example_3.bql

# Copyright 2016 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

# Create graphs.
CREATE GRAPH ?family, ?info;

# Insert some data into the ?family graph.
INSERT DATA INTO ?family {
  /u<joe>   "parent_of"@[] /u<mary> .
  /u<joe>   "parent_of"@[] /u<peter> .
  /u<peter> "parent_of"@[] /u<eve> .
  /u<peter> "parent_of"@[] /u<peter> .
  /u<mary>  "parent_of"@[] /u<john> .
  /u<mary>  "parent_of"@[] /u<anne> .
  /u<mary>  "parent_of"@[] /u<amy>
};

# Insert some data into the ?info graph.
INSERT DATA INTO ?info {
  /u<joe>  "bought"@[2016-01-01T00:00:00-08:00] /car<model x> .
  /u<mary> "bought"@[2018-01-01T00:00:00-08:00] /car<model y> .
  /u<joe>  "bought"@[2020-01-01T00:00:00-08:00] /car<model z> .
  /u<bob>  "bought"@[2021-01-01T00:00:00-08:00] /car<model x> .
  /u<joe>  "height_cm"@[]                       "172"^^type:int64 .
  /u<mary> "height_cm"@[]                       "174"^^type:int64 .
  /u<bob>  "height_cm"@[]                       "168"^^type:int64 .
  /u<joe>  "born_in"@[]                         /city<paris>
};

# Does any of Joe's grandchildren have the same name of his parent?
SELECT ?offspring, ?grandchildren
FROM ?family
WHERE {
  /u<joe> AS ?grandparent ID ?grandparent_name "parent_of"@[] ?offspring .
  ?offspring                                     "parent_of"@[] ?grandchildren
}
HAVING ?offspring = ?grandchildren;

# Who are Joe's grandchildren that do not have the same name of his parent?
SELECT ?offspring, ?grandchildren
FROM ?family
WHERE {
  /u<joe> AS ?grandparent ID ?grandparent_name "parent_of"@[] ?offspring .
  ?offspring                                     "parent_of"@[] ?grandchildren
}
HAVING NOT(?offspring = ?grandchildren);

# Which parents have name coming lexicographically after "joe"?
SELECT ?parent_name
FROM ?family
WHERE {
  ?parent ID ?parent_name "parent_of"@[] ?child
}
GROUP BY ?parent_name
HAVING ?parent_name > "joe"^^type:text;

# Who has height smaller than 173 cm?
SELECT ?person, ?height
FROM ?info
WHERE {
  ?person "height_cm"@[] ?height
}
HAVING ?height < "173"^^type:int64;

# Who has ever bought a car "model y" or "model z"?
SELECT ?person
FROM ?info
WHERE {
  ?person "bought"@[,] ?product
}
HAVING (?product = /car<model y>) OR (?product = /car<model z>);

# What are the triples in the ?info graph having either "height_cm"@[]
# or "born_in"@[] as predicate?
SELECT ?subj, ?pred, ?obj
FROM ?info
WHERE {
  ?subj ?pred ?obj
}
HAVING (?pred = "height_cm"@[]) OR (?pred = "born_in"@[]);

# N.B. for nodes and predicates you are allowed to use equalities inside the
# HAVING clause (as done in the two examples above), but if you use inequalities
# there for them you will receive an error prompting you to extract ID, TYPE or AT
# bindings and use those bindings to do these comparisons in a more explicit way.

# Who bought something before 2020?
SELECT ?person, ?time
FROM ?info
WHERE {
  ?person "bought"@[?time] ?product
}
HAVING ?time < 2020-01-01T00:00:00-08:00;

# Drop graphs.
DROP GRAPH ?family, ?info;