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<div id="translations">
<a href="index-es.html">
<div class="flag"><img src="es-flag.png" width="24" height="24" alt="spanish flag" /></div>
<div class="text">Lee este tutorial en Español</div>
</a>
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<div class="description">
<p>
You can buy the <strong>PDF</strong>, <strong>ePub</strong>
(for iPad, Sony, Nook) and <strong>MOBI</strong> (for
Kindle)
<br />
version of The Node Beginner Book at
Leanpub. It's 48 pages for only <strong>$4.99</strong>.
</p>
<p>
You will receive any future updates to the book for free.
</p>
</div>
<div class="buy">
<a class="buttonlink" href="/buy/">
<div class="button">Buy the eBook now</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div id="book">
<h1>The Node Beginner Book</h1>
<div id="author">A Node.js tutorial by <a href="http://twitter.com/manuelkiessling">Manuel Kiessling</a></div>
<div id="updateinfo">Last updated on Thursday, May 12, 2011 at 11:31 AM EDT</div>
<h2>About</h2>
<p>
The aim of this document is to get you started with developing
applications for Node.js, teaching you everything you need to
know about "advanced" JavaScript along the way. It goes way
beyond your typical "Hello World" tutorial.
</p>
<p>
This document is currently work in progress and about 90%
finished.
</p>
<h3>Intended audience</h3>
<p>
This document will probably fit best for readers that have a
background similar to my own: experienced with at least one
object-oriented language like Ruby, Python, PHP or Java, only little
experience with JavaScript, and completely new to Node.js.
</p>
<p>
Aiming at developers that already have experience with other
programming languages means that this document won't cover
really basic stuff like data types, variables, control structures
and the likes. You already need to know about these to understand
this document.
</p>
<p>
However, because functions and objects in JavaScript are different
from their counterparts in most other languages, these will be
explained in more detail.
</p>
<h3>Structure of this document</h3>
<p>
Upon finishing this document, you will have created a complete web
application which allows the users of this application to view web
pages and upload files.
</p>
<p>
Which, of course, is not exactly
world-changing, but we will go some extra miles and not only create
the code that is "just enough" to make these use cases possible,
but create a simple, yet complete framework to cleanly separate the
different aspects of our application. You will see what I mean in a
minute.
</p>
<p>
We will start with looking at how JavaScript development in Node.js
is different from JavaScript development in a browser.
</p>
<p>
Next, we will stay with the good old tradition of writing a "Hello
World" application, which is a most basic Node.js application that
"does" something.
</p>
<p>
Then, we will discuss what kind of "real" application we want to
build, dissect the different parts which need to be implemented to
assemble this application, and start working on each of these parts
step-by-step.
</p>
<p>
As promised, along the way we will learn about some of the more
advanced concepts of JavaScript, how to make use of them, and
look at why it makes sense to use these concepts instead of
those we know from other programming languages.
</p>
<div id="table-of-contents-headline">Table of contents</div>
<div id="table-of-contents"></div>
<h2>JavaScript and Node.js</h2>
<h3>JavaScript and You</h3>
<p>
Before we talk about all the technical stuff, let's take a
moment and talk about you and your relationship with
JavaScript. This chapter is here to allow you to estimate
if reading this document any further makes sense for you.
</p>
<p>
If you are like me, you started with HTML "development"
long ago, by writing HTML documents. You came along this
funny thing called JavaScript, but you only used it in a
very basic way, adding interactivity to your web pages
every now and then.
</p>
<p>
What you really wanted was "the real thing", you wanted to
know how to build complex web sites - you learned a
programming language like PHP, Ruby, Java, and started
writing "backend" code.
</p>
<p>
Nevertheless, you kept an eye on JavaScript, you saw that
with the introduction of jQuery, Prototype and the likes,
things got more advanced in JavaScript land, and that this
language really was about more than <em>window.open()</em>.
</p>
<p>
However, this was all still frontend stuff, and although it
was nice to have jQuery at your disposal whenever you felt
like spicing up a web page, at the end of the day you were,
at best, a JavaScript <em>user</em>, but not a JavaScript
<em>developer</em>.
</p>
<p>
And then came Node.js. JavaScript on the server, how cool
is that?
</p>
<p>
You decided that it's about time to check out the old, new
JavaScript. But wait, writing Node.js applications is the
one thing; understanding why they need to be written the
way they are written means - understanding JavaScript.
And this time for real.
</p>
<p>
Here is the problem: Because JavaScript really lives two,
maybe even three lives (the funny little DHMTL helper from
the mid-90's, the more serious frontend stuff like jQuery
and the likes, and now server-side), it's not that easy to
find information that helps you to learn JavaScript the
"right" way, in order to write Node.js applications in a
fashion that makes you feel you are not just using
JavaScript, you are actually developing it.
</p>
<p>
Because that's the catch: you already are an experienced
developer, you don't want to learn a new technique by just
hacking around and mis-using it; you want to be sure that
you are approaching it from the right angle.
</p>
<p>
There is, of course, excellent documentation out there.
But documentation alone sometimes isn't enough. What is
needed is guidance.
</p>
<p>
My goal is to provide a guide for you.
</p>
<h3>A word of warning</h3>
<p>
There are some really excellent JavaScript people out
there. I'm not one of them.
</p>
<p>
I'm really just the guy I talked about in the previous
paragraph. I know a thing or two about developing backend
web applications, but I'm still new to "real" JavaScript
and still new to Node.js. I learned some of the more
advanced aspects of JavaScript just recently.
I'm not experienced.
</p>
<p>
Which is why this is no "from novice to expert" book. It's
more like "from novice to advanced novice".
</p>
<p>
If I don't fail, then this will be the kind of
document I wish I had when starting with Node.js.
</p>
<h3>Server-side JavaScript</h3>
<p>
The first incarnations of JavaScript lived in browsers.
But this is just the context. It defines what you can
do with the language, but it doesn't say much about what
the language itself can do. JavaScript is a "complete"
language: you can use it in many contexts and achieve
everything with it you can achieve with any other
"complete" language.
</p>
<p>
Node.js really is just another context: it allows you to run
JavaScript code in the backend, outside a browser.
</p>
<p>
In order to execute the JavaScript you intend to run in the
backend, it needs to be interpreted and, well, executed.
This is what Node.js does, by making use of Google's V8 VM, the
same runtime environment for JavaScript that Google
Chrome uses.
</p>
<p>
Plus, Node.js ships with a lot of useful modules, so you don't
have to write everything from scratch, like for example
something that outputs a string on the console.
</p>
<p>
Thus, Node.js is really two things: a runtime environment and a
library.
</p>
<p>
In order to make use of these, you need to install Node.js.
Instead of repeating the process here, I kindly ask you to
visit
<a href="https://github.com/joyent/node/wiki/Installation"
title="Building and Installing Node.js">the official
installation instructions</a>. Please come back once you
are up and running.
</p>
<h3>"Hello World"</h3>
<p>
Ok, let's just jump in the cold water and write our first
Node.js application: "Hello World".
</p>
<p>
Open your favorite editor and create a file called
<em>helloworld.js</em>. We want it to write "Hello World"
to STDOUT, and here is the code needed to do that:
</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-js">console.log("Hello World");
</pre>
<p>
Save the file, and execute it through Node.js:
</p>
<pre>node helloworld.js</pre>
<p>
This should output <em>Hello World</em> on your terminal.
</p>
<p>
Ok, this stuff is boring, right? Let's write some real
stuff.
</p>
<h2>A full blown web application with Node.js</h2>
<h3>The use cases</h3>
<p>
Let's keep it simple, but realistic:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
The user should be able to use our application with
a web browser
</li>
<li>
The user should see a welcome page when
requesting http://<em>domain</em>/start which displays a
file upload form
</li>
<li>
By choosing an image file to upload and submitting the
form, this image should then be uploaded to
http://<em>domain</em>/upload, where it is displayed once
the upload is finished
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Fair enough. Now, you could achieve this goal by googling
and hacking together <em>something</em>. But that's not
what we want to do here.
</p>
<p>
Furthermore, we don't want to write only the most basic
code to achieve the goal, however elegant and correct this code
might be. We will intentionally add more abstraction than
necessary in order to get a feeling for building more
complex Node.js applications.
</p>
<h3>The application stack</h3>
<p>
Let's dissect our application. Which parts need to be
implemented in order to fulfill the use cases?
</p>
<ul>
<li>
We want to serve web pages, therefore we need an
<strong>HTTP server</strong>
</li>
<li>
Our server will need to answer differently to
requests, depending on which URL the request was
asking for, thus we need some kind of
<strong>router</strong> in order to map requests
to request handlers
</li>
<li>
To fullfill the requests that arrived at the server
and have been routed using the router, we need
actual <strong>request handlers</strong>
</li>
<li>
The router probably should also treat any incoming
POST data and give it to the request handlers in
a convenient form, thus we need <strong>request
data handling</strong>
</li>
<li>
We not only want to handle requests for URLs, we
also want to display content when these URLs are
requested, which means we need some kind of
<strong>view logic</strong> the request handlers
can use in order to send content to the user's
browser
</li>
<li>
Last but not least, the user will be able to upload
images, so we are going to need some kind of
<strong>upload handling</strong> which takes care of
the details
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Let's think a moment about how we would build this stack
with PHP. It's not exactly a secret that the typical setup
would be an Apache HTTP server with mod_php5 installed.
<br/>
Which in turn means that the whole "we need to be able to
serve web pages and receive HTTP requests" stuff doesn't
happen within PHP itself.
</p>
<p>
Well, with node, things are a bit different. Because with
Node.js, we not only implement our application, we also
implement the whole HTTP server. In fact, our web
application and its web server are basically the same.
</p>
<p>
This might sound like a lot of work, but we will see in a
moment that with Node.js, it's not.
</p>
<p>
Let's just start at the beginning and implement the first
part of our stack, the HTTP server.
</p>
<h3>Building the application stack</h3>
<h4>A basic HTTP server</h4>
<p>
When I arrived at the point where I wanted to start with my
first "real" Node.js application, I wondered not only how to
actually code it, but also how to organize my code.
<br/>
Do I need to have everything in one file? Most tutorials on
the web that teach you how to write a basic HTTP server in
Node.js have all the logic in one place. What if I want to
make sure that my code stays readable the more stuff I
implement?
</p>
<p>
Turns out, it's relatively easy to keep the different
concerns of your code separated, by putting them in
modules.
</p>
<p>
This allows you to have a clean main file, which you
execute with Node.js, and clean modules that can be used by
the main file and among each other.
</p>
<p>
So, let's create a main file which we use to start our
application, and a module file where our HTTP server code
lives.
</p>
<p>
My impression is that it's more or less a standard to name
your main file <em>index.js</em>. It makes sense to put our
server module into a file named <em>server.js</em>.
</p>
<p>
Let's start with the server module. Create the file
<em>server.js</em> in the root directory of your project,
and fill it with the following code:
</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-js">var http = require("http");
http.createServer(function(request, response) {
response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/html"});
response.write("Hello World");
response.end();
}).listen(8888);
</pre>
<p>
That's it! You just wrote a working HTTP server. Let's
prove it by running and testing it. First, execute your
script with Node.js:
</p>
<pre>node server.js</pre>
<p>
Now, open your browser and point it at
<a href="http://localhost:8888/" rel="nofollow">http://localhost:8888/</a>.
This should display a web page that says "Hello World".
</p>
<p>
That's quite interesting, isn't it. How about talking about
what's going on here and leaving the question of how to
organize our project for later? I promise we'll get back to
it.
</p>
<h4>Analyzing our HTTP server</h4>
<p>
Well, then, let's analyze what's actually going on here.
</p>
<p>
The first line <em>require</em>s the <em>http</em> module
that ships with Node.js and makes it accessible through the
variable <em>http</em>.
</p>
<p>
We then call one of the functions the http module offers:
<em>createServer</em>. This function returns an object, and
this object has a method named <em>listen</em>, and takes
a numeric value which indicates the port number our HTTP
server is going to listen on.
</p>
<p>
Please ignore for a second the function definition that
follows the opening bracket of <em>http.createServer</em>.
</p>
<p>
We could have written the code that starts our server and
makes it listen at port 8888 like this:
</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-js">var http = require("http");
var server = http.createServer();
server.listen(8888);</pre>
<p>
That would start an HTTP server listening at port 8888
and doing nothing else (not even answering any incoming
requests).
</p>
<p>
The really interesting (and, if your background is a more
conservative language like PHP, odd looking) part is the
function definition right there where you would expect the
first parameter of the <em>createServer()</em> call.
</p>
<p>
Turns out, this function definition IS the first (and only)
parameter we are giving to the <em>createServer()</em>
call. Because in JavaScript, functions can be passed around
like any other value.
</p>
<h4>Passing functions around</h4>
<p>
You can, for example, do something like this:
</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-js">function say(word) {
console.log(word);
}
function execute(someFunction, value) {
someFunction(value);
}
execute(say, "Hello");</pre>
<p>
Read this carefully! What we are doing here is, we pass the
function <em>say</em> as the first parameter to the
<em>execute</em> function. Not the return value of
<em>say</em>, but <em>say</em> itself!
</p>
<p>
Thus, <em>say</em> becomes the local variable
<em>someFunction</em> within <em>execute</em>, and execute
can call the function in this variable by issuing
<em>someFunction()</em> (adding brackets).
</p>
<p>
Of course, because <em>say</em> takes one parameter,
<em>execute</em> can pass such a parameter when calling
<em>someFunction</em>.
</p>
<p>
We can, as we just did, pass a function as a parameter to
another function by its name. But we don't have to take this
indirection of first defining, then passing it - we can
define and pass a function as a parameter to another
function in-place:
</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-js">function execute(someFunction, value) {
someFunction(value);
}
execute(function(word){ console.log(word) }, "Hello");
</pre>
<p>
We define the function we want to pass to <em>execute</em>
right there at the place where <em>execute</em> expects its
first parameter.
</p>
<p>
This way, we don't even need to give the function a name,
which is why this is called an <em>anonymous function</em>.
</p>
<p>
This is a first glimpse at what I like to call "advanced"
JavaScript, but let's take it step by step. For now, let's
just accept that in JavaScript, we can pass a function as
a parameter when calling another function. We can do this
by assigning our function to a variable, which we then
pass, or by defining the function to pass in-place.
</p>
<h4>How function passing makes our HTTP server work</h4>
<p>
With this knowledge, let's get back to our minimalistic
HTTP server:
</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-js">var http = require("http");
http.createServer(function(request, response) {
response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/html"});
response.write("Hello World");
response.end();
}).listen(8888);
</pre>
<p>
By now it should be clear what we are actually doing here:
we pass the <em>createServer</em> function an anonymous
function.
</p>
<p>
We could achieve the same by refactoring our code to:
</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-js">var http = require("http");
function onRequest(request, response) {
response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/html"});
response.write("Hello World");
response.end();
}
http.createServer(onRequest).listen(8888);
</pre>
<p>
Maybe now is a good moment to ask: Why are we doing it
that way?
</p>
<h4>Event-driven callbacks</h4>
<p>
The answer is a) not that easy to give (at least for me), and
b) lies in the very nature of how Node.js works. It's
event-driven, which is the reason why it's so fast.
</p>
<p>
You might want to take the time to read Felix
Geisendörfer's excellent post
<a href="http://debuggable.com/posts/understanding-node-js:4bd98440-45e4-4a9a-8ef7-0f7ecbdd56cb">Understanding node.js</a>
for some background explanation.
</p>
<p>
It all boils down to the fact that Node.js works event-driven.
Oh and yes, I, too, don't know exactly what that means.
But I will try and explain, why this makes sense for us
who want to write web based applications in Node.js.
</p>
<p>
When we call the <em>http.createServer</em> method, we
of course not only want to have a server listening at
some port, we also want to do something when there is an
HTTP request to this server.
</p>
<p>
The problem is, this happens asynchronously: it happens
at any given time, but we only have a single process in
which our server runs.
</p>
<p>
When writing PHP applications, we aren't bothered by this
at all: whenever there is an incoming HTTP request, the
webserver (usually Apache) forks a new process for just
this request, and starts the according PHP script from
scratch, which is then executed from top to bottom.
</p>
<p>
So in regards of control flow, we are in the midst of our
Node.js program when a new request arrives at port 8888 - how
to handle this without going insane?
</p>
<p>
Well, this is where the event-driven design of
Node.js/JavaScript actually helps, although we need to learn
some new concepts in order to master it. Let's see how
these concepts are applied in our server code.
</p>
<p>
We create the server, and pass a function to the method
creating it. Whenever our server receives a request, the
function we passed will be called.
</p>
<p>
We don't know when this is going to happen, but we now have
a place where we can handle an incoming request. It's our
passed function, no matter if we first defined it or passed
it anonymously.
</p>
<p>
This concept is called a <em>callback</em>. We pass into
some method a function, and the method uses this function
to <em>call back</em> if an event related to the method
occurs.
</p>
<p>
At least for me, this took some time to understand. Just
read Felix' blog post again if you are still unsure.
</p>
<p>
Let's play around a bit with this new concept. Can we prove
that our code continues after creating the server, even if
no HTTP request happened and the callback function we
passed isn't called? Let's try it:
</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-js">var http = require("http");
function onRequest(request, response) {
console.log("Request received.");