> - **单元格图片**（本工具）：图片嵌入在单元格内部，属于单元格内容，随单元格移动。通过 `rich_text` 中 `type: "embed-image"` 写入。
+> - **浮动图片**：图片悬浮在单元格上方，可自由定位和调整大小，不属于单元格内容。→ 使用 lark-sheets-float-image。
+
+高频模式（**必须遵守，禁止逐行写入替代**）：
+
+- 整列公式：先在 `H2` 写一个公式，再用 `--copy-to-range "H2:H100"` 或 `--copy-to-range "H:H"` 向下填充。**禁止对每一行单独调用 `+cells-set` 写入相同结构的公式**
+- 整列格式：先在 `J1` 写一个带样式的模板单元格，再用 `--copy-to-range "J:J"`
+- 首行样式：先在 `A1` 写一个模板单元格，再用 `--copy-to-range "1:1"`
+- 用户说”这列 / 整列 / 这行 / 首行 / 向下复制”时，**必须**使用模板单元格 + `--copy-to-range`
+- 多区域写入相同格式/公式结构时，优先写一个模板，再用 `--copy-to-range` 复制到所有目标区域
+
+⚠️ **逐行写入公式是常见低效写法**：对每一行单独调用 `+cells-set` 写公式（如 26 次）既慢又易错，且不会自动平移公式引用。正确做法是 1 次模板写入 + 1 次 `--copy-to-range`（公式引用自动平移）。
+
+💡 **写入公式前先按迁移规则改写**：如果公式来自 Excel 或包含数组场景，先读取并遵循 `lark-sheets-formula-translation` 的规则完成改写，再把最终公式写入 `formula` 字段。
+
+💡 **内容与样式分离写入（推荐）**：当需要同时写入内容和样式时，`cells` 中每个单元格都带上 `cell_styles` / `border_styles` 会导致入参非常冗长。由于同一区域的样式通常高度重复（如整列统一背景色、统一边框），推荐拆成两步：
+1. **先写内容**：`+cells-set` 只传 `value` / `formula`，不带样式，`cells` 入参精简
+2. **再批量刷样式**：对区域中的一个单元格写入目标样式作为模板，再用 `--copy-to-range` 将样式扩展到整列 / 整行 / 整个区域（`--copy-to-range` 会复制值、公式和样式，所以模板单元格应已包含正确的值）
+
+示例：要对 A2:A100 写入数据并统一设置蓝色背景 + 边框：
+```
+Step 1: `+cells-set` — range="A2:A100", cells 只含 value（无样式，入参短）
+Step 2: `+cells-set` — range="A2", cells 含 value + cell_styles + border_styles（单个模板）, --copy-to-range="A2:A100"
+```
+这比在 99 个单元格中都重复写样式 JSON 高效得多。
+
+💡 **样式更新是「部分合并」，不是整体覆盖**：`+cells-set-style` / `+cells-batch-set-style`（以及 `+cells-set` 的 `cell_styles` / `border_styles`）只改你**显式传入**的样式属性，未传的属性保留原值。两个实用推论：
+- **可分层叠加**：对同一区域先刷字体色、再单独刷背景色、再单独刷边框，后一步不会清掉前一步——美化已有区域时无需一次带齐所有字段，可拆成多次窄调用。
+- **`border_styles` 按边合并**：只传 `{"top":{...}}` 只更新上边框，`bottom` / `left` / `right` 保留原状；不必为了「只改一条边」而把四边全部重传。（例外见上方「新增行的边框/样式禁止用 `{}` 跳过」：**全新行**底子里没有边框，仍需把要显示的边都显式传出。）
+
+💡 **大批量数据分批写入（推荐）**：当需要写入大量行（如几十行以上）时，不要试图在一次调用中生成全部 `cells` 数据——`cells` 数组过大会让单次生成的内容过长，容易出错或被截断。应将数据拆分为多批，每批 20-50 行，分多次调用 `+cells-set` 逐批生成并写入（如先写 `A2:D21`，再写 `A22:D41`，依此类推）。每次只生成当前批次的数据，控制单次生成量。
+
+注意：
+
+- 不要把 `cells` 写成字符串化 JSON
+- `+cells-set` 默认即覆盖非空 cell（`--allow-overwrite` 默认 true）；若要**保护**非空 cell 不被覆盖，显式传 `--allow-overwrite=false`（遇非空 cell 报错）
+- 若目标区域涉及合并单元格，不要向合并区域中的非左上角单元格写入数据；如需写入，应改写合并区域左上角单元格，或先调整/取消合并区域
+- **构造 `range` 时行号必须基于逻辑行号**：如果之前通过 `+csv-get` 读取了数据，CSV 中被双引号包裹的多行字段（如 `"2026年3月2日\n星期一"`）是**一个单元格**，不是两行。写入时的行号必须按逻辑记录计算，不能按物理换行符计数，否则 `range` 会整体偏移导致写入到错误位置
+
+> 用户说"样式和原表一致 / 保持原表格式 / 边框继承"时同理：`cell_styles` 只覆盖字体和对齐、**不含边框**，边框必须用独立 `border_styles` 字段传——完整继承清单见上方「新增列 / 新增行的样式继承」。
+
+⚠️ **公式写入必须自己校验结果（后端不会报语法错）**：`+cells-set` 写公式时，即便公式有括号不配对（如 `=IFERROR(VALUE(REGEXEXTRACT(D5, "\d+"))), 0)` 比 IFERROR 多一个 `)`）或用了飞书不支持的函数（如 `GOOGLETRANSLATE` / `CUBEVALUE`），**后端工具也会返回 `updated_cells_count=N, rc=0` 的"成功"**——错误会静默写进单元格显示为 `#VALUE!` / `#NAME?` / `#REF!`。因此：
+1. **写完立即读回**：`+cells-set` 后紧跟 `+csv-get`（或 `+cells-get`）读目标范围前几行，检查是否出现 `#VALUE!` / `#NAME?` / `#REF!` / `#N/A` / `#DIV/0!` / `#NUM!`
+2. **看到 `#` 开头的错误值**立即修公式：`#NAME?` 多半是函数名拼错或用了飞书不支持的函数（如 `GOOGLETRANSLATE` / CUBE 系列；注意 `UNIQUE` / `FILTER` / `SPLIT` 飞书是支持的）；`#VALUE!` 多半是类型不匹配或括号错位；`#REF!` 是引用错误；`~CIRCULAR~REF~` 是循环引用（公式引用了自身或会闭环）
+3. **`--copy-to-range` 扩展前先验证模板**：模板单元格公式自己都算错，`--copy-to-range` 复制到 100 行就是 100 个错误
+4. **去重 / 筛选函数**：飞书**支持** `UNIQUE` / `FILTER` / `SPLIT`（原生数组函数，详见 `lark-sheets-formula-translation`），可直接用；`DISTINCT` 不是飞书函数，去重用 `UNIQUE`。大数据量去重 / 分组也可用透视表（`+pivot-{create|update|delete}`，值字段聚合方式选 count）
+5. **循环引用预检（高频致命错误）**：写聚合公式（SUM / AVERAGE / COUNT 等）前必须明确**引用范围不包含目标单元格自身或其传递依赖**。典型反例：在 C3 写 `=SUMIF(B:B,LEFT(B3,9)&"*",C:C)`，B 列匹配 B3 前 9 位时 C3 自己也命中，导致 C3 自引用 → `~CIRCULAR~REF~`。修法：用辅助列 / 显式排除自身（`SUMIFS(C:C, B:B, ..., A:A, "<>"&A3)`）/ 缩小范围避开自己
+6. **REGEX 模式覆盖率验证**：公式里的 `REGEXEXTRACT` / `REGEXMATCH` / `REGEXREPLACE` 等正则模式落地前必须用本地脚本在源列上跑一遍命中率统计（`df[col].str.contains(pattern).mean()`）；命中率 < 100% 时必须扩展 pattern 或加多分支（IFS / 多个 IFERROR 串联）兜底，**禁止**只覆盖样本前 N 行就交付（典型反例：用 `REGEXEXTRACT(D5,"长(\d+)")` 只匹配带"长"前缀的尺寸文本，对"宽×高"、"×"、"*"等其它分隔符直接漏匹配）
+7. **公式范围与用户指令字面对齐**：用户说"对 F 至 L 列求和"就必须写 `SUM(F2:L2)` 或 `F2+G2+H2+I2+J2+K2+L2`，**不能漏列、多列、错列**。写完用 `+cells-get` 拿回 `formula` 字符串，与用户原话逐字对照（参与求和的列名一致 / 起止列号一致 / 运算符一致），不一致就是违规
+
+⚠️ **收到 `formula_errors` 反馈后不要只打补丁（高频致命错误）**：`+cells-set` 返回值里若出现 `formula_errors: [{cell, formula, error_type, detail}]`，说明某些 cell 公式编译失败（`error_type=compile_failed` 通常是函数语法错如 `SPLIT(x)[1]` 的下标取值飞书不支持（SPLIT 本身支持，取第 N 项用 `INDEX(SPLIT(...),N)`）；`non_formula` 是 `=` 开头但解析不通过）。此时**禁止只聚焦修报错点的局部语法**（如仅把 `[1]` 换成 `INDEX(..,1)`），必须：
+
+1. **重新审视整条公式的完整性**：被 formula_errors 标出的那一行，公式除了下标语法错，还可能有其他先天缺陷（字符清洗不全、IFERROR 兜底漏条件、引用列写错），修完语法错后立即整体复核
+2. **同步对称修复所有相似列**：如果同一任务涉及多列相似处理（如"算 H 列面积"用 D 列尺寸、"算 I 列面积"用 E 列尺寸），**修完一列必须把同样的清洗/兜底逻辑同步到所有相似列**，禁止出现 H 列用 `SUBSTITUTE(长)+SUBSTITUTE(高)+SUBSTITUTE(×)` 而 I 列只用 `SUBSTITUTE(×)` 这种不对称处理——会导致一列编译通过有值、另一列编译通过但 IFERROR 全返回空，用户看到的是"数据为空"而非"公式错"
+3. **修完再读回验证**：不只看 `formula_errors` 为空（这只证明编译通过，不证明运行时有值），必须 `+csv-get` 读目标列前 3-5 行，确认**非空源数据对应的目标列有非空计算结果**
+4. **核心心智**：`formula_errors` 是"帮你暴露编译错"的工具，不是"修掉它就收工"的通行证。编译通过 + 运行时 IFERROR 兜底空 = 用户视角的"没算出来"
+
+⚠️ **新增行的边框/样式禁止用 `{}` 跳过（高频致命错误）**：`cells` 数组里 `{}` 的语义是"**此单元格不做任何修改、保留原状态**"。这在写入**已有行**时是安全的（原有边框/样式保持不变），但在写入**新行**（比如表尾追加汇总行、扩展行）时是灾难：新行底子里本来就没边框，`{}` 不修改 = 保留无边框状态，导致该 cell 视觉断裂。
+
+⚠️ **"汇总行"识别 → 读 `lark-sheets-visual-standards` 拿完整样式规范**：下述双重条件**同时满足**才是汇总行，禁止仅凭"有 AVERAGE"就判定：
+- **语义信号**（二选一）：用户 prompt 含"合计/汇总/总计/统计/各科平均分/最下面加一行算…/底部总计"等意图词；或上下文明确是"表尾追加一行做聚合"
+- **结构信号**：新行全行都在做聚合（含 `=SUM/AVERAGE/COUNT/MAX/MIN/SUBTOTAL(...)`，支持 IFERROR 包裹），**不是**单个 cell 算个参考值或每行都算的派生列
+
+满足上述时，**不要在本 skill 里猜样式**，直接去读 `lark-sheets-visual-standards` 的「场景一 → 1A. 添加汇总行 / 表头行」章节，按那里的样式要点配齐 `font.bold / horizontal_alignment / background_color / border_styles`。
+
+反例（**不是**汇总行，禁止自动加粗）：
+- 用户说"在 H5 帮我算个 AVERAGE 参考"→ 单 cell 计算
+- 每行都有 `=AVERAGE(本行区间)` 的派生列 → 属数据列
+- 用户明确说"不要加粗/样式和数据行保持一致"→ 遵循用户意图
+
+**正确做法**（二选一）：
+
+- **做法 A（推荐）**：按上方「内容与样式分离写入」两步法——先用模板单元格 + `--copy-to-range` 铺**完整样式**（`cell_styles` + `border_styles` 都要，不能只铺 border，否则新行字体 / 对齐 / 背景色全裸奔），再单独 `+cells-set` 写 value / formula。汇总行的 `cell_styles` 要点（bold / 背景色 / 上边框）见 `lark-sheets-visual-standards` 的「场景一 → 1A. 添加汇总行 / 表头行」。
+- **做法 B**：一次写入，但每个 cell（含空白格）都显式带 `cell_styles` + `border_styles`，**不能用 `{}`**。
+
+**判断是不是"新行"**：写入 range 超出 `+csv-get` 返回的 `current_region` 右 / 下边界（如 `current_region=A1:H10`、写 `A11:H11`）即新行，必须按上述做法补边框。
+
+## 富文本单元格：超链接 / @人 / @文档（`rich_text`）
+
+带显示文本的超链接、@人、@文档这类富内容**必须**走 `+cells-set` 的 `rich_text` 字段（`cells[].rich_text` 数组，每段一个对象、带 `type`），**不能**直接传普通字符串——纯字符串只会被当作纯文本存进单元格。完整字段跑 `lark-cli sheets +cells-set --print-schema --flag-name cells`，常用段类型：
+
+- **超链接（带显示文本）**：`{"type":"link","text":"飞书","link":"https://www.feishu.cn"}`。纯 URL 不需要 `rich_text`，直接写普通字符串即可。
+- **@人**：`{"type":"mention","mention_token":"<userId>","notify":false}`。**仅支持同租户用户，单次写入最多 50 人。** `notify` **默认 `true`**（会给被 @ 的人发通知），不想发务必显式传 `false`。
+- **@文档**：同样 `"type":"mention"`，`mention_token` 传文档 token（如 `shtXXX`）。
+
+`mention_type`（类型编号）等可选字段以 `--print-schema` 输出为准。
+
+> ⚠️ `rich_text` 一旦设置会**忽略**同一 cell 的 `value`；它与 `formula` / `multiple_values` 三者只能选其一作为内容字段（可叠加 `cell_styles` / `note` 等）。
+
+## Dropdown 选项 + 配色（`+dropdown-set` / `+dropdown-update`）
+
+### 选项怎么来：`--options` 与 `--source-range` 二选一
+
+| flag | 选项来源 | 适用场景 |
+|---|---|---|
+| `--options '["a","b","c"]'` | 写在命令里的固定列表 | 选项集是常量、不需要事后维护 |
+| `--source-range ''\''Sheet1'\''!T1:T3'` | 已有单元格里的值 | 选项要跟数据动态同步；想维护一张「枚举值」列后多处引用 |
+
+两个 flag **必须传一个、且只能传一个**——同时传或都不传，CLI 会立刻报错。`--source-range` 用 A1 + sheet 前缀写法（如 `'Sheet1'!T1:T3`，sheet 名按 A1 标准单引号包裹），可以指同 sheet 也可以指其它 sheet（如 `'Refs'!A1:A10`）。
+
+### 配色：默认即上色，三种意图三条线
+
+下拉**默认带胶囊高亮**——什么 flag 都不传时，所有选项按内置 10 色色板循环上色，跟 UI 手动配下拉的默认行为对齐。三种意图：
+
+| 想要的效果 | 怎么传 |
+|---|---|
+| 默认色板循环上色 | 都不传 `--highlight` / `--colors` |
+| 按选项指定具体颜色 | 只传 `--colors '["#hex",...]'`（不需要再传 `--highlight`） |
+| 纯白下拉、不要高亮 | 传 `--highlight=false`（注意 `=false` 不能省，单写 `--highlight` 在 cobra 里等价于 true） |
+
+`--colors` 长度**可以短于**选项数（list 模式短于 `--options` 长度，listFromRange 模式短于 `--source-range` 的单元格数），未指定的选项按内置色板循环补色；但**不能长于**——CLI 在 Validate 阶段就会拦截，错误形如 `--colors length (4) must not exceed dropdown source size (3)`。
+
+当 `--highlight=false` 显式关闭高亮时，`--colors` 即使传了也会被忽略（语义自相矛盾，但不报错）。
+
+### 最小用例
+
+**`--options` 模式 — 默认色板（最常见）**：
+
+```
+lark-cli sheets +dropdown-set \
+  --url https://... --sheet-id <id> \
+  --range A2:A100 \
+  --options '["待开始","进行中","已完成","已取消"]'
+```
+
+**`--options` 模式 — 指定颜色**（4 个选项配 3 个颜色，第 4 个按色板补）：
+
+```
+lark-cli sheets +dropdown-set \
+  --url https://... --sheet-id <id> \
+  --range A2:A100 \
+  --options '["待开始","进行中","已完成","已取消"]' \
+  --colors '["#bff7d9","#FFE699","#bacefd"]'
+```
+
+**`--source-range` 模式**（先在 `'Sheet1'!T1:T3` 维护「男/女/保密」三行，再让 `B2:B21` 引用它）：
+
+```
+lark-cli sheets +dropdown-set \
+  --url https://... --sheet-id <id> \
+  --range B2:B21 \
+  --source-range ''\''Sheet1'\''!T1:T3' \
+  --colors '["#cce8ff","#ffd6e7","#e6e6e6"]'
+```
+
+**纯白下拉**（明确告诉用户"不要彩色"时才用）：
+
+```
+lark-cli sheets +dropdown-set \
+  --url https://... --sheet-id <id> \
+  --range A2:A100 \
+  --options '["低","中","高"]' \
+  --highlight=false
+```
+
+> ⚠️ **`--source-range` 必须带 sheet 前缀**（即使跟 `--range` 同 sheet）。注意一个坑：回读这种 listFromRange 下拉单元格时，`data_validation.range` 看起来不带 sheet 前缀（形如 `$T$1:$T$3`），如果要把读出来的 range 反过来写回 `--source-range`，**必须自己重新补上 sheet 前缀**，否则会被拒。
+>
+> ⚠️ **sheet 前缀里的表名一律「裸写」，不要加引号**——这条对所有带 sheet 前缀的 range 入参通用（`--source-range`、`+cells-batch-set-style` / `+cells-batch-clear` / `+dropdown-update` 的 `--ranges` 等）。即使表名含点或空格（如 `2025.9`、`一月份 `），也直接写 `2025.9!A1`；**不要**按电子表格习惯写成 `'2025.9'!A1`——引号会被当成表名的一部分，导致 `sheet "'2025.9'" not found`。
+
+`+dropdown-update`（多 range 批量更新）的所有 flag 语义与 `+dropdown-set` 完全一致；只是目标 `--ranges` 由单值变成 JSON 数组（每项带 sheet 前缀），同一份选项 + 配色应用到所有 range。
+
+## 工具选择
+
+本 skill 提供以下 CLI shortcut，按数据来源 + 内容形态选：
+
+| 场景 | 用这个 shortcut | 原因 |
+|------|----------------|------|
+| 模型手里已经有 CSV 文本（小规模手动构造、从 `+csv-get` 取到后简单加工） | `+csv-put` | 直接传 CSV 文本 + `--start-cell`，不用自己拼二维 cells 数组；必要时自动扩容行列 |
+| 写入含公式、样式、批注、图片、数据校验等任意富写入 | `+cells-set` | 唯一支持完整字段的 shortcut |
+| 只改已有 cell 的样式，不动 value/formula | `+cells-set-style` | 拍平 10 个样式字段为独立 flag；不触发不必要的值写入 |
+| 单 cell 嵌入图片 | `+cells-set-image` | 比 `+cells-set` 参数更简短 |
+| 大量纯值 + 需要表头样式/边框 | 先用 `+csv-put` 写值，再用 `+cells-set-style` 补样式 | 分工配合，入参最短 |
+
+**优先级**：常规纯值写入优先 `+csv-put`（最短入参，直接传 CSV 文本）；含公式/样式/批注/图片才用 `+cells-set`。
+
+⚠️ `+csv-put` 只写纯值，**不会**携带公式/样式/批注/图片；公式字符串以 `=` 开头会被当作字面量文本落地。如果数据里需要公式或样式，**必须**用 `+cells-set`（或"写值 + 补样式"两步法）。
+
+⚠️ 大数据回写走"`+csv-get` 按 `--range` 行窗口分批读到本地 + 本地脚本处理 + `+csv-put` 分批回写"。
+
+## Shortcuts
+
+| Shortcut | Risk | 分组 |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `+cells-set` | write | 单元格 |
+| `+cells-set-style` | write | 单元格 |
+| `+cells-set-image` | write | 单元格 |
+| `+dropdown-set` | write | 对象 |
+| `+csv-put` | write | 单元格 |
+
+## Flags
+
+### `+cells-set`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--range` | string | required | 写入区域（A1 格式） |
+| `--cells` | string + File + Stdin（复合 JSON） | required | JSON：2D 数组 `[[{cell},...],...]`，维度与 `--range` 完全一致；每个 cell 可含 `value` / `formula` / `cell_styles` / `note` / `rich_text`（含 `type="embed-image"` 单元格嵌图）等，完整字段跑 `--print-schema` |
+| `--allow-overwrite` | bool | optional | 允许覆盖非空 cell（默认 true）；设为 false 时遇非空 cell 报错 |
+| `--max-cells` | int | optional | 防爆，默认 50000（隐藏 flag：不在 `--help` 列出，但可正常传入） |
+| `--copy-to-range` | string | optional | 复制范围（A1 表示法）：把 --range 中 --cells 写入的内容（值/公式/样式，取决于实际传入字段）复制到该区域，公式引用自动平移（如 C2=B2 → C3=B3）。适合先写一行/一块模板再扩展填充整列/整区域（如 --range A1:G1 写模板、--copy-to-range A1:G100 填充 100 行）。支持整行 3:6、整列 C:E、到列尾 D3:D、到行尾 D3:3；支持英文逗号分隔多个目标区域，如 C1:D2,E5:F6 |
+
+### `+cells-set-style`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--range` | string | required | 目标范围（A1 格式，如 `A1:B2`） |
+| `--background-color` | string | optional | 背景颜色（十六进制，如 `#ffffff`） |
+| `--font-color` | string | optional | 字体颜色（十六进制，如 `#000000`） |
+| `--font-size` | float64 | optional | 字体大小（px，例：10、12、14） |
+| `--font-style` | string | optional | 字体样式（可选值：`normal` / `italic`） |
+| `--font-weight` | string | optional | 字重（可选值：`normal` / `bold`） |
+| `--font-line` | string | optional | 字体线条样式（可选值：`none` / `underline` / `line-through`） |
+| `--horizontal-alignment` | string | optional | 水平对齐（可选值：`left` / `center` / `right`） |
+| `--vertical-alignment` | string | optional | 垂直对齐（可选值：`top` / `middle` / `bottom`） |
+| `--word-wrap` | string | optional | 换行策略（可选值：`overflow` / `auto-wrap` / `word-clip`） |
+| `--number-format` | string | optional | 数字格式（例：文本 `@`、数字 `0.00`、货币 `$#,##0.00`、日期 `mm/dd/yyyy`） |
+| `--border-styles` | string + File + Stdin（复合 JSON） | optional | 边框配置 JSON：`{ top: {style,color,weight}, bottom: ..., left: ..., right: ... }`；4 方向结构相同 |
+
+### `+cells-set-image`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--range` | string | required | 目标单元格（A1 格式，必须单 cell，如 `A1`；起止 cell 须相同） |
+| `--image` | string | required | 本地图片路径（支持 PNG / JPEG / JPG / GIF / BMP / JFIF / EXIF / TIFF / BPG / HEIC） |
+| `--name` | string | optional | 图片文件名（含扩展名）；省略时取 `--image` 的 basename |
+
+### `+dropdown-set`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--range` | string | required | 目标范围（A1 格式，如 `A2:A100`） |
+| `--options` | string + File + Stdin（复合 JSON） | xor | 下拉选项 JSON 数组，例如 `["opt1","opt2"]`。服务端不限制选项数量，也不限制单个选项长度；含逗号的选项可以接受（写入时会自动转义）。大量选项建议改用 `--source-range`。 |
+| `--colors` | string + File + Stdin（简单 JSON） | optional | 下拉胶囊背景色，RGB hex 数组（如 `["#1FB6C1","#F006C2"]`）。长度可短不可长——超长 Validate 拦截（`--colors length (N) must not exceed dropdown source size (M)`），未指定项按内置 10 色色板循环补色。**单独传即生效**；`--highlight=false` 时被忽略。 |
+| `--multiple` | bool | optional | 启用多选；默认 `false` |
+| `--highlight` | bool | optional | 下拉胶囊背景色高亮开关。**不传 = 开**（按内置 10 色色板循环上色）；`--highlight=false` 关闭得到纯白下拉。配色用 `--colors` 覆盖。 |
+| `--source-range` | string | xor | listFromRange 模式的下拉源 range，A1 表示法 + sheet 前缀（如 `'Sheet1'!T1:T3`）。映射到 server `data_validation.range`，搭配 server `data_validation.type='listFromRange'` 自动生效。跟 `--options` 二选一：传 `--options` 走 inline 列表（type=list），传本 flag 走 range 引用（type=listFromRange）。`--colors` 长度规则不变（≤ 源 range 单元格数），`--highlight` / `--multiple` 行为相同。当 `--highlight` 开启且 source 覆盖单元格数超过 2000 时，服务端会将该下拉判为 option-error（这是不支持的组合）；CLI 会向 stderr 输出 warning。如需取消，传 `--highlight=false`。 |
+
+### `+csv-put`
+
+_公共四件套 · 系统：`--dry-run`_
+
+| Flag | Type | 必填 | 说明 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `--start-cell` | string | required | 目标区域起点 A1（如 `A1`、`B5`，不带 sheet 前缀；用 `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name` 指定 sheet）；必须是单个单元格，不接受范围写法；终点按 CSV 实际行列数自动推断 |
+| `--csv` | string + File + Stdin（非 JSON 文本） | required | RFC 4180 CSV 文本；只写纯值，不带公式/样式/批注 |
+| `--allow-overwrite` | bool | optional | 允许覆盖（默认 true）；设为 false 时若目标非空报错 |
+| `--range` | string | optional | --start-cell 的别名（与 +csv-get / +cells-set 一致，用 --range 定位）；传区间（如 A1:H17）时自动取其左上角单元格（隐藏 flag：不在 `--help` 列出，但可正常传入） |
+
+## Schemas
+
+> 复合 JSON flag 字段速查（只列顶层 + 一层嵌套）。深层结构看下方 `## Examples`，或用 `--print-schema` 读完整 JSON Schema（用法见 SKILL.md「公共 flag 速查」与「Agent 使用提示」）。
+
+### `+cells-set` `--cells`
+
+_【维度】行列数必须与 range 完全一致：'A1:C2'→[[_,_,_],[_,_,_]]（2行×3列），'B5:B7'→[[_],[_],[_]]（3行×1列），'A1'→[[_]]（1×1）_
+
+**二维数组项**（类型 object）：
+- `value` (oneOf?) — 静态单元格值（文本、数字、布尔）
+- `formula` (string?) — 以 '=' 开头的单元格公式（例如：'=SUM(A1:A10)'）
+- `note` (string?) — 单元格批注/备注
+- `cell_styles` (object?) — 单元格样式属性，包括字体、颜色、对齐方式和数字格式 { font_color?: string, font_size?: number, font_weight?: enum, font_style?: enum, font_line?: enum, …共 10 项 }
+- `border_styles` (object?) — 单元格边框配置，含 top/bottom/left/right 四个方向，每个方向的结构相同（见 top） { top?: object, bottom?: object, left?: object, right?: object }
+- `rich_text` (array<object>?) — 富文本内容 each: { type: enum, text: string, style?: object, link?: string, mention_token?: string, …共 17 项 }
+- `multiple_values` (array<object>?) — 多值内容，用于支持多选的列表验证单元格 each: { value: oneOf, format?: string }
+- `data_validation` (object?) — 数据验证配置 { type: enum, items?: array<string>, range?: string, operator?: enum, values?: array<oneOf>, …共 9 项 }
+
+### `+cells-set-style` `--border-styles`
+
+_单元格边框配置，含 top/bottom/left/right 四个方向，每个方向的结构相同（见 top）_
+
+**顶层字段**：
+- `top` (object?) { style?: enum, weight?: enum, color?: string }
+- `bottom` (object?) { style?: enum, weight?: enum, color?: string }
+- `left` (object?) { style?: enum, weight?: enum, color?: string }
+- `right` (object?) { style?: enum, weight?: enum, color?: string }
+
+### `+dropdown-set` `--options`
+
+_列表选项_
+
+**数组项**（类型 string）：
+- 标量：string
+
+## Examples
+
+公共四件套：所有 shortcut 顶部排列 `--url` / `--spreadsheet-token` / `--sheet-id` / `--sheet-name`（XOR）。
+
+### `+cells-set` 的拆分与转介绍
+
+"工具选择"段已讲清纯值（`+csv-put`）vs 富写入（`+cells-set`）。下表补 CLI 侧的 `+cells-set` **兄弟拆分**，以及不属于本 skill 的**跨 skill 转介绍**——避免 agent 用 `+cells-set` 硬扛所有写入场景。
+
+| 写入场景 | 用这个 | 不要用 |
+|---------|--------|--------|
+| 只改**已有 cell 的样式**，不动 value/formula | `+cells-set-style` | `+cells-set`（会触发不必要的值写入） |
+| 把**单张图片嵌入**到某个 cell | `+cells-set-image` | `+cells-set`（参数更繁琐） |
+| **插行/列 + 写入** 这种多步组合，且要原子 | `+batch-update`（跨 skill） | 多次独立 `+cells-set`（非原子；插入会扰动后续 range） |
+| 在**多个不连续 range** 上应用同一组样式 | `+cells-batch-set-style`（跨 skill） | 多次 `+cells-set-style`（非原子） |
+
+### `+cells-set`
+
+示例：
+
+```bash
+# 纯值（数组形态）；默认即覆盖非空 cell，无需显式传 --allow-overwrite
+lark-cli sheets +cells-set --url "https://example.feishu.cn/sheets/shtXXX" \
+  --sheet-name "Sheet1" --range "A1:B2" \
+  --cells '[[{"value":"name"},{"value":"score"}],[{"value":"alice"},{"value":95}]]'
+
+# 富 cell（公式 + 样式，cells 是二维矩阵每元素一个 cell schema）
+lark-cli sheets +cells-set --spreadsheet-token shtXXX --sheet-id "$SID" \
+  --range "C2:C10" --cells @rich-cells.json
+```
+
+`--cells` 富格式见 `## Schemas` 段（cells 元素含 value / formula / cell_styles / border_styles / data_validation / multiple_values / note / rich_text）；值 / 公式 / 样式 / 批注 / 嵌入图片可同一次写入混合提交。
+
+> 中间想跳过的 cell 用空对象 `{}` 占位（底层语义为"保留原值不变"），`--cells` 维度仍须与 `--range` 完全一致。例：`--range A1:A5 --cells '[[{"value":1}],[{}],[{}],[{}],[{"value":5}]]'` 只写 A1 和 A5。
+>
+> 跨多个不连续区域散点写入（如 `D2` + `F7` + `J15`）不属于 `+cells-set` 的能力范围——请用 `+batch-update` 把多次 `+cells-set` 打包成单次原子请求。
+
+### `+cells-set-style`
+
+只改样式，不动 value / formula。10 个 cell_styles 字段拍平为独立 flag，边框走 `--border-styles` JSON。
+
+```bash
+# 加粗 + 黄底
+lark-cli sheets +cells-set-style --url "..." --sheet-name "Sheet1" \
+  --range "A1:B2" --font-weight bold --background-color "#FFFF00"
+
+# 配套边框
+lark-cli sheets +cells-set-style --url "..." --sheet-id "$SID" \
+  --range "A1:D10" --font-size 12 --horizontal-alignment center \
+  --border-styles '{"top":{"style":"solid","color":"#000","weight":"thin"},"bottom":{"style":"solid","color":"#000","weight":"thin"}}'
+```
+
+### `+cells-set-image`
+
+把单张图片嵌入 cell（必须单 cell 范围）：
+
+```bash
+lark-cli sheets +cells-set-image --url "..." --sheet-name "Sheet1" \
+  --range "A1" --image ./logo.png
+```
+
+### `+csv-put`
+
+示例：
+
+```bash
+# 内联 CSV
+lark-cli sheets +csv-put --url "https://example.feishu.cn/sheets/shtXXX" \
+  --sheet-name "Sheet1" --start-cell "A1" \
+  --csv $'name,score\nalice,95\nbob,87'
+
+# 从文件
+lark-cli sheets +csv-put --spreadsheet-token shtXXX --sheet-id "$SID" \
+  --start-cell "A1" --csv @data.csv
+```
+
+> `+csv-put` 比 `+cells-set` 短得多——只想批量灌纯值时优先用它。需要公式/样式才换 `+cells-set`。
+>
+> ⚠️ `=` 开头的字符串会被当字面量写入（**不会变公式**）：
+>
+> ```bash
+> lark-cli sheets +csv-put --url "..." --sheet-name "Sheet1" \
+>   --start-cell "A1" \
+>   --csv $'name,score\nalice,=SUM(B2:B10)'
+> # ↑ A2 实际写入字符串 "=SUM(B2:B10)"，**不是公式**。需要写公式请用 +cells-set。
+> ```
+
+> **定位 + 写入边界（关键，避免误覆盖）**：
+> - 定位用 `--start-cell`（锚点 = 左上角单元格）；也接受 `--range` 别名（与 `+csv-get` / `+cells-set` 一致，传区间会自动取左上角）。
+> - ⚠️ `--start-cell` / `--range` **只定左上角、不限制写入大小**：CSV 从锚点按自身行列数 auto-expand 铺开。给一个"小 range"**不会**截断数据——超出部分照写，且默认覆盖。这与 `+cells-set --range`（精确矩形、`--cells` 必须与 range 同维）语义相反，别把那套心智搬过来。
+> - dry-run 与成功响应都回显 `writes_range`（实际落区，如 `B2:D4`）：**写前先 `--dry-run` 看一眼落区**，确认不会盖到相邻数据。
+> - 要保护非空 cell：`--allow-overwrite=false`（落区内出现非空 cell 即报错）。
+
+### Validate / DryRun / Execute 约束
+
+- `Validate`：XOR 公共四件套；`+cells-set` 的 `--cells` 必须能解析为 JSON 二维矩阵且行列数与 `--range` 完全一致；`+cells-set-style` 的样式 flag 至少一个非空（或带 `--border-styles`）；`+cells-set-image` 的 `--range` 必须是单 cell（起止 cell 相同）；`+csv-put` 的 `--csv` 必须能按 RFC 4180 解析；防爆参数上限校验。
+- `DryRun`：输出目标 range + 推断尺寸 + 是否覆盖非空 cell 警告，零网络副作用。
+- `Execute`：写后不自动回读；如需确认，自行调用 `+cells-get --range <写入区域> --include value,formula` 抽样核对。