diff --git a/cel/cel_test.go b/cel/cel_test.go
index 31b2a318..ab4f21a6 100644
--- a/cel/cel_test.go
+++ b/cel/cel_test.go
@@ -2869,6 +2869,23 @@ func TestOptionalValuesEval(t *testing.T) {
 			expr: `has({?'foo': optional.none()}.foo.value)`,
 			out:  "no such key: foo",
 		},
+		// has() on non-container types errors instead of returning false.
+		{
+			expr: `has(dyn(42).field)`,
+			out:  "no such key: field",
+		},
+		{
+			expr: `has(dyn('hello').field)`,
+			out:  "no such key: field",
+		},
+		{
+			expr: `has(dyn(true).field)`,
+			out:  "no such key: field",
+		},
+		{
+			expr: `has(dyn(null).field)`,
+			out:  "no such key: field",
+		},
 		{
 			expr: `{}.?invalid`,
 			out:  types.OptionalNone,
diff --git a/interpreter/attributes.go b/interpreter/attributes.go
index 6b8b5c1b..3b84fa3b 100644
--- a/interpreter/attributes.go
+++ b/interpreter/attributes.go
@@ -1419,7 +1419,13 @@ func refQualify(adapter types.Adapter, obj any, idx ref.Val, presenceTest, prese
 		return val, true, nil
 	default:
 		if presenceTest && !errorOnBadPresenceTest {
-			return nil, false, nil
+			// Optional values and optional field selection (presenceOnly=false)
+			// report not-present for non-container types. has() macro
+			// (presenceOnly=true) on non-optional primitives falls through
+			// to missingKey to avoid silent false on bad presence tests.
+			if _, isOpt := celVal.(*types.Optional); isOpt || !presenceOnly {
+				return nil, false, nil
+			}
 		}
 		return nil, false, missingKey(idx)
 	}