Follows (https://talktomeinkorean.com/curriculum/level-1-korean-grammar/).
존댓말 = formal/polite Korean 반말 = intimate/informal language 안녕하세요 = Hello / Hi 감사합니다 = Thank you 여기요 = Here you go
네. = Yes. 아니요. = No. 네 = Agreement / Got it / I see / "What did you say?" 커피 좋아해요? = Do you like coffee? 아니요. 커피 안 좋아해요. = No, I don’t like coffee. 네, 맞아요. = Yes, that is right.
안녕히 계세요. = Stay in peace. 안녕히 가세요. = Go in peace.
죄송합니다 = I am sorry. 저기요 = Excuse me. 잠시만요. = Just a second. (more formal/polite) 잠깐만요. = Just a second. (more casual)
물이에요? = Is that water? / Is this water? 가방이에요. = It is a bag. 사무실이에요. = It is an office. 학교예요. = It is a school. 학생이에요. = I am a student. 저예요 = It is me. / It is I. 뭐 = what 뭐예요? = What is it? / What is that?
이거 책이에요. = This is a book. 이거 핸드폰이에요. = This is a cellphone. 이거 사전이에요. = This is a dictionary. 네. 맞아요. 이거 커피예요. = Yes, that’s right. This is coffee.
이 사람 = this person, this man here, this lady here, he, she 그 사람 = the person, that person, he, she 저 사람 = that person over there, he, she
우유 아니에요. = It is not milk. 물 아니에요. = It is not water. 저는 학생 아니에요. = I am not a student. 그거 고양이 아니에요. = It is not a cat. 저거 술 아니에요. = That is not liquor.
Topic marking particles: -은/는 Placed after a noun to indicate THAT noun is the topic.
- Words ending with a final consonant + -은
- Words ending with a vowel + -는
Subject marking particles: -이/가
- Words ending with a final consonant + -이
- Words ending with a vowel + -가
이 책 좋아요. = This book is good. 이거 사과예요. = This is an apple. 이거는 뭐예요? = And as for this one, what is it? 오늘 날씨 좋네요. = The weather is good today. 오늘은 날씨 좋네요. = The weather (has not been so good lately, but) today (it) is good. 뭐가 좋아요? = WHAT is good?
시간 = time 친구 있어요? = Do you have friends? / Do they have friends? 친구 없어요. = I do not have friends. 시간 없어요. = There is no time. / I do not have time. / We do not have time. TalkToMeInKorean 재미있어요! = TalkToMeInKorean is fun! / TalkToMeInKorean is interesting!
사과 = apple 돈 = money 사과 있어요 = I have an apple. / There are apples. / They have some apples. 사과 없어요 = I do not have an apple. / There is no apple. 시간 있어요? = Do you have some time? 시간 없어요? = You do not have time? 돈 있어요? = Do you have money? 돈 없어요? = You do not have money? 맥주 주세요. = Please give me a beer. 사과 주세요. = Give me (an/some) apple(s). 네. 우유 있어요. = Yes, we have milk. 밥 주세요. = Please give me rice. / Please give me food.
맛있어요. = It is delicious. 맛없어요. = It is not tasty. 이거 맛있어요. = This is delicious. 저 케이크 맛있어요. = That cake is delicious. 뭐가 맛있어요? = What is delicious? 치킨 맛있어요. = Chicken is delicious. 이거 맛없어요? = Does this taste awful? 이 차 맛없어요. = This tea tastes awful. 잘 먹겠습니다. = Thank you for the food. / I will enjoy it. 잘 먹었습니다. = I enjoyed the meal. / Thanks for the food.
가다 = to go 보다 = to see 먹다 = to eat 가고 싶어요. = I want to go. 보고 싶어요. = I want to see/look/watch. 먹고 싶어요. = I want to eat. 뭐 먹고 싶어요? = What do you want to eat? 회 먹고 싶어요. = I want to eat raw fish. 주세요. = Please give me. 더 주세요. = Please give me more. 더 먹고 싶어요. = I want to eat more.
하다 = to do 보다 = to see 먹다 = to eat 사다 = to buy 마시다 = to drink 뭐 하고 싶어요? = What do you want to do? 텔레비전 보고 싶어요. = I want to watch TV. 텔레비전 보고 싶어요? = You want to watch TV? 뭐 보고 싶어요? = What do you want to watch? 뉴스 보고 싶어요. = I want to watch the news. 이거 사고 싶어요. = I want to buy this. 이거요? = This one? 네. 이거 먹고 싶어요. = Yeah. I want to eat this. 읽고 싶어요 = I want to read. 자고 싶어요. = I want to sleep. 놀고 싶어요. = I want to play. 쉬고 싶어요 = I want to rest. 일하고 싶어요. = I want to work. 영화 = movie 영화 보고 싶어요. = I want to watch a movie. 김밥 먹고 싶어요. = I want to eat kiimbap. 뭐 마시고 싶어요? = What would you like to drink?
일 = 1 (in Sino-Korean numbers) 이 = 2 (in Sino-Korean numbers) 삼 = 3 (in Sino-Korean numbers) 사 = 4 (in Sino-Korean numbers) 오 = 5 (in Sino-Korean numbers) 륙 or 육 = 6 (in Sino-Korean numbers) 칠 = 7 (in Sino-Korean numbers) 팔 = 8 (in Sino-Korean numbers) 구 = 9 (in Sino-Korean numbers) 십 = 10 (in Sino-Korean numbers) 십일 = 11 (in Sino-Korean numbers) 이십오 = 25 (in Sino-Korean numbers) 삼십삼 = 33 (in Sino-Korean numbers) 구십구 = 99 (in Sino-Korean numbers) 백 = 100 (in Sino-Korean numbers) 천 = 1,000 (in Sino-Korean numbers) 삼백십이 = 312 (in Sino-Korean numbers) 영 = 0 (in Sino-Korean numbers, used for math problems etc., more like "zero") 공 = 0 (in Sino-Korean numbers, used for phone numbers, dates, etc., similar to "oh") 백오십구 = 159 (Sino-Korean) 천이백이십오 = 1225 (Sino-Korean)
가요 = I go. / You go. / He goes. / She goes. / They go. 먹어요 = I eat. / You eat. / He eats. / etc. 봐요 = I see. / I look. / I watch. / You look. / etc. 보여요 = I see it. / It is visible.
오다 = to come 적다 = to write down 샀어요 = I bought / you bought / s/he bought / they bought / etc. 왔어요 = I came / you came / s/he came / they came / we came / etc. 적었어요 = I wrote / you wrote / s/he wrote / they wrote / we wrote / etc. 했어요 = I did / you did / he did / they did / etc.
어디 가고 싶어요? = Where do you want to go? 학교에 갔어요. = I went to school. 한국에 왔어요. = I came to Korea. 지금 어디에 있어요? = Where are you now? 사무실 = work room, office 사무실에 = to the office, to an office, to my office 사무실에서 = from the office, from an office, from my office 사무실에 있어요. = I am at the office. 집에 있어요. = I am at home. 집에 가요. = I am going home. 집에서 일해요. = I work at home. 집에서 뭐 해요? = What are you doing at home? 사무실에서 일해요. = I work at the office. 갔어요 = went / to have gone 왔어요 = came / to have come 있었어요 = was / to have been 봤어요 = saw / to have seen 했어요 = did / to have done
도착하다 = to arrive 언제 했어요? = When did you do it? 언제 도착했어요? = When did you arrive? 언제 왔어요? = When did you come? 일어나다 = to get up 언제 일어나요? = When do you get up? 아침 = morning 아침에 언제 일어나요? = In the morning, when do you get up? 몇 시에 = at what time 아침에 몇 시에 일어나요? = What time do you get up in the morning? 오늘 = today 어제 = yesterday 내일 = tomorrow 지금 = now 아까 = earlier (today), a while ago (today)
하나 = 1 (in Native Korean numbers) 둘 = 2 (in Native Korean numbers) 셋 = 3 (in Native Korean numbers) 넷 = 4 (in Native Korean numbers) 다섯 = 5 (in Native Korean numbers) 여섯 = 6 (in Native Korean numbers) 일곱 = 7 (in Native Korean numbers) 여덟 = 8 (in Native Korean numbers) 아홉 = 9 (in Native Korean numbers) 열 = 10 (in Native Korean numbers) 열하나 = 11 (in Native Korean numbers) 열다섯 = 15 (in Native Korean numbers) 열아홉 = 19 (in Native Korean numbers) 스물 = 20 (in Native Korean numbers) 서른 = 30 (in Native Korean numbers) 마흔 = 40 (in Native Korean numbers) 쉰 = 50 (in Native Korean numbers) 예순 = 60 (in Native Korean numbers) 일흔 = 70 (in Native Korean numbers) 여든 = 80 (in Native Korean numbers) 아흔 = 90 (in Native Korean numbers) 백하나 = 101 (Native Korean) 이백다섯 = 205 한 살이에요 = I am one year old. 열 살이에요 = I am ten years old. 스무 살이에요 = I am twenty years old. 서른 살이에요 = I am thirty years old.
집에 안 가요. = I am NOT going home. / I DO NOT go home. 버리다 = to throw away 그거 안 버렸어요. = I DID NOT throw it away. 안 먹어요? = You are not going to eat? 안 먹어요! = I am not eating! 정말 안 먹어요? 맛있어요! = You are really not going to eat? It is delicious. 안 먹어요. 배 안 고파요. = I am not eating. I am not hungry. 이거 매워요? = Is this spicy? 아니요. 안 매워요. = No. It is not spicy.
nothing much too new here
누구예요? = Who is it? 누가 했어요? = Who did it? 어제 누가 왔어요? = Who came yesterday? 누가 샀어요? = Who bought it?
뭐 = What 어디 = Where 언제 = When 누구 = Who 어떻게 = How 왜 = Why 얼마 = How much (money) 얼마나 = How + adjective/adverb 찾다 = to find, to look for 어떻게 찾았어요? = How did you find it? 어떻게 왔어요? = How did you get here? 왜 전화했어요? = Why did you call? 왜 안 왔어요? = Why didn’t you come? 이거 얼마예요? = How much is this? 내다 = to pay 얼마 냈어요? = How much did you pay? 자주 = often 얼마나 자주 와요? = How often do you come? 크다 = to be big 얼마나 커요? = How big is it?
저녁 = evening 처음 = first 끝 = end 주말 = weekend 서울에서 = (from Seoul to another place) 지금부터 = From now 어제부터 = From (or since) yesterday 서울까지 = (From somewhere else) to Seoul 지금까지 = Until now 내일까지 = Until tomorrow 서울에서 부산까지 = From Seoul to Busan 아침부터 저녁까지 = From morning until evening 이 책은 처음부터 끝까지 정말 재밌어요. = This book, it is really interesting from the beginning to the end. 언제 읽었어요? = When did you read it? 주말에 읽었어요. = I read it over the weekend. 어디에서 읽었어요? = Where did you read it? 집에서 읽었어요. = I read it at home.
Vocab: 선물 = present, gift 생일 = birthday 잔 = cup 다른 = different 기다리다 = to wait 누구 기다려요? = Whom are you waiting for? 왜 기다렸어요? = Why did you wait? 안 기다렸어요 = I didn’t wait. 운동 = exercise 언제 운동해요? = When do you exercise? 어디에서 운동해요? = Where do you exercise? 공원 = park 공원에서 운동해요. = I exercise in the park.
민아: 민수 씨 안녕하세요. = Mina: Minsu, hello. 민수: 아, 네, 민아 씨, 안녕하세요! 이거 뭐예요? = Minsu: Oh, hi, Mina. Hi. What is this? 민아: 이거요? 이거 선물이에요. = Mina: This? This is a present. 민수: 선물이요? 우와. 감사합니다. = Minsu: A present? Wow. Thank you. 민아: 아니요, 민수 씨 선물 아니에요. 다른 사람 선물이에요. = Mina: No, it’s not a present for you, Minsu. It’s a present for someone else. 민수: 다른 사람이요? 누구요? = Minsu: Someone else? Who? 민아: 오늘 현주 씨 생일이에요. = Mina: Today is Hyeonju’s birthday. 민수: 정말요? 몰랐어요. = Minsu: Really? I didn’t know. 민아: 어, 저기, 현주 씨 왔어요. = Mina: Oh, there, Hyeonju came. 현주: 민아 씨, 민수 씨, 안녕하세요! = Hyeonju: Mina, Minsu, hi! 민아: 생일 축하해요. 선물이에요. = Mina: Happy birthday. It’s a present. 현주: 우와. 감사합니다. = Hyeonju: Wow. Thank you. 민수: 현주 씨, 생일 축하해요. 저는... 선물이 없어요. 생일을 몰랐어요. = Minsu: Hyeonju, happy birthday. I... don’t have a present. I didn’t know your birthday. 현주: 괜찮아요. 감사합니다. = Hyeonju: It’s okay. Thank you. 민아: 민수 씨는 언제까지 시간 있어요? = Mina: Minsu, until when do you have time? 민수: 저요? 저는 일곱 시까지 시간 있어요. = Minsu: Me? I have time until 7 o’clock. 민아: 좋아요. 현주 씨, 뭐 하고 싶어요? = Mina: Good. Hyeonju, what do you want to do? 현주: 저요? 글쎄요... = Hyeonju: Me? Well... 민아: 민수 씨, 배고파요? 저는 피자 먹고 싶어요. = Mina: Minsu, are you hungry? I want to have pizza. 민수: 네? 네... 저기... 현주 씨는요? 피자 먹고 싶어요? = Minsu: What? I see... um... Hyeonju, how about you? Do you want to have pizza? 현주: 네. 저도 피자 좋아요. = Hyeonju: Yeah... I like pizza too. 민수: 저기요. 김치 불고기 치즈 피자 하나 주세요. = Minsu: Excuse me. Give us one kimchi bulgogi cheese pizza. 민아: 김치 불고기 치즈 피자요? = Mina: Kimchi bulgogi cheese pizza? 민수: 맛있어요! 아, 저기요! 콜라 세 잔 주세요. = Minsu: It’s delicious! Oh, excuse me! Give us three cups of cola. 민아: 저는 콜라 안 마시고 싶어요. 저는 맥주 주세요. = Mina: I don’t want to drink cola. Give me beer. 민수: 여기 맥주 없어요. = Minsu: There is no beer here. 민아: 있어요. = Mina: There is. 현주: 저기요, 여기 맥주 있어요? 네, 맥주 하나 주세요. = Hyeonju: Excuse me, do you have beer here? Yes, give us one beer. 민수: 누가 피자집에서 맥주를 마셔요? = Minsu: Who drinks beer in a pizza place? 민아: 왜요? 이상해요? = Mina: Why? Is it strange? 민수: 아니에요. = Minsu: No. 현주: 피자 나왔어요. = Hyeonju: The pizza came out. 민아: 맥주는요? = Mina: And beer? 현주: 여기 있어요. = Hyeonju: It’s here.
Follows TTMIK (https://talktomeinkorean.com/curriculum/level-2-korean-grammar/).
To make sentence future tense add -(으)ㄹ 거예요 . Determining whether to use -ㄹ 거예요 or -을 거예요:
- Verb stems ending with a vowel (보다, 가다, 자다) are followed by -ㄹ 거예요.
- Verb stems ending with a consonant (먹다, 찾다, 붙다) are followed by -을 거예요.
- Exception: Verb stems already ending with ㄹ (놀다, 멀다, 살다) are followed only by 거예요.
지금 갈 거예요. = I am going to go (there) now. 내일 갈 거예요. = I am going to go tomorrow. 뭐 할 거예요? = What are you going to do? 이거 정말 할 거예요? = Are you really going to do it? 입다 = to wear 뭐 입을 거예요? = What are you going to wear? 누구 만날 거예요? = Who are you going to meet? 어디에서 만날 거예요? = Where are you going to meet? 언제 만날 거예요? = When are you going to meet? 얼마에 팔 거예요? = At what price are you going to sell it?
밥 언제 먹을 거예요? = When are you going to eat? 지금 먹을 거예요. = I am going to eat now. 어디에서 먹을 거예요? = Where are you going to eat?
아니요. 지금 갈 거예요. = No. I am going to go now.
Previously:
- topic marking particles (-은, -는)
- subject marking particles (-이, -가)
Now: Object-marking Particles / -을, -를 -을 - used after a noun ending in a consonant -를 - used after a noun ending in a vowel To explain it simply, they help listeners/readers predict the verb (to an extent).
사과를 먹었어요? = Did you eat an apple? 사과를 사요? = Are you buying an apple? Q: Why not -ing format? (Present Progressive)
By adding -가 (subject marking particle) to 사과, it becomes the SUBJECT of the sentence, meaning that the verb will be ABOUT the 사과
Sometimes these can be dropped, e.g.: 사과를 사요? → 사과 사요? (Are you buying an apple?) 이 사과가 맛있어요. → 이 사과 맛있어요. (This apple is delicious.) The meaning of these sentences stays the same with or without a particle.
:O?? 어제 누구를 여기에서 만났어요? = WHO did you meet here yesterday?
텔레비전 자주 봐요? = Do you watch TV often?
And, and then, therefore, so / 그리고, 그래서
1: 그리고 has the meaning of “and” or “and then” depending on the context
빵 = bread 커피, 빵, 그리고 물 = coffee, bread and water 서울 그리고 부산 = Seoul and Busan 친구를 만났어요. 그리고 밥을 먹었어요. = I met my friend. And then I ate.
2: 그래서 has the meaning of “therefore” and “so”, and just as in English, using this word between two sentences shows a logical relation between sentences.
비가 오다 = to rain 오늘은 비가 왔어요. 그래서 집에 있었어요. = It rained today. So I stayed home.
음식 = food 김치는 맛있어요. 그리고 한국 음식이에요. = Kimchi is delicious. And it is Korean food. 저는 학생이에요. 그래서 돈이 없어요. = I am a student. So I don't have money.
-하고 = and
이거하고 이거 주세요. = Give me this and this.
-(이)랑 = and
하고 can be used both formal and informal 랑 is more casual.
If noun ends in a vowel: -랑 If noun ends with a consonant: -이랑
우유랑 빵 = milk and bread 빵이랑 우유 = bread and milk 우유랑 빵 샀어요. = I bought milk and bread.
both -하고 and -(이)랑 can also mean “with”. This is disambiguated based on context alone.
친구하고 영화 봤어요. - I saw a movie with a friend. 누구랑 갔어요? - Who did you go with?
To make this even clearer, add 같이 after either, meaning "together with", so:
친구하고 같이 영화 봤어요. = I saw a movie with a friend. 누구랑 같이 갔어요? = Who did you go with?
More samples:
동생 = younger sibling 공부하다 = to study 동생하고 공부할 거예요. = I am going to study with my younger sibling. 선생님 = teacher 선생님하고 밥을 먹을 거예요. = I am going to eat with my teacher. 내일 선생님하고 경복궁에 갈 거예요. = I am going to go to Gyeongbok Palace with my teacher tomorrow. 어제 홍대하고 신촌에 갔어요. = I went to Hongdae and Sinchon yesterday.
The syllable 요 and 일 together mean “day of the week”.
Monday = 월요일 Tuesday = 화요일 Wednesday = 수요일 Thursday = 목요일 Friday = 금요일 Saturday = 토요일 Sunday = 일요일
저는 월요일에 영화를 봤어요. = I watched a movie on Monday.
그렇지만 - but, however 그런데 - but, however
Nuance:
- To introduce two actions or states which occurred one after another, and if the first sentence is background information for the second, only use 그런데.
- 그런데 can be used for a wider variety of meanings
- 그렇지만 has a very formal nuance to it and is used more in writing
- in every day conversations, 그런데 is used more often than 그렇지만.
Examples:
피곤해요. 그렇지만 영화 보고 싶어요. = I am tired, but I want to see a movie. 피곤해요. 그런데 영화 보고 싶어요. = I am tired. However, I want to see a movie.
어제 학교에 갔어요. 그렇지만 일요일이었어요. = I went to school yesterday, but it was Sunday.
늦게 = late, at a late hour 피곤하다 = to be tired 어젯밤 늦게 잤어요. 그런데 피곤하지 않아요. = I went to bed late last night, but I am not tired.
매일 = every day 살이 빠지다 = to lose weight 저는 매일 운동을 해요. 그런데 살이 빠지지 않아요. = I work out every day, but I do not lose any weight.
왕따 = outcast, loner, someone who is bullied by others 저는 친구가 없어요. 그런데 왕따는 아니에요. = I do not have friends, but I am not a loner.
-한테 - “to” someone, “from” someone -한테서 - “from” someone
저한테 = to me, from me 친구한테 = to a friend, from a friend 누구한테 = to whom, from whom 저한테서 = from me 친구한테서 = from a friend 누구한테서 = from whom
Telling the time
When saying the hour, use native Korean numbers (1, 2, 3 and 4 change a bit!) (native Korean) Number + 시 - hour 한 시 = 1 o’clock (not 하나 시) 두 시 = 2 o’clock (not 둘 시) 세 시 = 3 o’clock (not 셋 시) 네 시 = 4 o’clock (not 넷 시) 다섯 시 = 5 o’clock 여섯 시 = 6 o’clock 일곱 시 = 7 o’clock ...
여섯시 정각에 만나요 = Let’s meet at 6 o’clock sharp.
When saying minutes use sino-Korean numbers. Number + 분 [bun] = minute 일 분 = 1 minute 이 분 = 2 minutes 십 오 분 [si-bo bun] = 15 minutes 삼십 분 [sam-sip bun] = 30 minutes 오십오 분 [o-si-bo bun] = 55 minutes
Examples: 1:05 = 한 시 오 분 1:15 = 한 시 십오 분 3:20 = 세 시 이십 분 10:00 = 열 시 10:30 = 열 시 삼십 분
지금 몇 시예요? = What time is it now?
매일 = every day 출근하다 [chul-geun-ha-da] = to go to work 저는 매일 아침 9시까지 출근해요. = I get to work by 9 every morning.
내일 = tomorrow 수업 = class 끝나다 = to finish 내일 수업이 네시 반에 끝나요. = My classes finish at 4:30 tomorrow.
오늘 몇 시에 친구를 만나요? = What time do you meet your friend today?
오늘 몇 시에 출근했어요? = What time did you come to work today? 아홉 시 반에 출근했어요. 유정 씨는요? = I came to work at 9:30. How about you, Yujeong? 여덟 시 십 분에 출근했어요. = I came to work at 8:10.
Counters
Korean: noun + number + counter
- “car” + one + “counter for cars”
- “pencil” + two + “counter for pencils”
- “book” + three + “counter for books”
The majority of the time, counters are used with native Korean numbers.
There are many counters, for this lesson we just do 개 and 명.
- 개 as a noun in Korean means “a dog”, but when used as a counter, it counts things and objects
- 명 is used for counting people.
one apple = 사과 한 개 two stones = 돌 두 개 five balls = 공 다섯 개 how many (things) = 몇 개
one person = 한 명 two students = 학생 두 명 three friends = 친구 세 명 how many (people) = 몇 명
note that the Korean numbers are truncated when used with counters, as earlier too.
지금 스무 명 있어요? = Are there 20 people now?
Present Progressive / -고 있어요
Present progressive:
- am/are/is -ing : Verb stem + -고 있어요 [-go i-sseo-yo] Past progressive:
- was/were -ing : Verb stem + -고 있었어요 [-go i-sseo-sseo-yo] Future progressive:
- will be -ing : Verb stem + -고 있을 거예요 [-go i-sseul kkeo-ye-yo]
In everyday conversations people often drop this part though. Ex: Instead of saying: A: 지금 뭐 하고 있어요? - What are you doing now? B: 공부하고 있어요. - I am studying. Many people say: A: 지금 뭐 해요? - What are you doing now? B: 공부해요. - I am studying.
저는 한국어를 공부하고 있어요. = I am studying Korean.
지금 보고 있어요. = I am watching it now. 재미있어요? = Is it interesting?
일하고 있어요. = I am working. 일하고 있었어요. = I was working. 일하고 있을 거예요. = I will be working. 듣고 있어요. = I am listening. 생각하다 = to think 생각하고 있어요. = I am thinking.
Self-introductions
저는 서울에 살아요. = I live in Seoul. 저는 선생님이에요. = I am a teacher.
Names of months
In Korean, the names for the 12 months in a year are very simple. Just add the word 월 [wol], which means “month”, after every corresponding sino-Korean number.
일월 = January 이월 = February 삼월 = March 사월 = April 오월 = May 유월 = June 칠월 = July 팔월 = August 구월 = September 시월 = October 십일월 = November 십이월 = December 몇월 = Which month?
For days, add the sino-Korean number to the Korean word 일 [il], which means “day”.
생일이 언제예요? [eon-je-ye-yo?] = When is your birthday?
(Not going to take note of some of the sample sentences here because this lesson is poorly done in TTMIK and Google Translate disagrees)
-도 [-do] is used to represent the meaning of “also” and “too”.
In English, the placement of the words “too”, “also”, or “as well” varies depending on the speaker. Most of the time they are added to the end of a sentence, but sometimes they can be placed in the middle or near the beginning next to the subject. In Korean, however, -도 is treated as a particle and ALWAYS follows the noun or pronoun.
저도 좋아요 = I like it, too 저도 봤어요 = I saw it, too
When the particle -도 needs to be attached to a noun or a pronoun which already has a particle behind it, -도 can replace the particle.
저도 학생이에요 = I am a student, too 오늘 일해요? = Are you working today? 오늘도 일해요? = Are you working today, too?
내일도 갈 거예요. = I will go (again) tomorrow, too.
The use of -도 [-do] but for verbs. There are a few different ways to change a verb into its noun form, but the simplest and most common way is by adding -기 [-gi] to the verb stem. This is similar to using verbs in the “to do [verb]” and “[verb]ing” format.
Ok this lesson went over my head, the examples are not good. Skipping.
Using -만 [-man] is one of the most widely used and basic ways of saying “only”. Simply add -만 after a noun, pronoun, or noun form (-기 [-gi]) of a verb.
이것만 살 거예요. = I will only buy this. 저만 = me only, I only 아침에는 커피만 마셔요. = I only drink coffee in the morning. 아침에만 커피를 마셔요. = I drink coffee only in the morning. 보기만 할 거예요. = I will only look (and not touch it). 왜 이것만 샀어요? = Why did you only buy this? 어제 놀기만 했어요. = I did nothing but play yesterday. 영화는 집에서만 봐요. = I watch movies only at home.
조금 = a little, a bit, a little bit 정말 = really, truly 아주 = very, quite 별로 = not really, not particularly 전혀 - not at all (nvm this one for cards atm, it has only few and bad examples)
- 조금, 아주, and 정말 can be used with any sentence, but 별로 and 전혀 can only be used with negative sentences.
조금 비싸요. = It is a little expensive. 조금만 주세요. = Give me only a little bit. 물 조금만 주세요. = Give me only a little bit of water. 소금 조금만 주세요. = Give me only a little bit of salt.
정말 이상해요. = It is really strange.
아주 맛있어요. = It is very delicious. 아주 멀어요. = It is very far away.
- 아주 is the most standard way of saying “very” in the written form, but more often than not, in spoken Korean, 아주 is replaced with 정말 or 진짜.
별로 안 비싸요. = It is not so expensive. 별로 재미없어요. = It is not that interesting.
To say “can (do something)”, use -(으)ㄹ 수 있다 [-(eu)l ssu it-tta]. To say it cannot be done, -(으)ㄹ 수 없다 [-(eu)l ssu eop-tta].
잘 수 없다 [jal ssu eop-tta] - cannot sleep (long form)
-(으)ㄹ 수 없다 is the most basic way to express “cannot”, but it is not always used in spoken Korean. A more common way to say “cannot” or “to be unable to” in spoken Korean is by adding 못 before a verb.
이거 읽을 수 있어요? = Can you read this? 못 읽어요. = I cannot read it. (short form)
지금 못 만나요. = I cannot meet you now. (short form) 갈 수 없었어요 = I could not go. (long form) 잠을 못 잤어요 = I could not sleep. (short form)
Bunch of low quality examples from TTMIK skipped here :(
[object] + -을/를 [-eul/reul] (object marking particle) + 잘하다 [jal-ha-da] = to do [object] well; to be good at [object]
[object] + -을/를 + 못하다 [mo-ta-da] = to do [object] poorly; to be bad at [object]
노래 = singing; song 저는 노래를 잘 못해요. = I cannot sing well. 노래 잘해요? = Can you sing well?
요리 = cooking 요리 잘해요? = Can you cook well?
Making verbs into nouns
In Level 2 Lesson 14, you learned how to add the meaning of “also” in Korean by adding -도[-do] to a verb. In order to do this, however, the verb needs to be changed into its noun form by adding -기[-gi] to the verb stem, then add -도, and end with 하다[ha-da]. (Is it all coming back to you now?)
In this lesson, you will expand that knowledge by looking at a more general way of making action verbs into nouns. Understanding this will help your understanding of how to form a number of expressions in Korean.
-는 것
This is the most general way of changing an action verb into a noun. 것 originally means “a thing”, “an object”, or “stuff”, but when it is used in this way, it can also mean “a fact” or “an act”.
Construction:
- Verb stem + -는 것[-neun geot]
This is for use in present tense, past and future will look different.
By changing verbs into nouns, the form [verb stem + -는 것] can take many different meanings:
- “doing” something
- the act of “doing” something
- the thing which one “does”
- what one “does”
- the fact that one is “doing” or “does” something
-는 것 is the standard form, but often at times the form -는 거 [-neun geo] is used because it is easier to pronounce. It is not, however, ever used in very formal situations.
듣다 = to listen 지금 듣는 것은 노래예요 = What I am listening to now is a song
매운 것 잘 먹어요? = Are you good at eating spicy foods?
(Don't really understand this section either too well...)
Have to, Should, Must / -아/어/여야 되다/하다
Conjugation:
- verb stems ending in vowels ㅏ or ㅗ + -아야 되다/하다
- verb stems ending in other vowels + -어야 되다/하다
- 하 + -여야 되다/하다
Q: What is the difference between 하다 and 되다 here? A: The only difference is that using 되다 is more common in colloquial situations.
집에 가야 돼요. = I have to go home. 저는 뭐 해야 돼요? = What should I do? 언제까지 여기에 있어야 돼요? = Until when should I be here? 어디에서 사야 돼요? = Where should I buy it? 누구한테 줘야 돼요? = Who should I give this to? (한테 is roughly "to" or "for", and 주다 is give)
지금 뭐 하고 있어요? = What are you doing now? 숙제 = homework 숙제하고 있어요. 내일까지 해야 돼요. = I am doing my homework. I have to finish it by tomorrow. 내일 몇 시까지 해야 돼요? = By what time tomorrow do you have to do it? 내일 열시까지 해야 돼요. = I have to do it by 10 o'clock tomorrow.
Lesson 21
More.. than… / -보다 더
“more” is 더 [deo] “than” or “compared to” is -보다 [-bo-da]
Basic construction not complicated but different from English, e.g.:
수박 = watermelon 수박은 사과보다 더 커요 = A watermelon is bigger than an apple.
- In the English sentence above, the word “than” comes BEFORE “apple”, but in Korean, the word -보다 (which means “than”) comes AFTER 사과, which means “apple”.
이거보다 더 커요 = It is bigger than this.
오늘은 어제보다 더워요 = Today is hotter than yesterday.
- 더 is not always necessary in Korean. Saying “she is busy than me” instead of “she is busier than me” in English is a bit weird, but in Korean, the meaning is perfectly clear even without the word 더.
영어 = English 어려운 = difficult 영어는 한국어보다 어려워요. = English is more difficult than Korean.
저는 책을 읽는 것보다 사는 것을 더 좋아해요 = I like buying books more than reading books. (everything prefers to read this as "I prefer living than reading books" by default but GPT-4 says that both are okay, once it's confronted about it)
손님 = customer 많다 = many 어제보다 오늘 손님이 더 많았어요 = There were more customers today than yesterday. literally this is: yesterday than today customers more many were
A verb which is often encountered in Korean is 좋다, which generally means “to be good”. However, there are a few instances where 좋다 [jo-ta] takes on the meaning of “to like”.
한국어 좋아요 = I like Korean language
가수 = singer 이 가수가 좋아요 = I like this singer
- the sentence 이 가수를 좋아요 would be incorrect because 좋다 is a descriptive verb and cannot have an object. 이 가수를 좋아해요 - I like this singer
- here, 좋아하다 is an action verb which means “to like” and can have an object.
저는 우유를 안 좋아해요 = I don’t like milk 한국 영화 좋아하세요? = Do you like Korean movies?
If, In case / 만약, -(으)면 Need to know two expressions:
만약 - in case, if -(으)면 - verb ending for “if”
Conjugation: 1 Verb stems ending with a vowel + -면 Ex) 자다 [ja-da] --> 자면 [ja-myeon] (if you sleep) 2 Verb stems ending with ㄹ + -면 Ex) 길다 [gil-da] --> 길면 [gil-myeon] (if it is long) 3 Verb stems ending with consonants other than ㄹ + -으면 Ex) 작다 [jak-tta] --> 작으면 [ja-geu-myeon] (if it is small)
To make the sentence clearer, add the word 만약 in front of the verb or at the beginning of the phrase. Since most Korean sentences are heavily affected by verb endings toward the end of sentences, adding 만약 at the beginning makes it easier to understand that the sentence will be conditional. If what you are saying is simple and the sentence is not very long, you do not always have to use the word 만약 in each sentence.
만약 지금 자면 = if I sleep now
밤 = night 만약 내일 밤에 비가 오면 = if it rains tomorrow night 내일 비가 오면, 집에 있을 거예요 = If it rains tomorrow, I will be at home. 리모컨을 찾으면, TV를 볼 수 있어요 = If you find the remote control, you can watch TV.
I couldn't pick too many good examples in this lesson. Not sure why TTMIK always introduces new vocabulary together with new concepts.
TODO more examples here find or generate
Also unrelated and random adding: 뭐 마실래요? = What do you want to drink? (The "-ㄹ래" (-lae) part is a casual question ending in Korean. It is commonly used to make suggestions or invitations in a casual or familiar context. When attached to a verb stem, it expresses the idea of asking someone's preference or willingness to do something.)
아직 means “still” and “not yet”.
In English, generally, the word “still” is used with positive sentences, and the word “yet” is more commonly used with negative sentences. However, in Korean, the word 아직 [a-jik] is used for both positive and negative sentences.
아직 열시예요. = It is still 10 o’clock. 아직 안 했어요 = I haven’t done it yet. 아직 아침이에요 = It is still morning. 아직 몰라요 = I don’t know yet.
To emphasize the meaning of “still happening” or “still not happening”, add the particle -도 [-do] after 아직 to form 아직도 [a-jik-tto]. 아직도 has a meaning of criticizing the other person or being a little bit mad or angry.
아직도 안 왔어요? = He is still not here yet? (accusing tone)
벌써 means “already” The usage of the word 벌써 [beol-sseo] is very similar to the English word “already”. It is generally placed at the beginning of sentences, but it does not always have to be at the beginning.
벌써 세 시예요 = It is already 3 o’clock. 벌써 왔어요? = Did you already come? 벌써 끝났어요 = It is already over.
Another version of already is: 이미 When you and/or the speaker know about something already and talk about it, use 이미. When you are just finding out about something as you speak, use 벌써. People do not always stick to this rule, but this is the basic idea. So when new information is discovered, 벌써 is used.
벌써 비가 오고 있어요 = It is already raining. ("오-" (o-) is combined with the connecting particle "고" (go) to indicate that two actions are happening in sequence.) 벌써 추워요. = It is already cold.
저는 아직 사무실이에요 = I am still at the office. 밤 = night 아직도요? 지금 밤 열시예요! = Still? It is already 10 o’clock at night!
Something, Someday, Someone, Somewhere / 누군가, 무언가, 어딘가, 언젠가
In English, when changing the adverbs “when”, “what”, “who”, or “where” to indefinite words (words with no definite meaning), the words change form and become compound words.
When - Someday What - Something Who - Someone Where - Somewhere
In Korean, it is much easier to create these indefinite words. Just simply add -ㄴ가 [-(n)-ga] to the end of the word.
For example:
누구 [nu-gu] (who) - 누군가 [nu-gun-ga] (someone) 뭐 [mwo] (what) - 뭔가 [mwon-ga] ( 무언가 [mu-eon-ga]) (something) 어디 [eo-di] (where) - 어딘가 [eo-din-ga] (somewhere) 언제 [eon-je] (when) - 언젠가 [eon-jen-ga] (someday)
미국 = the US 언젠가 미국에 가고 싶어요 = I want to go to the US someday. 일본 = Japan 언젠가 일본에 갈 거예요 = I will go to Japan someday. 뭐 찾았어요? = What did you find? 뭔가 찾았어요? = Did you find something? 뭔가 이상해요. = Something is strange. 누군가 만날 거예요? = Will you meet someone? 누군가 왔어요. = Someone came. 여기 어딘가에 있어요. = It is here somewhere. 뭔가 샀어요? = Did you buy something? 여행 = travel 여행 좋아해요? = Do you like traveling?
Imperative / -(으)세요 To tell someone to do something, add -(으)세요 [-(eu)-se-yo] to the verb stem. Conjugation Verb stem ending in a consonant + -으세요 Verb stem ending in a vowel or the consonant ㄹ + -세요
시작하다 = to begin, to start 시작하세요 = Please begin. 오세요 = Please come. 쉬세요 = Please rest. 고르다 = to choose, to pick 고르세요 = Please choose.
Exception: When a verb stem ends with the consonant ㄹ, drop the ㄹ and add -세요. 팔다 - to sell 파세요 = Please sell it.
공부하세요 = Study! 내일 세 시에 오세요 = Please come at 3 o’clock tomorrow. 조심하세요 = Be careful!
Please do it for me. / -아/어/여 주세요
In our previous lesson, you learned how to tell someone to do something using -(으)세요 [-(eu)-se-yo]. Although this is perfectly acceptable, there is an even more polite way to ask the same question. Rather than adding -(으)세요 after a verb stem, add -아/어/여 [-a/eo/yeo] + 주세요 [ju-se-yo]. By adding this verb ending, the sentence has a much nicer tone and has a nuance of asking someone for a favor or asking the other person to do something “for you”.
와 주세요 = Please do me a favor and come.
가르치다 = to teach 가르쳐 주세요 = Please teach me 한국어를 가르쳐 주세요 = Please teach me Korean. 이거 봐 주세요 = Please look at this. 저랑 영화 봐 주세요 = Please watch a movie with me.
주세요 is derived from 주다, which means “to give”. By adding 주세요 after a verb, the meaning of “do it for me, please” is also added. As for -아/어/여, think of it as a “helper” to make the pronunciation a bit easier.
To speak a little less formally, say 줘요 rather than 주세요. It is more casual than 주세요 but more polite than just -세요.
도와주세요 = Please help me 배고파요. 김밥 사 주세요 = I am hungry. Please buy me some kimbap. 무서워요. 같이 가 주세요. = I am scared. Please go with me.
Particles For Method, Way / -(으)로
Conjugation: Nouns ending with a consonant + -으로 Nouns ending in a vowel or the consonant “ㄹ” + -로
-(으)로 connects a noun and a verb very closely and can have various functions. -(으)로 can mark the ingredients an object is made of, the cause of a disease or something that happened, the direction in which someone is going, or the status or identity of a person doing something. By using -(으)로, something is used as a channel, tool, device, or a method.
오늘 택시로 왔어요? = Did you come by taxi today? 버스로 갈 거예요. = I will go by bus. 생각 = thought 저를 친구로 생각해요? = Do you think of me as a friend? 저는 TTMIK 으로 한국어 공부해요 = I study Korean with TTMIK
돌아가다 = to go back, to return 이월에 캐나다로 돌아가요? = Are you going back to Canada in February? 다시 = again 네. 그런데 다시 올 거예요 = Yes. But I will come back here again. 여름 = summer
다 = all, entirely, whole
다 주세요 = Please give me all of it. 다 했어요 = I did all of it. 다 살 거예요? = Are you going to buy all of it?
십분 더 기다려 주세요 = Please wait 10 more minutes. 전화 = phone call 전화 다 했어요? = Did you finish talking on the phone? 준비 = preparation 준비 다 했어요. = I prepared everything.
더 공부하고 싶으면, TTMIK에 오세요. = If you want to study more, come to TTMIK.
한국어를 더 잘하고 싶어요. = I want to be better at Korean. 지금도 잘해요 = You are already good at it.
열심히 = hard, diligently 그럼더 열심히 하세요 = Then, work harder.
Don’t do it. / -지 마세요 말다 [mal-da] - to quit doing; to not do; to stop doing
When using -(으)세요 with this word, it becomes 마세요 [ma-se-yo]. When combining 마세요 with other verbs to say “do not do” or “stop doing” something, the suffix -지 [-ji] is needed after the verb stem.
Conjugation: Verb stem + -지 마세요
가지 마세요. = Do not go. 아직 가지 마세요 = Do not go yet. 하지 마세요 = Do not do it. 사지 마세요 = Do not buy it. 웃다 = to laugh 웃지 마세요 = Do not laugh. 걱정하다 = to worry 걱정하지 마세요. = Do not worry.
쓰다 = to write 아직 다 안 썼어요 = I haven’t finished writing yet.
이번 토요일에 뭐 할 거예요? = What are you going to do this Saturday? 이번 토요일에요? 저는 일해야 돼요. = This Saturday? I have to work. 토요일에도 일해야 돼요? = You have to work on Saturday, too? 네... 그리고 일요일에도 일해야 돼요 = Yes... And I have to work on Sunday, too. 저는 일본에 갈 거예요 = I am going to Japan. 저도 가고 싶어요 = I want to go, too. 혼자 갈 거예요 = I am going to go alone. 일본어 할 수 있어요? = Can you speak Japanese? 네, 조금 할 수 있어요. = Yes, I can do a little. 저도 일본어 가르쳐 주세요. = Please teach me Japanese, too. 저도 아직 잘 못해요 = I am not good at it yet, either. 배우다 = to learn 친구한테서 배우고 있어요 = I am learning from a friend. 중국어보다 일본어가 더 쉬워요? = Is Japanese easier than Chinese? 네, 별로 안 어려워요 = Yes, it is not that difficult. 만약 정말 배우고 싶으면, 저랑 같이 공부해요. = If you really want to learn, study with me. 저도 외국어 공부하는 거 좋아해요. = I like studying foreign languages, too. 저랑 같이 일본어 공부해요 = Study Japanese with me. 그런데 민정 씨는 일이 몇 시에 끝나요? = By the way, when do you finish work, Minjeong? 아홉 시에 끝나요 = I finish at 9 o’clock. 너무 = too, very 바쁘다 = to be busy 정말 너무 바빠요 = I am really busy. 요즘 = these days / recently 그래서 요즘 공부를 못 해요. = So, I can’t study these days. 아, 저는 별로 안 바빠요 = Ah, I am not that busy. 여섯 시에 일이 끝나요. = I finish work at 6 o’clock. 말하다 = to speak 일찍 = early 만약 일찍 끝나면, 말해 주세요 = If you finish early, let me know.
Bunch of random added things 정말 너무 사랑해 = I really love you (causual)
반갑습니다 = Nice to meet you (formal) 어디에 사세요? = Where do you live? 대학교 - University 다니다 - to go to (a place) regularly 저는 한국대학교에 다녀요 = I go to Korea University. 지연 씨도 학생이세요? = Are you a student, too, Jiyeon? 무슨 - what 무슨 일을 하세요? = What work do you do?
Conjugation/usage note: VERB + -시- + -아/어/여요? - Do you VERB? (honorific)
- When -시- is combined with -아/어/여요, it becomes -셔요. Over time however, it changed to -세요 because it is easier to pronounce. Ex.: 살다 + -시- + -아/어/여요? → 사세요? - Do you live? (honorific)