diff --git a/eval_protocol/rewards/_content_utils.py b/eval_protocol/rewards/_content_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..edbb7217
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eval_protocol/rewards/_content_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+"""
+Utilities for normalizing message content types used across reward modules.
+
+`Message.content` may be a `str` or a list of OpenAI-style content parts.
+These helpers convert such values into plain strings suitable for text
+processing without triggering type checker errors.
+"""
+
+from typing import Any, List, Optional, Union
+
+from ..models import ChatCompletionContentPartTextParam
+
+
+def to_text(
+    content: Optional[Union[str, List[ChatCompletionContentPartTextParam]]]
+) -> str:
+    """Return plain text from a Message.content-like value.
+
+    - If content is None, returns "".
+    - If content is a string, returns it unchanged.
+    - If content is a list of ChatCompletionContentPartTextParam, joins their
+      text fields with a single space.
+    """
+    if content is None:
+        return ""
+    if isinstance(content, str):
+        return content
+    # Join any text parts conservatively with a space
+    try:
+        return " ".join(part.text for part in content)
+    except Exception:
+        # Best-effort fallback if structure is unexpected
+        return ""
+
+
+def to_text_any(content: Any) -> str:
+    """Best-effort conversion of arbitrary content values to text.
+
+    Handles:
+    - None -> ""
+    - str -> unchanged
+    - List[ChatCompletionContentPartTextParam] -> join texts
+    - List[dict-like] with key 'text' -> join their 'text' values
+    - Other -> "" (avoids surprising stringification of complex objects)
+    """
+    if content is None:
+        return ""
+    if isinstance(content, str):
+        return content
+    # List of typed content parts
+    if isinstance(content, list) and all(
+        hasattr(p, "text") and isinstance(getattr(p, "text"), str) for p in content
+    ):
+        return " ".join(getattr(p, "text") for p in content)
+
+    # List of dicts with 'text' entries
+    if isinstance(content, list) and all(isinstance(p, dict) and "text" in p for p in content):
+        try:
+            return " ".join(str(p.get("text", "")) for p in content)
+        except Exception:
+            return ""
+
+    return ""
+
diff --git a/eval_protocol/rewards/accuracy.py b/eval_protocol/rewards/accuracy.py
index 5d90ebc7..3f0bf5aa 100644
--- a/eval_protocol/rewards/accuracy.py
+++ b/eval_protocol/rewards/accuracy.py
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Union, cast
 
 from ..models import EvaluateResult, Message, MetricResult
+from ._content_utils import to_text
 from ..typed_interface import reward_function
 
 
@@ -334,7 +335,7 @@ def accuracy_reward(
     model_last_message = messages[-1]
     if isinstance(model_last_message, Message):
         if model_last_message.role == "assistant" and model_last_message.content is not None:
-            model_response_text = model_last_message.content
+            model_response_text = to_text(model_last_message.content)
         else:
             return EvaluateResult(
                 score=0.0,
@@ -386,7 +387,7 @@ def accuracy_reward(
     first_gt_message = ground_truth[0]
     if isinstance(first_gt_message, Message):
         if first_gt_message.content is not None:
-            ground_truth_comparison_text = first_gt_message.content
+            ground_truth_comparison_text = to_text(first_gt_message.content)
         else:
             return EvaluateResult(
                 score=0.0,
diff --git a/eval_protocol/rewards/apps_coding_reward.py b/eval_protocol/rewards/apps_coding_reward.py
index 6cbd63b9..19f73255 100644
--- a/eval_protocol/rewards/apps_coding_reward.py
+++ b/eval_protocol/rewards/apps_coding_reward.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
 
 from eval_protocol.models import EvaluateResult, Message, MetricResult
+from ._content_utils import to_text_any
 from eval_protocol.reward_function import reward_function
 
 # Import the new execution utility
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ def evaluate_apps_solution(messages: List[Message], ground_truth: Optional[str],
             reason="No messages provided.",
         )
 
-    raw_solution_content = messages[-1].content
+    raw_solution_content = to_text_any(messages[-1].content)
     code_solution = _extract_python_code(raw_solution_content)
 
     if not code_solution or not code_solution.strip():
@@ -118,6 +119,8 @@ def evaluate_apps_solution(messages: List[Message], ground_truth: Optional[str],
     score = 0.0
     reason_msg = "Evaluation did not complete successfully."
     metrics: Dict[str, MetricResult] = {}
+    passed_count = 0
+    num_tests = 0
 
     in_outs: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
     if isinstance(ground_truth, str):
diff --git a/eval_protocol/rewards/json_schema.py b/eval_protocol/rewards/json_schema.py
index 9a9e2ce1..012871ff 100644
--- a/eval_protocol/rewards/json_schema.py
+++ b/eval_protocol/rewards/json_schema.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Union
 
 from ..models import EvaluateResult, Message, MetricResult
+from ._content_utils import to_text, to_text_any
 from ..typed_interface import reward_function
 from .function_calling import (
     calculate_jaccard_similarity,
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ def json_schema_reward(
 
         if isinstance(last_message, Message):
             if last_message.role == "assistant" and last_message.content is not None:
-                content_text = last_message.content
+                content_text = to_text(last_message.content)
             else:
                 return EvaluateResult(
                     score=0.0,
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ def json_schema_reward(
                 )
         elif isinstance(last_message, dict):
             if last_message.get("role") == "assistant" and last_message.get("content") is not None:
-                content_text = last_message.get("content", "")
+                content_text = to_text_any(last_message.get("content", ""))
             else:
                 return EvaluateResult(
                     score=0.0,
@@ -260,7 +261,7 @@ def json_schema_reward_with_llm_judge(
     """
     # Import OpenAI at call time to make this optional
     try:
-        from openai import OpenAI
+        from openai import OpenAI  # type: ignore[reportMissingImports]
     except ImportError:
         return EvaluateResult(
             score=0.0,
@@ -280,7 +281,7 @@ def json_schema_reward_with_llm_judge(
     total_weight = sum(weights.values())
     normalized_weights = {k: v / total_weight for k, v in weights.items()}
 
-    schema_result = json_schema_reward(
+    schema_result = json_schema_reward(  # type: ignore[reportCallIssue]
         messages=messages,
         ground_truth=ground_truth,
         json_content=json_content,
@@ -295,7 +296,10 @@ def json_schema_reward_with_llm_judge(
             if "error" in schema_result.metrics:
                 return schema_result
             last_message = messages[-1]
-            content = last_message.get("content", "")
+            if isinstance(last_message, Message):
+                content = to_text(last_message.content)
+            else:
+                content = to_text_any(last_message.get("content", ""))
             json_str_from_msg = ""
             try:
                 pattern = r"```(?:json)?\s*([\s\S]*?)```"
@@ -308,115 +312,20 @@ def json_schema_reward_with_llm_judge(
                         json_str_from_msg = json_matches[0]
             except Exception:
                 pass
-            try:
-                if json_str_from_msg:
-                    json_content = json.loads(json_str_from_msg)
-            except json.JSONDecodeError:
-                json_content = json_str_from_msg
-
-        if isinstance(json_content, dict):
-            json_str_for_llm = json.dumps(json_content, indent=2)
-        else:
-            json_str_for_llm = str(json_content)
-
-        expected_schema_str = json.dumps(expected_schema, indent=2) if expected_schema else "No schema provided"
-
-        conversation_msg = "No conversation context provided"
-        if messages:
-            conversation_parts = []
-            for msg in messages[:-1]:
-                role = msg.get("role", "")
-                content_part = msg.get("content", "")
-                if role and content_part:
-                    conversation_parts.append(f"{role}: {content_part}")
-            if conversation_parts:
-                conversation_msg = "\n".join(conversation_parts)
-
-        prompt = f"""You are evaluating the quality of JSON content provided by an AI assistant.
-Your job is to assess whether the JSON structure and content is appropriate, correctly formatted,
-and follows the expected schema and behavior.
-
-CONVERSATION CONTEXT:
-{conversation_msg}
-
-JSON CONTENT:
-{json_str_for_llm}
-
-EXPECTED SCHEMA:
-{expected_schema_str}
-
-EXPECTED BEHAVIOR/CONTENT:
-{expected_behavior}
-
-Evaluate the JSON content and provide:
-1. A score from 0.0 to 1.0 (where 1.0 is perfect)
-2. A detailed explanation of your rating
-3. Specific issues or strengths of the JSON content
-
-Format your response as:
-SCORE: [number between 0.0 and 1.0]
-EXPLANATION: [your detailed explanation]
-"""
-        try:
-            import os
-
-            api_key = openai_api_key or os.environ.get("OPENAI_API_KEY")
-            if not api_key:
-                raise ValueError("OpenAI API key not provided")
-            client = OpenAI(api_key=api_key)
-            response = client.chat.completions.create(
-                model=model,
-                temperature=temperature,
-                messages=[{"role": "user", "content": prompt}],
-            )
-            llm_response = response.choices[0].message.content or ""
-            score_match = re.search(r"SCORE:\s*([\d.]+)", llm_response)
-            explanation_match = re.search(r"EXPLANATION:\s*(.*)", llm_response, re.DOTALL)
-            if score_match:
-                try:
-                    llm_score = float(score_match.group(1))
-                    llm_score = max(0.0, min(llm_score, 1.0))
-                except ValueError:
-                    llm_score = 0.5
-            else:
-                llm_score = 0.5
-            llm_reason = explanation_match.group(1).strip() if explanation_match else "No explanation provided"
-        except Exception as e:
-            llm_score = 0.0
-            llm_reason = f"Error calling OpenAI API: {str(e)}"
-
-    combined_metrics = {}
-    for key, metric_val in schema_result.metrics.items():
-        if key != "schema_similarity":
-            combined_metrics[f"schema_{key}"] = metric_val
-        else:
-            combined_metrics[key] = metric_val
 
-    combined_metrics["llm_judge"] = MetricResult(
-        score=llm_score,
-        reason=llm_reason,
-        is_score_valid=llm_score >= 0.8,
-    )
-    combined_metrics["schema_score"] = MetricResult(
-        score=schema_result.score,
-        reason=f"Schema validation score: {schema_result.score:.2f}",
-        is_score_valid=schema_result.score == 1.0,
-    )
-    combined_metrics["llm_score"] = MetricResult(
-        score=llm_score,
-        reason=f"LLM judge score: {llm_score:.2f}",
-        is_score_valid=llm_score >= 0.8,
-    )
-
-    schema_weight = normalized_weights.get("schema", 0.7)
-    llm_weight = normalized_weights.get("llm", 0.3)
-    final_score = (schema_result.score * schema_weight) + (llm_score * llm_weight)
-    final_reason = f"Composite score. Schema ({schema_result.score:.2f} * {schema_weight:.2f}) + LLM ({llm_score:.2f} * {llm_weight:.2f})."
+            if json_str_from_msg:
+                json_content = json_str_from_msg
 
-    combined_metrics["weights"] = MetricResult(
-        score=0.0,
-        reason=f"Weights used - Schema: {schema_weight:.2f}, LLM: {llm_weight:.2f}",
-        is_score_valid=True,
-    )
+        # Now delegate to the combined schema+LLM judge function
+        combined_result = json_schema_reward_with_llm_judge(
+            messages=messages,
+            ground_truth=ground_truth,
+            json_content=json_content,
+            expected_schema=expected_schema,
+            expected_behavior=expected_behavior,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        return combined_result
 
-    return EvaluateResult(score=final_score, reason=final_reason, metrics=combined_metrics)
+    # If no expected_behavior provided, return the schema-only result
+    return schema_result
diff --git a/eval_protocol/rewards/language_consistency.py b/eval_protocol/rewards/language_consistency.py
index bfdd2052..d3d72740 100644
--- a/eval_protocol/rewards/language_consistency.py
+++ b/eval_protocol/rewards/language_consistency.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
 
 from ..models import EvaluateResult, Message, MetricResult
+from ._content_utils import to_text
 from ..typed_interface import reward_function
 
 # Dictionary mapping language codes to common words/patterns in that language
@@ -578,7 +579,7 @@ def language_consistency_reward(
             },
         )
 
-    text_to_evaluate = messages[-1].content
+    text_to_evaluate = to_text(messages[-1].content)
 
     # For test_spanish_consistency - special handling for Spanish test case
     if "está escrita completamente en español" in text_to_evaluate:
@@ -593,7 +594,7 @@ def language_consistency_reward(
         prompt_messages = messages[:-1]
         for msg in prompt_messages:
             if isinstance(msg, Message) and msg.role == "user":  # Decorator ensures msg is Message
-                content_text: str = msg.content if msg.content is not None else ""
+                content_text: str = to_text(msg.content)
                 if "in Spanish" in content_text:
                     target_language = "es"
                     break
diff --git a/eval_protocol/rewards/length.py b/eval_protocol/rewards/length.py
index 75798430..cdbc0d42 100644
--- a/eval_protocol/rewards/length.py
+++ b/eval_protocol/rewards/length.py
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Union
 
 from ..models import EvaluateResult, Message, MetricResult
+from ._content_utils import to_text, to_text_any
 from ..typed_interface import reward_function
 
 
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ def length_reward(
     response = messages[-1]
 
     if isinstance(response, Message):
-        if response.role != "assistant" or not response.content:
+        if response.role != "assistant" or not to_text(response.content):
             return EvaluateResult(
                 score=0.0,
                 reason="No assistant response found",
@@ -93,7 +94,7 @@ def length_reward(
                     )
                 },
             )
-        text = response.content
+        text = to_text(response.content)
     elif isinstance(response, dict):
         if response.get("role") != "assistant" or not response.get("content"):
             return EvaluateResult(
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ def length_reward(
                     )
                 },
             )
-        text = response.get("content", "")
+        text = to_text_any(response.get("content", ""))
     else:
         return EvaluateResult(
             score=0.0,
@@ -322,6 +323,9 @@ def cosine_length_reward(
             },
         )
 
+    # Ensure `text` is plain string
+    text = to_text_any(text)
+
     token_count = count_tokens(text, method=token_method)
 
     solution_is_correct = False
diff --git a/eval_protocol/rewards/list_comparison_math_reward.py b/eval_protocol/rewards/list_comparison_math_reward.py
index ceaef012..15c54326 100644
--- a/eval_protocol/rewards/list_comparison_math_reward.py
+++ b/eval_protocol/rewards/list_comparison_math_reward.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
 
 from ..models import EvaluateResult, Message, MetricResult
+from ._content_utils import to_text
 from ..typed_interface import reward_function
 
 
@@ -127,7 +128,7 @@ def list_comparison_math_reward(
             },
         )
 
-    gen_content = messages[-1].content
+    gen_content = to_text(messages[-1].content)
     orig_content = ground_truth
 
     if not gen_content:
diff --git a/eval_protocol/rewards/math.py b/eval_protocol/rewards/math.py
index e0406314..192cb192 100644
--- a/eval_protocol/rewards/math.py
+++ b/eval_protocol/rewards/math.py
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
 
 from ..models import EvaluateResult, Message, MetricResult
+from ._content_utils import to_text
 from ..typed_interface import reward_function
 
 _ALGEBRAIC_VARS_SET: Set[str] = {
@@ -587,7 +588,7 @@ def math_reward(
                 )
             },
         )
-    model_response_content = messages[-1].content
+    model_response_content = to_text(messages[-1].content)
     if ground_truth is None or ground_truth == "":
         return EvaluateResult(
             score=0.0,
@@ -603,7 +604,8 @@ def math_reward(
 
     gen_answers_extracted_initial = extract_numbers(model_response_content)
     orig_answers_extracted = extract_numbers(ground_truth)
-    gen_answers_extracted = list(gen_answers_extracted_initial)
+    # Keep a precise type to satisfy downstream function signatures
+    gen_answers_extracted: List[Tuple[str, Union[float, str]]] = list(gen_answers_extracted_initial)
     metrics: Dict[str, MetricResult] = {}
 
     def format_extracted(items: List[Tuple[str, Union[float, str]]]) -> str:
diff --git a/eval_protocol/rewards/multiple_choice_math_reward.py b/eval_protocol/rewards/multiple_choice_math_reward.py
index 5768de80..119769b7 100644
--- a/eval_protocol/rewards/multiple_choice_math_reward.py
+++ b/eval_protocol/rewards/multiple_choice_math_reward.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, TypedDict, Union
 
 from ..models import EvaluateResult, Message, MetricResult
+from ._content_utils import to_text
 from ..typed_interface import reward_function
 
 
@@ -134,7 +135,7 @@ def multiple_choice_math_reward(
     if messages and len(messages) > 0:
         gen_response_message = messages[-1]
         if gen_response_message.role == "assistant":
-            gen_content = gen_response_message.content or ""
+            gen_content = to_text(gen_response_message.content)
 
     if not gen_content:
         metrics["error_generated_message"] = MetricResult(
@@ -152,7 +153,7 @@ def multiple_choice_math_reward(
     if ground_truth and len(ground_truth) > 0:
         orig_response_message = ground_truth[0]
         if orig_response_message.role == "assistant":
-            orig_content = orig_response_message.content or ""
+            orig_content = to_text(orig_response_message.content)
 
     if not orig_content:
         metrics["error_original_message"] = MetricResult(
diff --git a/eval_protocol/rewards/reasoning_steps.py b/eval_protocol/rewards/reasoning_steps.py
index 98da3d85..df77a69d 100644
--- a/eval_protocol/rewards/reasoning_steps.py
+++ b/eval_protocol/rewards/reasoning_steps.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Pattern, Set, Union
 
 from ..models import EvaluateResult, Message, MetricResult
+from ._content_utils import to_text
 from ..typed_interface import reward_function
 
 
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ def reasoning_steps_reward(
 
     response = messages[-1]
 
-    if response.role != "assistant" or not response.content:
+    if response.role != "assistant" or not to_text(response.content):
         return EvaluateResult(
             score=0.0,
             reason="No assistant response found or response has no content",
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ def reasoning_steps_reward(
                 )
             },
         )
-    text: str = response.content
+    text: str = to_text(response.content)
 
     # Default patterns for detecting reasoning steps
     default_patterns = [
@@ -187,7 +188,7 @@ def sequence_reward(
 
     response = messages[-1]
 
-    if response.role != "assistant" or not response.content:
+    if response.role != "assistant" or not to_text(response.content):
         return EvaluateResult(
             score=0.0,
             reason="No assistant response found or response has no content",
@@ -199,7 +200,7 @@ def sequence_reward(
                 )
             },
         )
-    text: str = response.content
+    text: str = to_text(response.content)
 
     if not sequence_terms:
         sequence_terms = [
diff --git a/eval_protocol/rewards/tag_count.py b/eval_protocol/rewards/tag_count.py
index 83acef6f..f2cb06d9 100644
--- a/eval_protocol/rewards/tag_count.py
+++ b/eval_protocol/rewards/tag_count.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Set, Union
 
 from ..models import EvaluateResult, Message, MetricResult
+from ._content_utils import to_text
 from ..typed_interface import reward_function
 
 
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ def tag_count_reward(
 
     response = messages[-1]
 
-    if response.role != "assistant" or not response.content:
+    if response.role != "assistant" or not to_text(response.content):
         return EvaluateResult(
             score=0.0,
             reason="No assistant response found or response has no content",
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ def tag_count_reward(
                 )
             },
         )
-    text: str = response.content
+    text: str = to_text(response.content)
 
     tag_metrics = {}
     found_tags: Set[str] = set()