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<title>Chapter 5 Data Analysis | R for HR: An Introduction to Human Resource Analytics Using R</title>
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<nav role="navigation">
<ul class="summary">
<li><a href="./">R for HR</a></li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Preface</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.1" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#hragrowth"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.1</b> Growth of HR Analytics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.2" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#hranalytics_skillsgap"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.2</b> Skills Gap</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.3" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#hraplc"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.3</b> Project Life Cycle Perspective</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.4" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#hranalytics_hris_overview"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.4</b> Overview of HRIS & HR Analytics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.5" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#philosophy"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.5</b> My Philosophy for This Book</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.5.1" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#rationalerpref"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.5.1</b> Rationale for Using R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.5.2" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#audiencepref"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.5.2</b> Audience</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.6" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#structurepref"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.6</b> Structure</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.7" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#aboutauthor"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.7</b> About the Author</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.8" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#contactauthor"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.8</b> Contacting the Author</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.9" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#acknowpref"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.9</b> Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>I HR Analytics Project Life Cycle</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="overviewhraplc.html"><a href="overviewhraplc.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> Overview of HR Analytics Project Life Cycle</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="questionformulation.html"><a href="questionformulation.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> Question Formulation</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="questionformulation.html"><a href="questionformulation.html#adoptstrategicmindset"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1</b> Adopting a Strategic Mindset</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.1" data-path="questionformulation.html"><a href="questionformulation.html#strategy"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.1</b> Strategy</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.2" data-path="questionformulation.html"><a href="questionformulation.html#strategyformulation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.2</b> Strategy Formulation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.3" data-path="questionformulation.html"><a href="questionformulation.html#strategyimplementation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.3</b> Strategy Implementation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.4" data-path="questionformulation.html"><a href="questionformulation.html#strategichrm"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.4</b> Strategic Human Resource Management</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2" data-path="questionformulation.html"><a href="questionformulation.html#defining-problems-formulating-questions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2</b> Defining Problems & Formulating Questions</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.1" data-path="questionformulation.html"><a href="questionformulation.html#definingaproblem"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.1</b> Defining a Problem</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.2" data-path="questionformulation.html"><a href="questionformulation.html#formulatingaquestion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.2</b> Formulating a Question</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.3" data-path="questionformulation.html"><a href="questionformulation.html#divergentconvergentthinking"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.3</b> Thinking Divergently & Convergently</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3" data-path="questionformulation.html"><a href="questionformulation.html#summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="dataacquisition.html"><a href="dataacquisition.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> Data Acquisition</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="dataacquisition.html"><a href="dataacquisition.html#employeesurveys_dataacquisition"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> Employee Surveys</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="dataacquisition.html"><a href="dataacquisition.html#ratingforms_dataacquisition"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> Rating Forms</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="dataacquisition.html"><a href="dataacquisition.html#surveillance_dataacquisition"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3</b> Surveillance & Monitoring</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4" data-path="dataacquisition.html"><a href="dataacquisition.html#dbqueries_dataacquisition"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4</b> Database Queries</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5" data-path="dataacquisition.html"><a href="dataacquisition.html#scraping_dataacquisition"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5</b> Scraping</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6" data-path="dataacquisition.html"><a href="dataacquisition.html#summary_dataacquisition"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="datamanagement.html"><a href="datamanagement.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> Data Management</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="datamanagement.html"><a href="datamanagement.html#datamanage_clean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1</b> Data Cleaning</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2" data-path="datamanagement.html"><a href="datamanagement.html#datamanage_manipulate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2</b> Data Manipulation & Structuring</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3" data-path="datamanagement.html"><a href="datamanagement.html#datamanage_tools"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3</b> Common Data-Management Tools</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4" data-path="datamanagement.html"><a href="datamanagement.html#summary-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> Data Analysis</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html#dataanalysis_toolstechniques"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> Tools & Techniques</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.1" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html#mathematics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.1</b> Mathematics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.2" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html#statistics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.2</b> Statistics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.3" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html#machinelearning"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.3</b> Machine Learning</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.4" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html#computationalmodelsimulation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.4</b> Computational Modeling & Simulations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.5" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html#textqualitativeanalyses"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.5</b> Text Analyses & Qualitative Analyses</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html#continuum_dataanalytics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2</b> Continuum of Data Analytics</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.1" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html#descriptive_analytics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.1</b> Descriptive Analytics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.2" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html#predictish_analytics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.2</b> Predict-ish Analytics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.3" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html#predictive_analytics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.3</b> Predictive Analytics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.4" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html#prescriptive_analytics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.4</b> Prescriptive Analytics</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html#summary-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="datainterpretationstorytelling.html"><a href="datainterpretationstorytelling.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> Data Interpretation & Storytelling</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1" data-path="datainterpretationstorytelling.html"><a href="datainterpretationstorytelling.html#datainterpretation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1</b> Data Interpretation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2" data-path="datainterpretationstorytelling.html"><a href="datainterpretationstorytelling.html#storytelling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2</b> Storytelling</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.1" data-path="datainterpretationstorytelling.html"><a href="datainterpretationstorytelling.html#structure_storytelling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.1</b> Structure</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.2" data-path="datainterpretationstorytelling.html"><a href="datainterpretationstorytelling.html#clarityparsimony_storytelling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.2</b> Clarity & Parsimony</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.3" data-path="datainterpretationstorytelling.html"><a href="datainterpretationstorytelling.html#influencepersuasion_storytelling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.3</b> Influence & Persuasion</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3" data-path="datainterpretationstorytelling.html"><a href="datainterpretationstorytelling.html#datavizualization_storytelling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3</b> Data Visualization</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4" data-path="datainterpretationstorytelling.html"><a href="datainterpretationstorytelling.html#summary_datainterpretationstorytelling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7" data-path="deploymentimplementation.html"><a href="deploymentimplementation.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7</b> Deployment & Implementation</a></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>II Introduction to R</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8" data-path="overviewR.html"><a href="overviewR.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8</b> Overview of R & RStudio</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1" data-path="overviewR.html"><a href="overviewR.html#R_overview"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1</b> R Programming Language</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1.1" data-path="overviewR.html"><a href="overviewR.html#R_what"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1.1</b> What Is R?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1.2" data-path="overviewR.html"><a href="overviewR.html#R_why"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1.2</b> Why Use R?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1.3" data-path="overviewR.html"><a href="overviewR.html#R_who"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1.3</b> Who Uses R?</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2" data-path="overviewR.html"><a href="overviewR.html#RStudio_overview"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2</b> RStudio</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.1" data-path="overviewR.html"><a href="overviewR.html#RStudio_what"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.1</b> What is RStudio?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.2" data-path="overviewR.html"><a href="overviewR.html#RStudio_why"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.2</b> Why RStudio?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.3" data-path="overviewR.html"><a href="overviewR.html#RStudio_who"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.3</b> Who Uses RStudio?</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3" data-path="overviewR.html"><a href="overviewR.html#packages_overview"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3</b> Packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4" data-path="overviewR.html"><a href="overviewR.html#summary-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9" data-path="install.html"><a href="install.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9</b> Installing R & RStudio</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1" data-path="install.html"><a href="install.html#videotutorial_install"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2" data-path="install.html"><a href="install.html#installR"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2</b> Downloading & Installing R</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.1" data-path="install.html"><a href="install.html#installR_windows"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.1</b> For Windows Operation Systems</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.2" data-path="install.html"><a href="install.html#installR_macos"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.2</b> For Mac Operating Systems</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3" data-path="install.html"><a href="install.html#installRStudio"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3</b> Downloading & Installing RStudio</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4" data-path="install.html"><a href="install.html#summary_install"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10" data-path="gettingstarted.html"><a href="gettingstarted.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10</b> Getting Started with R & RStudio</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1" data-path="gettingstarted.html"><a href="gettingstarted.html#orientation_gettingstarted"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1</b> Orientation to RStudio</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2" data-path="gettingstarted.html"><a href="gettingstarted.html#createRscript"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2</b> Creating & Saving an R Script</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.1" data-path="gettingstarted.html"><a href="gettingstarted.html#createnewRscript_gettingstarted"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.1</b> Creating a New R Script</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.2" data-path="gettingstarted.html"><a href="gettingstarted.html#usenewRscript_gettingstarted"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.2</b> Using an R Script</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.3" data-path="gettingstarted.html"><a href="gettingstarted.html#saveRscript_gettingstarted"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.3</b> Saving an R Script</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.4" data-path="gettingstarted.html"><a href="gettingstarted.html#openRscript_gettingstarted"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.4</b> Opening a Saved R Script</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3" data-path="gettingstarted.html"><a href="gettingstarted.html#RStudioproject_gettingstarted"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3</b> Creating an RStudio Project</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.1" data-path="gettingstarted.html"><a href="gettingstarted.html#createRStudioproject_gettingstarted"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.1</b> Creating a New RStudio Project</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.2" data-path="gettingstarted.html"><a href="gettingstarted.html#openRStudioproject_gettingstarted"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.2</b> Opening an Existing RStudio Project</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.4" data-path="gettingstarted.html"><a href="gettingstarted.html#writtentutorials_gettingstarted"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.4</b> Orientation to Written Tutorials</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.5" data-path="gettingstarted.html"><a href="gettingstarted.html#summary_gettingstarted"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.5</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11</b> Basic Features and Operations of the R Language</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#videotutorial_gentleintro"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#functions_gentleintro"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#r_as_calculator"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3</b> R as a Calculator</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.4" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.4</b> Functions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.5" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.5</b> Packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.6" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#variableassignment"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.6</b> Variable Assignment</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.7" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#typesofdata"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.7</b> Types of Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.7.1" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#numeric-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.7.1</b> <code>numeric</code> Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.7.2" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#character-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.7.2</b> <code>character</code> Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.7.3" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#date-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.7.3</b> <code>Date</code> Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.7.4" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#logical-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.7.4</b> <code>logical</code> Data</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.8" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#vectors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.8</b> Vectors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.9" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#lists"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.9</b> Lists</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.10" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#dataframes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.10</b> Data Frames</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.11" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#annotate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.11</b> Annotations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.12" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#summary_gentleintro"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.12</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12" data-path="setwd.html"><a href="setwd.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12</b> Setting a Working Directory</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.1" data-path="setwd.html"><a href="setwd.html#videotutorial_setwd"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.2" data-path="setwd.html"><a href="setwd.html#functions_setwd"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.3" data-path="setwd.html"><a href="setwd.html#getwd_setwd"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.3</b> Identify the Current Working Directory</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.4" data-path="setwd.html"><a href="setwd.html#setwd_setwd"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.4</b> Set a New Working Directory</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.5" data-path="setwd.html"><a href="setwd.html#summary_setwd"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.5</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>III Data Acquisition & Management</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13</b> Reading Data into R</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.1" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#conceptualoverview_read"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#tutorial_read"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.1" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#videotutorial_read"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.2" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#functions_read"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.3" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#initialsteps_read"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.4" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#readcsv"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.4</b> Read a .csv File</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.5" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#readxlsx"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.5</b> Read a .xlsx File</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.6" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#read_summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#read_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3.1" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#read_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3.2" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#read_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3.3" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#read_additionalfunctions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3.3</b> Additional Functions for Reading a .csv File</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3.4" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#read_skiprows"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3.4</b> Skip Rows of Data During Read</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3.5" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#listdatafiles"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3.5</b> List Data File Names in Working Directory</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14" data-path="addnames.html"><a href="addnames.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14</b> Removing, Adding, & Changing Variable Names</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1" data-path="addnames.html"><a href="addnames.html#conceptualoverview_addnames"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2" data-path="addnames.html"><a href="addnames.html#tutorial_addnames"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2.1" data-path="addnames.html"><a href="addnames.html#videotutorial_addnames"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2.2" data-path="addnames.html"><a href="addnames.html#function_addnames"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2.3" data-path="addnames.html"><a href="addnames.html#initsteps_addnames"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2.4" data-path="addnames.html"><a href="addnames.html#remove_variablenames"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2.4</b> Remove Variable Names from a Data Frame Object</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2.5" data-path="addnames.html"><a href="addnames.html#add_variablenames"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2.5</b> Add Variable Names to a Data Frame Object</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2.6" data-path="addnames.html"><a href="addnames.html#change_variablenames"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2.6</b> Change Specific Variable Names in a Data Frame Object</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2.7" data-path="addnames.html"><a href="addnames.html#summary_addnames"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2.7</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15" data-path="write.html"><a href="write.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15</b> Writing Data from R</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.1" data-path="write.html"><a href="write.html#conceptualoverview_write"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2" data-path="write.html"><a href="write.html#tutorial_write"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2.1" data-path="write.html"><a href="write.html#videotutorial_write"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2.2" data-path="write.html"><a href="write.html#functions_write"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2.3" data-path="write.html"><a href="write.html#initialsteps_write"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2.4" data-path="write.html"><a href="write.html#write_dataframe"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2.4</b> Write Data Frame to Working Directory</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2.5" data-path="write.html"><a href="write.html#write_table"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2.5</b> Write Table to Working Directory</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2.6" data-path="write.html"><a href="write.html#summary_write"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16" data-path="arrange.html"><a href="arrange.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16</b> Arranging (Sorting) Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.1" data-path="arrange.html"><a href="arrange.html#conceptualoverview_arrange"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.2" data-path="arrange.html"><a href="arrange.html#tutorial_arrange"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.2.1" data-path="arrange.html"><a href="arrange.html#videotutorial_arrange"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.2.2" data-path="arrange.html"><a href="arrange.html#functions_arrange"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.2.3" data-path="arrange.html"><a href="arrange.html#initsteps_arrange"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.2.4" data-path="arrange.html"><a href="arrange.html#arrangebyvalues"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.2.4</b> Arrange (Sort) Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.2.5" data-path="arrange.html"><a href="arrange.html#summary_arrange"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.2.5</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.3" data-path="arrange.html"><a href="arrange.html#arrange_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.3.1" data-path="arrange.html"><a href="arrange.html#arrange_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.3.2" data-path="arrange.html"><a href="arrange.html#arrange_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.3.3" data-path="arrange.html"><a href="arrange.html#arrange_orderfunction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.3.3</b> <code>order</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17</b> Joining (Merging) Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.1" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#conceptualoverview_join"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.1.1" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#review_horizontaljoin"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.1.1</b> Review of Horizontal Joins (Merges)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.1.2" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#review_verticaljoin"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.1.2</b> Review of Vertical Joins (Merges)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.2" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#tutorial_join"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.2.1" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#videotutorial_join"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.2.2" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#functions-packages-introduced"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.2.3" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#initsteps_join"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.2.4" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#horizontaljoin"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.2.4</b> Horizontal Join (Merge)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.2.5" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#verticaljoin"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.2.5</b> Vertical Join (Merge)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.2.6" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#summary_join"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.3" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#join_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.3.1" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#supp_join_video"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.3.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.3.2" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#join_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.3.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.3.3" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#join_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.3.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.3.4" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#join_mergefunction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.3.4</b> <code>merge</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18</b> Filtering (Subsetting) Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.1" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#conceptualoverview_filter"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.1.1" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#review_logicaloperators"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.1.1</b> Review of Logical Operators</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.2" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#tutorial_filter"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.2.1" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#videotutorial_filter"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.2.2" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#function_filter"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.2.3" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#initsteps_filter"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.2.4" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#filter_cases"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.2.4</b> Filter Cases from Data Frame</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.2.5" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#remove-single-variable-from-data-frame"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.2.5</b> Remove Single Variable from Data Frame</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.2.6" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#select_multiplevariables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.2.6</b> Select Multiple Variables from Data Frame</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.2.7" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#remove_multiplevariables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.2.7</b> Remove Multiple Variables from Data Frame</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.2.8" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#summary_filter"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.2.8</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.3" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#filter_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.3.1" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#supp_filter_video"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.3.1</b> Video Tutorials</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.3.2" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#filter_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.3.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.3.3" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#filter_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.3.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.3.4" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#filter_subset_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.3.4</b> <code>subset</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.3.5" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#str_detect_supp"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.3.5</b> Filter by Pattern Contained within String</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19" data-path="clean.html"><a href="clean.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19</b> Cleaning Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.1" data-path="clean.html"><a href="clean.html#conceptualoverview_clean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.2" data-path="clean.html"><a href="clean.html#tutorial_clean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.2.1" data-path="clean.html"><a href="clean.html#videotutorial_clean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.2.2" data-path="clean.html"><a href="clean.html#functions_clean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.2.3" data-path="clean.html"><a href="clean.html#initsteps_clean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.2.4" data-path="clean.html"><a href="clean.html#reviewdata_clean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.2.4</b> Review Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.2.5" data-path="clean.html"><a href="clean.html#cleandata_clean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.2.5</b> Clean Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.2.6" data-path="clean.html"><a href="clean.html#renamevariables_clean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.2.6</b> Rename Variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.2.7" data-path="clean.html"><a href="clean.html#otherapproaches_clean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.2.7</b> Other Approaches to Cleaning Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.2.8" data-path="clean.html"><a href="clean.html#summary_clean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.2.8</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20</b> Manipulating & Restructuring Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.1" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#conceptualoverview_manipulate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.2" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#tutorial_manipulate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.2.1" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#videotutorial_manipulate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.2.2" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#functions_manipulate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.2.3" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#initsteps_manipulate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.2.4" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#manipulate_widetolong"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.2.4</b> Wide-to-Long Format Data Manipulation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.2.5" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#manipulate_longtowide"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.2.5</b> Long-to-Wide Format Data Manipulation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.2.6" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#summary_manipulate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21" data-path="center.html"><a href="center.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21</b> Centering & Standardizing Variables</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.1" data-path="center.html"><a href="center.html#conceptualoverview_center"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.1.1" data-path="center.html"><a href="center.html#review_center"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.1.1</b> Review of Centering Variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.1.2" data-path="center.html"><a href="center.html#review_standardize"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.1.2</b> Review of Standardizing Variables</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.2" data-path="center.html"><a href="center.html#tutorial_center"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.2.1" data-path="center.html"><a href="center.html#videotutorial_center"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.2.2" data-path="center.html"><a href="center.html#functions_center"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.2.3" data-path="center.html"><a href="center.html#initsteps_center"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.2.4" data-path="center.html"><a href="center.html#grandmean_center"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.2.4</b> Grand-Mean Center Variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.2.5" data-path="center.html"><a href="center.html#groupmean_center"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.2.5</b> Group-Mean Center Variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.2.6" data-path="center.html"><a href="center.html#standardize_center"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.2.6</b> Standardize Variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.2.7" data-path="center.html"><a href="center.html#summary_center"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.2.7</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22" data-path="removeobjects.html"><a href="removeobjects.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22</b> Removing Objects from the R Environment</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.1" data-path="removeobjects.html"><a href="removeobjects.html#conceptualoverview_removeobjects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.2" data-path="removeobjects.html"><a href="removeobjects.html#tutorial_removeobjects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.2.1" data-path="removeobjects.html"><a href="removeobjects.html#videotutorial_removeobjects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.2.2" data-path="removeobjects.html"><a href="removeobjects.html#function_removeobjects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.2.3" data-path="removeobjects.html"><a href="removeobjects.html#initsteps_removeobjects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.2.4" data-path="removeobjects.html"><a href="removeobjects.html#listobjects_removeobjects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.2.4</b> List Objects in R Environment</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.2.5" data-path="removeobjects.html"><a href="removeobjects.html#removeobjects_removeobjects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.2.5</b> Remove Objects from R Environment</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.2.6" data-path="removeobjects.html"><a href="removeobjects.html#summary_removeobjects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>IV Employee Demographics</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="23" data-path="employeedemographics.html"><a href="employeedemographics.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>23</b> Introduction to Employee Demographics</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="23.1" data-path="employeedemographics.html"><a href="employeedemographics.html#chapters_employeedemographics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>23.1</b> Chapters Included</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24</b> Describing Employee Demographics Using Descriptive Statistics</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.1" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#conceptualoverview_descriptives"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.1.1" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#measurementscales"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.1.1</b> Review of Measurement Scales</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.1.2" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#constructs_measures_measurementscales"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.1.2</b> Constructs, Measures, & Measurement Scales</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.1.3" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#typesof_descriptivestatistics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.1.3</b> Types of Descriptive Statistics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.1.4" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#samplewriteup_descriptives"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.1.4</b> Sample Write-Up</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.2" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#tutorial_descriptives"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.2.1" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#videotutorial_descriptives"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.2.1</b> Video Tutorials</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.2.2" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#functions_descriptives"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.2.3" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#initsteps_descriptives"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.2.4" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#determine_measurementscale"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.2.4</b> Determine the Measurement Scale</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.2.5" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#describe_nominal_ordinal"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.2.5</b> Describe Nominal & Ordinal (Categorical) Variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.2.6" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#describe_interval_ratio"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.2.6</b> Describe Interval & Ratio (Continuous) Variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.2.7" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#summary_descriptives"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.2.7</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.3" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#descriptives_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.3.1" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#descriptives_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.3.2" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#descriptives_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.3.3" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#descriptives_coefficientofvariation_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.3.3</b> Compute Coefficient of Variation (CV)</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25" data-path="crosstabs.html"><a href="crosstabs.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25</b> Summarizing Two or More Categorical Variables Using Cross-Tabulations</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.1" data-path="crosstabs.html"><a href="crosstabs.html#conceptualoverview_crosstabs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.1.1" data-path="crosstabs.html"><a href="crosstabs.html#review_crosstabs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.1.1</b> Review of Cross-Tabulation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.1.2" data-path="crosstabs.html"><a href="crosstabs.html#samplewriteup_crosstabs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.1.2</b> Sample Write-Up</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.2" data-path="crosstabs.html"><a href="crosstabs.html#tutorial_crosstabs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.2.1" data-path="crosstabs.html"><a href="crosstabs.html#videotutorial_crosstabs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.2.2" data-path="crosstabs.html"><a href="crosstabs.html#functions_crosstabs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.2.3" data-path="crosstabs.html"><a href="crosstabs.html#initsteps_tables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.2.4" data-path="crosstabs.html"><a href="crosstabs.html#twoway_crosstabs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.2.4</b> Two-Way Cross-Tabulation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.2.5" data-path="crosstabs.html"><a href="crosstabs.html#threeway_crosstabs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.2.5</b> Three-Way Cross-Tabulation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.2.6" data-path="crosstabs.html"><a href="crosstabs.html#summary_crosstabs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26" data-path="pivottables.html"><a href="pivottables.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26</b> Applying Pivot Tables to Explore Employee Demographic Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.1" data-path="pivottables.html"><a href="pivottables.html#conceptualoverview_pivottables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.2" data-path="pivottables.html"><a href="pivottables.html#tutorial_pivottables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.2.1" data-path="pivottables.html"><a href="pivottables.html#videotutorial_pivottables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.2.2" data-path="pivottables.html"><a href="pivottables.html#functions_pivottables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.2.3" data-path="pivottables.html"><a href="pivottables.html#initsteps_pivottables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.2.4" data-path="pivottables.html"><a href="pivottables.html#create_pivottables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.2.4</b> Create a Pivot Table</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.2.5" data-path="pivottables.html"><a href="pivottables.html#summary_pivottables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.2.5</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>V Employee Surveys</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="27" data-path="employeesurveys.html"><a href="employeesurveys.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>27</b> Introduction to Employee Surveys</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="27.1" data-path="employeesurveys.html"><a href="employeesurveys.html#chapters_employeesurveys"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>27.1</b> Chapters Included</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28</b> Aggregating & Segmenting Employee Survey Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.1" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#conceptualoverview_aggregatesegment"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.2" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#tutorial_aggregatesegment"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.2.1" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#videotutorial_aggregatesegment"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.2.2" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#functions_aggregatesegment"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.2.3" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#initsteps_aggregatesegment"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.2.4" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#counts_bygroup"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.2.4</b> Counts By Group</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.2.5" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#centraldispersion_bygroup"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.2.5</b> Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion By Group</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.2.6" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#addaggregatedvariable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.2.6</b> Add Variable to Data Frame Containing Aggregated Values</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.2.7" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#visualize_bygroup"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.2.7</b> Visualize Data By Group</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.2.8" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#summary_aggregatesegment"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.2.8</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.3" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#aggregatesegment_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.3.1" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#aggregatesegment_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.3.2" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#aggregatesegment_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.3.3" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#aggregatesegment_describeby_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.3.3</b> <code>describeBy</code> Function from <code>psych</code> Package</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.3.4" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#aggregatesegment_aggregate_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.3.4</b> <code>aggregate</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29" data-path="cronbachsalpha.html"><a href="cronbachsalpha.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29</b> Estimating Internal Consistency Reliability Using Cronbach’s alpha</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.1" data-path="cronbachsalpha.html"><a href="cronbachsalpha.html#conceptualoverview_cronbachsalpha"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.2" data-path="cronbachsalpha.html"><a href="cronbachsalpha.html#tutorial_cronbachsalpha"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.2.1" data-path="cronbachsalpha.html"><a href="cronbachsalpha.html#videotutorial_cronbachsalpha"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.2.2" data-path="cronbachsalpha.html"><a href="cronbachsalpha.html#functions_cronbachsalpha"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.2.3" data-path="cronbachsalpha.html"><a href="cronbachsalpha.html#initsteps_cronbachsalpha"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.2.4" data-path="cronbachsalpha.html"><a href="cronbachsalpha.html#cronbachsalpha_alpha"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.2.4</b> Compute Cronbach’s alpha</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.2.5" data-path="cronbachsalpha.html"><a href="cronbachsalpha.html#summary_cronbachsalpha"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.2.5</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30" data-path="compositevariable.html"><a href="compositevariable.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30</b> Creating a Composite Variable Based on a Multi-Item Measure</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.1" data-path="compositevariable.html"><a href="compositevariable.html#conceptualoverview_compositevariable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.2" data-path="compositevariable.html"><a href="compositevariable.html#tutorial_compositevariable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.2.1" data-path="compositevariable.html"><a href="compositevariable.html#videotutorial_compositevariable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.2.2" data-path="compositevariable.html"><a href="compositevariable.html#functions_compositevariable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.2.3" data-path="compositevariable.html"><a href="compositevariable.html#initsteps_compositevariable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.2.4" data-path="compositevariable.html"><a href="compositevariable.html#compositevariable_cronbachsalpha"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.2.4</b> Compute Cronbach’s alpha</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.2.5" data-path="compositevariable.html"><a href="compositevariable.html#compositevariable_composite"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.2.5</b> Create a Composite Variable</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.2.6" data-path="compositevariable.html"><a href="compositevariable.html#summary_compositevariable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>VI Employee Training</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31" data-path="employeetraining.html"><a href="employeetraining.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31</b> Introduction to Employee Training</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.1" data-path="employeetraining.html"><a href="employeetraining.html#needsassessment_employeetraining"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.1</b> Needs Assessment</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.2" data-path="employeetraining.html"><a href="employeetraining.html#learningenvironmentenhancement_employeetraining"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.2</b> Learning Environment & Enhancement</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.3" data-path="employeetraining.html"><a href="employeetraining.html#trainingmethods_employeetraining"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.3</b> Training Methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.4" data-path="employeetraining.html"><a href="employeetraining.html#trainingevaluation_employeetraining"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.4</b> Training Evaluation</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.4.1" data-path="employeetraining.html"><a href="employeetraining.html#causalinferences_employeetraining"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.4.1</b> Causal Inferences</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.4.2" data-path="employeetraining.html"><a href="employeetraining.html#evaluationdesigns_employeetraining"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.4.2</b> Training Evaluation Designs & Statistical Analysis</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.5" data-path="employeetraining.html"><a href="employeetraining.html#chapters_employeetraining"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.5</b> Chapters Included</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32</b> Evaluating a Pre-Test/Post-Test without Control Group Design Using Paired-Samples <em>t</em>-test</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.1" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#conceptualoverview_pretestposttest_psttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.1.1" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#review_pretestposttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.1.1</b> Review of Pre-Test/Post-Test without Control Group Design</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.1.2" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#review_psttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.1.2</b> Review of Paired-Samples <em>t</em>-test</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.2" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#tutorial_psttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.2.1" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#videotutorial_psttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.2.2" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#functions_psttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.2.3" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#initsteps_psttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.2.4" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#estimate_psttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.2.4</b> Estimate Paired-Samples <em>t</em>-test</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.2.5" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#barchart_psttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.2.5</b> Visualize Results Using Bar Chart</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.2.6" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#summary_psttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.3" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#psttest_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.3.1" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#psttest_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.3.2" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#psttest_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.3.3" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#t.test_function_psttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.3.3</b> <code>t.test</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.3.4" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#lm_function_psttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.3.4</b> <code>lm</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33</b> Evaluating a Post-Test-Only with Control Group Design Using Independent-Samples <em>t</em>-test</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.1" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#conceptualoverview_posttestonly_isttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.1.1" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#review_posttestonly"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.1.1</b> Review of Post-Test-Only with Control Group Design</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.1.2" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#review_isttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.1.2</b> Review of Independent-Samples <em>t</em>-test</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.2" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#tutorial_isttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.2.1" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#videotutorial_isttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.2.2" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#functions_isttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.2.3" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#initsteps_isttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.2.4" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#estimate_isttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.2.4</b> Estimate Independent-Samples <em>t</em>-test</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.2.5" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#barchart_isttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.2.5</b> Visualize Results Using Bar Chart</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.2.6" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#summary_isttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.3" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#isttest_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.3.1" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#isttest_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.3.2" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#isttest_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.3.3" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#t.test_function_isttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.3.3</b> <code>t.test</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.3.4" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#lm_function_isttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.3.4</b> <code>lm</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34</b> Evaluating a Pre-Test/Post-Test with Control Group Design Using an Independent-Samples <em>t</em>-test</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.1" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#conceptualoverview_mixedfactorial"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.1.1" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#statisticalassumptions_mixedfactorial"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.1.1</b> Statistical Assumptions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.2" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#tutorial_mixedfactorial"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.2.1" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#videotutorial_mixedfactorial"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.2.2" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#functions_mixedfactorial"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.2.3" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#initial-steps-initsteps_mixedfactorial"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.2.3</b> Initial Steps {#initsteps_mixedfactorial}}</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.2.4" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#prepostcontrol_mixedfactorial"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.2.4</b> Evaluate a Pre-Test/Post-Test with Control Group Design</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.2.5" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#summary_mixedfactorial"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.2.5</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.3" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#mixedfactorial_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.3.1" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#mixedfactorial_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.3.2" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#mixedfactorial_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.3.3" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#slr_mixedfactorial_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.3.3</b> Estimating a Simple Linear Regression Model with a Difference Score Outcome Variable</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.3.4" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#bisercor_mixedfactorial_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.3.4</b> Estimating a Biserial Correlation with a Difference Score Outcome Variable</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.3.5" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#mixedfactorialanova_mixedfactorial_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.3.5</b> Estimating a 2x2 Mixed-Factorial ANOVA Model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.3.6" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#rcm_mixedfactorial_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.3.6</b> Estimating a Random-Coefficients Multilevel Model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.3.7" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#ancova_mixedfactorial_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.3.7</b> Estimating an Analysis of Covariance Model</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35</b> Evaluating a Post-Test-Only with Two Comparison Groups Design Using One-Way ANOVA</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.1" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#conceptualoverview_posttestonly_threegroups_onewayanova"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.1.1" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#review_posttestonly_threegroups"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.1.1</b> Review of Post-Test-Only with Two Comparison Groups Design</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.1.2" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#review_onewayanova"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.1.2</b> Review of One-Way ANOVA</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.2" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#tutorial_onewayanova"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.2.1" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#videotutorial_onewayanova"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.2.2" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#functions_onewayanova"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.2.3" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#initsteps_onewayanova"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.2.4" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#teststatisticalassumptions_onewayanova"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.2.4</b> Test Statistical Assumptions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.2.5" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#estimate_onewayanova"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.2.5</b> Estimate One-Way ANOVA</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.2.6" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#barchart_onewayanova"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.2.6</b> Visualize Results Using Bar Chart</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.2.7" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#summary_onewayanova"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.2.7</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.3" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#onewayanova_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.3.1" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#onewayanova_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.3.2" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#onewayanova_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.3.3" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#aov_function_onewayanova"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.3.3</b> <code>aov</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.3.4" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#apatable_onewayanova"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.3.4</b> APA-Style Table of Results</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>VII Employee Selection</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="36" data-path="selection.html"><a href="selection.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>36</b> Introduction to Employee Selection</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="36.1" data-path="selection.html"><a href="selection.html#evaluating-selection-tools"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>36.1</b> Evaluating Selection Tools</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="36.2" data-path="selection.html"><a href="selection.html#chapters_selection"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>36.2</b> Chapters Included</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37" data-path="disparateimpact.html"><a href="disparateimpact.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37</b> Investigating Disparate Impact</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.1" data-path="disparateimpact.html"><a href="disparateimpact.html#conceptualoverview_disparateimpact"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.2" data-path="disparateimpact.html"><a href="disparateimpact.html#tutorial_disparateimpact"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.2.1" data-path="disparateimpact.html"><a href="disparateimpact.html#videotutorial_disparateimpact"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.2.2" data-path="disparateimpact.html"><a href="disparateimpact.html#functions_disparateimpact"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.2.3" data-path="disparateimpact.html"><a href="disparateimpact.html#initsteps_disparateimpact"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.2.4" data-path="disparateimpact.html"><a href="disparateimpact.html#fourfifthsrule"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.2.4</b> 4/5ths Rule</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.2.5" data-path="disparateimpact.html"><a href="disparateimpact.html#chisquaretest_disparateimpact"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.2.5</b> Chi-Square (<span class="math inline">\(\chi^2\)</span>) Test of Independence</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.2.6" data-path="disparateimpact.html"><a href="disparateimpact.html#fisherexacttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.2.6</b> Fisher Exact Test</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.2.7" data-path="disparateimpact.html"><a href="disparateimpact.html#zdifference_test_disparateimpact"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.2.7</b> <span class="math inline">\(Z_{D}\)</span> Test</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.2.8" data-path="disparateimpact.html"><a href="disparateimpact.html#z_impactratiotest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.2.8</b> <span class="math inline">\(Z_{IR}\)</span> Test</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.2.9" data-path="disparateimpact.html"><a href="disparateimpact.html#summary_disparatetreatment"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.2.9</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38</b> Estimating Criterion-Related Validity of a Selection Tool Using Correlation</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.1" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#conceptualoverview_criterionrelatedvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.1.1" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#review_criterionrelatedvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.1.1</b> Review of Criterion-Related Validity</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.1.2" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#review_correlation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.1.2</b> Review of Correlation</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.2" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#tutorial_criterionrelatedvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.2.1" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#videotutorial_criterionrelatedvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.2.2" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#functions_criterionrelatedvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.2.3" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#initsteps_criterionrelatedvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.2.4" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#scatterplot_criterionrelatedvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.2.4</b> Visualize Association Using a Scatter Plot</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.2.5" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#estimate_correlation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.2.5</b> Estimate Correlation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.2.6" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#summary_criterionrelatedvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.3" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#criterionrelatedvalidity_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.3.1" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#criterionrelatedvalidity_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.3.2" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#criterionrelatedvalidity_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.3.3" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#cor_function"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.3.3</b> <code>cor</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.3.4" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#cortest_function"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.3.4</b> <code>cor.test</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39</b> Predicting Criterion Scores Based on Selection Tool Scores Using Simple Linear Regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.1" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#conceptualoverview_predictingcriterionscores"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.1.1" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#review_slr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.1.1</b> Review of Simple Linear Regression</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.1.2" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#review_prediction_slr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.1.2</b> Predicting Future Criterion Scores Using Simple Linear Regression</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.2" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#tutorial_predictingcriterionscores"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.2.1" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#videotutorial_predictingcriterionscores"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.2.1</b> Video Tutorials</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.2.2" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#functions_predictingcriterionscores"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.2.3" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#initsteps_slr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.2.4" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#estimate_slr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.2.4</b> Estimate Simple Linear Regression Model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.2.5" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#predictingcriterionscores_slr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.2.5</b> Predict Criterion Scores</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.2.6" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#summary_predictingcriterionscores"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.3" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#predictingcriterionscores_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.3.1" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#predictingcriterionscores_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.3.2" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#predictingcriterionscores_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.3.3" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#lm_function_slr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.3.3</b> <code>lm</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.3.4" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#predict_function_slr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.3.4</b> <code>predict</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.3.5" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#apatable_slr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.3.5</b> APA-Style Results Table</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40</b> Estimating Incremental Validity of a Selection Tool Using Multiple Linear Regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.1" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#conceptualoverview_incrementalvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.1.1" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#review_mlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.1.1</b> Review of Multiple Linear Regression</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.2" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#tutorial_incrementalvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.2.1" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#videotutorial_incrementalvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.2.1</b> Video Tutorials</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.2.2" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#function_incrementalvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.2.3" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#initsteps_mlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.2.4" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#estimate_mlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.2.4</b> Estimate Multiple Linear Regression Model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.2.5" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#summary_incrementalvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.2.5</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.3" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#incrementalvalidity_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.3.1" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#incrementalvalidity_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.3.2" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#incrementalvalidity_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.3.3" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#lm_function_mlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.3.3</b> <code>lm</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.3.4" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#apatable_mlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.3.4</b> APA-Style Results Table</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41</b> Applying a Compensatory Approach to Selection Decisions Using Multiple Linear Regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.1" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#conceptualoverview_compensatory"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.1.1" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#review_compensatory_mlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.1.1</b> Review of Multiple Linear Regression</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.1.2" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#review_compensatory"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.1.2</b> Review of Compensatory Approach</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.2" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#tutorial_compensatory"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.2.1" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#videotutorial_compensatory"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.2.2" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#function_compensatory"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.2.3" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#initsteps_compensatory"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.2.4" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#estimate_compensatory"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.2.4</b> Estimate Multiple Linear Regression Model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.2.5" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#predictcriterionscores_compensatory"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.2.5</b> Predict Criterion Scores</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.2.6" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#summary_compensatory"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.3" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#compensatory_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.3.1" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#compensatory_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.3.2" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#compensatory_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.3.3" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#lm_predict_functions_compensatory"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.3.3</b> <code>lm</code> & <code>predict</code> Functions from Base R</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42" data-path="multiplecutoff.html"><a href="multiplecutoff.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42</b> Applying a Noncompensatory Approach to Selection Decisions Using Angoff Method</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.1" data-path="multiplecutoff.html"><a href="multiplecutoff.html#conceptualoverview_multiplecutoff"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.1.1" data-path="multiplecutoff.html"><a href="multiplecutoff.html#review_multiplecutoff"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.1.1</b> Review of Noncompensatory Approach</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.2" data-path="multiplecutoff.html"><a href="multiplecutoff.html#tutorial_multiplecutoff"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.2.1" data-path="multiplecutoff.html"><a href="multiplecutoff.html#videotutorial_multiplecutoff"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.2.2" data-path="multiplecutoff.html"><a href="multiplecutoff.html#function_multiplecutoff"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.2.3" data-path="multiplecutoff.html"><a href="multiplecutoff.html#initsteps_multiplecutoff"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.2.4" data-path="multiplecutoff.html"><a href="multiplecutoff.html#createcutoffscores_multiplecutoff"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.2.4</b> Create Cutoff Scores</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.2.5" data-path="multiplecutoff.html"><a href="multiplecutoff.html#applycutoffscores_multiplecutoff"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.2.5</b> Apply Cutoff Scores to Make Selection Decisions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.2.6" data-path="multiplecutoff.html"><a href="multiplecutoff.html#summary_multiplecutoff"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43</b> Testing for Differential Prediction Using Moderated Multiple Linear Regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.1" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#conceptualoverview_differentialprediction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.1.1" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#review_mmlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.1.1</b> Review of Moderated Multiple Linear Regression</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.1.2" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#review_differentialprediction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.1.2</b> Review of Differential Prediction</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.2" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#tutorial_differentialprediction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.2.1" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#videotutorial_differentialprediction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.2.2" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#function_mmlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.2.3" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#initsteps_mmlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.2.4" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#center_mmlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.2.4</b> Grand-Mean Center Continuous Predictor Variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.2.5" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#estimate_mmlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.2.5</b> Estimate Moderated Multiple Linear Regression Model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.2.6" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#summary_differentialprediction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.3" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#differentialprediction_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.3.1" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#differentialprediction_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.3.2" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#differentialprediction_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.3.3" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#lm_function_mmlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.3.3</b> <code>lm</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.3.4" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#apatable_mmlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.3.4</b> APA-Style Results Table</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="44" data-path="crossvalidation.html"><a href="crossvalidation.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>44</b> Statistically & Empirically Cross-Validating a Selection Tool</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="44.1" data-path="crossvalidation.html"><a href="crossvalidation.html#conceptualoverview_crossvalidation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>44.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="44.1.1" data-path="crossvalidation.html"><a href="crossvalidation.html#review_statistical_crossvalidation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>44.1.1</b> Review of Statistical Cross-Validation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="44.1.2" data-path="crossvalidation.html"><a href="crossvalidation.html#review_empirical_crossvalidation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>44.1.2</b> Review of Empirical Cross-Validation</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="44.2" data-path="crossvalidation.html"><a href="crossvalidation.html#tutorial_crossvalidation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>44.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="44.2.1" data-path="crossvalidation.html"><a href="crossvalidation.html#function_crossvalidation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>44.2.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="44.2.2" data-path="crossvalidation.html"><a href="crossvalidation.html#initsteps_crossvalidation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>44.2.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="44.2.3" data-path="crossvalidation.html"><a href="crossvalidation.html#crossvalidation_statistical"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>44.2.3</b> Perform Statistical Cross-Validation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="44.2.4" data-path="crossvalidation.html"><a href="crossvalidation.html#crossvalidation_empirical"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>44.2.4</b> Perform Empirical Cross-Validation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="44.2.5" data-path="crossvalidation.html"><a href="crossvalidation.html#summary_crossvalidation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>44.2.5</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>VIII Employee Separation & Retention</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="45" data-path="turnover.html"><a href="turnover.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>45</b> Introduction to Employee Separation & Retention</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="45.1" data-path="turnover.html"><a href="turnover.html#chapters_turnover"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>45.1</b> Chapters Included</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="46" data-path="turnoverrate.html"><a href="turnoverrate.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>46</b> Computing Monthly & Annual Turnover Rates</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="46.1" data-path="turnoverrate.html"><a href="turnoverrate.html#conceptualoverview_turnoverrate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>46.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="46.2" data-path="turnoverrate.html"><a href="turnoverrate.html#tutorial_turnoverrate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>46.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="46.2.1" data-path="turnoverrate.html"><a href="turnoverrate.html#videotutorial_turnoverrate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>46.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="46.2.2" data-path="turnoverrate.html"><a href="turnoverrate.html#functions_turnoverrate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>46.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="46.2.3" data-path="turnoverrate.html"><a href="turnoverrate.html#initsteps_turnoverrate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>46.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="46.2.4" data-path="turnoverrate.html"><a href="turnoverrate.html#turnoverrate_monthlyturnoverrate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>46.2.4</b> Compute Monthly Turnover Rates</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="46.2.5" data-path="turnoverrate.html"><a href="turnoverrate.html#turnoverrate_annualturnoverrate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>46.2.5</b> Compute Annual Turnover Rate</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="46.2.6" data-path="turnoverrate.html"><a href="turnoverrate.html#summary_turnoverrate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>46.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47</b> Estimating the Association Between Two Categorical Variables Using Chi-Square (<span class="math inline">\(\chi^2\)</span>) Test of Independence</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47.1" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html#conceptualoverview_turnoverchisquare"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47.2" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html#tutorial_turnoverchisquare"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47.2.1" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html#videotutorial_turnoverchisquare"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47.2.2" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html#functions_turnoverchisquare"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47.2.3" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html#initsteps_turnoverchisquare"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47.2.4" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html#turnoverchisquare_contingencytable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47.2.4</b> Create a Contingency Table for Observed Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47.2.5" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html#turnoverchisquare_chisquare"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47.2.5</b> Estimate Chi-Square (<span class="math inline">\(\chi^2\)</span>) Test of Independence</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47.2.6" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html#summary_turnoverchisquare"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47.3" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html#turnoverchisquare_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47.3.1" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html#turnoverchisquare_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47.3.2" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html#turnoverchisquare_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47.3.3" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html#supplement_turnoverchisquare_oddsratio"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47.3.3</b> Compute Odds Ratio for 2x2 Contingency Table</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48</b> Identifying Predictors of Turnover Using Logistic Regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.1" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#conceptualoverview_logistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.1.1" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#review_logistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.1.1</b> Review of Logistic Regression</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.2" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#tutorial_logistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.2.1" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#videotutorial_logistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.2.1</b> Video Tutorials</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.2.2" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#functions_logistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.2.3" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#initsteps_logistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.2.4" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#estimate_simple_logistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.2.4</b> Estimate Simple Logistic Regression Model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.2.5" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#estimate_multiple_logistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.2.5</b> Estimate Multiple Logistic Regression Model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.2.6" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#summary_logistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.3" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#logistic_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.3.1" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#logistic_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.3.2" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#logistic_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.3.3" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#glm_function_simple_logistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.3.3</b> Simple Logistic Regression Model Using <code>glm</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.3.4" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#glm_function_multiple_logistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.3.4</b> Multiple Logistic Regression Using <code>glm</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="49" data-path="kfold.html"><a href="kfold.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>49</b> Applying <em>k</em>-Fold Cross-Validation to Logistic Regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="49.1" data-path="kfold.html"><a href="kfold.html#conceptualoverview_kfold"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>49.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="49.1.1" data-path="kfold.html"><a href="kfold.html#review_predictiveanalytics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>49.1.1</b> Review of Predictive Analytics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="49.1.2" data-path="kfold.html"><a href="kfold.html#review_kfold"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>49.1.2</b> Review of <em>k</em>-Fold Cross-Validation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="49.1.3" data-path="kfold.html"><a href="kfold.html#conceptualvideo_kfold"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>49.1.3</b> Conceptual Video</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="49.2" data-path="kfold.html"><a href="kfold.html#tutorial_kfold"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>49.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="49.2.1" data-path="kfold.html"><a href="kfold.html#videotutorial_kfold"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>49.2.1</b> Video Tutorials</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="49.2.2" data-path="kfold.html"><a href="kfold.html#functions_kfold"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>49.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="49.2.3" data-path="kfold.html"><a href="kfold.html#initsteps_kfold"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>49.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="49.2.4" data-path="kfold.html"><a href="kfold.html#estimate_kfold_logistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>49.2.4</b> Apply <em>k</em>-Fold Cross-Validation Using Logistic Regression</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="49.2.5" data-path="kfold.html"><a href="kfold.html#summary_kfold"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>49.2.5</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50</b> Understanding Length of Service Using Survival Analysis</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.1" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#conceptualoverview_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.1.1" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#review_censoring_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.1.1</b> Censoring</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.1.2" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#review_types_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.1.2</b> Types of Survival Analysis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.1.3" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#conceptualvideo_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.1.3</b> Conceptual Video</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.2" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#tutorial_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.2.1" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#videotutorial_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.2.1</b> Video Tutorials</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.2.2" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#functions_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.2.3" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#initsteps_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.2.4" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#createcensoring_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.2.4</b> Create a Censoring Variable</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.2.5" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#inspectlosdistribution_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.2.5</b> Inspect Distribution of Length of Service</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.2.6" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#conductkmanalysis_lifetable_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.2.6</b> Conduct Kaplan-Meier Analysis & Create Life Table</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.2.7" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#estimatecox_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.2.7</b> Estimate Cox Proportional Hazards Model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.2.8" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#summary_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.2.8</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>IX Employee Performance Management</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="51" data-path="performancemanagement.html"><a href="performancemanagement.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>51</b> Introduction to Employee Performance Management</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="51.1" data-path="performancemanagement.html"><a href="performancemanagement.html#chapters_performancemanagement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>51.1</b> Chapters Included</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="52" data-path="convergentdiscriminantvalidity.html"><a href="convergentdiscriminantvalidity.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>52</b> Evaluating Convergent & Discriminant Validity Using Scatter Plots & Correlations</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="52.1" data-path="convergentdiscriminantvalidity.html"><a href="convergentdiscriminantvalidity.html#conceptualoverview_convergentdiscriminantvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>52.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="52.1.1" data-path="convergentdiscriminantvalidity.html"><a href="convergentdiscriminantvalidity.html#review_convergentdiscriminantvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>52.1.1</b> Review of Concurrent & Discriminant Validity</a></li>