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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<p>hexo部署一篇操作系统实验报告：</p>
<p></p>
<p>插入图片路径存在问题，导致图片无法显示，故此篇尝试解决，成功。</p>
<p></p>
<p>要添加图片，先npm install 一个hexo-asset-image的依赖：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">npm install https://github.com/CodeFalling/hexo-asset-image --save</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>然后把_config.yml中的post_asset_folder设为true，这个配置的意思是每次new post一个博客，会增加一个和博客同名的文件夹。</p>
<p>这次再尝试，通过。</p>
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<table>
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<tr>
<th><strong>课程名称</strong>：操作系统</th>
<th><strong>年级</strong>：2020级</th>
<th><strong>上机实践成绩</strong>：</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td><strong>指导教师</strong>：翁楚良</td>
<td><strong>姓名</strong>：陈柏延</td>
<td><strong>学号</strong>：10205501441</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>上机实践名称</strong>：Minix3-进程管理</td>
<td><strong>上机实践日期</strong>：2022.3.25</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>上机实践编号</strong>：02</td>
<td><strong>组号</strong>：</td>
<td><strong>上机实践时间</strong>：2022.3.25</td>
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<h1 id="OS-Project2"><a href="#OS-Project2" class="headerlink" title="OS-Project2"></a>OS-Project2</h1><h2 id="一、实验目的"><a href="#一、实验目的" class="headerlink" title="一、实验目的"></a>一、实验目的</h2><ol>
<li><p>巩固操作系统的进程调度机制和策略</p>
</li>
<li><p>熟悉 MINIX 系统调用和 MINIX 调度器的实现</p>
</li>
<li><p>熟悉安装和调试MINIX3.3.0操作系统 </p>
</li>
<li><p>巩固操作系统通过串口输出信息</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="二、实验环境"><a href="#二、实验环境" class="headerlink" title="二、实验环境"></a>二、实验环境</h2><ul>
<li>物理机：MacOS 11.6</li>
<li>虚拟机：Minix 3</li>
<li>虚拟机软件：Vmware</li>
<li>物理机通过ssh远程连接虚拟机</li>
<li>代码搜索与编辑：vscode</li>
<li>物理机与虚拟机间文件传输：FileZilla</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="三、实验要求"><a href="#三、实验要求" class="headerlink" title="三、实验要求"></a>三、实验要求</h2><p><strong>在MINIX3中实现Earliest-Deadline-First近似实时调度功能</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>提供设置进程执行期限的系统调==chrt(long deadline)==，用于将调用该系统调用的进程设为实时进程，其执行的期限为:从调用处开始deadline秒。</li>
</ol>
<p> 实现时示例：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><unistd.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line">......</span><br><span class="line">chrt(<span class="number">10</span>);<span class="comment">/* 该程序将可以运行的最长时间为10秒，若没有运行结束，则 强制结束*/</span></span><br><span class="line">......</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p> chrt的定义: int chrt(long deadline);</p>
<p> /*deadline 是最后期限值(秒)，返回值1表示成功，返回值0表示该调用出错 */</p>
<ol start="2">
<li>在内核进程表中需要增加一个条目，用于表示进程的实时属性; 修改相关代码，新增一个系统调用chrt，用于设置其进程表中的 实时属性。</li>
<li>修改proc.c和proc.h中相关的调度代码，<font color="red">实现最早deadline的用户进程相对于其它用户进程具有更高的优先级，从而被优先调度运行。</font></li>
<li>在用户程序中，可以在不同位置调用多次chrt系统调用，在未到 deadline之前，调用chrt将会改变该程序的deadline。</li>
<li>未调用chrt的程序将以普通的用户进程(非实时进程)在系统中运行。</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="四、实现过程"><a href="#四、实现过程" class="headerlink" title="四、实现过程"></a>四、实现过程</h2><blockquote>
<p>实现过程可分为==增加系统调用chrt部分==与==更改与deadline相关的进程调度部分。==</p>
</blockquote>
<p>准备过程：先在虚拟机中下载minix3.3.0源码，编译生成新的kernel后重启虚拟机。为了便于修改代码及观察代码各层之间的关系，将关键文件通过FileZilla上传至物理机，通过vscode观察调用关系、全局搜索。</p>
<p>如图：<img src="/Users/chenboyan/Library/Application Support/typora-user-images/截屏2022-04-16 上午10.10.30.png" alt="截屏2022-04-16 上午10.10.30" style="zoom:40%;">接下来按照应用层、服务层、内核层、进程调度的顺序依次更改源代码。</p>
<h3 id="增加系统调用chrt"><a href="#增加系统调用chrt" class="headerlink" title="增加系统调用chrt"></a>增加系统调用chrt</h3><blockquote>
<p>MINIX3中的系统调用结构分成三个层次:<font color="red">应用层、服务层、内核层</font>。在这三层中分别进行代码修改，实现系统调用chrt的信息传递。从应用层用_syscall将信息传递到服务层，在服务层用 _kernel_call将信息传递到内核层，在内核层对进程结构体增加 deadline成员。</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="应用层"><a href="#应用层" class="headerlink" title="应用层"></a>应用层</h4><p>从应用层用_syscall将信息传递到服务层，用户调用 chrt 系统调用，将 deadline 传入到服务层。需要添加的系统调用chrt可以定义在unistd头文件中， 并在libc中添加chrt函数体实现 。</p>
<ol>
<li>在<font color="brown"><code>/usr/src/include/unistd.h</code> </font>中添加chrt函数定义(直接添加函数定义即可)。</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">chrt</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">long</span> )</span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ol start="2">
<li>在<font color="brown"><code>/usr/src/minix/lib/libc/sys/chrt.c</code></font>中添加chrt函数实现，用alarm函数实现超时强制终止。参照该文件夹下fork.c文件，在实现中通过<code>_syscall</code>(调用号)传递到服务层。</li>
</ol>
<p>**<code>_syscall(PM_PROC_NR,PM_CHRT,&m)</code>**中调用的服务为将 deadline 放入消息结构体，由于deadline存的数据类型为long，所以在message消息结构体中寻找long型，利用vscode寻找得到message结构体定义在<font color="brown"><code>/usr/src/minix/include/minix/ipc.h</code></font>中，m2l1为结构体中的long类型，且查找到<font color="brown"><code>#define m2_l1 m_m2.m2l1</code></font>宏定义，因此将deadline存入m2_l1。</p>
<p> <img src="/Users/chenboyan/Library/Application Support/typora-user-images/截屏2022-04-16 上午10.46.37.png" alt="截屏2022-04-16 上午10.46.37" style="zoom:50%;"></p>
<p><font color="red"><strong>注</strong>：加上当前时间是要记录进程终止时间赋值给 deadline，保证每次调用的进程是当前剩余运行时间最少的。</font></p>
<p>chrt函数实现如下</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><sys/cdefs.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">"namespace.h"</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><lib.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><string.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><unistd.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><stdio.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><time.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">chrt</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">long</span> deadline)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title">timeval</span> <span class="title">tv</span>;</span><span class="comment">//使用来获得时间</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title">timezone</span> <span class="title">tz</span>;</span><span class="comment">//是用来获得时区</span></span><br><span class="line"> message m;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">memset</span>(&m,<span class="number">0</span>,<span class="keyword">sizeof</span>(m));</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//设置alarm</span></span><br><span class="line"> alarm((<span class="type">unsigned</span> <span class="type">int</span>)deadline);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span>(deadline><span class="number">0</span>){</span><br><span class="line"> gettimeofday(&tv,&tz);<span class="comment">//用来获取当前的时间的函数</span></span><br><span class="line"> deadline = tv.tv_sec + deadline; </span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//存deadline</span></span><br><span class="line"> m.m2_l1=deadline;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//把m传到服务层当中去</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span>(_syscall(PM_PROC_NR,PM_CHRT,&m));</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ol start="3">
<li>在<font color="brown"><code>/usr/src/minix/lib/libc/sys</code></font>中 <code>Makefile.inc</code>文件添加chrt.c条目</li>
</ol>
<img src="/Users/chenboyan/Library/Application Support/typora-user-images/截屏2022-04-16 上午10.30.01.png" alt="截屏2022-04-16 上午10.30.01" style="zoom:50%;">
<p>每一次添加C文件后，要在同目录下Makefile.inc中添加条目。</p>
<h4 id="服务层"><a href="#服务层" class="headerlink" title="服务层"></a>服务层</h4><p>需要向MINIX系统的进程管理服务中注册chrt，使得 chrt服务可以向应用层提供deadline 。</p>
<ol>
<li>在<font color="brown"><code>/usr/src/minix/servers/pm/proto.h</code></font>中添加do_chrt函数定义。</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">do_chrt</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">void</span>)</span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ol start="2">
<li>在<font color="brown"><code>/usr/src/minix/servers/pm/chrt.c</code></font>中添加do_chrt函数，<code>do_chrt</code> 的功能是调用 <code>sys_chrt()</code>函数，属于内核调用，who_p 是传递进程号，消息结构体传递 deadline 内容。</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span><span class="string">"pm.h"</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span><span class="string"><minix/syslib.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span><span class="string"><minix/callnr.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span><span class="string"><sys/wait.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span><span class="string"><minix/com.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><minix/vm.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">"mproc.h"</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><sys/ptrace.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><sys/resource.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><signal.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><stdio.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span><span class="string"><minix/sched.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><assert.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">do_chrt</span><span class="params">()</span></span><br><span class="line">{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// who_p 是用来获取进程信息的，类型是endpoint_t;m_in.m2_l1就是deadline</span></span><br><span class="line"> sys_chrt(who_p, m_in.m2_l1); </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> (OK); <span class="comment">//OK宏定义为0</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ol start="3">
<li>在<font color="brown"><code>/usr/src/minix/include/minix/callnr.h</code></font>中定义PM_CHRT编号，用来帮助应用层的系统调用能找到。</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* Message type 0 is traditionally reserved. */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_EXIT (PM_BASE + 1)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_FORK (PM_BASE + 2)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_WAITPID (PM_BASE + 3)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_GETPID (PM_BASE + 4)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_SETUID (PM_BASE + 5)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_GETUID (PM_BASE + 6)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_STIME (PM_BASE + 7)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_PTRACE (PM_BASE + 8)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_SETGROUPS (PM_BASE + 9)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_GETGROUPS (PM_BASE + 10)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_KILL (PM_BASE + 11)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_SETGID (PM_BASE + 12)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_GETGID (PM_BASE + 13)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_EXEC (PM_BASE + 14)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_SETSID (PM_BASE + 15)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_GETPGRP (PM_BASE + 16)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_ITIMER (PM_BASE + 17)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_GETMCONTEXT (PM_BASE + 18)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_SETMCONTEXT (PM_BASE + 19)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_SIGACTION (PM_BASE + 20)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_SIGSUSPEND (PM_BASE + 21)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_SIGPENDING (PM_BASE + 22)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_SIGPROCMASK (PM_BASE + 23)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_SIGRETURN (PM_BASE + 24)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_SYSUNAME (PM_BASE + 25)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_GETPRIORITY (PM_BASE + 26)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_SETPRIORITY (PM_BASE + 27)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_GETTIMEOFDAY (PM_BASE + 28)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_SETEUID (PM_BASE + 29)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_SETEGID (PM_BASE + 30)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_ISSETUGID (PM_BASE + 31)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_GETSID (PM_BASE + 32)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_CLOCK_GETRES (PM_BASE + 33)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_CLOCK_GETTIME (PM_BASE + 34)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_CLOCK_SETTIME (PM_BASE + 35)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_GETRUSAGE (PM_BASE + 36)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_REBOOT (PM_BASE + 37)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_SVRCTL (PM_BASE + 38)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_SPROF (PM_BASE + 39)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_CPROF (PM_BASE + 40)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_SRV_FORK (PM_BASE + 41)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_SRV_KILL (PM_BASE + 42)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_EXEC_NEW (PM_BASE + 43)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_EXEC_RESTART (PM_BASE + 44)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_GETEPINFO (PM_BASE + 45)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_GETPROCNR (PM_BASE + 46)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_GETSYSINFO (PM_BASE + 47)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> PM_CHRT (PM_BASE + 48)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> NR_PM_CALLS 49 <span class="comment">/* highest number from base plus one */</span></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ol start="4">
<li>在<font color="brown"><code>/usr/src/minix/servers/pm/Makefile</code></font>中添加chrt.c条目。</li>
</ol>
<img src="/Users/chenboyan/Library/Application Support/typora-user-images/截屏2022-04-16 上午11.11.04.png" alt="截屏2022-04-16 上午11.11.04" style="zoom:50%;">
<ol start="5">
<li>在<font color="brown"><code>/usr/src/minix/servers/pm/table.c </code></font>中调用映射表。</li>
</ol>
<img src="/Users/chenboyan/Library/Application Support/typora-user-images/截屏2022-04-16 上午11.14.54.png" alt="截屏2022-04-16 上午11.14.54" style="zoom:50%;">
<ol start="6">
<li>在<font color="brown"><code>/usr/src/minix/include/minix/syslib.h</code></font> 中添加sys_ chrt () 定义。</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">sys_chrt</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">endpoint_t</span> proc_ep,<span class="type">long</span> deadline)</span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ol start="7">
<li><p>在<font color="brown"><code>/usr/src/minix/lib/libsys/sys_chrt.c</code></font> 中添加sys_chrt () 实现。</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">"syslib.h"</span></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">sys_chrt</span><span class="params">(proc_ep,deadline)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">endpoint_t</span> proc_ep; <span class="comment">/* process doing the chrt */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">long</span> deadline; <span class="comment">/*set the deadline*/</span></span><br><span class="line">{</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* A process got the deadline. Tell the kernel. */</span></span><br><span class="line"> message m;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="type">int</span> r;</span><br><span class="line"> m.m2_i1 = proc_ep;<span class="comment">//int</span></span><br><span class="line"> m.m2_l1 = deadline;<span class="comment">//long</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> r = _kernel_call(SYS_CHRT, &m);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//和syscall一样，通过SYS_CHRT和do_chrt的映射，把message传入内核层并调用do_chrt修改进程信息</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> r;</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>在<font color="brown"><code>/usr/src/minix/lib/libsys</code></font> 中的Makefile中添加sys_chrt.c条目。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<img src="/Users/chenboyan/Library/Application Support/typora-user-images/截屏2022-04-16 上午11.19.42.png" alt="截屏2022-04-16 上午11.19.42" style="zoom:50%;">
<h4 id="内核层"><a href="#内核层" class="headerlink" title="内核层"></a>内核层</h4><p>在MINIX内核中实现进程调度功能，此处可以<font color="red">直接修改内核信息</font>，例如进程的截至时间。</p>
<ol>
<li>在<font color="brown"><code>/usr/src/minix/kernel/system.h</code></font>中添加do_chrt函数定义。</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">do_chrt</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">struct</span> proc * caller, message *m_ptr)</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">if</span> ! USE_CHRT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> do_chrt NULL</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">endif</span></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ol start="2">
<li>在<font color="brown"><code>/usr/src/minix/kernel/system/do_chrt.c</code></font>中添加do_chrt函数实现。参考该文件下的do_fork文件，修改调用者进程信息。</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="type">pid_t</span> <span class="title function_">fork</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">void</span>)</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span>(_syscall(PM_PROC_NR, PM_FORK, &m)); }</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>用消息结构体中的进程号，通过 proc_addr 定位内核中进程地址，然后 将消息结构体中的 deadline 赋值给该进程的deadline(这里已经在 proc 头文件中添加了该成员变量)。</p>
<ol start="3">
<li>在<font color="brown"><code>/usr/src/minix/kernel/system/</code></font> 中Makefile.inc文件添加do_chrt.c条目。</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">"kernel/system.h"</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">"kernel/vm.h"</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><signal.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><string.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><assert.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><minix/endpoint.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><minix/u64.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">do_chrt</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">struct</span> proc *caller, message *m_ptr)</span></span><br><span class="line">{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title">proc</span> *<span class="title">rp</span>;</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="type">long</span> exp_time;</span><br><span class="line"> exp_time = m_ptr->m2_l1;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//通过 proc_addr 定位内核中进程地址</span></span><br><span class="line"> rp = proc_addr(m_ptr->m2_i1);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//将消息结构体中的deadline 赋值给该进程的deadline(结构体中的)</span></span><br><span class="line"> rp->deadline = exp_time;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> (OK);</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ol start="4">
<li>在<font color="brown"><code>/usr/src/minix/include/minix/com.h</code></font>中定义SYS_CHRT编号。</li>
</ol>
<img src="/Users/chenboyan/Library/Application Support/typora-user-images/截屏2022-04-16 下午5.01.51.png" alt="截屏2022-04-16 下午5.01.51" style="zoom:50%;">
<ol start="5">
<li>在<font color="brown"><code>/usr/src/minix/kernel/system.c</code></font> 中添加SYS_CHRT编号到do_chrt的映射。</li>
</ol>
<img src="/Users/chenboyan/Library/Application Support/typora-user-images/截屏2022-04-10 上午9.40.00.png" alt="截屏2022-04-10 上午9.40.00" style="zoom:50%;">
<ol start="6">
<li>在<font color="brown"><code>/usr/src/minix/commands/service/parse.c</code></font>的system_tab中添加名称编号对。</li>
</ol>
<img src="/Users/chenboyan/Library/Application Support/typora-user-images/截屏2022-04-16 下午5.05.49.png" alt="截屏2022-04-16 下午5.05.49" style="zoom:50%;">
<ol start="7">
<li>在<font color="brown"><code> /usr/src/minix/kernel/config.h</code></font>中添加 <code>USE_CHRT</code></li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> USE_CHRT 1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* It allows to set sizes of some</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * kernel buffers and to enable or disable debugging code, timing features, </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * and individual kernel calls.*/</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="进程调度"><a href="#进程调度" class="headerlink" title="进程调度"></a>进程调度</h3><blockquote>
<p>MINIX3使用一种多级调度算法。进程优先级数字越小，优先级越高， 根据优先级不同分成了16个可运行进程队列。每个队列内部采用时间片轮转调度，找到最高非空优先级队列，选取队列首部可运行的进程， 当用完了时间片，则移到当前队列的队尾(详见教材P124)。</p>
<p>将EDF添加到多级调度算法中，可控制入队实现实时调度。<font color="red">入队是将当前剩余时间(终止时间-运行 时间)大于0的进程添加到某个优先级队列，即设置进程优先级(需要选择合适的优先级，否则执行效果不理想)。</font></p>
<p>在该队列内部将时间片轮转调度改成==剩余时间最少优先调度==，即将剩余时间最小的进程移到队列首部。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>进程调度模块位于/usr/src/minix/kernel/下的proc.h和proc.c，修改影响进程调度顺序的部分。</p>
<ol>
<li>structproc维护每个进程的信息，用于调度决策。添加deadline成员。（ 其实按照minix3的代码风格，这里应该将ddl定义为p_deadline，实验更改的时候疏忽了，就直接定义为deadline了。）<img src="/Users/chenboyan/Library/Application Support/typora-user-images/截屏2022-04-16 下午5.14.32.png" alt="截屏2022-04-16 下午5.14.32" style="zoom:50%;"></li>
<li>enqueue_head()按优先级将进程加入列队首。实验中需要将实时进程的优先级设置成合适的优先级。enqueue()按优先级将进程加入列队尾，同上。</li>
</ol>
<p> 经过尝试，将设置过deadline的进程优先级设置为5、6均可获得理想的执行结果。其中原因为：minix3中默认优先级为0-4的进程大多为系统进程，非用户进程。故设置优先级为5、6时已经可以得到理想的执行结果。</p>
<img src="/Users/chenboyan/Library/Application Support/typora-user-images/截屏2022-04-16 下午5.20.32.png" alt="截屏2022-04-16 下午5.20.32" style="zoom:50%;">
<img src="/Users/chenboyan/Library/Application Support/typora-user-images/截屏2022-04-16 下午5.21.01.png" alt="截屏2022-04-16 下午5.21.01" style="zoom:50%;">
<p><font color="red">注：由于在这个地方踩坑，编译可成功，可执行文件却无法运行，我debug了两天才找到真正的错误。由于deadline大于0时要指定rp的优先级为5，而初始代码将p_priority定义为了const常量，将优先级设置放在其后会出现错误，一定要在其之前设置优先级。</font></p>
<ol start="3">
<li>pick_proc()从队列中返回一个可调度的进程。遍历设置的优先级队列，返回剩余时间最小并可运行的进程。</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">/*===========================================================================</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * pick_proc * </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> *=========================================================================*/</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">static</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> proc * <span class="title function_">pick_proc</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">void</span>)</span></span><br><span class="line">{</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* Decide who to run now. A new process is selected an returned.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * When a billable process is selected, record it in 'bill_ptr', so that the </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * clock task can tell who to bill for system time.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> *</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * This function always uses the run queues of the local cpu!</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> */</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">register</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title">proc</span> *<span class="title">rp</span>;</span> <span class="comment">/* process to run */</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title">proc</span> **<span class="title">rdy_head</span>;</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="type">int</span> q; <span class="comment">/* iterate over queues */</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">register</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title">proc</span> *<span class="title">next</span>;</span> <span class="comment">// 中间变量,用来指代下一个进程</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">/* Check each of the scheduling queues for ready processes. The number of</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * queues is defined in proc.h, and priorities are set in the task table.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * If there are no processes ready to run, return NULL.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> */</span></span><br><span class="line"> rdy_head = get_cpulocal_var(run_q_head);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">for</span> (q=<span class="number">0</span>; q < NR_SCHED_QUEUES; q++) { </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span>(!(rp = rdy_head[q])) {</span><br><span class="line"> TRACE(VF_PICKPROC, <span class="built_in">printf</span>(<span class="string">"cpu %d queue %d empty\n"</span>, cpuid, q););</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">continue</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> rp = rdy_head[q];</span><br><span class="line"> next = rp->p_nextready;<span class="comment">/* pointer to next ready process */</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (q == <span class="number">5</span>) </span><br><span class="line"> { <span class="comment">/* 如果优先级等于5，说明可能是设置deadline的进程，找剩余时间最小的进程*/</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">while</span> (next != <span class="literal">NULL</span>) </span><br><span class="line"> {<span class="comment">//遍历进程</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (next->deadline > <span class="number">0</span>) </span><br><span class="line"> { </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">/* 交换这两个进程，得到剩余时间最短的进程。*/</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (rp->deadline == <span class="number">0</span> || (rp->deadline > next->deadline))</span><br><span class="line"> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (proc_is_runnable(next)) <span class="comment">//判断是否在运行</span></span><br><span class="line"> rp = next;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">/* 比下一个 */</span></span><br><span class="line"> next = next->p_nextready;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> assert(proc_is_runnable(rp));</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (priv(rp)->s_flags & BILLABLE) </span><br><span class="line"> get_cpulocal_var(bill_ptr) = rp; <span class="comment">/* bill for system time */</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> rp;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="literal">NULL</span>;</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="实验结果"><a href="#实验结果" class="headerlink" title="实验结果"></a>实验结果</h2><p>测试用例如下</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><stdio.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><stdlib.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><unistd.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><string.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><signal.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><sys/wait.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><sys/types.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><lib.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string"><time.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">void</span> <span class="title function_">proc</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">int</span> id)</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">main</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">void</span>)</span></span><br><span class="line">{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//创建三个子进程，并赋予子进程id</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">for</span> (<span class="type">int</span> i = <span class="number">1</span>; i < <span class="number">4</span>; i++)</span><br><span class="line"> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (fork() == <span class="number">0</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> {</span><br><span class="line"> proc(i);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">void</span> <span class="title function_">proc</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">int</span> id)</span></span><br><span class="line">{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="type">int</span> loop;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">switch</span> (id)</span><br><span class="line"> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="number">1</span>: <span class="comment">//子进程1，设置deadline=25</span></span><br><span class="line"> chrt(<span class="number">25</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">printf</span>(<span class="string">"proc1 set success\n"</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> sleep(<span class="number">1</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">break</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="number">2</span>: <span class="comment">//子进程2，设置deadline=15</span></span><br><span class="line"> chrt(<span class="number">15</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">printf</span>(<span class="string">"proc2 set success\n"</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> sleep(<span class="number">1</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">break</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="number">3</span>: <span class="comment">//子进程3，普通进程</span></span><br><span class="line"> chrt(<span class="number">0</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">printf</span>(<span class="string">"proc3 set success\n"</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">break</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">for</span> (loop = <span class="number">1</span>; loop < <span class="number">40</span>; loop++)</span><br><span class="line"> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//子进程1在5s后设置deadline=5</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (id == <span class="number">1</span> && loop == <span class="number">5</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> {</span><br><span class="line"> chrt(<span class="number">5</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">printf</span>(<span class="string">"Change proc1 deadline to 5s\n"</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//子进程3在10s后设置deadline=3</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (id == <span class="number">3</span> && loop == <span class="number">10</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> {</span><br><span class="line"> chrt(<span class="number">3</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">printf</span>(<span class="string">"Change proc3 deadline to 3s\n"</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> sleep(<span class="number">1</span>); <span class="comment">//睡眠，否则会打印很多信息</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">printf</span>(<span class="string">"prc%d heart beat %d\n"</span>, id, loop);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">exit</span>(<span class="number">0</span>);</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>运行结果:<code>P1</code>和<code>P2</code>为实时进程，<code>deadline</code>分别设为25s和15s。<strong>第0秒</strong>，优先级P2>P1>P3；<strong>第5秒</strong>，P1剩5s，P2剩10s，优先级P1>P2>P3；<strong>第10s</strong>，P2剩5s，P3剩3s,优先级P1>P2>P3。</p>
<img src="/Users/chenboyan/Library/Application Support/typora-user-images/截屏2022-04-16 下午6.54.44.png" alt="截屏2022-04-16 下午6.54.44" style="zoom:50%;">
<h2 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h2><p> 由于minix 的不同服务模块和内核运行在不同进程中，我在这个实验中熟悉了基于消息的进程间系统调用，在实践中对minix操作系统内部的调度算法理解得更为深入，也看到了操作系统各层之间、文件之间定义等关系。整个实验的实现过程还是需要很多耐心和理解的，稍微不慎就会使耗时很久的编译失败，我也用了很长时间在查找错误、修改错误。所以，在这个过程中更体会到了及时备份保存，利用好<code>git diff</code>工具检查代码修改等的重要性，学习到了很多。感谢助教们的解答和同学们的帮助。</p>
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